thing or object. + Raw facts indi i ee indicates that this data is not yet processed to reveal its meaningful ~ ¢ Data can be i : represented in various forms like text, numbers, images, audio, video, graphs, document files, etc. EX: I, sno, name, ram, 21, age ete. Processing: yy & : « Data is defi ; ] fined as collection of raw or unorganized facts about a place, person, & &| & & | Processing is the manipulation of data. d.. / (on *) It is the actual interpretation and execution of instruction on data which is carried out by the computer's processing unit to obtain a result. Manipulation: Manipulation means changing of data from one form to another form. | Information + Information can be defined as processed data that increases the knowledge of end user. fo) DATA INFORMATION T, Raw facts. 1. Processed data. | i 2. Unorganized data. 2. Organized data. | 3. Not useful in making 3. Useful in making decisions. decisions. Ex: 89, 42, 24, 32, 18, 94, 21 Ex: marks age 89 21 94 18 48 32 Knowledge: «Knowledge is what we know about a particular domain (field). + Knowledge is obtained from information in the same way as information is derived from data. L_* Knowledge refers to the use of information to make decisions. 7nnerin Computer science ws we wey Example between data, information Exam'> 30000,7000 1e00n and Knowledge >] information ---> Samsung ---- 30000 Xs] Redmi - 7000 Vivo “1 knowledge -->Redmi + SF] etteion is rece Information is necessary for the people living in the mod: Jd. Without proper Se] information it is difficult to survives ME" OBE motor word: Without Prop &.] Information is needed to | © To gain knowledge. «| * Te keep system up to date. + To know about rules and regulations of society, Gov., ete. | + To arrive at a particular decision that helps in forming, running and protecting es a system. & ces between data and information: &) aL DATA INFORMATION e| | + Data is raw fact and figures. ~ Information is processed form | al) 2 of data, Ex: age--32 mee is not sufficient to a * Information is sufficient to a business. business. * Data is atomic level piece of + Information is meaningful information. It can be in any collection of data. form. Ex: age and 32 are collected together to form information. > Data does not help in decision | Information help in decision making. making. + Observations and recordings + Analysis is done to obtain are done to obtain data. information. + Input to any system may be > Output after processing the treated as data. system is information. * Difficult to understand + Easy to understand. properly. Z + Data may not be in order. + Information must be in order. ER v | Metadata * A Meta data is the data about the data. * Metadata in DBMS is the data (details/schema) of any other data.« Metadata isa i Fi Special data that describes the characteristics or properties of the data. + Metadata consists i i heres of name, data type, length, min, max, description, special + Metadata allows the dai e tabase desi Seer a ne and users understand what data + Metadata is generall i ly stored in i Example for Metadata: oe A simple exemple of metadata for a document might include a collection of informa’ ike the author, file size, the date the document was created, and keywords to describe the document, + Database can be defined as collection of organized and logically related data without any redundancy stored in one place and can be accessed by multiple users. + Database can be of any size and complexity. + Data are structured so as to be easily stored, manipulated, and retrieved by users. ro 3S An HS ae | Allthe data related to each other Example: Let us consider a telephone directory in which names of people are arranged in alphabetical order.so, it becomes easier to find a particular name. If this ordering is not done in organized manner it will become difficult to search a particular name. > The most commonly used operations performed on data are Insertion, Selection, Updation, Sorting, deleting Advantages of Database > Enhanced and improved data security. > Data redundancy is reduced. > The consistency of data is increased. > Data integrity and independence. ved data access to users through use of host and query languages > Impro > Development of new applications program is facilitated.i (Sieantages of Database = ee 5 ra Pre in designing complex database systems 2 Damage (0 database affects virtually all applications programs > Considerable hardware and software start-up costs > Extensive conversion costs in shifting from a file-based system to a database system > Training is required for all programmers and users. DBMS stands for Database management system. It consists of two parts (i) Database (i) Management system Database: Database can be treated as main building block of DBMS. Generally database contains Data: It is the collection of raw or unorganized facts represented in various forms like text, numbers, images, audio, video, graphs, document files, etc Ex: 1, sno, name, ram, 21, age Record: It is the collection of related data items. The items can be organized and represented as meaningful information or record. Sno [namelage | 1 [ram [21 | ‘ds. The columns of the table are called Table: It is the collection of related recor: tuples. Table is also called as fields. The rows of the table are called record or relation. sn, tno [name | age Ex: ~ _———— L Fie! ime ame [Year a [a= [nam [ae a eee °° || ea] [ress le |} 1 jram | 21 Database: Collection of related tables makes a database. Related tables name Year |{ sno |name| age jam