©) studocu Cloud Computing FULLAnnai Women’s College ( Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli 620 024 ) Aurobindo Nagar, TNPL Road Punnamehatram, Karur - 639 136. Course Book For Post Graduate Students Academic Year 2023-2024 Major — Cloud Computing Subject Code: P22CSCC42 Semester II By Assistant Professor Dr. G.sudhadevi M.Se., M.Phil. Assistant Professor Mrs. P.Suseela MCA., M.Phil., B.Ed., Department of Computer Science Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)CLOUD COMPUTI UNIT-1 INTRODUCTIONTOCLOUD: CloudComputingataGlance,TheVisionofCloudComputing,DefiningaCloud, A Closer Look, Cloud Computing Reference Model. Characteristics and Benefits, Challenges Ahead, Historical Developments. Virtualization:Introduction, Characteristics of Virtualized Environment, Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques, Virtualization and Cloud computing, Pros and Cons of Virtualization, Technology Examples- VMware and Microsoft Hyper-V. UNIT-II CLOUDCOMPUTINGARCHITECTURE: Introduction, Cloud Reference Model, Architecture, Infrastructure / Hardware asa Service, Platform as a Service, Software as a Service, Types of Clouds, Public Clouds, Private Clouds, Hybrid Clouds, Community Clouds, Economics of the Cloud, Open Challenges, Cloud Interoperability and Standards, Scalability and Fault Tolerance UNIT-IIL DEFININGTHECLOUDSFORENTERPRISE: Storage as a service, Database as a service, Process as a service, Information as a service, Integration as a service and Testing as a service. Scaling a cloud infrastructure - Capacity Planning, Cloud Scale. Disaster Recovery:Disaster Recovery Planning, Disasters in the Cloud, Disaster Management. UNIT-IV ANEKA: Cloud Application Platform Framework Overview, Anatomy of theAneka Container, From the Ground Up: Platform Abstraction Layer, FabricServices, FoundationServices, ApplicationServices, Building Aneka Clouds, InfrastructureOrganization,LogicalOrganization,PrivateCloudDeploymentMode, Public Cloud Deployment Mode,Hybrid Cloud Deployment Mode,CloudProgrammingandManagement, AnckaS DK,ManagementTools. UNIT-V CLOUDAPPLICATIONS: Scientific Applications — Health care, Geoscience and Biology. Businessand Consumer Applications- CRM and ERP, Social Networking, Media Applicationsand Multiplayer Online Gaming. UNIT-V CURRENTCONTOURS(Forcontinuousinternalassessmentonly): Contemporary Developments Related to. the Course during the Semester Concerned Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)CLOUD COMPUTING UNIT-I Introduction to Cloud Computing Cloud Computing at a Glance: Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage, databases,networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet). Cloud computing means storing and accessing data on remote servers that are hosted on theinternet instead of computer’s hard drive or local server. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Laptops. Application = oy eI a sod Desktops olsboration gee es atahten Platform [S) Object entity Runtime Queue Storage Infrasturcture = = © [J Sree gsone Phones Cloud computing Tablets The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that makes handy for the user to manage the compute, storage, network, and application resources. Operations performed on cloud computing are + Storage,backup and recovery of data Delivery of software on demand * Development of new applications and services © Streaming videos and audio Cloud computing architecture Cloud computing architecture refers to components and sub-components required for cloud computing. These components typically refers to: + Front end( fat client,thin client) * Back-end platforms(servers storage) © Cloud-based delivery and a network(Internet, Intranet, Intercloud) in of cli mputi 1).Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime environment and services to a person having money. 2).These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)3).The whole collection of computing system is transformed into collection of utilities, which can beprovisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days, with no maintenance cost. 4),The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as utilities in an openmarket without technological and legal barriers. 5).In the future, we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that matches with ourrequirements by simply entering out request in a global digital market that trades with cloud computing services, 6).The existence of such market will enable the automation of discovery process and its integrationinto its existing software systems. 7).Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help serviceproviders to potentially increase their revenue 8).A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competition service in order to fulfill itspromises to customers. 9).In the near future we can imagine a solution that suits our needs by simply applying ourapplication to the global digital market for cloud computing services, 10).The presence of this market will enable the acquisition proces automatically integrate withits integration into its existing software applications The availability of a global cloud trading platform will also help service providers to increase their revenue. to 11).A cloud provider can also be a buyer of a competitive service to fulfill its promises to customers, Defi The cloud" refers to servers that are ace that run on those servers, Cloudatereentent: located in all over the world, By using cloud computing, users and companies do not have to manage physical servers themselves or run software applications on their own machines. ssed over the Internet, and the software anddatabas Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha selvara}4@gmail com)Users of Cloud Computing: Organizations of different types, sizes, and industries are using the cloud for a wide variety of use cases, such as building customer-facing web applications, data backup, sending email/SMS notifications, virtual desktops, software development and testing, big data analytics, and disaster recovery. Cloud Computing Deployment Models The deployment models specify different types of clouds. Every organization has different needs, they need to determine which cloud deployment model will work for them, There are mainly three cloud deployment models: 1. Public Cloud The public cloud is a set of hardware, networking, storage, services, applications, and interfaces owned and operated by a third party for use by other companies or individuals. You access these services and manage your account using a web browser. These commercial providers create a highly scalable data center that hides the details of the underlying infrastructure from the consumer. 2. Private Cloud A private cloud is a set of hardware, networking, storage, services, applications, and interfaces owned and operated by an organization for the use of its employees, partners, or customers. A private cloud can be created and managed by a third party for the exclusive use of one enterprise. The private cloud is a highly controlled environment not open for public consumption. It is essentially just another way of running an on-premises data center. 