cement concrete

3 Slabs
3.0 General

EC0 & NA Table NA.2.1

EC1 & NA
Table 4.1
BS 8500-1: Tables A4 & A5
EC2-1-2: Tables 5.8,
5.9, 5.10 & 5.11
Cl. 4.4.1

EC0 & NA Tables

NA.A1.1 & NA.A1.2 (B)
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
Cl. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6

Cl. 6.1
Cl. 7.4
Cl. 6.2

Cl. 9.3.1.1(1), 9.2.1.1(1)

Cl. 7.3, Tables 7.2N & 7.3N
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(2), 9.3.1.4(1)
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4), 9.2.1.3, Fig. 9.2
Cl. 9.3.1.2, 8.4.4, 9.3.1.1(4)
Cl. 9.2.1.5(1), 9.2.1.5(2)
Cl. 8.7.3

35
 3.1 Simply supported one-way slab

chg CCIP – 041

Simply supported one-way slab web 1
TCC Oct 09

A 175 mm thick slab is required to support screed, finishes, an

office variable action of 2.5 kN/m2 and demountable partitions
(@ 2 kN/m). The slab is supported on load-bearing block walls.
fck = 30 MPa, fyk = 500 MPa. Assume a 50-year design life and a
requirement for 1 hour resistance to fire.
qk = 3.3 kN/m2
gk = 5.9 kN/m2

4800

Figure 3.1 Simply

p supported
pp one-way slab

3.1.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent:
Self-weight 0.175 × 25 = 4.4 EC1-1-1: Table A1
50 mm screed = 1.0
Finishes, services = 0.5
Total gk = 5.9
Variable:
Offices, general use B1 = 2.5 EC1-1-1: Tables
Movable partitions @ 2.0 kN/m = 0.8 6.1, 6.2 & NA
Total k = 3.3 EC1-1-1: 6.3.12(8)
3.1.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom: Exp. (4.1)
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
cmin = max[cmin,b ; cmin,dur]
where Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond = diameter of bar
Assume 12 mm main bars.
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions Table 4.1.
Assuming XCI and using C30/37 concrete, BS 8500-1:
cmin,dur = 15 mm Table A4.
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation. Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Assuming no measurement of cover,
Dcdev = 10 mm
cnom = 15 + 10 = 25 mm

36
 Fire:
Check adequacy of section for 1 hour fire resistance (i.e. REI 60). EC2-1-2:
Thickness, hs,min = 80 mm cf. 175 mm proposed OK 4.1(1), 5.1(1)
Axis distance, amin = 20 mm cf. 25 + f/2 = 31 i.e. not critical OK & Table 5.8
choose cnom = 25 mm

3.1.3 Load combination (and arrangement)

Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) governs Fig. 2.5
n = 1.25 × 5.9 + 1.5 × 3.3 = 12.3 kN/m2 ECO:
Exp. (6.10b)
3.1.4 Analysis
Design moment:
MEd = 12.3 × 4.82/8 = 35.4 kNm
Shear force:
V = 12.3 × 4.8/2 = 29.5 kN/m

3.1.5 Flexural design

Effective depth:
d = 175 − 25 − 12/2 = 144 mm
Flexure in span:
K = MEd/bd2fck = 35.4 × 106/(1000 × 1442 × 30) = 0.057 Fig. 3.5
z/d = 0.95 Appendix A1
z = 0.95 × 144 = 137 mm Table C5
As = MEd/fydz = 35.4 × 106/(137 × 500/1.15) = 594 mm2/m
(r = 0.41%)
Try H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)

3.1.6 Deflection
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio for r = 0.41% = 20 Table 7.4N & NA
As,prov/As,req = 645/599 = 1.08 Exp. (7.17)
Max. span = 20 × 1.08 × 144 = 3110 mm i.e. < 4800 mm no good
Consider in more detail:
Allowable l/d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3
where Cl. 7.4.2,
N = 25.6 (r = 0.41%, fck = 30 MPa) Appendix C7,
K = 1.0 (simply supported) Tables C10-C13
F1 = 1.0 (beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/ ss 1.5