IT ‘i ram 21 a IL 2 | ravi | 22 name | course || name | address fam Mpcs Avr tavi_ [ Mces_| L_ Ry] Database Year [course | address [Mpes | kvr 1 [vam | 21 I _Management syster is the software system use ; It is th ‘stem used to manage database and perform various operations like insertion, deletion, updation, retrieval It enables the users to store, modify and extract information from database as per “4 &] requirement. e_| Itacts as an interface between the user and the database. “| pefinition of DBMS: &| . , Database management system is defined as the software that can be used to create a database, to insert data into database, to modify data in database, to remove/delete data in a database and to maintain a database. ©) pyolution of DBMS g,| In recent years, two approaches to DBMS are more popular, which are & a, Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS) and ©] 5b, object Relational DBMS (ORDBMS). | 6] The sequential order of the development of DBMS is as follows: | "| 1. Plat files - 1960s-1980s ©) 9. Hierarchical - 1970s-1990s 3, Network ~ 1970s-1990s 4. Relational - 1980s-present 5. Object-oriented — 1990s-present 6, Object-relational - 1990s-present 7. Data warehousing - 1980s-present | 8, Web-enabled — 1990s-present Early 1960s. 1. Charles Bachman at GE created the first general purpose DBMS Integrated Data Store. 2. It created the basis for the network model which was standardized by CODASYL (Conference on Data System Language). Late 1960s: 1. IBM developed the Information Management System (IMS). 2. IMS used an alternate model, called the Hierarchical Data Model. In 1970: 1, Edgar Codd, from IBM created the Relational Data Model. || In 1981: 1. Codd received the Turing Award for his contributions to database theory, A] 2, Cod Passed away in April 2003. | 1.1976: *) 1. Peter Chen presented Entity-Relationship model, which is widely used in databasedesign. In 1980; 1. SQL developed by IBM, became the standard query language for databases. SQL — f Was standardized by ISO. || In 1980s and 1990s: l 1. IBM, Oracle, Informix and others developed powerful DBMS. 4)~— ¥ & &| a ile based re , ; a ae was first used to computerized manual filing system. € cnerseae raat of programs that perform services to the end users. i + Fach program within a file based system has its own definitions and manages gg: fn this oie a large number of files are needed to perform various tasks. “| + This approach to data management in which separate data files are created = and stores each application program is called traditional file approach. &| Ale System ii OP EP 0 § ‘haracteristics of th based Some of the important characteristics of file based approach are It stores data of an organization in group of files. | Each file is independent from one another. + Each file is called flat file. Each file contain processed information for one specific task such as accounts or inventory. Files are designed by using programs written in programming languages such as ¢, cpp, java etc. Each file must have its own file management. Itis less flexible and has many limitations. It is very difficult to maintain file processing system. ‘Any change in one file affects all the files that creates burden on the programmer. Advantage of File-oriented system: 1, Backup: > It is possible to take faster and automatic back-up of database stored in files of computer-based systems. de functionalities to serve this purpose.it is also > Computer systems provi possible to develop specific application program for this purpose. 2. Compactness: > It is possible to store data compactly. 3. Data Retrieval: aleePPPMFIPPP IPP DOD f= $-f-8-#— a Se _spulaRGAMLlectuerin Commuter science _ > Computer-based syst retrieve data Rid ae Provide enhanced data retrieval techniques to 4, Baiting: les in easy and efficient way. > Itis easy to edit any i . ee y information stored in computers in form of files. ion oi 5, Remote Access: Programs or editing software can be used for this purpose. > In computer-basec it i e P d systems,it is possible to access data remotely. » So, to access data it is not necessary for a user té i k sshere these data are kepr ry \ser to remain present at location 6. Sharing: > Data stored in files of computer-b: y i ES users at a same time. pI ased systems can be shared among multiple wy (sadvantage of File-oriented syste: 1, Data Redundancy ~ » Itis possible that the same information may be duplicated in different files.this Ieads to data redundancy results in memory wastage. 2. Data Inconsistency: > Because of data redundancy, it is possible that data may not be in consistent | state. | 3. Difficulty in Accessing Data: > Accessing data is not convenient and efficient in file processing system. 4, Limited Data Sharing: > Data are scattered in various files. > Also different files may have different formats and these files may be stored in different folders may be of different departments. > So, duc to this data isolation, it is difficult to share data among different applications. 5, Integrity Problems: > Data integrity means that the data contained in the database in both correct and consistent. > For this purpose the data stored in database must satisfy correct and constraints. 6. Atomicity Problems: | | , > Any operation on database must be atomic, this means, it must happen in its entirely or not at all. | | 7. Concurrent Access Anomalies: | > Multiple users are allowed to access data simultaneously. > This is for the sake of better performance and faster response. | 8. Security Problems: ; > Database should be accessible to users in limited way. , > Each user should be allowed to access data concerning his requirements ony Data base approach > To remove all the limitations of file based approach the concept of database was introduced. > This approach is known as database approach. 