3. Hybrid Cloud A hybrid cloud is a combination of a private cloud combined witlpublie chsad of rvices where the two cloud environments work together to solve business problems. By allowing data and applications to move between private and public clouds, a hybrid cloud gives your business Downloaded by Vanitha solvaaj (vata, selvarai@amailcom)greater flexibility, more deployment options and helps optimize your existing infrastructure, security, and compliance. Jor mputing reference model The cloud computing reference model is an abstract model that divides a cloud computing environment into abstraction layers and cross-layer functions to characterize and standardize its functions. This reference model divides cloud computing activities and functions into three cross- layer functions and five logical layers. Each of these layers describes different things that might be present in a cloud computing environment, such as computing systems, networking, storage equipment, virtualization software, security measures, control and management software, and so forth. It also explains the connections between these organizations. The five layers are the Physical layer, virtual layer, control layer, service orchestration layer, and service layer. Cloud Computing reference model: Cloud Computing reference model is divided into 3 major service models: 1. Software as a Service (SaaS) 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) 3, Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) ‘The below diagram explains the cloud computing reference model: Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Sofware se Senice Infrastructure asa Service Cloud Computing Reference Model Overview IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are the three most prevalent cloud delivery models, and together they have been widely adopted and formalized. A cloud delivery service model is a specific, preconfigured combination of IT resources made available by a cloud service provider. But the functionality and degree of administrative control each of these three delivery types offer cloud users varies. These abstraction layers can also be considered a tiered architecture, where services from one layer can be combined with services from another, for example, SaaS can supply infrastructure to create services from a higher layer. Let us have a look at the layers of cloud computing reference model. 1, SaaS Software as a Service (SaaS) is a form of application delivery that relieves users of the burden of software maintenance while making development and testing easier for service providers. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)The cloud delivery model's top layer is where applications are located. End customers get access to the services this tier offers via web portals. Because online software services provide the same functionality as locally installed computer programs, consumers (users) are rapidly switching from them. Today, ILMS and other application software can be accessed via the web as a service. In terms of data access, collaboration, editing, storage, and document sharing, SaaS. is unquestionably a crucial service. Email service in a web browser is the most well-known and widely used example of SaaS, but SaaS applications are becoming more cooperative and advanced. Features of SaaS are as follows: + The cloud consumer has full control over all the cloud services. + The provider has full control over software applications-based services * The cloud provider has partial control over the implementation of cloud services. * The consumer has limited control over the implementation of these cloud services. 2. PaaS Platform as a Service is a strategy that offers a high level of abstraction to make a cloud readily programmable in addition to infrastructure-oriented clouds that offer basic compute and storage capabilities (PaaS). Developers can construct and deploy apps on a cloud platform without necessarily needing to know how many processors or how much memory their applications would use. A PaaS offering that provides a scalable environment for creating and hosting web applications is Google App Engine, for instance. Features of PaaS layer are as follows: + The cloud provider has entire rights or control over the provision of cloud services toconsumers. + The cloud consumer has selective control based on the resources they need or have opted foron the application server, database, or middleware. + Consumers get environments in which they can develop their applications or Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)databases. These environments are usually very visual and very easy to use. + Provides options for scalability and security of the user’s resources + Services to create workflows and websites. + Services to connect users’ cloud platforms to other external platforms. 3. laaS Infrastructure as a Service (Iaa$) offers storage and computer resources that developers and IT organizations use to deliver custonybusiness solutions. IaaS delivers computer hardware (servers, networking technology, storage, and data center space) as a service. It may also include the delivery of OS and virtualization technology to manage the resources. Here, the more important point is that laaS customers rent computing resources instead of buying and installing them in their data centers. The service is typically paid for on a usage basis. The service may include dynamic scaling so that if the customers need more resources than expected, they can get them immediately. The control of the IaaS layer is as follows: « The consumer has full/partial control over the infrastructure of the cloud, servers, anddatabases. + The consumer has control over the Virtual Machines’ implementation and + The consumer has a choice of already installed VM machines with pre- installed Operating systems. + The cloud provider has full control over the data centers and the other hardwareinvolved in them. + Ithas the ability to scale resources based on the usage of users. + Itcan also copy data worldwide so that data can be accessed from anywhere in theworld as soon as possible. Types of Cloud Computing Reference Model There is various type of cloud computing reference model used based on different requirements of the consumers. The most important type of cloud computing reference Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)model is the cloud reference model in cloud computing. The National Institute of Standards and ‘Technology (NIST) is an organization designed by the US government (USG) agency for the adoption and development of cloud computing standards, The principle of NIST Cloud computing reference architecture are: 1. Create a vendor-neutral architecture that adheres to the NIST standard. 2. Create a solution that does not inhibit innovation by establishing a required technologicalsolution. 3. The NIST Cloud computing reference architecture provides characteristics like elasticity,self-service, the collaboration of resources, etc. The service models involved in this architecture are: 1. Software as a Service (SaaS) 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) 3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) NIST Cloud computing also has 4 deployment models, which are as follow 1. Public This is the model where cloud infrastructure and resources are given to the public via a publicnetwork. These models are generally owned by companies that sell cloud services. 2. Private This is the model where cloud infrastructure and resources are only accessible by the cloud consumer. These models are generally owned by cloud consumers themselves or a third party. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)3. Community This is the model where a group of cloud consumers might share their cloud infrastructure and resources as they may have the same goal and policies to be achieved. These models are ownedby organizations or third-party. 