A.R.

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VILLUPURAM

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

EE3611 POWER SYSTEM LAB MANUAL

1
EXERCISES:1
Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a single phase line has two parallel
conductors 2 metres apart. The diameter of each conductor is 1.2cm. calculate the loop
inductance per km of the line.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE');
d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=4*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE

Enter diameter in cm:1.2
Enter distance between conductors in m:2
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
2.4237e-006
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
4.7883e-012

2
Expt . No : 1(A)
Date:

COMPUTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES PARAMETERS

AIM:
To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per meter of a single
phase, three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor
arrangements.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

THEORY:
Transmission line has four parameters – resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance.
The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields around the
conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures data, the
inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

FORMULA USED:
Deq
Inductance/ phase/m = 10−7 [0.5 + 2 log ]H
r′
2πε0
Capacitance/ phase/m = Deq
log r′

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

3
EXERCISES:2
Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a 3-phase transmission line using 1.24cm
diameter conductors when these are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of
each side 2m.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETRIC LINE');
d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETRIC LINE

Enter diameter in cm:1.24
Enter distance between conductors in m:2
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
1.2053e-006
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
9.6309e-012

4
EXERCISES:3
The three conductors of a 3-phase transmission line are arranged at the corners of a
triangle of sides 2m, 2.5m and 4.5m. Calculate the inductance and capacitance per metre
of the line when the line conductors are regularly transposed. The diameter of each
conductor is 1.24cm.

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE -
TRANSPOSED');
d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B & C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:');
Deq=(Dab*Dbc*Dca)^(1/3);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Deq/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(Deq/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

5
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE -
TRANSPOSED
Enter diameter in cm:1.24
Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:2
Enter distance between conductors B & C in m:2.5
Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:4.5
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
1.2742e-006
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
9.0885e-012

EXERCISES:4
Fig shows the spacings of a double circuit three phase overhead line. The phase sequence
is ABC and the line is completely transposed. The conductor radius in 1.3cm. find the
inductance per phase per metre.

6
PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT -
UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
dia=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=dia/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input('Enter distance D in m:');
m=((D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
n=((2*D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log((2)^(1/6)*(D/r1)^(1/2)*(m/n)^(1/3));
C=4*pi*epsilon/(log(nthroot(2,3)*(D/rad)*(nthroot((m/n),(2/3)))));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT -

UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED
Enter diameter in cm:2.6
Enter distance h in m:6
Enter distance D in m:3
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
5.7658e-007
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
2.0914e-011

7
EXERCISES:5
Calculate the line inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometre in the following
three phase double circuit vertical conductor arrangement. The radius of each conductor
is 0.75 cm.

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT –
UNSYMMETRIC & NON VERTICAL');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
dia=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=dia/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input('Enter distance D in m:');
offset=input('Enter offset distance in m:');
d=h+2*offset;
i=((offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
f=((h)^2+(2*D)^2)^(1/2);
g=((h+offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
j=D*2;
r1=rad*0.7788;

8
Dm=nthroot((i*i*g*g*h*h*j*j*i*i*g*g),12);
Ds=nthroot((r1*r1*f*f*r1*r1*d*d*r1*r1*f*f),12);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
C=4*pi*epsilon/((1/3)*(log(((i)^2*(g)^2*j*h)/((rad^3)*(f^2)*d))));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT –
UNSYMMETRIC & NON VERTICAL
Enter diameter in cm:1.5
Enter distance h in m:4
Enter distance D in m:3
Enter offset distance in m:0.75
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
6.2201e-007
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
1.8637e-011

EXERCISES:6
Calculate the line inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometre for the following
three phase double circuit horizontal conductor arrangement. The radius of each
conductor is 5.3 cm.

9
PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED CONDUCTORS');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
r=input('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance between conductors h in m:');
i=2*h;
f=3*h;
g=4*h;
j=5*h;
r1=rad*0.7788;
Dm=nthroot((h*g*i*h*h*g*i*h*i*h*j*i),12);
Ds=nthroot((r1*r1*f*f*r1*r1*f*f*r1*r1*f*f),12);
Ds1=nthroot((rad*rad*f*f*rad*rad*f*f*rad*rad*f*f),12);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
C=(2*pi*epsilon)/(log(Dm/Ds1));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED CONDUCTORS
Enter radius in cm:5.3
Enter distance between conductors h in m:8
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
5.3607e-007
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
2.1770e-011

10
MANUAL CALCULATION:
EXERCISES: 1
Spacing of conductors, d = 2m
1.2
r= = 0.6cm = 0.006m
2
GMR = r′ = 0.0062 × 0.7788 = 0.00467m
Deq 2
𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = 2 × 10−7ln = 2 × 10−7ln = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝐇/𝐦
r′ 0.00467
πε0 2π × 8.854 × 10−12
𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = = 2 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝐅
Deq log
log ′ 0.006
r
EXERCISES: 2
D12 = D23 = D31 = 2m
1.24
r= = 0.62cm = 0.0062m
2
GMR = r′ = 0.0062 × 0.7788 = 0.482856m
3
Deq = √2 × 2 × 2 = 2m
Deq 2
𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = 2 × 10−7ln = 2 × 10−7ln = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝐇
r′ 0.0048285
2πε0 2π × 8.854 × 10−12
𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = = = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝐅
D 2
ln eq ln 0.0062
r′
EXERCISES: 3
D12 = 2m; D23 = 2.5m ; D31 = 4.5m
1.24
r= = 0.62cm = 0.0062m
2
GMR = r′ = 0.0062 × 0.7788 = 0.00482856m
3 3
Deq = √D 12 × D23 × D31 = √2 × 2.5 × 4.5 = 2.82m = 282cm

Deq 2.82
𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = 2 × 10−7ln = 2 × 10−7ln = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝐇
r′ 0.0048285

11
 2πε0 2π × 8.854 × 10−2
𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = = = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝐅
Deq 2.82
ln ′ ln
r 0.0062

EXERCISES: 4
GMR of conductor = 0.7788 × r = 0.7788 × 1.3 × 10−2 = 0.0101m
3
DS = √(D S1 × DS2 × DS3 )
4 4
DS1 = √D𝑎𝑎 × D𝑎′𝑎 × D𝑎𝑎′ × D𝑎′𝑎′ = √0.0101 × 8.48 × 8.48 × 0.0101 = 0.292𝑚
4 4
DS2 = √D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏′𝑏 × D𝑏𝑏′ × D𝑏′𝑏′ = √0.0101 × 6 × 6 × 0.0101 = 0.246𝑚
4 4
DS3 = √D𝑐𝑐 × D𝑐′𝑐 × D𝑐𝑐′ × D𝑐′𝑐′ = √0.0101 × 8.48 × 8.48 × 0.0101 = 0.292𝑚

3 3
DS = √(DS1 × DS2 × DS3 ) = √(0.292 × 0.246 × 0.292) = 0.275𝑚
3
𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑖𝑛 Dm = √(DAB × DBC × DCA )
4 4
DAB = DBC = √D𝐴𝐵 × D𝐴′𝐵 × D𝐴𝐵′ × D𝐴′𝐵′ = √3 × 6.7 × 6.7 × 3 = 4.48𝑚
4 4
DCA = √D𝐶𝐴 × D𝐴′𝐶 × D𝐴𝐶′ × D𝐴′𝐶′ = √6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 6𝑚

3 3
Dm = √(DAB × DBC × DCA ) = √(4.48 × 4.48 × 6) = 4.94𝑚
Dm 4.94
𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = 2 × 10−7ln = 2 × 10−7ln = 𝟓. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕𝐇
Ds 0.275

Conductor radius r = 0.013m

3
DS = √(D S1 × DS2 × DS3 )
4 4
DS1 = DS3 = √D𝑎𝑎 × D𝑎′𝑎 × D𝑎𝑎′ × D𝑎′𝑎′ = √0.013 × 8.48 × 8.48 × 0.013 = 0.332𝑚
4 4
DS2 = √D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏′𝑏 × D𝑏𝑏′ × D𝑏′𝑏′ = √0.013 × 6 × 6 × 0.013 = 0.279𝑚
3 3
DS = √(DS1 × DS2 × DS3 ) = √(0.332 × 0.279 × 0.332) = 0.313𝑚

2πε0 2π × 8.854 × 10−2

𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏𝐅
Dm = 4.94
ln D ln
s
0.313

12
EXERCISES: 5
GMR of conductor = 0.7788 × r = 0.7788 × 0.75 = 0.584cm

Diameter = 0.015cm

Distance a to b = 2√(32 + 0.752) = 3.1m

Distance a to a′ = 2√(62 + 42) = 7.21m

Distance a to b′ = 2√(32 + 4.752) = 5.62m

3
DS = √(D S1 × DS2 × DS3 )
4
4
DS1 = √D𝑎𝑎 × D𝑎′𝑎 × D𝑎𝑎′ × D𝑎′𝑎′ = √0.584 × 10−2 × 7.21 × 7.21 × 0.584 × 10−2 = 0.205𝑚
4
4
DS2 = √D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏′𝑏 × D𝑏𝑏′ × D𝑏′𝑏′ = √0.584 × 10−2 × 5.5 × 5.5 × 0.584 × 10−2 = 0.1792𝑚
4 4
√ −2 −2
DS3 = √D𝑐𝑐 × D𝑐′𝑐 × D𝑐𝑐′ × D𝑐′𝑐′ = 0.584 × 10 × 7.21 × 7.21 × 0.584 × 10 = 0.205𝑚

3 3
DS = √(D S1 × DS2 × DS3 ) = √(0.205 × 0.1805 × 0.205) = 0.195𝑚
3
GMD in Dm = √(DAB × DBC × DCA )
4
DAB = 4√DAB × DA ′B × DAB ′ × D A′ ′B= √3.1 × 5.62 × 5.62 × 3.1 = 4.17m

4
DBC = 4√DBC × DB ′C × DBC ′ × D B′ ′C= √3.1 × 5.62 × 5.62 × 3.1 = 4.17m
4 4
DCA = √DCA × DA′C × DAC′ × DA′C′ = √6 × 4 × 4 × 6 = 4.9m

3 3
Dm = √(DAB × DBC × DCA ) = √(4.17 × 4.17 × 4.9) = 4.4m
𝐃𝐦 𝟒. 𝟒
𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕𝐇
𝐃𝐬 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟓

Conductor radius r = 0.75 m

3
DS = √(DS1 × DS2 × DS3)
4
DS1 = DS3 = 4√D𝑎𝑎 × D𝑎′𝑎 × D𝑎𝑎′ × D𝑎′𝑎′ = √0.0075 × 7.21 × 7.21 × 0.0075 = 0.2325𝑚
4
DS2 = 4√D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏′𝑏 × D𝑏𝑏′ × D𝑏′𝑏′ = √0.0075 × 5.5 × 5.5 × 0.0075 = 0.203𝑚

3 3
DS = √(DS1 × DS2 × DS3) = √(0.2325 × 0.203 × 0.2325) = 0.222𝑚

13
 𝟐𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝟐𝛑 × 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = = 𝟒. 𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏𝐅
𝐃𝐦
𝐥𝐧 𝐥𝐧
𝐃𝐬 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐

EXERCISES: 6
GMR of conductor = 0.7788 × r = 0.7788 × 5.3 × 10−2 = 0.0413m
3
DS = √(D S1 × DS2 × DS3 )
4 4
DS1 = √D𝑎𝑎 × D𝑎′𝑎 × D𝑎𝑎′ × D𝑎′𝑎′ = √0.0413 × 0.0413 × 24 × 24 = 0.995𝑚
4 4
DS2 = √D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏′𝑏 × D𝑏𝑏′ × D𝑏′𝑏′ = √0.0413 × 24 × 24 × 0.0413 = 0.995𝑚
4 4
DS3 = √D𝑐𝑐 × D𝑐′𝑐 × D𝑐𝑐′ × D𝑐′𝑐′ = √0.0413 × 24 × 24 × 0.0413 = 0.995𝑚

3 3
DS = √(DS1 × DS2 × DS3 ) = √(0.995 × 0.995 × 0.995) = 0.995𝑚
3
𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑖𝑛 Dm = √(DAB × DBC × DCA )
4 4
DAB = √D𝐴𝐵 × D𝐴′𝐵 × D𝐴𝐵′ × D𝐴′𝐵′ = √8 × 32 × 10 × 8 = 13.45𝑚
4 4
DBC = √D𝐵𝐶 × D𝐵′𝐶 × D𝐵𝐶′ × D𝐵′𝐶′ = √8 × 32 × 16 × 8 = 13.45𝑚
4 4
DCA = √D𝐶𝐴 × D𝐴′𝐶 × D𝐴𝐶′ × D𝐴′𝐶′ = √16 × 8 × 40 × 16 = 16.917𝑚

3 3
Dm = √(DAB × DBC × DCA ) = √(13.45 × 13.45 × 16.917) = 14.518𝑚
𝐃𝐦 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟖
𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐤𝐦 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕𝐇
𝐃𝐬 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟓

Conductor radius r = 0.053 m

3
DS = √(D S1 × DS2 × DS3 )
4
DS1 = DS3 = 4√D𝑎𝑎 × D𝑎 ′ 𝑎 × D𝑎𝑎 ′ × D 𝑎′ ′𝑎= √0.053 × 24 × 0.053 × 24 = 1.1278𝑚
4
DS2 = 4√D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏 ′𝑏 × D 𝑏𝑏 ′ × D 𝑏′ ′𝑏= √0.053 × 24 × 0.053 × 24 = 1.1278𝑚
3 3
DS = √(DS1 × DS2 × DS3 ) = √(1.1278 × 1.1278 × 1.1278) = 1.1278𝑚

𝟐𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝟐𝛑 × 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏𝐅

𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/ 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞/𝐦 = =
𝐃 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟖
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝐃𝐬 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟖

14
RESULT:

Thus the computation of a transmission line parameters are carried out using MATLAB and the
output is verified with the hand calculation.