37
 where‡
ss = ssu (As,reqq/As,prov) 1/d Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
where Table 7.4N, & NA
ssu 242 MPa (From Figure C3 and Table NA.5:
gk/qk = 1.79, c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25) Note 5
d = redistribution ratio = 1.0 Figure C3
ss 242 × 594/645 = 222
F3 = 310/222 = 1.40 1.5 Figure C3

Allowable l/
l d = 25.6 × 1.40 = 35.8
Actual l/
l d = 4800/144 = 33.3 OK
Use H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)

3.1.7 Shear
By inspection, OK
However, if considered critical:
V = 29.5 kN/m as before Cl. 6.2.1(8)
VEd = 29.5 – 0.14 × 12.3 = 27.8 kN/m
vEd = 27.8 × 103/144 × 103 = 0.19 MPa Cl. 6.2.2(1);
vRd,c = 0.53 MPa Table C6
No shear reinforcement required
q

3.1.8 Summary of design

H12 @ 175
Figure 3.2 Simply
p supported
pp slab: summary

3.1.9 Detailing checks

It is presumed that the detailer would take the design summarised
above and detail the slab to normal best practice, e.g. to SMDSC[9]
or to How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2 2,[8] Chapter
10, Detailing. This would usually include dimensioning and detailing
curtailment, laps, U-bars and also undertaking the other checks detailed
below. See also 3.2.10 detailing checks for a continuous one-way slab.

a) Minimum areas
Minimum area of reinforcement:
As,min = 0.26 (ffctm/ffyk) bt 0.0013 btd Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
where
bt = width of tension zone Table 3.1
fctm = 0.30 × fck0.666

‡ See Appendix B1.5

38
 As,min = 0.26 × 0.30 × 300.666 × 1000 × 144/500 = 216 mm2/m
(r
r = 0.15%)
H12 @ 175 B1 OK

Crack control:
OK by inspection. Table 7.2N & NA
Maximum spacing of bars:
< 3h < 400 mm OK Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)

Secondary reinforcement:
20% As,reqq = 0.2 × 645 = 129 mm2/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) B2
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(2)
Edges: effects of assuming partial fixity along edge
Top steel required = 0.25 × 594 = 149 mm2/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) T2 B2 as U-bars Cl. 9.3.1.2.(2)
extending 960 mm into slab§

b) Curtailment
Curtailment main bars:
Curtail main bars 50 mm from or at face of support. SMDSC[9]:
Fig. 6.4;
How to[8]:
Detailing
At supports:
50% of As to be anchored from face of support. Cl. 9.3.1.2.(1)
Use H12 @ 350 B1 T1 U-bars

In accordance with SMDSC[9] detail MS3 lap U-bars 500 mm with

main steel, curtail T1 leg of U-bar 0.1ll (= say 500 mm) from face
of support.

§A free unsupported edge is required to use ‘longitudinal and transverse Cl. 9.3.1.4.(1)
reinforcement’ generally using U-bars with legs at least 2h long. For slabs
150 mm deep or greater, SMDSC[9] standard detail recommends U-bars lapping
500 mm with bottom steel and extending 0.1ll top into span.

39
 3.2 Continuous one-way solid slab

chg CCIP – 041

Continuous one-way solid slab web 1
TCC Oct 09

A 175 mm thick continuous slab is required to support screed, finishes,

an office variable action of 2.5 kN/m2 and demountable partitions
(@ 2 kN/m). The slab is supported on 200 mm wide load-bearing block
walls at 6000 mm centres. fck = 30, fyk = 500 and the design life is
50 years. A fire resistance of 1 hour is required.

qk = 3.3 kN/m2
gk = 5.9 kN/m2

200 5800 200 5800

Figure 3.3 Continuous solid slab

3.2.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent:
As Section 3.1.1 gk = 5.9