1‘> A database is computer based n i i rec ose is to record and maintain information, ond Keeping sytem whose pares > Database is a single large repositc i " departments and users.” Sate which can reuse >In database approach all data items are integrated with minimum amount of duplication and maintained only at one location. > Here related data is shared by multiple application programs. Characteristics of database approach The following are the characteristics of database approach. > It is central repository of shared data and allows several users to access the database concurrently. > The database approach is that database system does not only contain the data but also the complete definition and description of data (extent, structure, type, format and relationship of data). > The database approach is standardized uniform approach to database access which means same overall procedures are used by the application programs to retrieve data and information. > Data should be correct with respect to the real world entity that they represent. > Data should be protected from unauthorized access. > Its organization is such that duplication is minimized. > Data in database exist permentantly until it is not explicitly deleted. raw backs of database approach | > DBMS can be difficult to set up and operate and decisions must be made LPF iy correctly for effective working. > Users must be updated to take full advantage of DBMS. > In file management system failure of a file affects only a single program but in « DBMS a failure can shut down the entire database. ¢) > DBMS can be more expensive to purchase and operate as the cost includes the & database cost and specialized personnel such as DBA. .x. Initial training is required for all programmers and S, Recovery is more comple: 4] users. ] Primary goal of database management system 4 Primary goal of database management system is to 4; 1) Store information @ 2) Maintain information } 3) Retrieve it. | Primary goal of database management system is to provide a way to store and } retrieve database information that is convenient and efficient. Management of data a5"!poor s pHARGAVLMecturerin Computer science ane involves both defining structure for storage of information and provid f A 7 . nforma d providing mechanism jor manipulation of information, eee Adatabase ea System (DBMS) is the software that allows a computer to perform database functions of storing, retrieving, adding, deleting, and modifying data. advantages of Database Management Syst. 1, Improved data sharing ‘. (DBMS) » An advantage of the database management approach is, the DBMS helps to create an environment in which end users have better access to more and better-managed data. > Such access makes it possible for end users to respond quickly to changes in their environment. 2, Improved data security > The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data security breaches. | > Corporations invest considerable amounts of time, effort, and money to ensure | that corporate data are used properly. > ADBMS provides a framework for better enforcement of data privacy and security policies. 3, Better data integration | > Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of the | organization's operations and a clearer view of the big picture. } It becomes much easier to see how actions in one segment of the company affect other segments. 4, Minimized data inconsistency > Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places. For example, data inconsistency exists when a company’s sales department stores a sales representative's name as “Bill Brown” and the company’s personnel department stores that same person's name as “William G. Brown,” or when the company's regional sales office shows the price of a product as $45.95 and its | national sales office shows the same product's price as $43.95. > The probability of data inconsistency is greatly reduced in a properly designed database. 5. Improved data access > The DBMS makes it possible to produce quick answers to ad hoc queries. > From a database perspective, a query is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation—for example, to read or update the data. > Simply put, a query is a question, and an ad hoc query is a spur-of-the- | moment question. | > The DBMS sends back an answer (called the query result set) to the application. weSY mproved decision making tter-mani ¥ ee ae and improved data access make it possible to generate > The quality th th aaa on which better decisions are based. information it eae generated depends on the quality of the » Data quality is a comprehensive ir ici f ve Of , validity, pea cincse ahha daee pproach to promoting the accuracy, Ys » While the DBMS does not guarantee data quality, it provides a framework to facilitate data quality initiatives. 