15
EXERCISES: 1
A 220kv, three-phase transmission line is 40km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263mH per km. The shunt capacitance is
negligible. Manually calculate the voltage and power at the sending end and the voltage
regulation and efficiency using the short line model when the line is supplying a three
phase load of

i) 381MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220kv.

ii) 381MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220kv.

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequency :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
A = 1;
B = Z1;
C = 0;
D =1;
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;

16
EXP.NO:1 (B)
DATE:

MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES

AIM:

To understand modeling and performance of short, medium and long transmission lines.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

FORMULA USED:
|VS(L−L)| − |VR(L−L)|
% Voltage regulation = × 100
|VR(L−L)|
Power delivered
% Efficiency = × 100
Power Send

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

17
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
Z1
Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);
fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);
fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);

18
OUTPUT:
CASE:I
Resistance :0.15
Inductive Reactance :0.500
Capacitive Reactance :0
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :40
Frequency :60
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :304.8
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :0.8
Z1 =
6.0000 +20.0000i
Y1 =
0
TM =
1.0000 6.0000 +20.0000i
0 1.0000
SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 250.018 at 4.92731 degrees
SENDING END LINE CURRENT 999.866 at -36.8699 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.745508
SENDING END REAL POWER 322.795
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER 288.584
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION 13.6448
REAL POWER LOSS 17.9952
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 59.9839
EFFICIENCY 94.4252

19
CASE:II
Resistance :0.15
Inductive Reactance :0.500
Capacitive Reactance :0
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :40
Frequency :60
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :304.8
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :-0.8
Z1 =
6.0000 +20.0000i
Y1 =
0
TM =
1.0000 6.0000 +20.0000i
0 1.0000
SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 210.288 at 9.28902 degrees
SENDING END LINE CURRENT 999.866 at 36.8699 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.886358
SENDING END REAL POWER 322.795
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER -168.616
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION -4.41432
REAL POWER LOSS 17.9952
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 59.9839
EFFICIENCY 94.4252

20
EXERCISES: 2
A balanced 3-phase load of 30MW is supplied at 132kV, 50Hz and 0.85p.f lagging by
means of a transmission line. The series impedance of a single conductor is (20 + j52)
ohms and the total phase-neutral admittance is 315 × 10−6 siemen. Using nominal T
method, determine: (i) the A, B, C and D constants of the line (ii) sending end voltage (iii)
regulation of the line.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequency :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
m=menu('ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK','NOMINAL T', 'NOMINAL PI');
switch m
case {1}
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1*(1+(Z1*Y1/4));
C=Y1;
D=A;
otherwise
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1;
C=Y1*(1+(Z1*Y1/4));
D=A;
end

21
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
Z1
Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);
fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);
fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);

22
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);

OUTPUT:
Resistance :20
Inductive Reactance :52
Capacitive Reactance :315*10^(-6)
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency :50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :132
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :30
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :0.85
Z1 = 20.0000 +52.0000i
Y1 = 0 +3.1500e-004i
TM =
0.9918 + 0.0031i 19.8362 +51.8186i
0 + 0.0003i 0.9918 + 0.0031i
SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 143.035 at 3.76761 degrees
SENDING END LINE CURRENT 142.007 at -23.3284 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.890244
SENDING END REAL POWER 31.3199
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER 16.0245
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION 9.25407
REAL POWER LOSS 1.31989
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -2.56785
EFFICIENCY 95.7858

23
MANUAL CALCULATION:
EXERCISES: 1
(a) The series impedance per phase is

Z = (r + jωL)l = (0.15 + j2π × 60 × 1.3263 × 10−3)40 = (6 + j20) = (20.88∠73.30°)Ω

The receiving end voltage per phase is

220∠0°
VR = = 127∠0°kV
√3
The apparent power is

SR(3∅) = 381∠ cos−1 0.8 = 381∠−36.87° = 304.8 + j228.6MVA

The current per phase is given by

∗
SR(3∅) 381∠−36.87° × 103
IR = = = 1000∠−36.87° = (780 − j600)A
3VR∗ 3 × 127∠0°

The sending end voltage is

VS = VR + ZIR = (127 + j0) + ((6 + j20) × (780 − j600) × 10−3) = 144 + j12
= 144.33∠4.93°kV

The sending end line to line voltage magnitude is

|VS(L−L)| = √3|VS| = 250kV

The sending end power is

𝐒𝐒(𝟑∅) = 𝟑𝐕𝐒𝐈∗𝐒 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟑∠𝟒. 𝟗𝟑° × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∠−𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝐌𝐖 + 𝐣𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝐌𝐯𝐚𝐫
= 𝟒𝟑𝟑∠𝟒𝟏. 𝟖°𝐌𝐕𝐀

Voltage regulation is

|𝐕𝐒(𝐋−𝐋)| − |𝐕𝐑(𝐋−𝐋)| 𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟐𝟎

% 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔%
|𝐕𝐑(𝐋−𝐋)| 𝟐𝟐𝟎

Transmission efficiency

𝐏𝐑(𝟑∅) 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟖
𝛈= = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟒%
𝐏𝐒(𝟑∅) 𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟖

24
(b) The current for 381MVA with 0.8 leading power factor is
∗
SR(3∅)381∠36.87° × 103
IR = = = 1000∠36.87° = (780 + j600)A
3VR∗ 3 × 127∠0°

The sending end voltage is

VS = VR + ZIR = (127 + j0) + ((6 + j20) × (780 + j600) × 10−3) = 121.39∠9.29°kV

The sending end line to line voltage magnitude is

|VS(L−L)| = √3|VS| = 210.26kV

The sending end power is

𝐒𝐒(𝟑∅) = 𝟑𝐕𝐒𝐈∗𝐒 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟗∠𝟗. 𝟐𝟗° × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∠−𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝐌𝐖 − 𝐣𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟔𝐌𝐯𝐚𝐫
= 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟖∠−𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟖°𝐌𝐕𝐀

Voltage regulation is

|𝐕𝐒(𝐋−𝐋)| − |𝐕𝐑(𝐋−𝐋)| 𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟐𝟐𝟎

% 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = −𝟒. 𝟒𝟑%
|𝐕𝐑(𝐋−𝐋)| 𝟐𝟐𝟎

Transmission efficiency

𝐏𝐑(𝟑∅) 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟖
𝛈= = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟒%
𝐏𝐒(𝟑∅) 𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟖

RESULT:
Thus the modelling of transmission line is carried out using MATLAB package and the output is
verified with the hand calculation.

25
EXERCISES
The Y- bus matrix is formed by inspection method for a 3 bus sample power systems.
LINE DATA
Line No SB EB Series impedance(pu) Line charging admittance(pu)
1 1 2 0.1+j0.3 0.0+j0.02
2 2 3 0.15+j0.5 0.0+j0.0125
3 3 1 0.2+j0.6 0.0+j0.028

PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter number of buses:');
l=input('Number of lines:');
s=input('1.Impedance or 2:Admittance');
ybus=zeros(n,n);
lc=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:l
a=input('Starting bus:');
b=input('Ending bus:');
t=input('Admittance or Impedance of line:');
lca=input('Line charging admittance:');
if(s==1)
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
lc(a,b)=lca;
lc(b,a)=lc(a,b);
end
for i=1:n

26
EXP NO: 2 (a)
DATE:
FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES AND SOLUTION OF
NETWORK
AIM
To develop a program to obtain bus admittance matrix for the given power system network by
inspection method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

FORMULA USED:

Off diagonal element Y = −yij = Yji

ij
 
 
 n 
Diagonal element Yii =  
y + yi0
ij
j =1 
 
j  i 
FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRIX
Yii Yij 
Generalized [Y - Bus] =  
Yji Yjj

Each diagonal term Yii (i=1, 2...n) is called the self-admittance or driving point admittance of bus
i and equals the sum of all admittance termination on the particular bus.
Each off-diagonal between term Yij (i,j =1,2………n; j≠i) is the transfer admittance between buses
i and j Yij = - yji, where Yij is net admittance connected between buses i and j, n= total number of
buses. Further, Yij=Yji on account of symmetry of Y-Bus matrix.

27
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k)+lc(i,k)/2;
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end

OUTPUT:
Enter number of buses:3
Number of lines:3
1.Impedance or 2:Admittance1
Starting bus:1
Ending bus:2
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.1+0.3i
Line charging admittance:0.02i
Starting bus:2
Ending bus:3
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.15+0.5i
Line charging admittance:0.0125i
Starting bus:3
Ending bus:1
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.2+0.6i
Line charging admittance:0.028i
>> ybus

28
ALGORITHM FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRIX
Step (1): Initialize [Y-Bus] matrix that is replace all entries by zero.
Yij = −yij = yji = Off diagonal element
Step (2): compute
 
 
 n 
ii =   yij  + yi0 = Diagonal element
Y
j =1 
 
j  i 
Where yio is the net bus to ground admittance connected at bus i.
FLOWCHART FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRIX
START

Read no of buses (NB), No

of lines(NL) & Line data

Initialize Y Bus Matrix

Consider Line l =1

k1= sb[i]; k2= eb[i];

Y_bus[k1][k1]+=(1.0/line_z[i])+halfline_y[i];
Y_bus[k2][k2]+=(1.0/line_z[i])+halfline_y[i];
Y_bus[k1][k2]+=-1.0/line_z[i];Y_bus[k2][k1]=Y_bus[k1][k2];

No Yes
Is Print Y Bus
l=NL? Matrix

STOP

29
ybus =

1.5000 - 4.4760i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.5000 + 1.5000i

-1.0000 + 3.0000i 1.5505 - 4.8186i -0.5505 + 1.8349i
-0.5000 + 1.5000i -0.5505 + 1.8349i 1.0505 - 3.3146i

MANUAL CALCULATIONS:
1 1
Y11 = 0.0 + j0.01 + 0.0 + j0.014 + +
0.1 + j0.3 0.2 + j0.6
= 0.0 + j0.01 + 1 − j3 + j0.04 + 0.5 − j1.5 = 1.5 − j4.476
1
Y12 = − y12 = = −1 + j3
0.1 + j0.3
1
Y13 = − y13 = = −0.5 + j1.5
0.2 + j0.6
1 1
Y22 = 0.0 + j0.01 + 0.0 + j0.00625 + +
0.1 + j0.3 0.15 + j0.5
= 1 − j3 + j0.01 + 0.55 − j1.83 + j0.00625 = 1.55 − j4.8137
1
Y23 = − y23 = = −0.55 + j1.83
0.15 + j0.5
1 1
Y33 = j0.014 + j0.00625 + +
0.2 + j0.6 0.15 + j0.5
= j0.014 + j0.00625 + 0.5 − j1.5 + 0.55 − j1.83 = 1.05 − j3.317
(Y12 = Y21 ; Y13 = Y31 ; Y23 = Y32 ; )
Y11 Y12 Y13
Ybus = [Y21 Y22 Y23 ]
Y31 Y32 Y33
𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝐣𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟔 −𝟏 + 𝐣𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝐣𝟏. 𝟓
𝐘𝐛𝐮𝐬 = [ −𝟏 + 𝐣𝟑 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 − 𝐣𝟒. 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟕 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝐣𝟏. 𝟖𝟑]
−𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝐣𝟏. 𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝐣𝟏. 𝟖𝟑 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 − 𝐣𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟕

30
RESULT:
Thus the program for the Y_bus formation by the method of inspection was executed and the
output is verified with the manual calculation.

31
EXERCISES
The Z- bus matrix is formed by inspection method for a 3 bus sample power systems.
LINE DATA:
Line No SB EB Series impedance(pu) Line charging admittance(pu)
1 1 2 0.1+j0.3 0.0+j0.02
2 2 3 0.15+j0.5 0.0+j0.0125
3 3 1 0.2+j0.6 0.0+j0.028

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter number of buses:');
l=input('Number of lines:');
s=input('1.Impedance or 2:Admittance');
for i=1:l
a=input('Starting bus:');
b=input('Ending bus:');
t=input('Admittance or Impedance of line:');
lca=input('Line charging admittance:');
if(s==1)
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
lc(a,b)=lca;
lc(b,a)=lc(a,b);
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:n
for j=1:n

32
Expt.No :2(b)
Date :
FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
AIM:
To develop a program to obtain the Z bus matrix for the given network by the method of direct
inspection.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

FORMULA USED:
 
 
Off diagonal element Y = −y = Y ; Diagonal element Y =  n y +y
ij ij ji ii  ij i0
 j = 1 
 
j  i 
FORMATION OF Z-BUS MATRIX
Z-Bus matrix is an important matrix used in different kinds of power system studies such as
short circuit study, load flow study, etc.
In short circuit analysis, the generator and transformer impedances must be taken into
account.In contingency analysis, the shunt elements are neglected while forming the Z-Bus
matrix, which is used to compute the outage distribution factors.
This can be easily obtained by inverting the Ybus formed by inspection method or by analytical
method.Taking inverse of the Ybus for large systems is time consuming; Moreover, modification
in the system requires the whole process to be repeated to reflect the changes in the system. In
such cases, the Z-Bus is computed by Z-Bus building algorithm.

ALGORITHM FOR FORMATION OF Z-BUS MATRIX

Step-1: Read the values such as number of lines, number of buses and line data, generator data
and transformer data.
Step-2: Initialize Y -bus matrix.
Y- Bus [i][j]= complex (0.0,0.0) for all values of i and j.
Step-3: Compute Y- bus matrix by considering only line data.