4, Hybrid This model consists of a mixture of different deployment models like public, private, or community. This helps in the exchange of data or applications between various models. Programming APL Scripting & Programming Languages Google App Engine Microsoft azure Examples of Cloud Computing Reference Model Apart From NIST IBM Architecture Oracle Architecture HP Architecture Rene Cisco Reference Architecture 5 Characteristics of Cloud Computing There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them : Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks andheterogeneous devices. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over. Resource pooling: The IT resource (c.g. networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical resource. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or organizations) on a single set of shared resources. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources to users. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and reliability. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models, including pay-per- use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option that best suits their needs. Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users’ data and ensurethe privacy of sensitive information. Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual intervention. Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices, such as energy- efficient data centers and the use of renewable energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)On-Demand Self-Service é Measured Broad Service Network ‘Access Cloud Rapid Elasticity Benefits of Cloud Computing Accessibility anywhere, with any device each branch or office across various states or countries. The improved accessibility doesn’t just impact employees; clients and customers can also log in to an account and access their information as well. This ensures everyone has up-to-date information whether they're at the office or on the go. Ability to get rid of most or all hardware and software With cloud computing, you're no longer required to have your own server, cables, network switchesbackup generators, redundant routers, and so on, Depending on the cloud provider you choose, they can manage all of this for a monthly fee. Reducing expenses is essential in any business model and every cloud-based platform benefits from this factor alone. Centralized data security When you use cloud computing, data backups are centralized in the cloud providers' data centers, removing the need for individual users or teams to maintain their own backups onsite or offsite. Thislowers the risk of data loss should any one backup fail or be destroyed by a disaster. Cloud providers can restore the data from another copy maintained in their cloud storage, which is continuously updated with every piece of data added. Teams can take advantage of cloud security technologies such as data encryption and two- factorauthentication for greater privacy than they'd have when relying on their own equipment Downloaded by Vanihaselvaraj(vantha.selvaraps@gmail com)or servers at home or in the office. Oracle uses a security-first cloud architecture with automated protectionbuilt in, Higher performance and availability By using cloud computing resources together simultaneously, you reap greater performance gains than by having your own dedicated server hardware. Cloud computing increases input/output operations per second (IOPS) Learn about cloud computing economics Cloud services also offer high availability with no downtime because they're distributed across multiple cloud facilities. Cloud providers are responsible for updating cloud systems and fixing bugsand security issues in cloud software, which is transparent to end users. Quick application deployment Unpredictable business needs often require cloud computing resources on short notice. You can improve your cloud application development by quickly deploying cloud applications because they are readily available without the need to procure additional hardware or wait for IT staff to set up servers. In addition you can choose from a broad range of services that support different types of cloudinfrastructure technologies. Instant business insights Cloud-based platforms provide a unique opportunity to access data as soon as it’s collected. Thisfacilitates better decision-making as well as insight into what the future may hold for your organization based on predictions from historical data. Business continuity In the event of disaster or unforeseen circumstances, do you have an effective backup plan? If not,relying on cloud computing services can benefit your organization. Cloud computing uses infinitedata storage space and systems that can be activated remotely if necessary to ensure business continuity. Price-performance and cost savings Although an initial financial investment is required to implement a cloud strategy, organizations save substantial amounts in the long run because they don’t have to maintain expensive hardware orlocal data centers. Also, since there are no upfront costs to use cloud-based systems, businesses can Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)test them out before investing in them at their own pace. Oracle provides price-performance and flexible . Virtualized computing Cloud computing is perfect for virtualized computer environments because cloud resources can beallocated instantly to support significant increases in demand so you never experience downtime again. With cloud computing, your business can expand its capabilities almost effortlessly to meetgrowing demands without increasing staff or capital expenditures. Cloud computing is greener Cloud computing is a greener technology than traditional IT solutions. By moving to the cloud, businesses can reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint by up to 90%. Rather than having in-house servers and software, businesses can use cloud-based services to access the same applications and data from any computer or device with an internet connection. This climinates theneed for businesses to purchase and maintain their own IT infrastructure. Historical Development of Cloud Computing Historical development of Cloud Computing 1. In 1950 the main frame and time sharing are born, introducing the concept of sharedcomputer resources. . During this time word cloud was not in use. . Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the 1960s with his work on ARPANET to connect people and data from anywhere at any time. . In 1969 the first working prototype of ARPANET is launched. . In 1970 the word “Client-Server” come in to use. Client server defines the computing model where client access the data and applications from a central server. . In 1995, pictures of cloud are started showing in diagrams, for not technical people tounderstand. 8. At that time AT & T had already begun to develop an architecture and system where datawould be located centrally. 9. In 1999 the salesforce.com was launched, the first company to make enterprise applicationsavailable from a website. 10. In 1999, the search engine Google launches. 11. In 1999, Netflix was launched, introducing the new revenue way. 12. In 2003, web2.0 is born, which is characterized by rich multimedia, Now user can generatecontent. 13, In 2004 Facebook launches giving users facility to share themselves. 14, In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services(AWS), giving users a new way. 15. 1n2006, Google CEOsEric:Schmidtaises thes werd tdJoud%as an industry event. wee aur a16. In 2007, Apple launches iPhone, which could be used on any wireless network. 17. In 2007, Netflix launches streaming services, and live video watching is born. 18. In 2008, private cloud come in to existence. 