1

of
32

Image Enhancement
(Histogram Processing)
 2
of
32
Contents
Over the next few lectures we will look at
image enhancement techniques working in
the spatial domain:
– What is image enhancement?
– Different kinds of image enhancement
– Histogram processing
– Point processing
– Neighbourhood operations
 3
of
32
A Note About Grey Levels
So far when we have spoken about image
grey level values we have said they are in
the range [0, 255]
– Where 0 is black and 255 is white
There is no reason why we have to use this
range
– The range [0,255] stems from display
For many of the image processing
operations in this lecture grey levels are
assumed to be given in the range [0.0, 1.0]
 4
of
32
What Is Image Enhancement?
Image enhancement is the process of
making images more useful
The reasons for doing this include:
– Highlighting interesting detail in images
– Removing noise from images
– Making images more visually appealing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
5
of
32
Image Enhancement Examples
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
6
of
32
Image Enhancement Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
7
of
32
Image Enhancement Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
8
of
32
Image Enhancement Examples (cont…)
 9
of
32
Spatial & Frequency Domains
There are two broad categories of image
enhancement techniques
– Spatial domain techniques
• Direct manipulation of image pixels
– Frequency domain techniques
• Manipulation of Fourier transform or wavelet
transform of an image
For the moment we will concentrate on
techniques that operate in the spatial
domain
10
of
32
Image Histograms
The histogram of an image shows us the
distribution of grey levels in the image
Massively useful in image processing,
especially in segmentation
Frequencies

Grey Levels
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
11

32
Histogram Examples
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
12
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
13
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
14
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
15
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
16
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
17
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
18
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
19
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
20
Histogram Examples (cont…)
 21
of
32
Histogram Examples (cont…)
A selection of images and
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

their histograms
Notice the relationships
between the images and
their histograms
Note that the high contrast
image has the most
evenly spaced histogram
22
of
32
Histogram Equalisation
Spreading out the frequencies in an image
(or equalising the image) is a simple way to
improve dark or washed out images
The formula for histogram
equalisation is given where sk  T (rk )
– rk: input intensity k

– sk: processed intensity   pr ( r j )

j 1
– k: the intensity range
(e.g 0.0 – 1.0) k nj
– nj: the frequency of intensity j 
– n: the sum of all frequencies j 1 n
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
23
Equalisation Transformation Function
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
24

1
Equalisation Examples
 25
of
32
Equalisation Transformation Functions

The functions used to equalise the images in

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

the previous example

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
26

2
Equalisation Examples
 27
of
32
Equalisation Transformation Functions

The functions used to equalise the images in

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

the previous example

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
28

4
Equalisation Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

of
32
29

4
Equalisation Examples (cont…)
 30
of
32
Equalisation Transformation Functions

The functions used to equalise the images in

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

the previous examples

31
of
32
Summary
We have looked at:
– Different kinds of image enhancement
– Histograms
– Histogram equalisation
Next time we will start to look at point
processing and some neighbourhood
operations