SECTION 404 - DURABILITY

REQUIREMENTS
404.1 Notation
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete, (MPa).
w/cm = maximum water-cementitious material ratio.
404.2 Definitions
The Section addresses three exposure categories that affect
the requirements for concrete to ensure adequate durability:
Exposure Category S applies to concrete in contact with
soil or water containing deleterious amounts of watersoluble
sulfate ions as defined in Section 404.4.1.
Exposure Category P applies to concrete in contact with
water requiring low permeability.
Exposure Category C applies to reinforced and prestressed
concrete exposed to conditions that require additional
protection against corrosion of reinforcement. Severity of
exposure within each category is defined by classes with
increasing numerical values representing increasingly severe
exposure conditions. A classification of “0” is assigned
when the exposure severity has negligible effect or does not
apply to the structural member.
Exposure Category F is subdivided into four exposure
classes. However only Exposure Class F0 applies to
Philippine condition; Exposure Class F1, Exposure Class
F2, Exposure Class F3 do not apply as it involve concrete
exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing, in continuous
contact with moisture, and where exposure to deicing
chemicals is anticipated:
Exposure Class F0 is assigned to concrete that will not be
exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing.
Exposure Category S is subdivided into four exposure
classes:
Exposure Class S0 is assigned for conditions where the
water-soluble sulfate concentration in contact with concrete
is low and injurious sulfate attack is not a concern.
Exposure Classes S1, S2, and S3 are assigned for
structural concrete members in direct contact with soluble
sulfates in soil or water. The severity of exposure increases
from Exposure Class S1 to S3 based on the more critical
value of measured water-soluble sulfate concentration in
soil or the concentration of dissolved sulfate in water. Sea
water exposure is classified as Exposure Class S1.
Exposure Category P is subdivided into two exposure
classes:
Exposure Class P0 Structural members should be assigned
to when there are no specific permeability requirements.
Exposure Class P1 is assigned on the basis of the need for
concrete to have a low permeability to water when the
permeation of water into concrete might reduce durability or
affect the intended function of the structural member.
Exposure Class P1 should typically be assigned when other
exposure classes do not apply. An example is an interior
water tank.
Exposure Category C is subdivided into three exposure
classes:
Exposure Class C0 is assigned when exposure conditions
do not require additional protection against the initiation of
corrosion of reinforcement.
Exposure Classes C1 and C2 are assigned to reinforced
and prestressed concrete members depending on the degree
of exposure to external sources of moisture and chlorides in
service.
Examples of external sources of chlorides include concrete
in direct contact with deicing chemicals, salt, salt water,
brackish water, seawater, or spray from these sources.
404.3 General
404.3.1 The value of f’c shall be the greatest of the values
required by Section 404.3.1, for durability in Section 404,
and for structural strength requirements and shall apply for
mixture proportioning in Section 405.4 and for evaluation
and acceptance of concrete in Section 405.7. Concrete
mixtures shall be proportioned to comply with the
maximum water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm) and
other requirements based on the exposure class assigned to
the concrete structural member. All cementitious materials
specified in Section 403.3.1 and the combinations of these
materials shall be included in calculating the w/cm of the
concrete mixture.
404.3.2 The maximum w/cm limits in Section 404 do not
apply to lightweight concrete.
404.4 Exposure Categories and Classes
404.4.1 The engineer-of-record shall assign exposure
classes based on the severity of the anticipated exposure of
structural concrete members for each exposure category
according to Table 404-1.
CHAPTER 4 - Concrete 4-19
National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1
404.5 Special Exposure Conditions
Concrete that will be subject to the exposure given in Table
404-2 shall conform to the corresponding maximum watercementitious
materials ratios and minimum specified
concrete compressive strength requirements of that table.
404.6 Requirements for Concrete Mixtures
404.6.1 Based on the exposure classes assigned from Table
404-1, concrete mixtures shall comply with the most
restrictive requirements according to Table 404-2.
404.6.2 Calcium chloride as an admixture shall not be used
in concrete to be exposed to severe or very severe sulfatecontaining
solutions, as defined in Table 3.1 of ACI 222R.
404.7 Alternative Cementitious Materials for Sulphate
Exposure
404.7.1 Alternative combinations of cementitious materials
to those listed in Table 404-2 shall be permitted when tested
for sulfate resistance and meeting the criteria in Table 404-
3.
404.8 Water-Cementitious Materials Ratio
The water-cementitious materials ratios specified in Tables
404-1 and 404-2 shall be calculated using the weight of
cement meeting ASTM C 150, C 595M, C 845 or C 1157
plus the weight of fly ash and other pozzolans meeting
ASTM C 618, slag meeting ASTM C 989, and silica fume
meeting ASTM C 1240, if any.