19. In 2009, browser based application like google apps are introduced 20. In 2010, hybrid cloud (private+public cloud) comes in to existence. 21. In 2012, Google launches google drive with free cloud storage. 22. Now cloud adoption is present, which makes cloud computing more stronger. 23. The IT services progressed over the decades with the adoption of technologies such asInternet Service Providers (ISP) Application Service Providers. Virtualization Virtualization technology makes cloud computing possible. Cloud providers set up and maintaintheir own data centers. They create different virtual environments that use the underlying hardware resources. You can then program your system to access these cloud resources by using APIs. Server Hardware APP APP APP Binaries/ Binaries/ Binaries/ Libraries Libraries Libraries Guest Guest Guest os os os C Hyperviser ) Host OS ) AR Virtualization Uses of Virtualization * Data-integration + Business-integration + Service-oriented architecture data-services + Searching organizational data Characteristics of Virtualized Environment 1. Resource Abstraction, Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Virtualization enables the abstraction of physical resources such as processors, memory, storage, and network components. This abstraction allows multiple virtual instances to run on a single physical machine, optimizing resource utilization and maximizing efficiency. For instance, a singlephysical server can be virtualized into multiple virtual machines (VMs), each operating independently of its operating system. 2. Isolation and Security Virtualization provides a layer of isolation between different virtual instances. This isolation ensuresthat resources allocated to one virtual instance do not interfere with others. This characteristic is crucial for ensuring security and preventing unauthorized access. Cloud providers leverage virtualization to ensure that customer workloads are isolated from each other, enhancing data security and confidentiality. 3. Hardware Independence One of the defining characteristics of virtualization is its ability to decouple virtual instances fromthe underlying physical hardware. This hardware independence allows IT teams to migrate virtualinstances across different physical hosts without incurring downtime Businesses can upgrade or replace hardware components without affecting the functioning of virtualized workloads. 4. Scalability Cloud computing’s scalability is greatly amplified by virtualization. Through the creation of VM templates, cloud providers can rapidly provision new virtual instances to meet varying demands. This elasticity enables businesses to scale their resources up or down dynamically, ensuring optimalperformance without over-provisioning 5. Management and Orchestration Virtualization empowers cloud administrators to manage and orchestrate resources efficiently. Virtualization management tools allow for VM creation, deployment, monitoring, and scaling tasks.Orchestration frameworks enable the automation of complex workflows, making it possible to manage entire environments with minimal manual intervention. 6. Workload Isolation and Sandboxing ‘The concept of virtualization also lends itself to the isolation and sandboxing of applications and workloads. Developers can create isolated environments for testing and development without affecting the underlying infrastructure. This is particularly beneficial for ensuring application compatibility, debugging, and experimenting with new configurations. 7. Legacy System Migration Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanithaselvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Virtualization facilitates the migration of legacy systems to modern environments. By encapsulatinglegacy applications within virtual instances, organizations can extend the lifespan of crucial software without being tied to outdated hardware. This characteristic simplifies the process of transitioning to cloud-based infrastructure. 8. Disaster Recovery and Backup Virtualization enhances disaster recovery and backup strategies. Virtual machine snapshots can be taken at various points in time, providing the ability to restore systems to a specific state. In case ofhardware failures or data corruption, organizations can quickly restore virtual instances from these snapshots, minimizing downtime and data loss. 9. Cost Efficiency Virtualization contributes to cost efficiency by optimizing resource usage. Organizations can reducehardware and energy costs by consolidating workloads on fewer physical machines. Additionally, the scalability and flexibility of virtualized environments allow businesses to align their resource expenditure with actual demand. 10. DevOps and Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (C/CD) Virtualization aligns seamlessly with DevOps practices and CI/CD pipelines. Developers can createreproducible development and testing environments using virtualization, leading to consistent and reliable software deployments. The ability to create and destroy virtual instances rapidly aids in the automated testing and deployment of applications. Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques Virtualization covers a wide range of emulation techniques that are appliedto different areasof computing. ‘A classification of these techniques helps us better understand their characteristics and use .The first classification discriminates against the service or entity that is being emulated. Virtualization is mainly used to emulate execution environments, storage, and networks. Among these categories, execution virtualization constitutes the oldest, most popular, and mostdeveloped area. Therefore, it deserves ‘major investigation and a further categorization Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)fee Tama (Gamer) rT a | rr | eimawion |] [ronan rocass Level igh-Lovel greeny xe LY] histmenamining J Sparing [insznon J L_sysom J By timer Tinos SpatemLavet Hasta | Paravitwitzon We can divide these execution virtualization techniques into two major categories by consideringthe type of host they require. Process-level techniques are implemented on top of an existing operatingsystem, which has full control of thehardware. System-level I techniques are implemented directly on hardware and do notrequire - or require a minimum ofsupport from - an existing operating system Within these two categories we can list various techniques that offer the guest a different type of virtual computation environment. bare hardware operating system resources low-level programminglanguage application libraries Execution virtualization includes all techniques that aim to emulate an execution environment that is separate from the one hosting the virtualization layer. All these techniques concentrate their interest on providing support for the execution of programswhether these are the operating system, a binary specification of a program compiled against an abstract machine model, or an application. Therefore, execution virtualization can be implemented Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)directly on top of the hardware by the operating system, an application, or libraries dynamically orstatically linked to an application image Pros of Virtualization in Cloud Computing tilization of Hardware Efficiently With the help of Virtualization Hardware is Efficiently used by user as well as Cloud Service Provider. In this the need of Physical Hardware System for the User is decreases and this results in less costly.In Service Provider point of View, they will vitalize the Hardware using Hardware Virtualization which decrease the Hardware requirement from Vendor side which are provided to User