33
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k)+lc(i,k)/2;
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end
zbus=(ybus)^(-1);

OUTPUT:
Enter number of buses:3
Number of lines:3
1.Impedance or 2:Admittance1
Starting bus:1
Ending bus:2
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.1+0.3i
Line charging admittance:0.02i
Starting bus:2
Ending bus:3
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.15+0.5i
Line charging admittance:0.0125i
Starting bus:3
Ending bus:1
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.2+0.6i
Line charging admittance:0.028i
>> ybus

34
Step-4: Modify the Y-bus matrix by adding the combined transformer and the generator
admittance to the respective diagonal elements of Y-bus matrix.
Step-5: Compute the Z-bus matrix by inverting the modified Y- bus matrix.
Step-6: Print Z-bus matrix.

FLOW CHART FOR FORMATION OF Z-BUS MATRIX

START

Read no. of buses, no. of lines and line data

Form Y-bus matrix using the algorithm

 
 
Y = −y = Y = Off diagonalelement; Y =  y + y = Diagonalelemen
ij ij ji
 
j  i 

Modify the Y- bus by adding combined generator and

transformer admittances to the respective diagonal elements

Compute the Z -bus matrix by inverting modified Y- bus

Print all the results

STOP

35
ybus =
1.5000 - 4.4760i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.5000 + 1.5000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i 1.5505 - 4.8186i -0.5505 + 1.8349i
-0.5000 + 1.5000i -0.5505 + 1.8349i 1.0505 - 3.3146i
>> zbus
zbus =

0.0262 -16.4502i -0.0097 -16.5568i -0.0233 -16.5999i

-0.0097 -16.5568i 0.0325 -16.4271i -0.0145 -16.5776i
-0.0233 -16.5999i -0.0145 -16.5776i 0.0393 -16.4057i

MANUAL CALCULATIONS:
1 1
Y11 = 0.0 + j0.01 + 0.0 + j0.014 + +
0.1 + j0.3 0.2 + j0.6
= 0.0 + j0.01 + 1 − j3 + j0.04 + 0.5 − j1.5 = 1.5 − j4.476
1
Y12 = − y12 = = −1 + j3
0.1 + j0.3
1
Y13 = − y13 = = −0.5 + j1.5
0.2 + j0.6
1 1
Y22 = 0.0 + j0.01 + 0.0 + j0.00625 + +
0.1 + j0.3 0.15 + j0.5
= 1 − j3 + j0.01 + 0.55 − j1.83 + j0.00625 = 1.55 − j4.8137
1
Y23 = − y23 = = −0.55 + j1.83
0.15 + j0.5
1 1
Y33 = j0.014 + j0.00625 + +
0.2 + j0.6 0.15 + j0.5
= j0.014 + j0.00625 + 0.5 − j1.5 + 0.55 − j1.83 = 1.05 − j3.317
(Y12 = Y21 ; Y13 = Y31 ; Y23 = Y32 ; )
Y11 Y12 Y13
Ybus = [ 21 Y22 Y23 ]
Y
Y31 Y32 Y33
1.5 − j4.476 −1 + j3 −0.5 + j1.5
Ybus = [ −1 + j3 1.55 − j4.8137 −0.55 + j1.83]
−0.5 + j1.5 −0.55 + j1.83 1.05 − j3.317

36
zbus =

0.0262 -16.4502i -0.0097 -16.5568i -0.0233 -16.5999i

-0.0097 -16.5568i 0.0325 -16.4271i -0.0145 -16.5776i
-0.0233 -16.5999i -0.0145 -16.5776i 0.0393 -16.4057i

RESULT:
Thus the program for the Z bus formation by the method of inspection was executed and the
output is verified with the manual calculation.

37
EXERCISES:
Carry out the load flow analysis for the system with the following data by Gauss-Seidel
method and verify the results with those of the standard software package available. Base
MVA is 100.
One-line diagram:

Bus Specifications:
Generation Load
Bus no Bus type V spec Q-min Q-max
P Q P Q
1 Slack 1.04 - - - - - -
2 P-Q - - - 400 250 -

3 P-V 1.04 200 - - - -10 250

Line Data:

Line charging
Line no. Start bus End bus Series impedance (p.u)
admittance(p.u)
1 1 2 0.02 + j 0.04 -
2 2 3 0.0125 + j 0.025 -
3 3 1 0.01 + j 0.03 -

38
 Expt . No : 3
Date:

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS USING GAUSS-SEIDAL METHOD

AIM
To carryout load flow analysis of the given power system by Gauss – Seidal method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
AU Power Lab

FORMULA USED:

Calculate the Reactive power for generator bus:

p−1 n
QK+1 ( ) K ∗ K+1 K
p,cal = −1 Img [(Vp ) [∑ Ypq Vq + ∑ Ypq Vq ]]
q=1 q=p

Calculate the new value of the bus voltage

p−1 n
1 Pp − jQp
VK+1 = [ − ∑ Y VK+1 − ∑ Y VK ]
∗ pq q pq q
p Ypp (Vp )
K
q=1 q=p+1

Update the bus voltages using the formula

VK+1 = VK + α(VK+1 − VK)
P,acc 2 2 2

The power loss in line i to j.

SLij = Sij + Sji

THEORY
Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of
the given system under specified conditions. A large number of numerical algorithms have been
developed and Gauss-Seidal method is one of such algorithms.

39
 STUDENT INFORMATION
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS I: SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW RELATED PROBLEMS
BY GAUSS-SEIDEL
CASE TITLE:
CASE:1 3-BUS SYSTEM-BASE CASE-POOR VOLTAGE PROFILE:1
NAME OF THE STUDENT/USER:
S. MANIMARAN
ROLL NUMBER:
1234567890
SEMESTER:
VII SEMESTER
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
15 APRIL 2004
SYSTEM DATA
TOTAL NO OF BUSES : 3 NO OF GEN BUSES : 2
NO OF LOAD BUSES : 1 SLACK BUS ID NO : 1
NO OF TRANSMISSION LINE: 3 NO OF TRANSFORMER : 0
NO OF SHUNT ELEMENT : 0 MAX ITERATIONS : 100
TOLERANCE VOLT : .00005 ACCELRATION FACTOR :1.300
SYSTEM BASE MVA : 100.00

GEN BUS DATA

BUS PGEN PLOAD QLOAD MAX MIN VMAG
NO. MW MW MVAR MVAR MVAR P.U.
1 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 1.0500
3 200.0000 .0000 .0000 200.0000 -10.0000 1.0400

LOAD BUS DATA

BUS PLOAD QLOAD VMAG
NO. MW MVAR P.U.
2 400.0000 250.0000 1.0000

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

LNO SBUS RBUS R-IN-PU X-IN-PU HBC-IN-PU RATMVA
1 1 2 .02000 .04000 .00000 400.00000
2 1 3 .01000 .03000 .00000 400.00000
3 2 3 .01250 .02500 .00000 400.00000

TRANSFORMER DATA
TNO SBUS RBUS R-IN-PU X-IN-PU TAP-IN-PU RATMVA

40
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Read the data such as line data, specified power, specified voltages, Q Limits at the
generator buses and tolerance for convergence.
Step 2: Compute Y-Bus matrix
Step 3: Initialize all the bus voltages
Step 4: Iter=1
Step 5: Consider i=2, Where i is the bus number
Step 6: Check whether this is PV bus or PQ bus. If it is PQ bus, go to step-8
Otherwise go to the next step.
Step 7: Compute QI Check for Q-limit violation.
If QGi>Qimax equate QGi to Qimax there by converting it into PQ bus. Then go to Step-8
Similarly, if QGi<Qimin equate QGitoQimin there by converting it into PQ bus. Then go
to step-8
If QGi is within upper and lower limits, don’t change QGi, then go to step-8
Step 8: Calculate the new value of the bus voltage using Gauss-Seidal formula
 
new 1.0  Pi − jQ i i −1 n 
V =  −  Y Vn −  Y V0 
i Y * ij j ij j
ii  j =1 j = i +1 
 V0 
 i 

Adjust voltage magnitude of the bus to specified magnitude if Q limits are not violated,
in case of PV bus
Step 9: If all the buses are considered, go to step-10. Otherwise increment the bus no i=i+1, and
go to step-6.
Step 10: Check for convergence. If there is no convergence, go to step-11.
Otherwise go to step-12.
Stepn11: Update the bus voltages using the formula
V new = Vold + α Vnew − Vold  ; (i =1,2,. ... n), i  Slack bus,
i i  i i 

α is the Acceleration factor=1.4(typically)

Increment the iteration count Iter=Iter+1 and go to step-5.

41
BUS RESULTS
BUS PGEN QGEN PLOAD QLOAD VMAG VANG COMPENS
NO MW MVAR MW MVAR P.U. DEG. MVAR
1 218.45 140.78 .00 .00 1.0500 .00
3 200.00 146.28 .00 .00 1.0400 -.50
2 .00 .00 400.00 250.00 .9717 -2.70

TRANSMISSION LINE/TRANSFORMER RESULTS

FROM TO PFLOW QFLOW FLOW RATING PLOSS QLOSS
BUS BUS MW MVAR MVA MVA MW MVAR
1 2 179.36 118.71 215.08 400.00 8.39 16.78
2 1 -170.96 -101.93 199.04
1 3 39.09 22.07 44.89 400.00 .18 .55
3 1 -38.91 -21.52 44.46
2 3 -229.00 -148.07 272.70 400.00 9.85 19.69
3 2 238.85 167.76 291.88

**** SUMMARY OF RESULTS ****

GENERATION
MW MVAR
GENERATION 418.45 287.07
COMP(CAP:+VE) .00

TOTAL 418.45 287.07

LOAD + LOSS
MW MVAR
LOAD 400.00 250.00
LINE/TRAN LOSS 18.42 37.02

TOTAL 418.42 287.02

TRANS. LOSS MW(PERCENT OF TOT. GEN) = 4.40

TRANS. LOSS MVAR(PERCENT OF TOT. GEN+COMP)= 12.90

42
Step 12: Calculate the slack bus power, Q at PV buses, real and reactive line
flows, real and reactive line losses and print all the results including all the complex bus
voltages and all the bus angles.
Step 13: Stop.

LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES

After the iterative solution of bus voltages, the next step is the computation of line flows and line
losses. Consider the line connecting the two buses i and j in figure. The line current I ij, measured
at bus i and defined positive in the direction i to j is given by
Iij = Il + Ii0 = yij(Vi −V j ) + yi0Vi

Similarly, the line current Iji measured at bus j and defined positive in the direction j to i is given
by
I ji = −Il + I j0 = yij(Vj − Vi ) + y j0Vj

The complex power

Figure 7.1 Transmission line model for calculating line flow

Sij = ViI∗ij
Sji = VjIji∗

The power loss in line i to j is the algebraic sum of the power flows determined from
SLij = Sij + Sji

43
MANUAL CALCULATION:
Line impedance converted to admittances arey12 = 10 − j20, y13 = 10 − j30 and y23 = 16 − j32.
The load and generation expressed in per units are
(400 + j250)
Ssch = − = −4.0 − j2.5 p. u
2 100200
Psch = − = 2.0 p. u
3 100
Bus 1 is taken as the reference bus (slack bus). Starting from an initial estimate of V2(0) = 1.0 +
j0.0 and V(0) = 1.04 + j0.0, V , V and are computed
3 2 3
P2sch − jQsch
2
(0)
∗(0) + y12V1 + y23V3
V2
V1 2 =
y12 + y23
−4.0 + j2.5
+ (10 − j20)(1.05 + j0) + (16 − j32)(1.04 + j0)
= 1.0 − j0
(26 − j52)
= 0.97462 − j0.042307
Bus 3 is a regulated bus where voltage magnitude and real power are specified. For the voltage-
controlled bus, first the reactive power is computed
Q(1) = −img {V∗(0)[V(0)(y + y ) − y V − y V(1)]}
3 3 3 13 23 13 1 23 2
= −img{(1.04
− j0)[(1.04 + j0)(26 − j62) − (10 − j30)(1.05 + j0) − (16 − j32)(0.97462
− j0.042307)]}
= 1.16
The value of Q1 is used as Qsch for the computation of voltage at bus 3. The complex voltage at
3 3
bus 3, denoted by C3 , is calculated.
V1
P3sch − jQsch
3
(1)
∗(0) + y V
13 1 + y V
23 2
1 V3
VC3 =
y13 + y23
−2.0 + j1.16
+ (10 − j30)(1.05 + j0) + (16 − j32)(0.97462 − j0.042307)
1.04 − j0
=
(26 − j62)
= 1.03783 − j0.00510
Since |𝑉3| is held constant at 1.04 p.u, only the imaginary part of V1 is retained, i.e, f 1 =
C3 3
−0.005170, and its real part is obtained from
e31 = √(1.04)2 − (0.005170)2 = 1.039987
Thus
V31 = 1.039987 − 𝑗0.005170

For the second iteration, we have

44
 P2sch − jQsch
2
(1)
∗(1) + y12V1 + y23V3
V2
V22 =
y12 + y23
−4.0 + j2.5
(10 − j20)(1.05) + (16 − j32)(1.039987 + j0.005170)
= 0.97462 + j0.042307 +
(26 − j52)
= 0.971057 − j0.043432