Variable:
As Section 3.1.1 k = 3.3 EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2(8)
3.2.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom:
As Section 3.1.2 cnom = 25 mm

3.2.3 Load combination (and arrangement)

Ultimate action (load):
As Section 3.1.3, BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) governs Fig. 2.5
EC0:
n = 1.25 × 5.9 + 1.5 × 3.3 = 12.3 kN/m2
Exp. (6.10b)
3.2.4 Analysis
Clear span, ln = 5800 mm
a1 = min[h/2; t/2] = min[175/2; 200/2] = 87.5 mm Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
a2 = min[h/2; t/2] = min[175/2; 200/2] = 87.5 mm
leff = 5975 mm

40
 Bending moment:
End span MEd = 0.086 × 12.3 × 5.9752 = 37.8 kNm/m Cl. 5.1.1(7)
1st internal support MEd = 0.086 × 12.3 × 5.9752 = 37.8 kNm/m Table C2

Internal spans MEd = 0.063 × 12.3 × 5.9752 = 27.7 kNm/m

and supports

Shear:
End support VEd = 0.40 × 12.3 × 5.975 = 29.4 kN/m
1st interior support VEd = 0.60 × 12.3 × 5.975 = 44.1 kN/m

3.2.5 Flexural design: span

a) End span (and 1st internal support)
Effective depth, d:
d = h − cnom − f/2
= 175 − 25 − 12/2 = 144 mm
Relative flexural stress, K:
K = MEd/bd2fck = 37.8 × 106/1000 × 1442 × 30 = 0.061
K' = 0.207 Appendix A1
or restricting x/d to 0.45
K' = 0.168
by inspection, section is under-reinforced
(i.e. no compression reinforcement required).
Lever arm, z:
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53K)0.5] ≤ 0.95d‡ Fig. 3.5
= (144/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53 × 0.061)0.5] = 0.945d = 136 mm Appendix A1
Area of steel, As:
As = MEd/fydz
= 37.8 × 106/(500/1.15 × 136) = 639 mm2/m
(r = 0.44%)
Try H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)
b) Internal spans and supports
Lever arm, z:
By inspection, z = 0.95d = 0.95 × 144 = 137 mm Fig. 3.5
Appendix A1
Area of steel, As:
As = MEd/fydz
= 27.7 × 106/(500/1.15 × 137) = 465 mm2/m
(r = 0.32%)
Try H12 @ 225 B1 (502 mm2/m)

‡ Designers may choose to use another form of this equation:

z/d = 0.5 + (0.25 − 0.882K)0.5 ≤ 0.95

41
 3.2.6 Deflection: end span
Check end span-to-effective-depth ratio.
Allowable l/d
d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3 Appendix B
where
N = basic effective depth to span ratio:
r = 0.44%
r0 = fck0.5 × 10−3 = 0.55% use Exp. (7.16a) Cl. 7.4.2(2)
N = 11 + 1.5fck0.5 r0/r
r + 3.2fck0.5 (r0/r
r − 1)1.5 Exp. (7.16a)
= 11 + 1.5 × 300.5 × 0.55/0.44 + 3.2 × 300.5 (0.55/0.44 – 1)1.5
= 11.0 + 10.3 + 2.2 = 23.5
K = structural system factor Cl. 7.4.2
= 1.3 (end span of continuous slab)
F1 = flanged section factor Cl. 7.4.2
= 1.0 (beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = factor for long spans associated with brittle partitions Cl. 7.4.2
= 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/ ss ≤ 1.5 Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
Table 7.4N & NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
where‡
ss = (ffyk/ gS) (As,reqq/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads (1/d) Exp. (7.17)
= fyd × (As,reqq/As,prov) × (gk + c2 qk)/(g
gGgk + gQqk) (1/d) EC0: A1.2.2
Table C14
= (500/1.15) × (639/645) × [(5.9 + 0.3 × 3.3)/12.3] × 1.08§
= 434.8 × 0.99 × 0.56 × 1.08 = 260 MPa
F3 = 310/260 = 1.19
Note: As,prov/As,req ≤ 1.50 Table 7.4N & NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
Allowable l/d
d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3
= 23.5 × 1.3 × 1.0 × 1.19
= 36.4
Max. span = 36.4 × 144 = 5675 mm, i.e. < 5795 mm No good
Try increasing reinforcement to H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm2/m)

