Design
• Design may be defined as a creative physical realization of theoretical concepts
• The major considerations to evolve a good design are:
– Cost
– Durabiity
– Compliance with performance criteria as laid down in specification
Design factors
Basic parts of an electromagnetic rotating electrical machine
• Magnetic circuit: path for magnetic flux(air gap between stator and rotor
• Electric circuit: stator and rotor windings
• Dielectric circuit: insulation required to isolate one conductor from another.
• Thermal circuit: concerned with mode and media for dissipation of heat.
• Mechanical parts: frame, bearing and shaft
Limitations in design of electrical machine
• Saturation: Higher flux density reduces the volume of iron but drives the iron to operate
beyond knee of the magnetization curve or in the region of saturation. Saturation of iron
poses a limitation on account of increased core loss and excessive excitation required to
establish a desired value of flux. It also introduces harmonics.
• Current density: Higher current density reduces the volume of copper but increases the
losses and temperature.
• Temperature: poses a limitation on account of possible damage to insulation and other
materials.
• Insulation (which is both mechanically and electrically weak): poses a limitation on account
of breakdown by excessive voltage gradient, mechanical forces or heat.
• Mechanical strength of the materials poses a limitation particularly in case of large and high
speed machines.
• High efficiency and high power factor poses a limitation on account of higher capital cost. (A
low value of efficiency and power factor on the other hand results in a high maintenance
cost).
• Mechanical Commutation in dc motors or generators leads to poor commutation.
Apart from the above factors Consumer, manufacturer or standard specifications may pose a
limitation.
Modern trends in design of electrical machine
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
Modern trends in design of electrical
machine(contd…)
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Unit 1
Lecture 3
Basic principles of electrical machines
• The action of electromagnetic machine can be
related to three basic principles which are:
– Induction
– Interaction
– Alignment
Induction
• It includes Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction:
– Faraday’s first law
– Faraday’s second law
Faraday’s first law
• “Whenever a varying magnetic field links with a conductor,
emf gets induced in the conductor” OR “whenever a
conductor is rotated in magnetic field emf is induced in the
conductor”
• The emf thus induced in the conductor is called induced emf
and if the conductor circuit are closed current are also
induced which is called induced current.
Faraday’s second law
• The induced emf is
equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages
Faraday’s second law(contd…)
• The change in flux linkage can be caused in three ways:
– The coil is stationary with respect to time and the flux varies in
magnitude with respect to time
– The flux is constant with respect to time and is stationary and the coil
moves through it OR there is a relative motion between coil and the
time invarying field.
– The coil moves through a time varying field.
The coil is stationary with respect to time and the flux
varies in magnitude with respect to time
The flux is constant with respect to time and is stationary and the coil moves through it OR
there is a relative motion between coil and the time invarying field.
The coil moves through a time varying field.
Interaction
• It includes Biot Savart’s law.
Biot Savart’s law
Unit 1
Lecture 5
Alignment
• If a magnetic field exists in an ambient low
permeability medium(Permeability is the property of
material to allow the formation of magnetic field) like
air and if a piece of high permeability material is placed
in this field, the latter experiences a force which tries
to align it with the direction of field in such a way that
it occupies a position of minimum reluctance(Magnetic
reluctance is the obstruction offered by a magnetic
circuit for the formation of magnetic flux).
• The principle of production of force due to alignment is
used in reluctance motors.