Q(1) = −img {V∗(1)[V(1)(y + y ) − y V − y V(2)]}

3 3 3 13 23 13 1 23 2
= −img{(1.039987
+ j0.005170)[(1.039987 − j0.005170)(26 − j62) − (10 − j30)(1.05 + j0) − (16
− j32)(0.971057 − j0.043432)]}
= 1.38796
sch
P3 − jQ3 sch (2)
∗(1) + y13V1 + y23V2
2 V3
VC3 =
y13 + y23
−2.0 + j1.16
+ (10 − j30)(1.05) + (16 − j32)(0.971057 − j0.043432)
= 1.039987 + j0.00517
(26 − j62)
= 1.03908 − j0.00730
Since |𝑉3| is held constant at 1.04 p.u, only the imaginary part of V2 is retained, i.e, f 1 =
C3 3
−0.00730, and its real part is obtained from
e32 = √(1.04)2 − (0.00730)2 = 1.039974
Thus
V31 = 1.039974 − 𝑗0.00730

The process is continued and a solution is converged with an accuracy of 5×10-5 p.u in
seven iterations as given below.
V(3) = 0.97073 − 𝑗0.04479 Q(3) = 1.42904 V(3) = 1.03996 − 𝑗0.00833
2 3 3
V(4) = 0.97065 − 𝑗0.04533 Q(4) = 1.44833 V(4) = 1.03996 − 𝑗0.00873
2 3 3
V(5) = 0.97062 − 𝑗0.04555 Q(5) = 1.45621 V(5) = 1.03996 − 𝑗0.00893
2 3 3
V(6) = 0.97061 − 𝑗0.04565 Q(6) = 1.45947 V(6) = 1.03996 − 𝑗0.00900
2 3 3
V(7) = 0.97061 − 𝑗0.04565 Q(7) = 1.46082 V(7) = 1.03996 − 𝑗0.00903
2 3 3
The final solution is

V2 = 0.97168∠−2.6948° p. u
𝐒𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟎 + 𝐣𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕 𝐩. 𝐮
V3 = 1.04∠−0.498° p. u
𝐒𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟐 + 𝐣𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝐩. 𝐮

45
Line flows and line losses are,
𝐒𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟑𝟔 + 𝐣𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟑𝟒 𝐒𝟐𝟏 = −𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 − 𝐣𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟕 𝐒𝐋 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟗 + 𝐣𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟗
𝐒𝟏𝟑 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟔 + 𝐣𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝐒𝟑𝟏 = −𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 − 𝐣𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟗 𝐒𝐋 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟖
𝐒𝟐𝟑 = −𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟑 − 𝐣𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟎𝟓 𝐒𝟑𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 + 𝐣𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟕𝟒𝟔 𝐒𝐋 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 + 𝐣𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟗

46
RESULT
Thus the load flow analysis of a given power system has been carried out by Gauss-Seidal
method using AU-power package and the results are presented.

47
EXERCISES:
Carry out the load flow analysis for the system with the following data by Newton-
Raphson method and verify the results with those of the standard software package
available. Base MVA is 100.
One line diagram:

Bus Specifications:
Generation Load
Bus no Bus type V spec Q-min Q-max
P Q P Q
1 Slack 1.04 - - - - - -
2 P-Q - - - 400 250 -

3 P-V 1.04 200 - - - -10 250

Line Data:

Line charging
Line no. Start bus End bus Series impedance (p.u)
admittance(p.u)
1 1 2 0.02 + j 0.04 -
2 2 3 0.0125 + j 0.025 -
3 3 1 0.01 + j 0.03 -

48
Expt.No :4
Date :

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:
To carryout load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton raphson method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: AU Power Package

FORMULA USED:

For the PQ & PV Buses, Compute the real powers by using

𝑛
𝑃𝐾 = ∑|𝑉𝐾| |𝑉𝐾||𝑌 | cos(𝜃 +𝛿 −𝛿 )
𝑝 𝑝 𝑞 𝑝𝑞 𝑝𝑞 𝑞 𝑝
𝑞=1

Then compute power residuals ∆PPK by using

∆PK = P − PK
p p,spec p

For the PQ Buses, Compute the reactive powers by using

n
QK = ∑|VK| |VK||Y | Sin(θ +δ −δ )
p p q pq pq q p
q=1

Then compute power residuals ∆QPK by using

∆QpK = Qp,spec − QKp

THEORY
Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of
the given system under specified conditions. A large number of numerical algorithms have been
developed and Newton Raphson method is one of such algorithms.

49
 ****************************************************
DATE:- 9- 7-2015
TIME:- 10 : 47 : 23
********************************************************************
AU Powerlab: ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI - 600 025

LOAD FLOW BY NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

********************************************************************
SIMPLE CASE STUDY WITHOUT CONTINGENCY.
manimaran
********************************************************************
PARAMETERS ENTERED FOR THE CASE:

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF BUSES. ....................... = 3

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LINES. ....................... = 3
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF TRANSFORMERS. ................ = 0
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GENERATORS. .................. = 2
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SHUNT ELEMENTS. .............. = 0
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SVC BUSES. ................... = 0
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF OLTC TRANSFORMERS. ........... = 0
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF BUSES IN DC SYSTEM. .......... = 0
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DC LINKS. .................... = 0
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF THREE WINDING TRANSFORMERS. .. = 0
GENERAL PARAMETERS AND OPTIONS

BASE MVA. ........................................ = 100.00

TOLERANCE FOR REAL POWER(P.U). ................... = .00010
TOLERANCE FOR REACTIVE POWER(P.U). ............... = .00010
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS. .................... = 15
OPTION FOR DYNAMIC COMPENSATION. ................. = 0
OPTION FOR INPUT REPRODUCTION. ................... = 1
PERCENTAGE FILL-INS. ............................. = 100
OPTION FOR INTERMEDIATE OUTPUTS. ................. = 0
SLACK BUS NUMBER. ................................ = 1
MEMORY
FIXED IN THE PROGRAM...............= 80000 4-BYTE WORDS
MEMORY REQUIRED FOR GIVEN MAXIMUM PARAMETERS..=189 4-BYTE WORDS

GENERATOR BUS DATA

No.
NAME |V| Deg PGSP QGSP PLSP QLSP QMX/BMX QMN/BMN VNOM

1 SLAK 1.050 .000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00
2 GEN2 1.040 .000 200.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00

50
ALGORITHM (N-R METHOD):
Step 1: For load buses (PQ), Where P and Q are specified, For Voltage- Regulated buses (PV),
Voltage magnitudes and P are specified,
Set the Bus voltage angle δ0p = 0 for the P-Q and P-V Buses except slack Bus.
0
Set voltage magnitudes |Vp | =1.0 for the P-Q buses
0
Set voltage magnitudes |V | =|V | for the PV buses.
p p spec

The voltage of slack bus is the specified voltage and it is not modified in any iteration.
Step2: For the P-Q Buses, Compute the real and reactive powers by using
n
PK = ∑|VK| |VK||Y | cos(θ +δ −δ )
p p q pq pq q p
q=1
n
QK = ∑|VK| |VK||Y | Sin(θ +δ −δ )
p p q pq pq q p
q=1
Then compute power residuals ∆PK and ∆QK by using
P P
∆PK =P − PK ; ∆QK = Q − QK
p p,spec p p p,spec p
Step 3: For the P-V Buses, Calculate the real power ( PK)and real power residuals (∆PK) by
p p
Using
n
PK = ∑|VK| |VK||Y | cos(θ +δ −δ )
p p q pq pq q p
q=1
Then compute power residuals ∆PPK by using
∆PK = P − PK
p p,spec p
Step 4: Compute the elements of jacobian matrix by computing sub-matrices
[Jk], [Jk], [Jk], and [Jk].
1 2 3 4
Step 5: Compute the ∆δK and ∆|VK| by using
P P
∆PK k Jk2 ∆δpK
If load bus only, then [ p ] = [J1 ][ ]
∆Q Jk4 ∆|Vp |
K K
p
Jk3
Step 6: Compute the new estimates of bus voltage magnitudes |VpK+1|and voltage angle
δK+1
p by using
|VK+1| = |VK| + ∆|VK| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 δK+1 = δK + ∆δK
p p p p p p
Step 7: The process is continued until the residuals ∆PK and ∆QK are less than the
p,max p,max

specified accuracy,
i.e., Find the largest among ∆PK , ∆PK … , ∆PK&∆QK, ∆QK, … , ∆QK
1 2 n 1 2 n
Check ∆PK ≤∈ &∆QK ≤∈
p,max p,max

51
LOAD BUS DATA

No. NAME |V| Deg PGSP QGSP PLSP QLSP QMX/BMX QMN/BMN VNOM

3 LOAD1 1.000 .000 .00 .00 400.00 250.00 .00 .00 1.00

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

LINE FROM TO R(pu) X(pu) B/2(pu) RAT CKTS

LINE1 1 SLAK 3 LOAD1 .02000 .04000 .00000 100.0 1

LINE2 1 SLAK 2 GEN2 .01000 .03000 .00000 100.0 1
LINE3 2 GEN2 3 LOAD1 .01250 .02500 .00000 100.0 1

NR: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

TOTAL NUMBER OF BUSES. .................... = 3

TOTAL NUMBER OF LINES. .................... = 3
NUMBER OF 2-WDG TRANSFORMERS-FIXED TAPS. .. = 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS INCLUDING SLACK. ..... = 2
NUMBER OF SHUNTS. ......................... = 0
NUMBER OF SVC BUSES. ...................... = 0
NUMBER OF TRANSFORMERS(OLTC). ............. = 0
NUMBER OF DC TERMINALS. ................... = 0
NUMBER OF DC LINKS. ....................... = 0
NUMBER OF THREE WINDING TRANSFORMERS. ..... = 0
TOTAL P-GENERATION EXCEPT SLACK. .......... = 200.000 MW
TOTAL P-LOAD P. ........................... = 400.000 MW
TOTAL Q-LOAD Q. ........................... = 250.000 MVAR
TOTAL LINE CHARGING AT NOM. VOLT. ......... = .000 MVAR
TOT Q-FROM CAPACITORS AT NOM.VOLT. ........ = .000 MVAR
TOT Q ABSORBED BY SHUNT REACTORS AT NOM VOL= .000 MVAR
NO NETWORK SPLIT DETECTED.

DATE:- 9- 7-2015
TIME:- 10 : 47 : 23
ITNO NAME PMISM NAME QMISM NAME ANG NAME VMAG
(MAX) (MAX) COR COR

1 LOAD1 -2.860 LOAD1 -.220 LOAD1 -2.592 LOAD1 -.027

2 LOAD1 -.099 LOAD1 -.051 LOAD1 -.103 LOAD1 -.002
3 LOAD1 .000 LOAD1 .000 LOAD1 .000 LOAD1 .000
4 GEN2 .000 LOAD1 .000 LOAD1 .000 LOAD1 .000
REAL POWER ITERATIONS= 3 REACTIVE POWER ITERATIONS= 3

52
 OUTPUT

VOLTAGES(pu/deg), GENERATION AND LOAD (MW & MVAR)

NAME VMAG(pu) Deg PGEN QGEN Mva Pf PLOAD QLOAD Pf

GEN2 1.040 -.50 200.00 146.18 247.72 .81 .00 .00 .00
SLAK 1.050 .00 218.42 140.85 259.90 .84 .00 .00 .00
LOAD1 .972 -2.70 .00 .00 .00 .00 400.00 250.00 .85

BRANCH FLOWS

FORWARD FLOWS LOSSES % LOAD

LINE FROM TO CKTS MW MVAR MVA MW MVAR

LINE2 GEN2 SLAK 1 -38.88 -21.57 44.46 .18 .55 38

LINE3 GEN2 LOAD1 1 238.88 167.75 291.89 9.85 19.69 238
LINE1 LOAD1 SLAK 1 -170.97 -101.95 199.06 8.39 16.79 170
LINE3 LOAD1 GEN2 1 -229.03 -148.05 272.72 9.85 19.69 229

LINE1 SLAK LOAD1 1 179.36 118.73 215.10 8.39 16.79 179

LINE2 SLAK GEN2 1 39.06 22.12 44.89 .18 .55 39
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

ACTIVE POWER BALANCE

TOTAL GENERATION.......................= 418.42 MW
TOTAL LOAD.............................= 400.00 MW
TOTAL LOSS.............................= 18.42 MW
TOTAL LOSS AS A % OF GENERATION........= 4.40
REACTIVE POWER BALANCE
TOTAL GENERATION. ..................... = 287.03 MVAR
Q FROM LINE CHARGING. ................. = .00 MVAR
Q FROM SHUNT CAPACITORS. .............. = .00 MVAR
TOTAL LOAD. ........................... = 250.00 MVAR
TOTAL Q ABSORBED BY SHUNT REACTORS. ... = .00 MVAR
TOTAL SERIES BRANCH LOSSES. ........... = 37.03 MVAR