ss = 434.8 × 639/754 × 0.56 × 1.08 = 223

F3 = 310/223 = 1.39
Allowable l/d
d = 23.5 × 1.3 × 1.0 × 1.39
= 42.5
‡ See Appendix B1.5
§ The use of Table C3 implies certain amounts of redistribution, which are defined in
Table C14.

42
 Max. span = 42.5 × 144 = 6120 mm, i.e. > 5795 mm OK
2
H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm /m) OK
3.2.7 Deflection: internal span
Check internal span-to-effective-depth ratio.
Allowable l/d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3
where
N = basic effective depth to span ratio:
r = 0.32%
r0 = fck0.5 × 10−3 = 0.55% use Exp. (7.16a) Cl. 7.4.2(2)
N = 11 + 1.5fck0.5 r0/r
r + 3.2fck0.5 (r0/r
r − 1)1.5 Exp. (7.16a)
= 11 + 1.5 × 300.5× 0.55/0.32 + 3.2 × 300.5 (0.55/0.32 – 1)1.5
= 11.0 + 14.1 + 10.7 = 35.8
K = structural system factor
= 1.5 (interior span of continuous slab) Cl. 7.4.2
F1 = flanged section factor
= 1.0 (beff/bbw = 1.0) Cl. 7.4.2
F2 = factor for long spans associated with brittle partitions
= 1.0 (span < 7.0 m) Cl. 7.4.2
F3 = 310/ ss ≤ 1.5 Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.
(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA, Table NA.5
Note 5.
where
ss = fyd × (As,reqq/As,prov) × (gk + c2 qk)/(g
gGgk + gQqk) (1/d) Exp. (7.17)
= (500/1.15) × (465/502) × [(5.9 + 0.3 × 3.3)/12.3] × 1.03 EC0: A1.2.2
= 434.8 × 0.93 × 0.56 × 1.03 = 233 MPa Table C14

F3 = 310/233 = 1.33
Allowable l/d
d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3
= 35.8 × 1.5 × 1.0 × 1.33
= 71.4
Max. span = 71.4 × 144 = 10280 mm i.e. > 5795 mm OK
2
Use H12 @ 225 B1 (502 mm /m) in internal spans
p
3.2.8 Shear
Design shear force, VEd:
At d from face of end support,
VEd= 29.4 – (0.144 + 0.0875) × 12.3 = 26.6 kN/m Cl. 6.2.1(8)
At d from face of 1st interior support,
VEd = 44.1 − (0.144 + 0.0875) × 12.3 = 41.3 kN/m

Shear resistance, VRd,c:

VRd,c = (0.18/ gC)k(100 rl fck)0.333 bwd ≥ 0.0035kk1.5fck0.5bwd Cl. 6.2.2(1)

43
 where
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 ≤ 2.0 as d < 200 mm
k = 2.0
rl = Asl/bd
Assuming 50% curtailment (at end support)
= 50% × 754/(144 × 1000) = 0.26%
VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) × 2.0 × (100 × 0.26/100 × 30)0.33 × 1000 × 144
= 0.12 × 2 × 1.97 × 1000 × 144
= 0.47 × 1000 × 144 = 68.1 kN/m
But VRd,cmin = 0.035k1.5fck0.5 bwd
where
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 ≤ 2.0; as before k = 2.0
VRd,cmin = 0.035 × 21.5 × 300.5 × 1000 × 144
= 0.54 × 1000 × 144 = 77.6 kN/m
VRd,c = 77.6 kN/m
OK, no shear reinforcement required at end or 1st internal
supports
H12 @ 150 B1 & H12 @ 175 T1 OK

By inspection, shear at other internal supports OK.