is decreased. Before Virtualization, Companies and organizations have to set up their own Server which require extra space for placing them, engineer’s to check its performance and require extra hardware cost but with the help of Virtualization the all these limitations are removed by Cloud vendor’s who provide Physical Services without setting up any Physical Hardware system. Availability increases with Virtualization One of the main benefit of Virtualization is that it provides advance features which allow virtual instances to be available all the times. It also has capability to move virtual instance from one virtual Server another Server which is very tedious and risky task in Server Based System. During migration of Data from one server to another it ensures its safety. Also, we can access information from any location and any time from any device. Disaster Recovery is efficient and easy With the help of virtualization Data Recovery, Backup, Duplication becomes very easy. In traditional method , if somehow due to some disaster if Server system Damaged then the surety of Data Recovery is very less. But with the tools of Virtualization real time data backup recovery and mirroring become easy task and provide surety of zero percent data loss. Virtualization saves Energy Virtualization will help to save Energy because while moving from physical Servers to Virtual Server’s, the number of Server’s decreases due to this monthly power and cooling cost decreases which will Save Money as well. As cooling cost reduces it’ means carbon production by devices also decreases which results in Fresh and pollution free environment. Quick and Easy Set up In traditional methods Setting up physical system and servers are very time-consuming Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)FirstlyPurchase them in bulk after that wait for shipment. When Shipment is done then wait for Setting up and after that again spend time in installing required software etc. Which will consume very time. But with the help of virtualization the entire process is done in very less time which results in productive setup. Cloud Migration becomes easy Most of the companies those who already have spent a lot in the server have a doubt of Shiftingto Cloud. But it is more cost-effective to shift to cloud services because all the data that is present in their server’s can be easily migrated into the cloud server and save something from maintenance charge, power consumption, cooling cost, cost to Server Maintenance Engineer etc. Cons of Virt ation Data can be at Risk Working on virtual instances on shared resources means that our data is hosted on third party resource which put’s our data in vulnerable condition. Any hacker can attack on our data or try to perform unauthorized access. Without Security solution our data is in threaten situation. Learning New Infrastructure ‘As Organization shifted from Servers to Cloud. They required skilled staff who can work with cloud easily. Either they hire new IT staff with relevant skill or provide training on that skill whichincrease the cost of company. High Initial Investment It is true that Virtualization will reduce the cost of companies but also it is truth that Cloud have high initial investment. It provides numerous services which are not required and when unskilled organization will try to set up in cloud they purchase unnecessary services which are not even required to them. VMware VMware LLC is an American cloud computing and virtualization technology company withheadquarterPaio Alto, California. VMware was the first. commercially successful company tovix86itizehtecture VMware's desktop software runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. VMware ESXi its enterprise software hypervisor, is an operating system that runs on server hardware. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)In May 2022, Broadcom Inc. announced an agreement to acquire VMware in a cash-and- stock transaction valued at $61 billion. The acquisition was closed on November 22, 2023 Benefits of VM. € Improved return on investment (ROI): VMware enables you to use more of a physical computer's resources. Administrators don't like running multiple mission- critical applicationson a single server OS because if one application crashes, it can make the OS unstable and crash other applications. One way to eliminate this risk is to run cach application in its own OS on its own dedicated physical server, but this is inefficient because each OS might only use 30% of a server's CPU power. With VMware, you can run each application in its own OS on the same physical server and make better use of the physical server’s available CPU power. More efficient use of energy and space: VMware lets you run more applications using fewer physical servers. Fewer physical servers require less space in your data center and less energy to power and cool. Industry support: VMware is the foremost provider of virtualization services, with over 500,000 customers. A network of 75,000 partners supports customers with a wide variety of add-on products and services. Virtualization. ‘Components of VMware virtualization VMware hypervisor ‘VMware ESX VMware and Linux Virtual desktop integration (VDI) ‘VMware Horizon vSphere vCenter 2.2.,.Microsoft Hyper-V. Hyper-V is Microsoft's hardware virtualization product. It lets you create and run a software version of a computer, called a virtual machine. Each virtual machine acts like a complete computer, running an operating system and programs. When you need computing resources, virtual machines give you more flexibility, help save time and money, and are a more efficient Déwnloaded by Vanitha selvaraj (vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)way to use hardware than just running one operating system on physical hardware. Hyper-V runs each virtual machine in its own isolated space, which means you can run more than one virtual machine on the same hardware at the same time. You might want to do this to avoid problems such as a crash affecting the other workloads, or to give different people, groups or services access to different systems, Uses of Hyper-V + Establish or expand a private cloud environment. Provide more flexible, on- demand IT services by moving to or expanding your use of shared resources and adjustutilization as demand changes. + Use your hardware more effectively. Consolidate servers and workloads onto fewer, more powerful physical computers to use less power and physical space. + Improve business continuity. Minimize the impact of both scheduled and unscheduled downtime of your workloads. + Establish or expand a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI). Use a centralized desktop strategy with VDI can help you increase business agility and data security, as well as simplify regulatory compliance and manage desktop operating systems and applications. Deploy Hyper-V and Remote Desktop Virtualization Host (RD Virtualization Host) on the same server to make personal virtual desktops or virtual desktop pools available to your users. + Make development and test more efficient. Reproduce different computing environments without having to buy or maintain all the hardware you'd need if you only used physical systems. UNIT-IT ud Computing Architecture ‘As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizationsto store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection. Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event- driven architecture. Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts - o Front End o Back End The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing ~ Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj([email protected])Architecture of Cloud Computing Front End internet Application Runtime Cloud : Back End Bere infrastructure > = g € o 2 = 5 = Front End The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices. Back End The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, ete. Note: Both front end and back end are connected to others through a network, generally using theinternet connection. Components of Cloud Computing Architecture There are the following components of cloud computing architecture - 1. Client Infrastructure Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud. 2. Application The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access. 3. Service ‘A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’ srequirement. Cloud computing offers the following three type of services: Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)i. Software as a Service (SaaS) — It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx. ii, Platform as a Service (PaaS) — It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quitesimilar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation, butusing SaaS, we can access software over the intemet without the need of any platform. Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift. iii, Infrastructure as a Service (Ia) - It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It isresponsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments. Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod 4. Runtime Cloud Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines. 5. Storage Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a hugeamount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data. 6. Infrastructure It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model. 7. Management Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination between them. 8. Security Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security mechanism in the back end. 9. Internet The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate with each other. Cloud Service Models There are the following three types of cloud service models - 1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS' 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) 3. Software as a Service (SaaS) Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanithaselvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) TaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers. Characteristics of IaaS There are the following characteristics of IaaS - o Resources are available as a service © Services are highly scalable Dynamic and flexible o GUlIand API-based access © Automated administrative tasks Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud. Platform as a Service (PaaS) PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, andmanage the applications. Characteristics of PaaS There are the following characteristics of PaaS - o Accessible to various users via the same development application. o Integrates with web services and databases. © Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as perthe organization's need. o Support multiple languages and frameworks. o Provides an ability to "Auto-scale". Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)in-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and web browser. Characteristics of SaaS There are the following characteristics of SaaS - © Managed from a central location o Hosted on a remote server © Accessible over the intemet © Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are appliedautomatically. © The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting. rence between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS The below table shows the difference between laaS, PaaS, and SaaS - TaaS Paas SaaS It provides a virtual data It provides virtual platforms It provides web software center to store and tools to create, test, and and apps to complete information and create deploy apps. business tasks. platforms for app development, testing, and deployment. It provides access to It provides runtime _It provides software as a resources such as virtual environments and service to the end-users. machines. virtual deployment tools __ for storage, ete. applications. It is used by network It is used by developers. It is used by end users. architects. TaaS provides only PaaS provides SaaS provides Infrastructure. Infrastructure+Platform. Infrastructure+Platform +Software. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)TYPES OF CLOUDS Public Cloud Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to the general public through anInternet connection. © Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and administrated by the third party,ie., Cloud service provider. In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple users at the same time. Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities, governmentorganizations, or a combination of them. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (C2), Microsoft Azure, IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, andGoogle Cloud are examples of the public cloud. PUBLIC CLOUD Advantages of Public Cloud There are the following advantages of public cloud - 1) Low Cost Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same resourceswith a large number of consumers. 2) Location Independent Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the internet. 3) Save Time In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain datacenters in which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their time to establish connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates, configure, and assemble servers. 4) Quickly and easily set up Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and deployed and configured itremotely through the cloud service provider within a few hours. 5) Business Agility Downloade by Vania selvara)([email protected])Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer resources based on theorganization’s requirements. 6) Scalability and reliability Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available) servicesto the users at an affordable cost. \dvantages of Pub! ud 1) Low Security Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly. 2) Performance In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet connectivity. 3) Less customizable Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud. 1 Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud, © Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the organization) and selected users instead of the general public. Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls and internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible to third-party providers. HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra private cloud. private cloud, and Ubuntu are the example of a Advantages of Private cloud ‘There are the following advantages of Private Cloud - 1) More Control Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than public cloudsbecause it is only accessed by selected users. 2) Security & privacy Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing. Private cloud improved the security level as compared to the public cloud. 3) Improved performance Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Disadvantages of Private Cloud 1) High cost The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware resources are costly. 2) Restricted area of operations As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations islimited. 3) Limited scalability Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted resources. 