53
MANUAL CALCULATION:
Line impedance converted to admittances arey12 = 10 − j20, y13 = 10 − j30, and y23 = 16 −
j32, . This results in the bus admittance matrix
20 − j50 −10 + j20 −10 + j30
ybus = [−10 + j20 26 − j52 −16 + j32]
−10 + j30 −16 + j32 26 − j62
Converting the bus admittance matrix to polar form with angles in radian yields
53.85165∠ − 1.9029 22.36068∠2.0344 31.62278∠1.8925
ybus = [ 22.36068∠2.0344 58.13777∠ − 1.1071 35.77709∠2.0344 ]
31.62278∠1.8925 35.77709∠2.0344 67.23095∠ − 1.1737
The expressions for real power at 2 and 3 and the reactive power at bus 2 are
P2 = |V2||V1||Y21| cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1) + |V22||Y22| cos θ22 + |V2||V3||Y23| cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3)
P3 = |V3||V1||Y31| cos(θ31 − δ3 + δ1) + |V3||V2||Y32| cos(θ32 − δ3 + δ2) + |V32||Y33| cos θ33
Q2 = −|V2||V1||Y21| sin(θ21 − δ2 + δ1) + |V22||Y22| sin θ22 + |V2||V3||Y23| sin(θ23 − δ2 + δ3)
Elements of the Jacobin matrix are obtained by taking partial derivatives of the above equations
with respect to δ2, δ3 and |V2|.
𝜕P2
= |V ||V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ ) + |V ||V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ )
2 1 21 21 2 1 2 3 23 23 2 3
𝜕δ2
𝜕P2
= −|V ||V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ )
2 3 23 23 2 3
𝜕δ3
𝜕P2 |V ||Y | cos(θ − δ + δ ) + 2|V ||Y | cos θ + |V ||Y | cos(θ − δ + δ )
=
1 21 21 2 1 2 22 22 3 23 23 2 3
𝜕|V2|
𝜕P3
= −|V ||V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ )
3 2 32 32 3 2
𝜕δ2
𝜕P3
= |V ||V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ ) + |V ||V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ )
1 3 31 31 3 1 2 3 32 32 3 2
𝜕δ3
𝜕P3 |V ||Y | cos(θ − δ + δ )
=
3 32 32 3 2
𝜕|V2|
𝜕Q2
= |V ||V ||Y | cos(θ − δ + δ ) + |V ||V ||Y | cos(θ − δ + δ )
2 1 21 21 2 1 2 3 23 23 2 3
𝜕δ2
𝜕Q2
= −|V ||V ||Y | cos(θ − δ + δ )
2 3 23 23 2 3
𝜕δ3
𝜕Q2
= −|V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ ) − |V ||Y | sin θ − |V ||Y | sin(θ − δ + δ )
1 21 21 2 1 2 22 22 3 23 23 2 3
𝜕|V2|
The load and generation expressed in per units are

54
 (400 + j250)
Ssch = = −4.0 − j2.5 p. u
100
2
200
Psch = = 2.0 p. u
3 100
The slack bus voltage is V1 = 1.05∠0p.u, and the bus 3 voltage magnitude is |V3| = 1.04p p.u.
starting with an initial estimate of |V2(0)| = 1.0, δ2(0) = 0.0andδ3(0) = 0.0p, the power residuals
are computed
∆P(0) = Psch − P(0) = −4.0 − (−1.14) = −2.8600
2 2 2
∆P(0) = Psch − P(0) = 2.0 − (0.5616) = 1.4384
3 3 3
∆Q(0) = Qsch − Q(0) = −2.5 − (−2.28) = −0.2200
2 2 2

Evaluating the elements of the jacobian matrix with the initial estimate, the set of linear
equations in the first iteration becomes
(0)
−2.8600 54.28000 −33.28000 24.86000 ⎡ ∆δ2 ⎤
(0)
[ 1.4384 ] = [−33.28000 66.04000 −16.64000] ⎢ ∆δ3 ⎥
−0.2200 −27.14000 16.64000 49.72000 ⎢ (0) ⎥
[∆|V2 |]
Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation, the new bus voltages in the first iteration
are
∆δ(0) = −0.045263 δ(1) = 0 + (−0.045263 ) = −0.045263
2 2
∆δ(0) = −0.007718 δ(1) = 0 + (−0.007718) = −0.007718
3 3
∆|V(0)| = −0.026548 |V(1)| = 1 + (−0.026548) = 0.97345
2 2

Voltage phase angles are in radians. For the second iteration, we have
(1)
−0.099218 51.724675 −31.765618 21.302567 ⎡ ∆δ2 ⎤
(1)
[ 0.021715 ] = [−32.981642 65.656383 −15.379086] ⎢ ∆δ3 ⎥
−0.050914 −28.538577 17.402838 48.103589 ⎢ (1) ⎥
[∆|V2 |]
And
∆δ(1) = −0.001795 δ(2) = −0.045263 + (−0.001795) = −0.04706
2 2
∆δ(0) = −0.000985 δ(2) = (−0.007718) + (−0.000985 ) = −0.00870
3 3
∆|V(0)| = −0.001767 |V(2)| = 0.97345 + (−0.001767 ) = 0.971684
2 2

For the third iteration, we have

55
 (2)
−0.000216 51.596701 −31.693866 21.147447 ⎡ ∆δ2 ⎤
(2)
[ 0.000038 ] = [−32.933865 65.597585 −15.351628] ⎢ ∆δ3 ⎥
−0.000143 −28.548205 17.396932 47.954870 ⎢ (2) ⎥
[∆|V2 |]
And
∆δ(2) = −0.0000038 δ(3) = −0.047058 + (−0.0000038 ) = −0.04706
2 2
∆δ(0) = −0.0000024 δ(3) = (−0.008703) + (−0.0000024 ) = 0.008705
3 3
∆|V(0)| = −0.0000044 |V(3)| = 0.971684 + (−0.0000044 ) = 0.97168
2 2

The voltage phase angle are in radians.

V2 = 0.9168∠−2.696° and V3 = 1.04∠−0.4988°
P1 = |V12||Y11| cos θ11 + |V2||V1||Y12| cos(θ12 − δ1 + δ2) + |V3||V1||Y13| cos(θ13 − δ1 + δ3)
= 2.1842 p. u
Q3 = −|V3||V1||Y31| sin(θ31 − δ3 + δ1) − |V32||Y33| sin θ33 − |V2||V3||Y32| sin(θ32 − δ3 + δ2)
= 1.4617 p. u
Q1 = −|V12||Y11| sin θ11 − |V2||V1||Y12| sin(θ12 − δ1 + δ2) − |V1||V3||Y13| sin(θ13 − δ1 + δ3)
= 1.4085 p. u
𝐏𝟏(𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟐 𝐩. 𝐮 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟐𝐌𝐖
𝐐𝟑(𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕 𝐩. 𝐮 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟏𝟕 𝐌𝐕𝐚𝐫
𝐐(𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝐩. 𝐮 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝐌𝐕𝐚𝐫

56
RESULT
Thus the load flow analysis of a given power system has been carried out by Newton-Raphson
method using AU-power package and the results are presented.

57
EXERCISES:
Carry out fault analysis for the following system for a three phase to ground, single line to
ground and line to line fault. To determine the fault current and MVA at faulted bus and
post fault voltages and verify the results using AU power lab software.

G1, G2:100MVA, 11KV, X+ = X- = 15%, X0 = 5%, Xn = 6%

T1, T2: 100MVA, 11KV/220KV, Xleak=9%
L1, L2: X+ = X- = 10%, X0 = 10%, on a base of 100MVA.
Consider a fault at phase ‘a’.

58
Expt.No :5
Date:

SYMMERTRIC AND UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANAYSIS

AIM
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of power systems under faulted Condition and
to compute the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, both
symmetric and unsymmetrical.

OBJECTIVES
i. To carryout fault analysis for symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in small systems using the
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit in the sequence and phase domains at the faulted bus but without
the use of software.
ii. To conduct fault analysis on a given system using software available and obtain fault Analysis
report with fault level and current at the faulted point and post-fault voltages and currents in the
network for the following faults
(a) Three-phase-to- ground
(b) Line-to-ground
(c) Line-to-Line
(d) Double-line-to-ground
iii. To study the variation in fault levels and currents in the system when it is interconnected to
neighbouring systems

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: ‘FAULT ANALYSIS’ module of AU Power lab or equivalent.

FORMULA USED:
Three-phase-to- ground
𝑉𝑡ℎ
Fault current𝐼𝑓 =
𝑍𝑡ℎ

59
 *** FAULT ANALYSIS PROGRAM ***
******************************************************************
DATE: 8- 7-2015
TIME: 3 : 3 : 7 :
fault analysis
XX Bus System
******************************************************************
GENERAL INFORMATION AND PARAMETERS
BASE MVA. ....................................... = 100.000
OPTION FOR INPUT ECHO(0:NO ECHO). ............... = 1
(1:DETAILED OUTPUT OPTION,0: NO DETAILED OUTPUT )= 1
(0:SINGLE BUS FAULT MODE, 1: MULTIBUS FAULT MODE)= 1
BUS DATA

BUSNAME VNOM(KV)

BUS1 11.000
BUS2 220.000
BUS3 220.000
BUS4 11.000
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

BRANCH FROM TO R+ X+ B/2 + R0 X0 B0/2 CKTS

LINE1 BUS2 BUS3 .00000 .10000 .00000 .00000 .10000 .00000 1

LINE2 BUS2 BUS3 .00000 .10000 .00000 .00000 .10000 .00000 1

TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER DATA

(F,T =FROM,TO WDG CODES 1=Y, 2=YN, 3=D)

BRANCH FROM TO R+ X+ R0 X0 F T ALPHA

TRAN1 BUS1 BUS2 .00000 .09000 .00000 .09000 2 2 90.000

TRAN2 BUS3 BUS4 .00000 .09000 .00000 .09000 2 2 90.000

GENERATOR PARAMETER S

NAME R+ X+ R0 X0

BUS1 .00000 .15000 .00000 .05000

BUS4 .00000 .15000 .00000 .05000
NO NETWORK SPLIT DETECTED
OUTPUT DESCRIPTION:(ONLY MAGNITUDES OF COMPLEX QUANTITIES ARE PRINTED)
Ia,Ib,Ic,In = PHASE AND NEUTRAL CURRENTS AT FAULTED BUS AND BRANCH FLOWS
IN KA
FMVA = FAULT MVA AT FAULTED BUS AND BRANCH FLOWS; FAULT MVA IS COMPUTED
AS ROOT(3)*PREFAULT NOM kV OF THE FAULTED BUS*POST FAULT LINE kA AT THE
FAULTED BUS;BRANCH FLOWS ARE FROM FIRST BUS TO SECOND BUS

60
Line-to-ground
3𝐸𝑎
𝐼 = 𝐼 = 3𝐼0 =
𝑓 𝑎 𝑎 3𝑍𝑓 + 𝑍0 + 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
𝐸𝑎
𝐼𝑎0 =
3𝑍𝑓 + 𝑍 + 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
0

Line-to-Line
If = Ib = (a2 − a)Ia1
Ea
I1a = 1
Z + Z2 + Zf
Double-line-to-ground
Ea
I1a = Z2(3Zf + Z0)
Z1 +
(3Zf + Z0 + Z2)
−Ea + Z1I1a
Ia0 =
(3Zf + Z0)
Ea − Z1I1a
Ia2 =
−Z2
If = 3Ia0
THEORY
A fault in a circuit is any failure, which interferes with the normal flow of current. Short circuits
can occur in a power system due to insulation failure or breaking of conductor or insulators. As a
result of these short circuits, heavy currents may flow in the power system. These currents are
to be sensed by relays. With the proper coordination among the relays, the faulty parts are to be
isolated. This process should take place within three to four cycles. If there is any delay, then it
might result in the instability of the power system as well as damage to costly equipment.
The faults may be broadly classified into shunt faults (Short Circuits) and series faults (open
conductor). The shunt type of fault involves short circuit between conductor and ground or
short circuit between two or more conductors. The shunt faults are characterized by increase in
current, fall in voltage and frequency and fall in the current in the faulted phase.

Classification of shunt faults:

➢ Symmetrical 3 phase to ground or 3 phase fault
➢ Single line to ground fault (LG fault)
➢ Line-Line fault (LL fault)
➢ Double line to ground fault (LLG fault)

61
 Va, Vb, Vc, Vn.. = POST FAULT VOLTAGES(PHASE)
Ga, Gb, Gc, Gn.. = GENERATOR PHASE CURRENT CONTRIBUTION IN kA
SMVA.............= GENERATOR FAULT CONTRIBUTION IN MVA
FAULT CURRENTS ARE COMPUTED BASED ON NOMINAL KV OF THE FAULTED BUS FOR
MULTIBUS MODE; FOR SINGLE BUS MODE BRANCH CURRENTS ARE BASED ON
CONTRIBUTING BUS NOMINAL kV

BUSNAME FTYPE Ia Ib Ic In FMVA Va/Ga Vb/Gb Vc/Gc Vn/Gn SMVA

BUS4 LLLG 48.80348.80148.802 .002 929.8 .000 .000 .000 .000

BUS4 LLLG 34.99134.98934.990 .002 666.7
BUS3 BUS4 13.81213.81213.812 .001 263.2
SUM OF CONNECTED BUS FLOWS 263.2

BUSNAME FTYPE Ia Ib Ic In FMVA Va/Ga Vb/Gb Vc/Gc Vn/Gn SMVA

BUS4 LG 61.145 .001 .00161.146 1165.0 .000 .901 .901 .494

BUS4 LG 46.520 2.681 2.68151.881 886.3
BUS3 BUS4 14.625 2.680 2.680 9.265 278.6
SUM OF CONNECTED BUS FLOWS 278.6

BUSNAME FTYPE Ia Ib Ic In FMVA Va/Ga Vb/Gb Vc/Gc Vn/Gn SMVA

BUS4 LL .00142.26442.264 .000 805.2 1.000 .500 .500 .000

BUS4 LL .00130.30230.302 .000 577.3
BUS3 BUS4 .00011.96111.961 .000 227.9
SUM OF CONNECTED BUS FLOWS 227.9

******************************************************************
TOTAL EXECUTION TIME = 0 HOURS 0 MINUTES 0 SECONDS

62
MANUAL CALCULATION:
MVA b,new = 100MVA and kVb,new = 11Kv
Generator:
2 100
kVb,old MVA b,new 11 2
Xp. u, new = Xp. u, old × ( ) ×( ) = 0.15 × ( ) × ( ) = j0.15p. u
kVb,new MVAb,old 11 100
G1and G2 Xp. u, new = j0.15p. u
Transformer:
2 2 100
kVb,old MVA b,new 11
Xp. u, new = Xp. u, old × ( ) ×( ) = 0.09 × ( ) × ( ) = j0.09p. u
kVb,new MVAb,old 11 100
T1and T2 Xp. u, new = j0.09p. u
Transmission Line:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Xp. u, new =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
(kVb,new) (220)2
Z = = = 484Ω
𝐵 MVA b,new 100
48.4
Xp. u, new = = 𝑗0.1
484
Xp. u, new(T. L (I)) = Xp. u, new(T. L (II))
Sequence networks: (Three phase fault)

Positive sequence network

(j0.38) × (j0.15)
Zth = = j0.107547
(j0.38) × (j0.15)
1∠0°
If = = 9.298 p. u
j0.107547
100
If(Actual Current) = If(p. u) × Ib = 9.298 × = 48.8018 kA
√3 × 11
𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐌𝐕𝐀 = √𝟑 × 𝐤𝐀 × 𝐤𝐕 = √𝟑 × 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟗𝟐𝟗. 𝟖 𝐌𝐕𝐀.