3.2.9 Summary of design

H12 @ 175
fck = 30 MPa
P
cnom = 25 mm
H12 @ 150 H12 @ 225

Figure 3.4 Continuous solid slab: design summary

Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the design
summarised above together with the general arrangement illustrated
in Figure 3.3 and detail the slab to normal best practice. The
detailer’s responsibilities, standards and timescales should be clearly
defined but it would be usual for the detailer to draw and schedule
not only the designed reinforcement but all the reinforcement
required to provide a compliant and buildable solution. The work
would usually include checking the following aspects and providing
appropriate detailing :
Minimum areas
Curtailment lengths
Anchorages

44
 Laps
U-bars
Rationalisation
Critical dimensions
Details and sections

The determination of minimum reinforcement areas, curtailment

lengths, anchorages and laps using the principles in Eurocode 2 is
shown in detail in the following calculations. In practice these would
be determined from published tables of data or by using reference
texts[8, 9]. Nonetheless the designer should check the drawing
for design intent and compliance with standards. It is therefore
necessary for the designer to understand and agree the principles
of the detailing used.

3.2.10 Detailing checks

a) Minimum areas

Minimum area of longitudinal tension (flexural) reinforcement

As,min = 0.26(ffctm/ffyk) btd ≥ 0.0013 btd Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
where
bt = width of tension zone
fctm = 0.30 × fck0.667 Table 3.1
As,min = 0.26 × 0.30 × 300.6677 × 1000 × 144/500 = 216 mm2/m
(r
r = 0.15%)
H12 @ 225 B1 OK
Secondary (transverse reinforcement)
Minimum 20% As,req Cl. 9.3.1.1(2)
20% As,reqq = 0.2 × 502 = 100 mm2/m
Consider As,min to apply as before. SMDSC[9]
As,min = 216 mm2/m
Try H10 @ 350 B2 (224 mm2/m)
Check edge.
Assuming partial fixity exists at edges, 25% of As is required Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
to extend 0.2 × the length of the adjacent span.

As,reqq = 25% × 639 = 160 mm2/m

As,min as before = 216 mm2/m Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Use H10 @ 350 (224 mm2/m) U-bars at edges

45
 Curtail 0.2 × 5975 = 1195 mm, say 1200 mm measured from face Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
of support‡.

Maximum spacing of bars

Maximum spacing of bars < 3h < 400 mm OK Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
Crack control
As slab < 200 mm, measures to control cracking are unnecessary. Cl. 7.3.3(1)
However, as a check on end span: Cl. 7.3.3(2),
Loading is the main cause of cracking, 7.3.1.5
use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for wmax = 0.4 mm and ss = 241 MPa
(see deflection check).
Max. bar size = 20 mm Table 7.2N &
or max. spacing = 250 mm interpolation,
H12 @ 150 B1 OK. Table 7.3N &
interpolation
End supports: effects of partial fixity
Assuming partial fixity exists at end supports, 15% of As is required Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
to extend 0.2 × the length of the adjacent span.
As,reqq = 15% × 639 = 96 mm2/m
But, As,min as before = 216 mm2/m
(rr = 0.15%) Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
One option would be to use bob bars, but choose to use U-bars
Try H12 @ 450 (251 mm2/m) U-bars at supports
pp
Curtail 0.2 × 5975 = say, 1200 mm measured from face of support.‡ Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
b) Curtailment
i) End span, bottom reinforcement
Assuming end support to be simply supported, 50% of As should
Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
extend into the support.
50% × 639 = 320 mm2/m
Try H12 @ 300 (376 mm2/m) at supports
pp
In theory, 50% curtailment of reinforcement may take place al from Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
where the moment of resistance of the section with the remaining Note, 9.2.1.3 (2)
50% would be adequate to resist the applied bending moment. In
practice, it is usual to determine the curtailment distance as being
al from where MEd = MEd,max/2.

‡DetailMS2 of SMDSC[9], suggests 50% of T1 legs of U-bars should extend 0.3l

(= say 1800 mm) from face of support by placing U-bars alternately reversed.

