Oxides
They are few types of inorganic chemical compounds: oxides, acids, bases
and salts.
Oxides are the compounds of oxygen with some other elements. For
example:
CO2 ; CO; SO2; SO3; CaO; CuO; Na2O; Fe2O3 …..
All the main- group elements except the noble gases react with oxygen.
We can use the properties of oxides to classify them as: acidic, basic,
amphoteric and neutral oxides.
Acidic oxides are the oxides of nonmetals. They form acids with water:
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
So, acidic oxides are classified as acid anhydrides. They differs from acids by
the removal of the elements of water, and when hydrated - form the acid.
Basic oxides are oxides of metals. They form bases with water:
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
The oxides of most metalloids and some of the less electropositive elements are
amphoteric. This means that they can react with acids and also with bases.
They can have an acidic or basic properties. For example: Al2O3.
Neutral oxides do not react with acids, neither with bases, or water. They are
just few examples: CO; NO; N2O.
The nomenclature of oxides:
Cu2O copper(I) oxide
CuO coppe(II) oxide
N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide
N2O5 dinitrogen pentaoxide
CrO3 chromium(VI) oxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
SO2 sulphorus dioxide
P2O5 diphosphorus pentaoxide
Acids
Acids are the compounds of hydrogen and a group of elements that rests.
There can be one or more hydrogen atoms in the acid, and they can be
replaced with some metal, to get a salt. So, the properties of acids depend on the
hydrogen atoms that can be replaced.
We have two types of acids:
acids with oxygen: acids without oxygen:
H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrochloric acid
H2SO3 sulfurous acid HBr hydrobromic acid
HNO3 nitric acid HI hydroiodic acid
HNO2 nitrous acid H2S hydrosulfuric acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid HF hydrofluoric acid
.
HClO3 chloric acid .
.
HClO2 chlorous acid .
.
HClO hypochlorous acid .
HClO4 perchloric acid
.
.
.
.
.
Bases (Hydroxides)
Bases are the compounds of metals and hydroxide ions.
They are formed when basic oxides react with water:
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
There can be one or more hydroxide groups in the base, and the properties
of base depend on the number of hydroxide groups in its structure.
The valence number of the hydroxide ion has the value of “1”. So, we can
find the valence of the metal bonded with the hydroxide ions and we can write
the chemical formula of that base. For example:
NaOH; Ca(OH)2; Al(OH)3; Mg(OH)2; Cu(OH)2 ……
There is one more way of forming the bases in chemistry. It is when the
metal reacts directly with water:
Ex: 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
Salts
Salts are the compounds composed by the atoms of metal and the acidic
rest.
They can be formed:
- by replacing of hydrogen atoms in acids with metal atoms or
- by replacing of hydroxide groups in bases with the acidic rest.
According to the composition of salts, they are few types of salts:
Normal salts: NaCl ; CaSO4.
Hydrogen salts: NaHCO3 ; KHSO4
(beside the atoms of metals, there is also the atom of hydrogen left
in the molecule)
Hydroxide salts: Ca(OH)Cl ; Mg(OH)NO3
(beside the atoms of metal and the acidic rest, there are the hydroxide
groups left in the molecule)
Double salts: NaKSO4 ; K2NaPO4 ; KAl(SO4)2
(the hydrogen atoms are replaced with two different metals)
Mixed salts: CaCl(OCl)
(formed by one metal and two acids)
Salts which consists bonded water:
CuSO4∙5H2O Copper sulfate pentahydrate
CuCl2∙2H2O Cooper chloride dihydrate
Na2CO3∙10H2O sodium carbonate dekahydrate
Getting salts:
How do the salts can be gotten?
They are several ways of getting salts:
1. Reaction between metal and acid:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
2. Reaction between metalic (basic) oxide and acid:
CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
3. Reaction between acids and bases (neutralization):
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O
4. Reaction between metal and nonmetal:
Zn + I2 → ZnI2
Fe + S → FeS
5. Reaction between salt and acid:
AgNO3 + HCl → ↓AgCl + HNO3
BaCl2 + H2SO4 → ↓BaSO4 + 2HCl