7, creased end-user productivity > The availability of data, combined with the tools that transform data into usable information, empowers end users to make quick, informed decisions that can make the difference between success and failure in the global economy. Disadvantages of Database Management System (DBMS): 1. Increased costs > One of the disadvantages of dbms is Database sys! hardware and software and highly skilled personnel. > The cost of maintaining the hardware, software, and personnel required to operate and manage a database system can be substantial. > Training, licensing, and regulation compliance costs are often overlooked when database systems are implemented. | 2. Management complexity > Database systems inter! significant impact on a coi > The changes introduced by properly managed to ensure t! > Given the fact that database syst ed from multiple sources, security issues mus tems require sophisticated face with many different technologies and have a mpany’s resources and culture. the adoption of a database system must be hat they help advance the company’s objectives. tems hold crucial company data that are t be assessed constantly. access 3. Maintaining currency > To maximize the efficiency of the database system, you must keep your system current. > Therefore, y‘ and security measures to > Because database technol to be significant. > Vendor dependence. training, companies might be r ‘As a consequence, vendors are existing customers, and those cust database system components. ou must perform frequent updates and apply the latest patches all components. logy advances rapidly, personnel training costs tend Given the heavy investment in technology and personnel cluctant to change database vendors. less likely to offer pricing point advantages to omers might be limited in their choice of | PPDPPPPP_PP—OPPOAPE OPS Poe FE antes. ill g DUARGAVLLecliuter in Computer science 4, Pred upprade/replacement cycles $ vendora freque : ” Qe a een upgrade their products by adding, new functionality. 7 Such new features often come bundled in new upgrie versions of the sctware, Some of these versions require hardware upgrades: y Not only do the upgrades themselves cost money, but It also cont money to train database users ani ; id administrator: roper! o » the ne features. rators to properly use and manage the new er Classification of Database Management Systems ‘The DBMS is classified into different categories based on several criteria such as the data model they are using, the number of users they support, number es over which the data base is distributed and on the purpose they serve. ) The database management system can also be classified on the basis of its user. 5 So, a DBMS can either be used by a single user or it can be used by multiple users. > The database system that can be used by a single user at a time is referred to as a single-user system and the database system that can be used by multiple users at a time is referred to as a multiple user system. Based on purpose. > Depending, upon the purpose the DBMS serves. > They are classified intotwo types, * General purpose «Specific purpose > DBMS is a general purpose 6 purposes. Specific DBMS can Based on number of sites Depending on the distribution o! the database as: &. Centralized DBMS > In the centralized DB! site. oftware however il can also be designed for specific ‘tbe used for all applications. f the database over numerous sites we can classily MS, the entire database is stored in a single computer 1 pad 222P9IP2PFPPAPARPP PPLE EEE F-SE—- > Though the centralized ——9 database support multiple users still the DBMS software and the dat ‘ta both are stores on a single computer site. p, Distributed DBMS > In the distributed DBMS (DDBMS) the database and the DBMS software are distributed over many computer sites. > These computer sites are connected via a computer network. > The DDBMS is further classified as homogeneous DDBMS and heterogeneous DDBMS. * Homogeneous DDBMS: The homogeneous DDBMS has the same DBMS software at all the distributed sites. « Heterogeneous DDBMS: The heterogeneous DDBMS has different DBMS } software for different sites. Based on data models > Hierarchical database Here data is organized like a tree which is similar to a folder structure in your computer system. The hierarchy starts from the root node, connecting all the child nodes to the parent node.PRMRMP IPF PPP EHS PARMAR M DD 2 2D § a a Network database It also has a hierarchi Iie allowed to pele structure, but the data is organized like a graph and 2 more than one parent for one child record. Example Teachers can teach in multiple departments. This is shown below ~ > Relation Database This is one of the most popular data models which is used in industries. It is based on SQL. Every table in a database has a key field which uniquely identifies each record This type of system is the most widely used DBMS. | Relational database management system software is available for personal computers, workstation and large mainframe systems. icrosoft SQL Server etc. For example ~ Oracle Database, MySQL, Mi sta 1D Kame city 201 Bob z Hyderabad 204 i Lucky i "Chennai | | 205 — | = able Std ID, Name an ey attribute which uniquely dd city are called as attributes and their | identifies each record in | In the above student t values. Std ID is a primary k the student table. Various data models A meiel is a representation of reality real world objects and events an association Data model: : Data model is defined as integrated coll describe the logical structure of database data ad constraints that should apply on data, Us \d_ their lection of concepts that can be used to including data type’s relationship betweenData modellin; ‘odelling is th - Dat ase. 'g is the process of creating data model for the data to be stored in the Garnponents of data model: Adata model has 3 components 1. Structural part 2. Manipulative part 3. Integrity rules pata model buildin blocks: eB 1, Entity: Anything about whi wpe tae be her, caine cos can be collected and stored. 