46
 n

A B

a) Load arrangement
r

A B
X

MEd,max

MEdx = RAX – nXX 2/2

b) Bending moment MEdx

A B
lbd
987 MEdx /z

633 lbd TTensile force

in reinforcement, Fs
TTensile resistance of reinforcement

c) Tensile
T force in bottom reinforcement

50%
50%
A
B
987
633 (say 500)
(say 850)

d) Curtailment of bottom reinforcement

Figure 3.5 Curtailment of bottom reinforcement: actions, bending

moments, forces in reinforcement and curtailment

Thus, for a single simply supported span supporting a UDL of n,

MEd,max = 0.086nl 2; RA = 0.4nl
At distance, XX, from end support, moment,
MEd@XX = RAX – nX 2/2
when M@XX = MEd,max/2:
0.086nl 2/2 = 0.4nlXX – nX 2/2

47
 Assuming X = xl
0.043nl2 = 0.4nlxll – nxx2l2/2
0.043 = 0.4xx – x2/2
0 = 0.043 – 0.4xx + x2/2
x = 0.128 or 0.672, say 0.13 and 0.66
at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.13 x span
0.13 × 5975 = 777 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d (= 144 mm), Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 777 – 144 6.2.2(5)
= 633 mm from centreline of support.
Say 500 mm from face of support
pp A
in end span at 1st internal support 50% moment occurs at 0.66
× span
0.66 × 5975 = 3944 mm

Shift rule: for slabs al may be taken as d (= 144 mm), Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 3944 + 144 6.2.2(5)
= 4088 mm from support A
or 5975 – 4088 = 987 mm from centreline of support B.
Say 850 mm from face of support
pp B
ii) 1st interior support, top reinforcement Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
Presuming 50% curtailment of reinforcement is required this may Note, 9.2.1.3(2)
take place al from where the moment of resistance of the section
with the remaining 50% would be adequate. However, it is usual to
determine the curtailment distance as being al from where MEd =
MEd,max/2.
Thus, for the 1st interior support supporting a UDL of n,
MEd,maxTT = 0.086nl 2; RB = 0.6nl
At distance Y from end support, moment,
MEd@Y Y = MEd,maxTT – RAY + nY 2/2
when M@Y Y = MEd,maxT /2
0.086nl /2 = 0.086nl 2 – 0.6nlY
2 Y + nY 2/2
Assuming Y = yl
0.043nl 2 = 0.086nl 2 – 0.6nlyll + ny 2l 2/2
0 = 0.043 − 0.6yy + y 2/2
y = 0.077 (or 1.122), say 0.08
at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.08 × span
0.08 × 5975 = 478 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d 144 mm Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 478 + 144 6.2.2(5)
= 622 mm from centreline of support.
50% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
600 mm from either face of support
pp B

48
 100% curtailment may take place al from where there is no hogging
moment. Thus,
when M@Y = MEd,maxT/2
0 = 0.086nl2 – 0.6nlY + nY2/2

Assuming Y = yl
0 = 0.086 – 0.6y + y2/2
y = 0.166 (or 1.034), say 0.17
at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.17 × span
0.17 × 5975 = 1016 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d
curtail to 100% of required reinforcement at 1016 + 144
= 1160 mm from centreline of support.
100% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
1100 mm from either face of support B.
iii) Support B bottom steel at support
At the support 25% of span steel required Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.5(1),
9.2.1.4(1)
0.25 × 639 = 160 mm2
As,min as before = 216 mm2/m Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
For convenience use H12 @ 300 B1 (376 mm2/m)

c) Anchorage at end support

As simply supported, 50% of As should extend into the support. Cl. 9.2.1.2(1) &
This 50% of As should be anchored to resist a force of Note, 9.2.1.4(2)
FE = VEd × al/z Exp. (9.3)
where
VEd = the absolute value of the shear force
al = d, where the slab is not reinforced for shear Cl. 9.2.1.3(2)
z = lever arm of internal forces
FE = 29.4 × d/0.95‡ d = 30.9 kN/m
Anchorage length, lbd: Cl. 8.4.4
lbd = alb,rqd ≥ lb,min Exp. (8.4)
where
a = conservatively 1.0
lb,rqd = basic anchorage length required
= (f/4) (ssd/fbd) Exp. (8.3)
where
f = diameter of the bar = 12 mm
ssd = design stress in the bar at the ultimate limit state
= FE/As,prov
= 30.9 × 1000/376 = 81.5 MPa

‡ Maximum z = 0.947 at mid-span and greater towards support.