63
Single line to ground fault:

Positive sequence network

(j0.38) × (j0.15)
Zth = = j0.107547
(j0.38) × (j0.15)

Negative sequence network

(j0.38) × (j0.15)
Zth = = j0.107547
(j0.38) × (j0.15)

Zero sequence
(j0.28)×(j0.05)
Zth = = j0.0424
(j0.28)×(j0.05)
From a sequence network
0 1 2
1
Ia = Ia = Ia = Ia
3
Ea 1∠0°
Ia0 = = = j3.8832
Z0 + Z1 + Z2 j0.0424 + j0.107547 + j0.107547
If = Ia = 3I0a = 3 × j3.8832 = 11.6496
100
If(Actual Current) = If(p. u) × Ib = 11.6496 × = 61.1463kA
√3 × 11
𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐌𝐕𝐀 = √𝟑 × 𝐤𝐀 × 𝐤𝐕 = √𝟑 × 𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟓𝟗 𝐌𝐕𝐀.

64
Line to line fault:

Positive sequence network

(j0.38) × (j0.15)
Zth = = j0.107547
(j0.38) × (j0.15)

Negative sequence network

(j0.38) × (j0.15)
Zth = = j0.107547
(j0.38) × (j0.15)
Ea 1∠0°
Ia = 1
1 = = 24.402
Z + Z2 j0.107547 + j0.107547
If = Ib = ((−0.5 + j0.866) − (−0.5 − j0.866))I1a = (j0.866 + j0.866)24.402 = 42.264kA
𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐌𝐕𝐀 = √𝟑 × 𝐤𝐀 × 𝐤𝐕 = √𝟑 × 𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎𝟓. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝐌𝐕𝐀.

RESULT:

Thus the short circuit analysis of a given power system has been carried out using AU-power
package and the output is verified with the hand calculation.

65
EXERCISES:
A 20 MVA, 50Hz generator delivers 18MW over a double circuit line to an infinite bus. The
generator has kinetic energy of 2.52MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator transient
reactance is Xd’=0.35p.u. Each transmission circuit has R=0 and a reactance of 0.2pu on 20
MVA Base. |E’|=1.1 p.u and infinite bus voltage V=1.0∟00. A three phase short circuit
occurs at the midpoint of one of the transmission lines. Plot swing curves with fault
cleared by simultaneous opening of breakers at both ends of the line at 2.5 cycles and
6.25 cycles after the occurrence of fault. Also plot the swing curve over the period of 0.5 s
if the fault sustained.

PROGRAM:
clear
t=0;
tf=0;
tfinal=0.5;
tc=0.5;
tstep=0.05;
M=2.52/(180*50);
i=2;
delta=21.64*pi/180;
ddelta=0;
time(1)=0;
ang(1)=21.64;
pm=0.9;
pmaxbf=2.44;
pmaxdf=0.88;
pmaxaf=2.00;
while t<tfinal
if (t==tf)
paminus=0.9-pmaxbf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);

66
Expt.No :6
Date :

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

AIM
To conduct transient stability analysis of single machine infinite bus system using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB software package

THEORY
STABILITY TYPES
There are two types of stability of a power system, namely steady-state stability and transient
stability.
Steady-State Stability
The steady-state stability is defined as the stability of a system under conditions of gradual or
small changes in the system. The system is said to be steady-state stable if, following any small
or gradual disturbance, all synchronous machines reach their steady-state operating condition
identical or close to the pre-disturbance operating condition.
Transient Stability
Transient or dynamic stability is defined as the stability of a system during and after sudden
changes or disturbances in the system, such as short-circuits, loss of generators, sudden changes
in load, line tripping, or any other similar impact. The system is said to be transient stable if
following a severe disturbance, all synchronous machines reach their steady-state operating
condition without prolonged loss of synchronism or without going out of step with other
synchronous machines.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Evaluate the accelerating power Pa.
STEP 2: From the swing equation
𝑑2𝛿 𝑃𝑎
=
𝑑𝑡2 𝑀
Where
𝛿 is the acceleration factor. Evaluation𝛿.
STEP 3: The change in angular velocity for the first interval is calculated.

67
 paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;
end
if(t==tc)
paminus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;
end
if(t>tf && t<tc)
pa=pm-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
end
if(t>tc)
pa=pm-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
end
t;pa;
ddelta=ddelta+(tstep*tstep*pa/M)
delta=((delta*180/pi)+ddelta)*(pi/180);
deltadeg=delta*180/pi;
t=t+tstep;
pause
time(i)=t;
ang(i)=deltadeg;
i=i+1;
end
axis([0 0.6 0 180])
plot(time,ang,'ko-')

68
STEP 4: The change in rotor angle for the first interval is also calculated.
STEP 5: If the discontinuity occurs due to removal of the fault or due to switching operation
there are three possibilities.
a. The discontinuity occurs at the beginning of ith interval.
b. The discontinuity occurs at the middle of the ith interval.
STEP 6: To evaluate Pa when under first situation, one should use the value corresponding to
average value of Q-accelerating power i.e., power before and after clearing the fault.
STEP 7: To evaluate Pa under the situation, a weighted average value of Pa before and after the
discontinuity may be used.
STEP 8: Thus equating for nth interval can be written as Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Page 42
𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑛−1
(∆𝑡)2
∆𝛿𝑛 = ∆𝛿𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1)
𝑀
𝛿𝑛 = 𝛿𝑛−1 + ∆𝛿𝑛
There are used for plotting the curve.
STEP 9: To evaluate Pa under second situation no procedure is required. It is taken as the value
at the beginning of the interval.

MANUAL CALCULATION:
Base MVA = 20
H 1.0 × 2.52
Inertia constant, M(pu) = = = 2.8 × 10−4S2/elect degree
180f 180 × 50
I. Prefault:
0.2
XI = 0.35 + = 0.45
2
PeI = PmaxIsinδ
1.1 × 1
= sinδ = 2.44sinδ ..................... (1)
0.45
18
Prefault power transfer = = 0.9p. u
20
Initial power angle is given by
3.44sinδ0 = 0.9
δ0 = 21.640

69
OUTPUT:
I. Fault cleared at 6.25 cycles

II. Fault cleared at 2.5 cycles

70
II. During fault:

0.35 × 0.1 + 0.2 × 0.1 + 0.35 × 0.2

XII = = 1.25 p. u
0.1
1.1 × 1
PeII = PmaxIIsinδ = sinδ = 0.88sinδ ......................(2)
1.25
III. Post fault:
XII = 0.35 + 0.2 = 0.55
1.1 × 1
PeIII = PmaxIIIsinδ = sinδ = 2.0sinδ ......................(3)
0.55

Let us choose
∆t = 0.05s
The recursive relationship for step-by-step swing curve calculation are reproduced below.
Pa(n−1) = Pm − Pmaxsinδn−1 .........................(4)
(∆t)2
∆δn = ∆δn−1 + Pa(n−1) ....................................... (5)
M
δn = δn−1 + ∆δn
Since there is a discontinuity in Pe and hence in Pa, the average value of Pa must be used for the
first interval.

Pa(0−) = 0p. u and Pa(0+) = 0.9 − 0.88sin21.640 = 0.56pu

0 + 0.576
Pa(0average) = = 0.288pu
2

Fault cleared in 2.5 cycles:

2.5
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = = 0.05𝑠
50
Fault cleared in 6.25 cycles:
6.25
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = = 0.125𝑠
50

71
III. Sustained Fault

72
RESULT:

Thus the transient stability analysis of single machine infinite bus system has been carried using
MATLAB package and the results are presented.

73
EXERCISES:
For bus 1, the voltage is given as V1=1.06∟0 and it is taken as slack bus. The base value is
100MVA.
LOAD DATA
BUS NO LOAD
MW Mvar
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 100 70
5 90 30
6 160 110

GENERATION SCHEDULE
BUS VOLTAGE GENERATION Mvar Limits
NO MAG MW Min Max
1 1.06 - - -
2 1.04 150 0 140
3 1.03 100 0 90

LINE DATA
LINE NO LINE NO R (P.U) X (P.U) 1/2B (P.U)
(START) (END)
1 4 0.035 0.225 0.0065
1 5 0.025 0.105 0.0045
1 6 0.040 0.215 0.0055
2 4 0.000 0.035 0.0000
3 5 0.000 0.042 0.0000
4 6 0.028 0.125 0.0035
5 6 0.026 0.175 0.0300

MACHINE DATA
GEN Ra Xd’ H
1 0 0.20 20
2 0 0.15 4
3 0 0.25 5
A three phase occurs on line 5-6 near bus 6 and is cleared by the simultaneous opening of
breakers at both ends of the line. Perform the transient stability analysis and determine
the system stability for a) when the fault is cleared in 0.4 second b) when the fault is
cleared in 0.5 second c) Repeat the simulation to determine the critical clearing angle

74
EXERCISES:
Energization of a single phase 0.95 pf load from a non-ideal source and a more realistic line
representation (lumped R, L, C)
(i) Circuit Diagram

Fig.1 Energization of 0.95 pf load

DATA:

ENERGIZATION OF LOAD-EMTP EXPERIMENT NO:1 1

.5E-4 .5E-1 -1 1

SRC BUS1 .0 6.0 .0

BUS1 BUS12 .05 2.0 .0

BUS1 .0 .0 .81

BUS12 .0 .0 .84

BUS12BUS13S .0 6.0 .0

BUS13L 22.61 19.72 .0

BUS13SBUS13L .1E-2 .9999E+4 1

14 SRC 1 .5634E+2 .60E+2 .0E+0 -.1E+1 .9999E+4

SRCBUS13L

75
Expt.No:07
Date:
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS : TRANSMISSION
LINE ENERGIZATION
AIM:
a. To study and understand the electromagnetic transient phenomena in power systems
caused due to switching and fault by using Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP).
b. To become proficient in the usage of EMTP to address problems in the areas of over voltage
protection and mitigation and insulation coordination of EHV systems.

OBJECTIVES:
(i) To study the transients due to energization of a single-phase and three-phase load from a
non-ideal source with line represented by Π – model.
(ii) To study the transients due to energization of a single-phase and three-phase load from a
non-ideal source and line represented by distributed parameters.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: AU Power lab

THEORY:
Intentional and inadvertent switching operations in EHV systems initiate over voltages, which
might attain dangerous values resulting in destruction of apparatus. Accurate computation of
these over voltages is essential for proper sizing, coordination of insulation of various
equipment’s and specification of protective devices. Meaningful design of EHV systems is
dependent on modelling philosophy built into a computer program. The models of equipment’s
must be detailed enough to reproduce actual conditions successfully – an important aspect
where a general purpose digital computer program scores over transient network analyzers.
The program employs a direct integration time-domain technique evolved by Dommel. The
essence of this method is discretization of differential equations associated with network
elements using trapezoidal rule of integration and solution of the resulting difference equations
for the unknown voltages. Any network which consists of interconnections of resistances,
inductances, capacitances, single and multiple Π circuits, distributed parameter lines, and
certain other elements can be solved.

76
 DATE:- 9- 7-2015
TIME:- 12 : 41 : 23

AU Powerlab ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS PROGRAM

COPYRIGHT HW DOMMEL, UBC, CANADA

PERMISSION OBTAINED

ENERGIZATION OF LOAD-EMTP EXPERIMENT NO:1

DOUBLE
PRECISION SOLUTION
0RECORD OF INPUT - BRANCH DATA (R IN OHM,
+ L IN MILLIHENRY, C IN MICROFARAD)
0 SRC BUS1 .000E+00 .600E+01 .000E+00
0 BUS1 BUS12 .500E-01 .200E+01 .000E+00
0 BUS1 .000E+00 .000E+00 .810E+00
0 BUS12 .000E+00 .000E+00 .840E+00
0 BUS12 BUS13S .000E+00 .600E+01 .000E+00
0 BUS13L .226E+02 .197E+02 .000E+00
SWITCH BUS13S BUS13L .10000E-02 .99990E+04 .00000E+00 .00000E+00
0RECORD OF INPUT - SOURCE DATA
+ DELTA-T= .500000E-04 T-MAX= .500000E-
01 IFLUX=0 ISMOOTH=0 EPSILON= .100E-04
14 SRC 1 .563400E+02 .600000E+02 .000000E+00 .000000E+00
.000000E+00 -.100000E+01 .999900E+04
STEADY STATE CALCULATIONS COMPLETE.
0TRIANGULAR MATRIX WITHOUT SWITCH-NODES HAS 6 ELEMENTS
0RESULTS SAVED ON FILE FOR PLOTTING. PLOTS WILL USE EVERY 1 CALCULATED
POINTS ONLY
0FIRST 2 RESULTS ARE NODE VOLTAGES
NEXT 0 RESULTS ARE BRANCH VOLTAGES
FINAL 1 RESULTS ARE CURRENTS
0 SRC BUS13L BUS13L
+STEP TIME
BUS13S

' CLOSED AFTER .10000E-02 SEC.