2, attribute: The characteristic of an entity Ex: name, salary, job ete, . 3. Relationship: An association between two or more entities. * One-one relationship * One-many relationship + Many-one relationship * Many-many relationship =) 4, Constraint: A constraint is a restriction placed on data. es) Types of data model: | There are so many types of data models. Some of the data models are % 1. Hierarchical model | 2) Network model | 3. Relational model * 4, Entity relation model _ Hierarchical Model @; Hier e. > Hierarchical Model was the first DBMS model. | 5 This model organizes the data in the hierarchical tree structure. © 5 The hierarchy starts from the root which has root data and then it expands in | & the form of a tree adding child node to the parent node. } «| > This model easily represents some of the real-world relationships like food | recipes, sitemap of a website etc. | & Example: We can represent the relationship between the shoes present on a = shopping website in the following way: e ~ ox! Teachers ol a! “| Advantages of Hierarchical Model \ os oe itis vory simple and fast (0 traverse through a tree-like structure. i | | | | a! + Any change in the parent node is automatically reflected in the child node so, | 1 the integrity of data is maintained. f Miers | Disadvantages of chical Model xy!| Complex relationships are not supported i 5 ported , As it does not suppor . | some complex a more than one parent ofthe ecid esd clvehee | then that can't be r ship where a child node needs to have two parent node If eed rare ore cen cia model , Ifa parent node is de! s . leted then the child node is automatically deleted. Seok np amar ——— network Model > This model is an extension of the hierarchical model > Itwas the most popular model before the relational model. > This model is the same as the hierarchical model, the only difference record can have more than one parent. > It replaces the hierarchical tree with a graph. Example: In the example below we can see that node student has two parents he. CSE Department and Library. This was earlier not possible in the hierarchical model. is that a Network Model Advantages of Network Model 1 to the hierarchical model. This The data can be accessed faster as compared is because the data is more related in the network model and there can be ‘9 reach a particular node, So the data can be accessed more than one path tt in many ways. + As there is a parent-child re change in parent record is re! Disadvantages of Network Model d to be handled the system might get + As more and more relationships nec complex, So, a user must be having detailed knowledge of the model to work Jationship so data integrity is present. Any flected in the child record. with the model. + Any change like updation, deletion, insertion is very complex. Entity-Relationship Model > Entity-Relationship Model or simply ER Model is a high-level data model diagram. > In this model, we repre! make it easy for the stal sent the real-world problem in the pictorial form to keholders to understand.> | BUBB also very easy f 5 I for the developers to understand the system by just jooking at the ER diagram, the ER diagram as a vi we use F™ s a visual tool E iagram has We lowing three components: to represent an ER Model. ER diagram tities: Entity i : — nae e “Teal world thing, It can be a person, place, or even & ee eee ‘eachers, Students, Course, Building, Department, ete are some o entities of a School Management System. a putes: Ae entity contains a real-world property called attribute. This is the characteristics of that attribute. Example: The entity teacher has the property like teacher id, salary, age, etc. Relationship: Relationship tells how two attributes are related. Example: Teacher works for a department. Example: In the above diagram, the entities ar | of Teacher entity are Teacher_Name, ‘The attributes of entity Department enti - entiti | department. | | | | | | | | L_understood Advantages of ER Model Creacher name Teacher 2. ee & aD G&D Entity-Relationship ‘Model ¢ Teacher and Department. The attributes ‘Teacher_id, Age, Salary and Mobile_Number. ty are Dept_id, Dept_name. The two ics are connected using the relationship. Here, each teacher works for a ER Model is very easy to build. If we know the Simple: Conceptually hhe attributes and the entities we can easily build the relationship between t ER Diagram for the model. Effective Communication Tool: This model js used widely by the database designers for communicating their ideas. Easy Conversion to any Model: ‘This model maps well to the relational model and can be easily converted relational model by converting the ER model to the table. This model can also be converted to any other model like network model, hierarchical model etc. Disadvantages of ER Model tandard for notation: There is no industry standard for No industry s' one developer might use notations which are not developing an ER model. So by other developers. eTidden. information: Some i; * Tpodel. As itis a jon: Some information might be lst oF hidden in the ER view so there are chances that some details of formation might be hidden, > Relational Model is the most widely used model > In this model, the data is maintained in the form of a two-di > All the information is stored in the form of row and columns. e basic structure of a relational model is tables. ational model. jimensional table. > The > So, the tables are also