49
 fbd = ultimate bond stress
= 2.25 n1 n2 fct,d Cl. 8.4.2(2)
where
n1 = 1.0 for ‘good’ bond conditions and 0.7 for all other
conditions = 1.0
n2 = 1.0 for bar diameter ≤ 32 mm
fct,d = design tensile strength Cl. 3.1.6(2) &
= act fct,k/ gC. For fck = 30 MPa NA, Tables 3.1
= 1.0 × 2.0/1.5 = 1.33 MPa & 2.1N
f = 2.25 × 1.33 = 3.0 MPa
lb,rqd = (12/4) (81.5/1.33) = 183 mm
lb,min = max(10d, 100 mm) = 120 mm Exp. (8.6)
lbd = 183 mm measured from face of support Fig. 9.3
By inspection, using U-bars, OK
d) Laps
Lap H12 @ 300 U-bars with H12 @ 150 straights.
Tension lap, l0 = a1 a2 a3 a5 a6 lb,rqd a l0min Exp. (8.10)
where
a1 = 1.0 (straight bars) Table 8.2
a2 = 1 − 0.15 (cd − f)/f
where
cd = min(pitch, side cover or cover) Fig. 8.4
= 25 mm
f = bar diameter
= 12 mm
a2 = 0.84 Table 8.2
a3 = 1.0 (no confinement by reinforcement)
a5 = 1.0 (no confinement by pressure)
a6 = 1.5 Table 8.3
lb,rqd = (f/4) ssd/fbd Exp. (8.3)
where
ssd = the design stress at ULS at the position from
where the anchorage is measured.
Assuming lap starts 500 mm from face of
support (587.5 mm from centreline of support):
MEd = 29.5 × 0.59 − 12.3 × 0.592/2
= 15.2 kNm
ssd = MEd /(Asz)
= 15.2 × 106/(376 × 144/0.95) = 267 MPa
fbd = ultimate bond stress Cl. 8.4.2(2)
= 2.25 n1 n2 fct,d

50
 where
n1 = 1.0 for ‘good’ conditions
n2 = 1.0 for f < 32 mm
fct,d = act fct,k/gC

where
act = 1.0 Cl. 3.1.6 (2) & NA
fct,k = 2.0 Table 3.1
gC = 1.5 Table 2.1N & NA
f = 2.25 × 2.0/1.5 = 3.0 MPa
lb,rqd = (f/4) ssd/fbd
= (12/4) × (267/3) = 267 mm
l0min b = max[0.3 a6 lb,rqd; 15f/ 200 mm] Exp. 8.6
= max[0.3 × 1.5 × 229; 15 × 12; 200]
= max[124; 180; 200] = 200 mm
l0 = a1 a2 a3 a5 a6 lb,rqd ≥ l0min
= 1.0 × 0.84 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 × 329 ≥ 200 = 414 mm
But good practice suggests minimum lap of max[tension lap; 500]
lap with bottom reinforcement = 500 mm starting 500 from SMDSC[9]: MS2
face of support.

3.2.11 Summary of reinforcement details

A

200
1200 500 600 600 500
H12 U-bars @ 300 H12 @ 175 T1

H12 @ 150 H12 @ 300 H12 @ 225

200 500 500 500 350 350 500
200
A

Figure 3.6 Continuous solid slab: reinforcement details

1200

500 H10 @ 350 B2

Figure 3.7 Section A–A showing reinforcement details at edge

51