404.9 Corrosion Protection of Reinforcement
404.9.1 For corrosion protection of reinforcement in
concrete, maximum water soluble chloride ion
concentrations in hardened concrete at ages from 28 to 42
days contributed from the ingredients, including water,
aggregates, cementitious materials and admixtures shall not
exceed the limits of Table 404-2. When testing is performed
to determine water soluble chloride ion content, test
procedures shall conform to ASTM C 1218.
404.9.2 If concrete with reinforcement will be exposed to
chlorides from salt, salt water, brackish water, sea water or
spray from these sources, requirements of Table 404-2 for
water- water-cementitious materials ratio and concrete
strength and the minimum concrete cover requirements of
Section 407.8 shall be satisfied. In addition, see Section
418.15 for unbonded prestressed tendons.
Table 404-1 Exposure Categories And Classes
Category
Severity
Class
Condition
S
SULFATE
Water-soluble
sulfate (SO4) in
soil, percent by
weight
Dissolved
sulfate
(SO4) in
water, ppm
N/A
S0
SO4 < 0.10
SO4 < 150
Moderate
S1 0.10 ≤ SO4 < 0.20 150 ≤ SO4 <1500
Seawater
Severe
S2
0.20 ≤ SO4 ≤ 2.00 1500 ≤ SO4 ≤
10,000
Very
Severe
S3 SO4 > 2.00 SO4 > 10,000
P -Requiring
Low
permeability
N/A
P0
In contact with water where
permeability is not required.
Required
P1
In contact with water where
permeability is not required.
C - Corrosion
Protection of
reinforcement
N/A
C0
Concrete dry or protected
from moisture
Moderate
C1
Concrete exposed to moisture
but not to external sources of
chloride.
Severe
C2
Concrete exposed to moisture and
an external source of chloride from
salt, brackish water, seawater, or
spray from these sources.
Table 404-2 Requirements for Concrete by Exposure Class
Expo
sure
Class
Max.
w/cm*
Min.
fc’
MPa
Additional Minimum Requirements
Air Content
Limits on
Cementitious
Materials
F0 N/A 17 N/A N/A
F1 0.45 31 N/A N/A
F2 0.45 31 N/A N/A
F3 0.45 31 N/A N/A
Cementitious Materials + Types
Calcium
Chloride
Admixture
ASTM
C150
ASTM
C595
ASTM
C1157
N/A 17 No Type
restriction
No Type
restriction
No Type
restriction
No
Restriction
S1 0.50 28 II ‡ IP(MS),
IS (<70)
(MS)
MS No
Restriction
4-20 CHAPTER 4 - Concrete
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
S2 0.45 31 V § IP (HS)
IS (<70)
(HS)
HS Not
Permitted
S3
0.45
31
V+
Pozzolan
or Slag ||
IP (HS) +
pozzolan or
slag|| or IS
(<70)
(HS) +
pozzolan or
slag ||
HS+
Pozzolan
or Slag
Not
Permitted
P0 N/A 17 None
P1 0.50 28 None
Maximum water-soluble
chloride ion (Cl–) content in
concrete, percent by weight
of cement #
Related Provisions
Reinforced
Concrete
Prestressed
Concrete
C0 N/A 17 1.00 0.06
C1 N/A 17 0.30 0.06 None
C2 0.40 35 0.15 0.06 Section 407.8.5,
Section 418.17**
* For lightweight concrete, see Section 404.3.2.
†Alternative combinations of cementitious materials of those listed in Table 404-2
shall be permitted when tested for sulfate resistance and meeting the criteria in
Section 404.7.1.
‡ For seawater exposure, other types of portland cements with tricalcium aluminate
(C3A) contents up to 10 percent are permitted is the w/cm does not exceed 0.40.
§ Other available types of cement such as Type III or Type I are permitted in
Exposure
Classes S1 or S2 if the C3A contents are less than 8 or 5 percent, respectively.
|| The amount of the specific source of the pozzolan or slag to be used shall not be
less
than the amount that has been determined by service record to improve sulfate
resistance when used in concrete containing Type V cement. Alternatively, the
amount
of the specific source of the pozzolan or slag to be used shall not be less than the
amount tested in accordance with ASTM C1012 and meeting the criteria in Section
404.7.1.
# Water-soluble chloride ion content that is contributed from the ingredients
including
water, aggregates, cementitious materials, and admixtures shall be determined on
the
concrete mixture by ASTM C1218M at age between 28 and 42 days.
** Requirements of Section 407.8.5 shall be satisfied. See Section 418.17 for
unbonded
tendons.
Table 404-3 Requirements for Establishing Suitability of
Cementitious Materials Combinations Exposed to Water-
Soluble Sulfate
Exposure
Class
Maximum expansion when tested using ASTM C1012
At 6 months
At 12 months
At 18 months
S1
0.10 percent
S2
0.05 percent
0.10 percent
S3
0.10 percent
The 12-month expansion limit applies only when the measured expansion