called relations in the rel: exemple: In this example, we have an Employee table. Emp_ld | Emp_name | Job_name | Salary sxnvesves0 | mee: (te | ! | ‘390000 | 7eosa12065 | 2 ‘AiterA00t |Eraineer | Y00000 [aravet | 60800 “AfterA002 ‘Atera003 | Kande [Manager EMPLOYEE TABLE es of Relational Model d to the network and hierarchical Advanta: ple: This model is simpler as compare . Sim model. + Scalabl columns we want. + Structural Independence: We can make chan\ e: This model can be easily scaled as we can add as many rows and ges in database structure without changing the way to access the data. When we can make changes to the database structure without affecting the capability to DBMS to access the data we can say that structural independence has been achieved. Disadvantages of Relational Model Hardware Overheads: For hidi for the user this model require storage devices. + Bad Design: As the relational ‘model is very easy to design and use. So the users don't need to know how the data is stored in order to access it. This case of design can lead to the development of a poor database which would slow down if the database grows. wi Components of daté se management systems n organization The term database system refers to 4 e, management, and use of data tegulate the collection, storag' ¢ and making things easier ng the complexities ardware computers and data .s more powerful hi of components that define and within a database environment. ‘The five major components of database management system are =Hardware Software People procedures & Data re ware is the : Har one of the most important component of DBMS system. station: eel fee meee supercomputers), storage devices, printer fate » Touters, fib ic i teller machines, ID readers, and so nee other devices (automate i i ‘se Lee =| a The three schema architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or threelevel | architecture, 2 a cael is used to describe the structure of a specific database system. three schema architecture is also used to separate the user applications and physical database, > The three schema architecture contains three-levels. It breaks the database down into three different categories. ‘The three-schema architecture is as follows: Conceptual Schema Conceptual Level Eb eede i ¢ External Schema External / Conceptual Mapping CITT TT Tartans 2. eed Coneepmial /Internal Mapping j « Internal Level = Database Internal Schema * In the above diagram: «It shows the DBMS architecture. + Mapping is used to transform the request and response between various database levels of architecture. Mapping is not good for small DBMS because it takes more time. In External / Conceptual mapping, it is necessary to transform the request from external level to conceptual schema. | In Conceptual / Internal mapping, DBMS transform the request from the conceptual to intemal level. 1. Internal Level > The internal level has an internal schema w! structure of the database. ‘The internal schema is also known as a physical schema. » Ituses the physical data model. It is used to define that how the data will be stored in a block. > The physical level i 2, Conceptual Level > The conceptual schema describes the design of a database at the conceptual level. > thich describes the physical storage s used to describé complex low-level data structures in detail. PPPP7999I9F9I999 99999999 PE8 DO ha a ee ede ea avl ¥, ¥| © -@eeeeened nee ee ee a a ee ee > Conceptual level is also known as logical level. The conceptual schema describes the structure of the whole database. > The conceptual level describes what data are to be stored in the database and also describes what relationship exists among those data. > In the conceptual level, internal details such as an implementation of the data structure are hidden. > Programmers and database administrators work at this level. 3. External Level > At the external level, a database contains several schemas that sometimes called as subschema. > The subschema is used to describe the different view of the database. > Anexternal schema is also known as view schema. Each view schema describes the database part that a particular user group is interested and hides the remaining database from that user group. > The view schema describes the end user interaction with database systems v Costs and risks of database approach ‘The database approach causes some additional costs and risks that must be recognized and managed when implementing this approach. New, Specialized Personnel: > Frequently, organizations that adopt the database approach need to hire or train individuals to design and implement databases. 3 ; 6 ; i > This personnel increase seems to be expensive, but an organization should not minimize the need for these specialized skills. Installation and Management Cost and Complexity: > A multi-user database management system is large and complex software that has a high initial cost. > It requires trained personnel to install and operate, and also has annual maintenance costs. > Installing such a system may also require upgrades to the hardware and data communications systems in the organization. Conversion Costs: > The term “legacy systems’ is used to refer to older applications in an organization that are based on file processing. > The cost of converting these older systems to modern database technology may seem prohibitive to an organization. Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery: > A shared database must be accurate and available at all times. $ This raises the need to have backup copies of data for restoring a database when damage occurs. > A modern database management system normally automates recovery task: Organizational Conflict: > A database requires an agreement on data definitions and ownership as well as responsibilities for accurate data maintenance.» ,—S.BHARGAVI Lecturer in Computer science __. a > The conflicts on data definitions, data formats and coding causes updating of shared data. > Handling these issues requires organizational commitment to the database 7 approach. | . Differences between DBMS and file systems 8 Meaning, DBMS is a collection of data. In DBMS, | The file system i is a collection of the user is not required to write the data, In this system, the user procedures. | has to write the procedures for | | managing the database. j Bharing ofdata | Duc to the centralized approach, data | Data is distributed in many files, | sharing is easy. and it may be of different | formats, so it isn't easy to share data, i wee © | The file system provides the detail of the data representation and storage of data. Data Abstraction DBMS gives an abstract view of data that hides the details. ¥ 5 ¥ ¥ * | | | Itisn't easy to protect a file ; Security and DBMS provides a good protection | Protection mechanism. ‘under the file system. | The file system doesn't have a crash mechanism, i.c., if the | | system crashes while entering { | some data, then the content of | the file will be lost. | DBMS provides a crash recovery | mechanism, i.e., DBMS protects the user from system failure | Recovery | Mechanism ‘The file system can't efficiently | store and retrieve the data. Manipulation Techniques DBMS contains a wide variety of sophisticated techniques to store and retrieve the data. | In the File system, concurrent | access has many problems like | redirecting the file while deleting | some information or updating | some information. DBMS takes care of Concurrent access of data using some form of locking, | Problems File system approach used in large systems which interrelate many files, Database approach used in large Where to use | systems which interrelate many files. . 5 1 1 * 3 3 j Concurrency 4 a ! i 5 ®: Cost ‘The database system is expensive to | design, Data Due to the centralization of the database, the problems of data redundancy and inconsistency are controlled. Redundancy and Inconsistency ‘The database structure is complex to. Structure | design, | aa Data In this system, Data Independence Independence _exists, and it can be of two types. © Logical Data Independence | © Physical Data independence | ay a Ho f Integrity Integrity Constraints are easy to apply. Constraints In the database approach, 3 types of data models exist: Data Models © Hierarchal data models. © Network data models Relational data models Changes are often a necessity to the content of the data stored in any system, and these changes are more easily with a database approach. Flexibility Oracle, SQL Server, Sybase ete. Objectives of ‘The various objectives of DBMS are as follows. 1. Mass Storage DBMS can store a lot of data in it. it is needed. 2. Removes Duplicity > DBMS guarantee it that there will be no data > So for all the big firms, DBMS is really ideal technology to use. } It can store thousands of records in it and one can fetch all that data whenever If you have lots of data then data duplicity will occur for sure at any instance, ‘The file system approach is cheaper to design. | In this, the files and application programs are created by different programmers so that there exists | a lot of duplication of data which | may lead to inconsistency. Saar Tack aoucre In the File system approach, there exists no Data | Independence. Integrity Constraints are difficult to implement in file system, | In the file system approach, there is no concept of data models exists. | The flexibility of the system is | less as compared to the DBMS | approach. | Cobol, C++ ete. | duplicity among all the records. aggS.BHARGAVLectuter in Computer science. o . Multiple Users Access . Data Protection . Data Backup and recovery | . Everyone can work on DBMS . Integrity » While storing new records, DBMS makes sure that same data was not inserted | before. | » No one handles the whole database alone. > There are lots of users who are able to access database. » So this situation may happen that two or more users are accessing database. » They can change whatever they want, at that time DBMS makes it sure that they can work concurrently. > Information such as bank details, employee’s salary details and sale purchase details should always be kept secured. > Also all the companies need their data secured from unauthorized use. > DBMS gives a master level security to their data. » No one can alter or modify the information without the privilege of using that | data. >» Sometimes database failure occurs so there is no option like one can say that all the data has been lost. 1 > There should be a backup of database so that ondatabase failure it can be recovered. > DBMS has the ability to backup and recover all the data in database. > There is no need to be a master of programming language if you want to work on DBMS. > Any accountant who is having less technical knowledge can work on DBMS. > Integrity means your data is authentic and consistent. > DBMS has various validity checks that make your data completely accurate and consistence. Platform Independent > One can run dbms at any platform. | > No particular platform is required to work on database management system. |