+ SWITCH
'BUS13L' TO 'BUS13S
MAX.MAGNITUDES .56340E+02 .56120E+02 .21962E+01
0TIME FOR PREPARATION 1 MS, AVERAGE TIME PER STEP .10000E-02 MS

DATE:- 9- 7-2015
TIME:- 12 : 41 : 23

77
To keep the explanations simple, however, single phase network elements will be used, rather
than the more complex multiphase network elements.

Part of the network around a node of large system

Output – Plot of Source Bus and Load Bus Voltages

RESULT:

Thus the Electromagnetic transient analysis of a given power system has been carried out
using AU-power package AU-power package and the results are presented.

78
EXERCISES:
An isolated power station has the following parameters:
Turbine time constant, TT = 0.5 sec
Governor time constant, Tg = 0.2 sec
Generator inertia constant, H = 5sec
Governor speed regulation, R= 0.05 p.u
The load varies by 0.8 percent for 1 percent change in frequency, (i.e.) D= 0.8, system frequency
= 60Hz
Part I (a)
Write MATLAB program to obtain the frequency deviation step response of the given power
system for a sudden load change PL = 0.2 p.u (uncontrolled case)
Part I (b)
Write MATLAB program to obtain the frequency deviation step response of the given power
system for a sudden load change PL = 0.2 p.u with integral controller gain KI = 7. (Controlled
case)
Part II (a)
Construct the simulink block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation step response for the
condition stated in part I (a).
MANUAL CALCULATION:
The closed-loop transfer function of the system shown in fig is

∆Ω(s) (1 + 0.2s)(1 + 0.5s)

−∆P (s) = T(s) = 1
L (10s + 0.8)(1 + 0.2s)(1 + 0.5s) + (0.05)
0.1 s2 + 0.7s + 1
= 3
s + 7.08s2 + 10.56s + 20.8
The steady-state frequency deviation due to a step input is
1
∆ωss = lim s∆Ω(s) = (−0.2) = −0.0096 p. u
s→0 20.8

79
Expt.No : 8(a)
Date :

LOAD - FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE - AREA POWER SYSTEMS

AIM
To obtain the load frequency control of a single area power system using MATLAB package.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

Part I (a) (uncontrolled case)
The block diagram corresponding to this case is shown below.

The above diagram represents the load frequency control system of the given problem.
Redrawing the above block diagram with the load change -PL(s) as the input and frequency
deviation F(s) as the output results in the block diagram shown in figure below.

80
Thus, the steady-state frequency deviation in Hz due to the sudden application of a 50MW load
is ∆f = (−0.0096) × (60) = −0.576Hz.

RESULTS:

FREQUENCY DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE

The graph shows that the frequency dips, oscillates and finally settles down in about 8 sec. In
settling period there is a steady state frequency deviation of - 0.0096p.u=- 0.0096*60 = -
0.576Hz.

81
The overall transfer function of the system shown in the above block diagram may be expressed
as
 F (s) (1 + 0.2s)(1 + 0.5s)
T (s) = =
−  PL(s) (10s + 0.8)(1 + 0.2s)(1 + 0.5s) + (1/ 0.05)
0.1s 2 + 0.7s + 1
T (s) = 3
s + 7.08s 2 + 10.56s + 20.8
To obtain the step response and time domain performance under the given conditions, the
following MATLAB program is used.
PROGRAM:
pl = 0.2;
num = [0.1 0.7 1 ];
den = [1 7.08 10.56 20.8 ];
t= 0:0.02:10;
c= -pl*step(num, den, t);
plot(t,c);
xlabel ('time (t) in sec');
ylabel (' frequency response in p.u');
title ('frequency deviation step response');
grid ON;
Part I (b) (controlled case)
The block diagram corresponding to this case is shown below.

Redrawing the above black diagram, we get the following equivalent block diagram of AGC for
the given isolated power system.

82
RESULT:

FREQUENCY DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE

The graph shows that the system frequency dips, oscillates and finally settles down in about 10
sec. In the settling period the frequency deviation is zero. Thus, frequency deviation step
response is obtained.

83
The overall transfer function of the system shown in the above block diagram may be expressed
as:

0.1s3 + 0.7s 2 + s
T (s) =
s 4 + 7.08s3 + 10.56s 2 + 20.8s + 7
To obtain the step response and time domain performance of the given system under the given
conditions, the following MATLAB program is used.
Write MATLAB program to obtain the frequency deviation step response of the given power
system for a sudden load change PL = 0.2 p.u (uncontrolled case)

PROGRAM:

pl=0.2;
num =[0.1 0.7 1 0];
den =[1 7.08 10.56 20.8 7];
t = 0:0.02:12;
c = -pl*step (num, den, t);
plot (t,c);
xlabel (‘time t in sec’);
ylabel(‘frequency response in p.u’);
title (‘frequency deviation step response’);
grid ON;

84
RESULTS:

FREQUENCY DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE

The graph shows that the frequency dips, oscillates and finally settles down in about 8 sec. In
settling period there is a steady state frequency deviation of - 0.0096p.u=- 0.0096*60 = -
0.576Hz.

85
Part II (a)

The simulink block diagram corresponding to the problem stated in part I (a) is shown below.

The Simulink block diagram shown above is implemented using MATLAB Package by following
the algorithm given below.

ALGORITHM:

Step: 1. Get the blocks of the transfer function from the simulink library Browser.
Step: 2.Transfer function blocks, scope, gain, to workspace, step function and Summers are
connected as per the simulink block diagram.
Step: 3. By the run command get the output.
Step: 4. Scope gives the graph of frequency deviation step response.

86
RESULTS:

FREQUENCY DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE

The graph shows that the system frequency dips oscillates and finally settles down in about
10sec. In the settling period the frequency deviation is zero. Thus frequency deviation step
response is obtained.

87
Part II (b)
The simulink block diagram corresponding to the problem stated in part I (b) is shown below.

The Simulink block diagram shown above is implemented using MATLAB Package by following
the algorithm given below.
ALGORITHM:
Step: 1. Get the blocks of the transfer function from the simulink library browser.
Step: 2. Transfer function blocks, scope, gain, to workspace, integrator, step function and
summers are connected as per the simulink block diagram.
Step: 3. By the run command get the output.
Step: 4. Scope gives the graph of frequency deviation step response.

RESULT:
1. The results obtained in part I(a) and part I(b) are respectively compared with the
corresponding results obtained in part II(a) and part II(b). It is found that both the results are
one and the same.
2. In uncontrolled case [i.e. part I(a) and part II(a) ] there is steady state frequency deviation of
– 0.576Hz where as in controlled case [ i.e. part I(b) and part II(b)], the steady state frequency
deviation is zero, which is our requirement.
3. The settling time, over shoot and under shoot in each case are sufficiently small. This satisfies
our requirement.

88
EXERCISES:

A two-area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base
Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1 = 0.05 R2 = 0.0625
Damping coefficient D1 = 0.6 D2 = 0.9
Inertia Constant H1 = 5 H2 = 4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor time constant Tg1 = 0.2sec Tg2 = 0.3sec
Turbine time constant TT1 = 0.5sec TT2 = 0.6sec

The units are operating in parallel at the Nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronous
power coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be P s =
2.0p.u. A load change of 187.5MW occurs in area 1.
(a) Determine the new steady-state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response
for the condition in part(a)
(c) Make your comments by comparing the result you obtained from the manual
calculations with those of the software.

89
Expt.No : 8(b)
Date :

LOAD - FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF A TWO - AREA POWER SYSTEMS

AIM
To obtain the load frequency control of a two area power system using MATLAB package.

OBJECTIVES:

To analyze the time response of area frequency deviations and net interchange deviation
following a small load change in one of the areas in an inter connected two-area power system
under different control modes, to study the effect of changes in controller parameters on the
response and to select the optimal set of parameters for the controller to obtain the best
response under different operating conditions.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package

PROCEDURE:
Step: 1. Get the blocks of the transfer function from the simulink library browser.
Step: 2. Transfer function blocks, scope, gain, to workspace, integrator, step function and
summers are connected as per the simulink block diagram.
Step: 3. By the run command get the output.
Step: 4. Scope gives the graph of frequency deviation step response.

90
 SIMULINK BLOCK DIAGRAM

1/R1

20

Load Change

Pm1

1 1 1
0.2s+1 0.5s+1 10s+0.6
Governor1 Turbine1
Rotating Mass and Load1

Tie Line power Gain2 Integrator

1 Static freuency error
2
s

Pm2

1
1 1 8s+0.9
0.3s+1 0.6s+1 Rotating Mass and Load2
Governor2 Transfer Fcn5

1/R2

16

91
FREQUENCY DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE

POWER DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE

92
Change in mechanical power2 Vs Time

Change in Tie line power Vs Time

93
MANUAL CALCULATION:
The per unit load change in area 1 is
187.5
∆PL1 = = 0.1875 p. u
1000
The per unit steady-state frequency deviation is
−∆PL1 = −0.1875 = −0.005 p. u
∆ωss = 1 1 (20 + 0.6) + (16 + 0.9)
(R + D1) + (R + D2)
1 2
Thus, the steady-state frequency deviation in Hz is
∆f = (−0.005)(60) = −0.3Hz
And the new frequency is
f = f0 + ∆f = 60 − 0.3 = 59.7 Hz
The change in mechanical power in each area is
−∆ω −0.005
∆Pm1 = = = 0.10 p. u = 100 MW
R1 0.05
−∆ω −0.005
∆Pm2 = = = 0.080 p. u = 80 MW
R2 0.0625
Thus, area 1 increase the generation by 100 MW and area 2 by 80 MW at the new operating
frequency of 59.7Hz. The total change in generation is 180MW, which is 7.5MW less than the
187.5MW load change because of the change in the area loads due to frequency drop.
The change in the area 1 load is ∆ωD1 = (−0.005)(0.6) = −0.003 per unit (−3.0MW), and the
change in the area2 load is ∆ωD2 = (−0.005)(0.9) = −0.0045 per unit (-4.5MW). Thus, the
change in the total area load is -7.5MW. The tie-line power flow is
1
∆P12 = ∆ω ( + D2) = −0.005(16.9) = 0.0845 p. u = −84.5MW.
R2
That is, 84.5MW flows from area 2 to area 1. 80MW comes from the increased generation in area
2, and 4.5MW comes from the reduction in area 2 load due to frequency drop.

RESULT
Thus the modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a two area power
system with load frequency controllers (LFC) are carried out using MATLAB and the results are
presented.

94
EXERCISES:
A power system with three thermal units is given below for economic dispatch including
losses and neglecting. Determine the optimal scheduling and make your comments by
comparing the results you obtained with those of the standard software package.
The fuel cost functions of the units are as follows:
C1=200+7.0P1+0.008P12 Rs/Hr
C2=180+6.3P2+0.009P22 Rs/Hr
C3=140+6.8P3+0.007P32 Rs/Hr
Generation limits of the units in MW
10 MW < P1 < 85MW
10 MW < P2 < 80MW
10 MW < P3 < 70MW
The loss co-efficient of the loss formula in P.U. on a 100 MVA base is given by PL(p.u)=
0.0218P12(p.u)+0.0228P22(p.u)+0.0179P32(p.u)
The load level is 150MW

95
Expt.No : 9
Date:
ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS
AIM
To conduct economic load dispatch analysis of the given power system neglecting losses and

including losses using AU- power software package.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: AU POWER LAB

FORMULA USED:
Without Loss:
N

∑ Pi − PLoad = φ .................... (2)

i=1
dL dFi(Pi)
= = λ...................(5)
dPi d(Pi)
With Loss:

∑ 𝐏𝐢 = 𝐏𝐋+𝐏𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 … … … … … . . (𝟏)
𝐢=𝟏

dFi(Pi)
d(Pi)⁄
= λ............. (5)
(1 − d(Pl))
d(Pi)
THEORY
Our objective is to schedule the generations at various generating stations economically
satisfying at the same time the equality and inequality constraints.
The cost functions are
Fn = 0.5 fnn Pn2+ fn Pn + fno Rs/hr
n = 1,2,..........g
Where g is the total number of generators
n is the generator number
Fn is the fuel cost in Rs/hr
Pn is the generated power in MW
fnn, fn and fno are the cost function co-efficient.