4) Skilled people Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services. Hybrid Cloud Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and _—_ private clouds. Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a unified, automated, and well-managed computing environment. In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities. The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google, HYBRID. Advantages of Hybrid Cloud There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud - 1) Flexible and secure It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources becauscof the private cloud. 2) Cost effective Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save costs forboth infrastructure and application support. 3) Cost effective It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud iscapable of adapting to the demands that each company needs for space, memory, and system. 4) Security Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the private cloud. 5) Risk Management Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to manage the risk. Disadvan: f Hybrit 1) Networking issues In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of the private and the public cloud. 2) Infrastructure Compatibility Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid cloud. With dual-levels of infrastructure, a private cloud controls the company, and a public cloud does not, so there is a possibility that they are running in separate stacks. ity Phe reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers. Community Cloud Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share the information. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them. Community Cloud oe) C > Example: Our government organization within India may share computing infrastructure in thecloud to manage data. Advantages of Community Cloud Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)There are the following advantages of Community Cloud - Cost effective Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared between severalorganizations or a community. Flexible and Scalable The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with every user. Itallows the users to modify the documents as per their needs and requirement. Security Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than the private cloud. Sharing infrastructure Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities among various organizations. Disadvantages of Community Cloud There are the following disadvantages of Community Cloud - © Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization. © Slow adoption to data The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community members. o Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud. © Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult. Economics of the Cloud Economics of Cloud Computing is based on the PAY AS YOU GO method. Users/Customers must have to pay only for their way of the usage of the cloud services. It is definitely beneficial for the users. So the Cloud is economically very convenient for all. Another side is to eliminate some indirect costs which is generated by assets such as license of the software and their support. In the cloud, users can use software applications on a subscription basis without any cost becausethe property of the software providing service remains to the cloud provider. Economical background of the cloud is more useful for developers in the following ways: + Pay as you go model offered by cloud providers. + Scalable and Simple. Cloud Computing Allows: + Reduces the capital costs of infrastructure. + Removes the maintenance cost. + Removes the administrative cost. What is Capital Cost? It is cost occurred in the purchasing infrastructure or the assets that is important in the productionof goods. It takes a long time to generate profit. Downloaded by Vaniha solver (vant. Vara@gmaicom)In the case of start-ups, there is no extra budget for the infrastructure and its maintenance. So cloud can minimizes expenses of any small organization in terms of economy. It leads to the developers can only focus on the development logic and not on the maintenance of the infrastructure. There are three different Pricing Strategies that are introduced by Cloud Computing: Tiered Pricing, Per-unit Pricing, and Subscription-based Pricing. These are explained as following below. 1. Tiered Pricing: Cloud Services are offered in the various tiers. Each tier offers to fix service agreements at a specific cost. Amazon EC2 uses this kind of pricing. 2. Per-unit Pricing: The model is based upon the unit-specific service concept. Data transferand memory allocation include in this model for specific units. GoGrid uses this kind ofpricing in terms of RAM/hour. 3. Subscription-based Pricing: In this model, users are paying periodic subscription fees for the usage of the software. OPEN CHALLENGES Cloud technology was flourishing before the pandemic, but there has been a sudden spike in cloud deployment and usage during the lockdown. The tremendous growth can be linked to thefact that classes have been shifted online, virtual office meetings are happening on video calling platforms, conferences are taking place virtually as well as on-demand streaming apps have a huge audience. All this is made possible by us of cloud computing only. We are safe to conclude thatthe cloud is an important part of our life today, even if we are an enterprise, student, developer, or anyone else and are heavily dependent on it. But with this dependence, it is also important for us to look at the issues and challenges that arise with cloud computing. Therefore, today we bringyou the most common challenges that are faced when dealing with cloud computing, let’s have a look at them one by one: 1. Data Security and Privacy Data security is a major concern when switching to cloud computing. User or organizationaldata stored in the cloud is critical and private. Even if the cloud service provider assures data integrity, it is your responsibility to carry out user authentication and authorization, identity management, data encryption, and access control. Security issues on the cloud include identity theft, data breaches, malware infections, and a lot more which eventually decrease the trust amongst the users of your applications. This can in turn lead to potential loss in revenue alongside reputation and stature. Also, dealing with cloud computing requires sending and receiving huge amounts of data at high speed, and therefore is susceptible to data leaks. 2. Cost Management Even as almost all cloud service providers have a “Pay As You Go” model, which reduces the overall cost of the resources being used, there are times when there are huge costs incurred to the enterprise using cloud computing. When there is under optimization of the resources, let’s say that the servers are not being used to their fall potential, add up to the hidden costs. If there i a degraded application performance or sudden spikes or overages in the usage, it adds up to theoverall cost. Unused resources are one of the other main reasons why the costs go up. If you tumon the services or an instance of cloud and forget to turn it off during the weekend or when thereis no current use of it, it will increase the cost without Downloaded by Vania selvara} (vntha sevaraj#@emalcom)even using the resources. 