Huu Duong Bui ID: z3311543
PROBLEM SET I
I. Exercise 6: Aztec. Page 104
a. (ii) kali
b. (i) kwahmilimes
c. (ii) ipelomes
d. (v) nomahkwames
e. (i) pelo
II. Exercise 15: Italian. Page 108
a. robust
b. issim
c. i) ‘un vino robusto’
ii) ‘una faccia rossissima’
iii) ‘un vino seccissimo’
III. Exercise 9: Phonetics. Page 243
a. [g], [p], [t], [d], [k], [b]: stop, consonant
b. [u], [ʊ], [oʊ], [ɔ]: rounded, back vowels
c. [i], [ɪ], [eɪ], [e], [æ]: unrounded, front vowels
d. [t], [s], [ʃ], [p], [k], [ʧ], [f], [h]: voiceless, consonant
e. [v], [z], [Ʒ], [ʤ], [n], [g], [d], [b], [l], [r], [w], [j]: voiced, consonant
f. [t], [d], [s], [ʃ], [n], [ʧ], [ʤ]: consonant
IV. Exercise 5: Kongo. Page 289
a. [t] – [ʧ]: [t] occurs before [o] and [a]; [ʧ] occurs before [i].
[s] – [ʃ]: [s] occurs before [o], [u], and [e]; [ʃ] occurs before [i].
[z] – [Ʒ]: [z] occurs before [u], [w], and [e]; [Ʒ] occurs before [i].
b. Underlying phonemes are [t], [s], and [z], for they occur in broader
environments.
c. Alveolar fricatives and alveolar stop become palatalized when occurring
before [i].
V. Exercise 8: Japanese. Pages 290-291
a. Based on the data in the exercise (Japanese words never contain the
phonetic sequences *[ti] or *[tu]), noting that [t] occurs at any places in
the word except for before [i] and [u] ([ʧ] and [ts] are used instead), it is
reasonable to state that the three sounds are in complementary
distribution.
Huu Duong Bui ID: z3311543
b. Voiceless alveolar stop becomes voiceless alveolar affricate when placed
before the high, back vowel, and becomes palatal affricate when placed
before the high, front vowel. In more details, [ts] occurs before [u]; [ʧ]
occurs before [i]; and [t] occurs elsewhere (in broader environment
underlying representation of the morpheme).
c. The phonemic analysis of the given data:
- Studying the data shows that there are no minimal pairs. Then, the
question to be focused on is “Are these sounds in complementary
distribution?” The question could be answered by the following analysis
of the given data:
[t] [ʧ] [ts]
[word – a [word – i a–u
a–a a–i [word – u
[word – e u–i u–u
[word – o e–u
o–e
a–o
a–e
o–o
From the analysis, it is notable that there is no overlap of the
environments where the sounds occur, so they are in complementary
distribution. Therefore, they are not separate phonemes. They are
allophones.
d. The phonemic representation:
tatami: tatami tsukue: tukue tsutsumu: tutumu
tomodaʧi: tomodati tetsudau: tetudau ʧizu: tizu
uʧi: uti Sita: Sita kata: kata
tegami: tegami ato: ato koto: koto
totemo: totemo matsu: matu tatemono: tatemono
otoko: otoko deguʧi: deguti te: te
ʧiʧi: titi natsu: natu tsuri: turi