96
Title of the experiment : ECONOMIC DISPATCH-LAMDA ITERATION METHOD
Case Title : WITHOUT LOSS
Name of the Student : AU POWER LAB
Roll Number : 42110105029
Semester : IVYEAR-VIISEM
Date of Experiment : 8-07-2015 & 12:43:46

INPUT DATA:

Power Mismatch : 0.00100000

Variation in Lambda for first iteration : 0.0500000
Maximum Number of Iterations : 50

Number of generating units : 3

Unit for Fuel Cost : Rs/hr
Unit for Incremental Fuel Cost : Rs/Mwhr
Cost coefficients (abc)

a b c

0.00800000 7.00000 200.000

0.00900000 6.30000 180.000
0.00700000 6.80000 140.000

Limits on Unit Generation

PGmin PGmax

10.0000 85.0000
10.0000 80.0000
10.0000 70.0000

Total Demand: 150.000

************** RESULTS: LOAD LEVEL 1 **************
Total number of Iteration: 1
OPTIMUM LAMBDA : 7.51099 Rs/Mwhr
Optimum Generation Schedule
Unit PG
1 31.9372
2 67.2775
3 50.7853
Total Generation: 150.000 MW
Total Demand : 150.000 MW
TOTAL FUEL COST : 1579.70 Rs/hr
**************** LOAD LEVEL 1 END *****************

97
We have to minimize
𝑔

∑ 𝐹𝑛
𝑛=1

Subject to constraints given below

Equality constraint
𝑔

∑ 𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃𝐷 − 𝑃𝐿 = 0
𝑛=1

In equality constraint
Pnmin Pn  Pnmax
(n = 1, 2, ................ g)
Where PD is the total demand in MW
PL is the total system loss in MW
𝑔 𝑔

𝑃𝐿 = ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑛𝐵𝑚𝑛𝑃𝑚
𝑛=1 𝑚=1

Where Bmn is loss co-efficient

This minimization problem is a non-linear problem which requires iterative solution. It may be
shown mathematically that to achieve the minimum cost the following co-ordination equation
has to be satisfied
Neglecting Losses
dFn
=
dPn
Including Losses

dFn
dPn
=
PL
1−
Pn
Where  is called the Lagrangian multiplier.
Based on the above condition a systematic procedure is developed. This procedure is shown in
the flow chart given in the next page. In this way optimal generations are calculated and the
corresponding total cost of generation is calculated.

98
**************** Consolidated Results ****************
Load Interval : 1
Demand : 150.000
Optimum Lambda : 7.51099
PG1 : 31.9372
PG2 : 67.2775
PG3 : 50.7853
Fuel Cost (Rs/hr) : 1579.70
Saving (Rs/hr) : 5.30176
INCREMENTAL FUEL COST :
dC1/dPG1 : 7.51099
dC2/dPG2 : 7.51099
dC3/dPG3 : 7.51099
********************* END ****************************

Title of the experiment : ECONOMIC DISPATCH-LAMDA ITERATION METHOD

Case Title : WITH LOSS
Name of the Student : AU POWER LAB
Roll Number : 42110105029
Semester : IVYEAR-VIISEM
Date of Experiment : 8-07-2015 & 12:58:48
INPUT DATA:

Power Mismatch : 0.00100000

Variation in Lambda for first iteration : 0.0500000
Maximum Number of Iterations : 50
Number of generating units : 3
Unit for Fuel Cost : Rs/hr
Unit for Incremental Fuel Cost : Rs/Mwhr
Cost coefficients (abc)

a b c

0.00800000 7.00000 200.000

0.00900000 6.30000 180.000
0.00700000 6.80000 140.000

Limits on Unit Generation

PGmin PGmax

10.0000 85.0000
10.0000 80.0000
10.0000 70.0000

LOSS COEFFICIENTS

B- Coefficients :
1 2 3

99
1 0.0218000 0.000000 0.000000
2 0.000000 0.0228000 0.000000
3 0.000000 0.000000 0.0179000
Bo- Coefficients:
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Boo- Coefficients :
0.000000

System Base: 100.000 MVA

Total Demand: 150.000
************** RESULTS: LOAD LEVEL 1 **************
Total number of Iteration: 5
OPTIMUM LAMBDA : 7.67894 Rs/Mwhr
Optimum Generation Schedule
Unit PG
1 35.0908
2 64.1318
3 52.4768
Total Generation: 151.699 MW
Total Loss : 1.69911 MW
Total Demand + Total Loss: 151.699 MW
TOTAL FUEL COST : 1592.65 Rs/hr
**************** LOAD LEVEL 1 END *****************
**************** Consolidated Results ****************
Load Interval : 1
Demand : 150.000
Optimum Lambda : 7.67894
PG1 : 35.0908
PG2 : 64.1318
PG3 : 52.4768
Total Loss : 1.69911
Fuel Cost (Rs/hr) : 1592.65
INCREMENTAL FUEL COST :
dC1/dPG1 : 7.56145
dC2/dPG2 : 7.45437
dC3/dPG3 : 7.53468
PENALTY FACTOR :
L1 : 1.01554
L2 : 1.03013
L3 : 1.01915
********************* END ****************************

100
MANUAL CALCULATION:
Without loss:
P + (∑N bi
) 150 + ( b1 + b 2 + b 3 ) 150 + ( 7 + 6.3 + 6.8 )
D i=1 2a
i
2a 1 2a 2 2a 3
= 2 × 0.008 2 × 0.009 2 × 0.007
λ= = 1 1 1 1 1 1
N 1
∑i=1 2a
i
2a1 + 2a2 + 2a3 2 × 0.008 + 2 × 0.009 + 2 × 0.007
= 7.51
λ − bi
PGi = a
i
λ − b1 7.51 − 7
PG1 = = = 31.875MW
2a1 2 × 0.008
λ − b2 7.51 − 6.3
PG2 = = = 67.222MW
2a2 2 × 0.009
λ − b3 7.51 − 6.8
PG3 = = = 50.714MW
2a3 2 × 0.007
dC1(PG1) = 2 × 0.008P + 7 = 2 × 0.008(31.875) + 7 = 7.51
G1
dPG1
dC2(PG2) + 6.3 = 2 × 0.009(67.222) + 6.3 = 7.51
= 2 × 0.009P
G2
dPG2
dC3(PG3)
= 2 × 0.007P + 6.8 = 2 × 0.007(50.714) + 6.8 = 7.51
G3
dPG3
Fuel cost = 200 + 7(31.875) + 0.008(31.875)2 + 180 + 6.3(67.222) + 0.009(67.222)2 + 140
+ 6.8(50.714) + 0.007(50.714)2 = 1578.26 Rs⁄hr

With loss:
In the cost function Pi is expressed in MW. Therefore, the real power loss in terms of MW
generation is
2
PG1 PG2 2 PG3 2
PL = 0.0218 ( ) + 0.0228 ( ) + 0.0179 ( )
100 100 100
= 0.000218PG12 + 0.000228PG22 + 0.000179PG32
Initial λ = 8
8.0 − 7.0 = 51.3136 MW
P1(1) =
2(0.008 + 8.0 × 0.000218)
(1) 8.0 − 6.3 = 78.5292 MW
P2 =
2(0.009 + 8.0 × 0.000228)
(1) 8.0 − 6.8 = 71.1575 MW
P3 =
2(0.007 + 8.0 × 0.000179)
The real power loss is
PL1 = 0.000218(51.3136)2 + 0.000228(78.5292)2 + 0.000179(71.1575)2 = 2.886

101
Since
PD = 150 MW, the error ∆P(1)
∆P(1) = 150 + 2.8864 − (51.3136 + 78.5295 + 71.1575) = −48.1139
From
3 0.008 + 0.000218 × 7.0 0.009 + 0.000228 × 6.3
𝜕Pi (1)
∑( ) = +
𝜕λ 2(0.008 + 8.0 × 0.000218)2 2(0.009 + 8.0 × 0.000228)2
i=1
0.007 + 0.000179 × 6.8
+ = 152.4924
2(0.007 + 8.0 × 0.000179)2
−48.1139
∆λ(1) = = −0.31552
152.4924
Therefore, the new value of λ is
λ(2) = 8.0 − 0.31552 = 7.6845
Continuing the process, for the second iteration, we have
7.6845 − 7.0 = 35.3728 MW
P1(2) =
2(0.008 + 7.6845 × 0.000218)
7.6845 − 6.3 = 64.3821 MW
P2(2) =
2(0.009 + 7.6845 × 0.000228)
7.6845 − 6.8 = 52.8015 MW
P3(2) =
2(0.007 + 7.6845 × 0.000179)
The real power loss is
PL2 = 0.000218(35.3728)2 + 0.000228(64.3821)2 + 0.000179(52.8015)2 = 1.717
Since
PD = 150 MW, the error ∆P(2)
∆P(2) = 150 + 1.7169 − (35.3728 + 64.3821 + 52.8015) = −0.8395
From
3
𝜕Pi (2) 0.008 + 0.000218 × 7.0 0.009 + 0.000228 × 6.3
∑( ) = +
𝜕λ 2(0.008 + 7.684 × 0.000218)2 2(0.009 + 7.684 × 0.000228)2
i=1
0.007 + 0.000179 × 6.8
+ = 154.588
2(0.007 + 7.684 × 0.000179)2
−0.8395
∆λ(2) = = −0.005431
154.588
Therefore, the new value of
Therefore, the new value of λ is
λ(3) = 7.6845 − 0.005431 = 7.679
Continuing the process, for the third iteration, we have
7.679 − 7.0 = 35.0965 MW
P1(3) =
2(0.008 + 7.679 × 0.000218)
7.679 − 6.3 = 64.1369 MW
P2(3) =
2(0.009 + 7.679 × 0.000228)

102
 7.679 − 6.8 = 52.4834 MW
P3(3) =
2(0.007 + 7.679 × 0.000179)
The real power loss is
PL(3) = 0.000218(35.0965)2 + 0.000228(64.1369)2 + 0.000179(52.4834)2 = 1.699
Since PD = 150MW, the error ∆P(3) from
∆P(3) = 150 + 1.6995 − (35.0965 + 64.1369 + 52.4834) = −0.01742
3
𝜕Pi (3) 0.008 + 0.000218 × 7.0 0.009 + 0.000228 × 6.3
∑( ) = +
𝜕λ 2(0.008 + 7.679 × 0.000218)2 2(0.009 + 7.679 × 0.000228)2
i=1
0.007 + 0.000179 × 6.8
+ = 154.624
2(0.007 + 7.679 × 0.000179)2
−0.01742
∆λ(3) = = −0.0001127
154.624
Therefore, the new value of λ is
λ(4) = 7.679 − 0.0001127 = 7.6789
Since ∆λ(3), is small the equality constraint is met in four iterations, and the optimal dispatch for λ
= 7.6789 are
7.6789 − 7.0 = 35.0907 MW
P1(4) =
2(0.008 + 7.679 × 0.000218)
7.6789 − 6.3 = 64.1317 MW
P2(4) =
2(0.009 + 7.679 × 0.000228)
7.6789 − 6.8 = 52.4767 MW
P3(4) =
2(0.007 + 7.679 × 0.000179)
The real power loss is
PL(4) = 0.000218(35.0907)2 + 0.000228(64.1317)2 + 0.000179(52.4767)2 = 1.699
And the total fuel cost is
Ct = 200 + 7.0(35.0907) + 0.008(35.0907)2 + 180 + 6.3(64.1317) + 0.009(64.1317)2 + 140
+ 6.8(52.4767) + 0.007(52.4767)2 = 1592.65 Rs⁄hr

103
RESULT:
Thus the Economic load dispatch analysis using AU-power software package has been carried
out successfully and the results are found to be satisfactory.

104
EX NO: 10

Date :

STATE ESTIMATION WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARE ESTIMATION

AIM

To develop a computer program in CPP to carry out the observability analysis and
restoration (pseudo- measurement selection) in a simple way with iteration, via
triangular factorization of the jacobian matrix of the weight least square state
estimator. An algorithm for precious measurement of topological observability in
large bus – system state estimation has been proposed.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: C++

THEORY
State estimation is an essential element of modern computer assisted power system
control package. It is the process of determining the Bus voltage magnitude and
Bus voltage angle at each bus. From a set of measurement, the measurement set
consist of:
The analog measurements that include bus voltage magnitude. Real and reactive
power injections and real and reactive power flows.
The logic measurement which consist of status of switches and breakers.
Pseudomeasurments (manipulated data, such as MW generation load demand
based on historical data).
A fundamental question with regard the measurements on the system is whether
these are sufficient in number and location to enable proper estimation of the
system state vector i.e., vector of voltage and voltage, angles. If this is possible the
network is said to be observable.

A vector of line flow and bus injection power measurements is nonlinear function

105
 of bus voltage magnitudes and angles. The nonlinear function may be linearized
about nominal operating point: all bus voltage magnitudes are unity and all bus
voltage angles are zero. The determination of network observability is equivalent
to deciding whether the matrix [H] that relates measurements to bus voltage
magnitudes and angles in the linear zed model is full rank. If this condition is
satisfied the network is said to be observable.

PROBLEM:

PROGRAM:

G=W'*W;
z=size(G);

p=z(1);
% x1=size(Ar);
x1=size(Ar);
N=x1(1);%% row

x2=size(M);
M1=x2(1); %%row
L1=x2(2); % column
DET=1.00;
for j=1:N
106
 R(j)=j;
end

for i=1:N-1
for k=i+1:N
if((abs(G(R(k),i)))>(abs(G(R(i),i))))
R(k)= T;
else
continue;
end
k2
=q2(1);
k11=q1
(2);

break;

else

DET=DET*G(R(i),i);

end

for k1=i+1,n;

PL=G(R(K1),i/G(R(i),i);

for L=i+1,N

end

end

end
107
DET=DET*G(R(N));

if (G(R(i),i)=0)

disp(‘Network is unobservable’)

else

disp(‘Network is observable’)
end

end

q1= size (Ar);

q2= size (M);

108
 OBSERABLE GRAPH OF THE BUS SYSTEM:

OUTPU DATA:
KK D2 D3 V2 V3
1 -.00149 -.00154 1.05127 1.047
2 -.001352 .001455 1.05114 1.047

3 -.001352 .001455 1.05114 1.047

4 -.001352 .001455 1.05114 1.047
5 -.001352 .001455 1.05114 1.047
6 -.001352 .001455 1.05114 1.047
7 -.001352 .001455 1.05114 1.047

109
OBSERABLE GRAPH OF THE BUS SYSTEM:

110
RESULT:

State estimation of weighted least square method of bus system has been carried
out and results are obtained.

111