3. Multi-Cloud Environments Due to an increase in the options available to the companies, enterprises not only use a single cloud but depend on multiple cloud service providers. Most of these companies use hybrid cloud tactics and close to 84% are dependent on multiple clouds. This often ends up being hindered and difficult to manage for the infrastructure team. The process most of the time ends up being highlycomplex for the IT team due to the differences between multiple cloud providers. 4, Performance Challenges Performance is an important factor while considering cloud-based solutions. If the performance of the cloud is not satisfactory, it can drive away users and decrease profits. Even a little latency while loading an app or a web page can result in a huge drop in the percentage ofusers. This latency can be a product of inefficient load balancing, which means that the server cannot efficiently split the incoming traffic so as to provide the best user experience, Challengesalso arise in the case of fault tolerance, which means. the operations continue as required even when one or more of the components fail. 5, Interoperability and Flexibility When an organization uses a specific cloud service provider and wants to switch to another cloud-based solution, it often turns up to be a tedious procedure since applications written for one cloud with the application stack are required to be re-written for the other cloud. There is a lack of flexibility from switching from one cloud to another due to the complexities involved. Handling data movement, setting up the security from scratch and network also add up to the issues encountered when changing cloud solutions, thereby reducing flexibility 6. High Dependence on Network Since cloud computing deals with provisioning resources in real-time, it deals with enormous amounts of data transfer to and from the servers. This is only made possible due to the availability of the high-speed network. Although these data and resources are exchanged over the network, this can prove to be highly vulnerable in case of limited bandwidth or cases when thereis a sudden outage. Even when the enterprises can cut their hardware costs, they need to ensurethat the internet bandwidth is high as well there are zero network outages, or else it can result in a potential business loss. It is therefore a major challenge for smaller enterprises that have to maintain network bandwidth that comes with a high cost. 7. Lack of Knowledge and Expertise Due to the complex nature and the high demand for research working with the cloud often ends up being a highly tedious task. It requires immense knowledge and wide expertise on the subject. Although there are a lot of professionals in the field they need to constantly update themselves. Cloud computing is a highly paid job due to the extensive gap between demand and supply. There are a lot of vacancies but very few talented cloud engineers, developers, and professionals. Therefore, there is a need for upskilling so these professionals can actively understand, manage and develop cloud-based applications with minimum issues and maximum reliability. ‘Downloaded by Vanitha solvaaj (vata, [email protected])CLOUD INTEROPEABILITY AND STANDARDS Interoperability ; It is defined as the capacity of at least two systems or applications to trade with data andutilize it. On the other hand, cloud interoperability is the capacity or extent at which one cloud service is connected with the other by trading data as per strategy to get results. ‘The two crucial components in Cloud interoperability are usability and connectivity, which arefurther divided into multiple layers. Behaviour Policy Semantic Syntactic ‘Transport .. Portability It is the process of transferring the data or an application from one framework to others, making itstay executable or usable. Portability can be separated into two types: Cloud data portability and Cloud application portability. AURYNS + Cloud data portability — It is the capability of moving information from one cloud service to another and so on withoutexpecting to re-enter the data. + Cloud application portability — It is the capability of moving an application from one cloud service to another or between aclient’s environment and a cloud service. Categories of | Cloud Computing Interoperability and portabi : The Cloud portability and interoperability can be divided into — + Data Portability + Platform Interoperability + Application Portability + Management Interoperability + Platform Portability + Application Interoperability + Publication and Acquisition Interoperability 1. Data Portability may be from one cloud service to another cloud service in the aimof providing a better service to the customer without affecting it’s usability. Moreover, it makes the cloud migration process more easier. 2. Application Portability But if components are not platform specific, porting to another platform is easy and effortless. Platform Portability implemented by re-compiling on various different hardware and re- writing sections that are hardware-dependent which are not coded in C. Machine image portability binds application with platform by porting the resulting bundle which requires standard program representation. 4. Application Interoperability Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)It is the interoperability between deployed components of an application deployed in a system. Generally, applications that are built on the basis of design principles show better interoperability than those which are not. 5. Platform Interoperabili - 6. Management Interoperability - from third parties. 7. Publication and Acquisition Interoperability - The below figure represents an overview of Cloud interoperability and portability : eo A ont | fee |e | ar c fH © ia J = CLOUD INTEROPERABILITY AND PORTABILITY Major Scenarios _where interoperability and __portability is required _ + Switching between cloud service providers - The customer wants to transfer data or applications from Cloud 1 to Cloud 2. + Using multiple cloud service providers- The client may subscribe to the same or different services e.g. Cloud 1 and 2. + Directly linked cloud services- The customer can use the service by linking to Cloud 1 and Cloud 3. + Hybrid Cloud configuration Here the customer connects with a legacy system not in a public, but, private cloud, ie. Cloud!, which is then connected to public cloud services ie. Cloud 3. + Cloud Migr ation- Clients migrate to one or more in-house applications to Cloud 1. Challenges faced in Cloud Portability and Interoperability Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)+ If we move the application to another cloud, then, naturally, data is also moved. And for some businesses, data is very crucial. But unfortunately, most cloud service providers charge a small amount of money to get the data into the cloud + The degree of mobility of data can also act as an obstacle. Moving data from one cloud to another cloud, the capability of moving workload from one host to another should also be accessed, + Interoperability should not be left out, otherwise data migration can be highly affected. So the functioning of all components and applications should be ensured. + As data is highly important in business, the safety of customer’s data should be ensured. Cloud interoperability eradicates the complex parts by providing custom interfaces. Moving from one framework can be conceivable with a container service which improves scalability. Having a few hurdles, adaptability to change in service providers, better assistance in cloud clients will enhance the improvement of cloud interoperability. Cloud Scalability: Cloud scalability is used to handle the growing workload where good performance is also needed to work efficiently with software or applications. Scalability is commonly used where the persistent deployment of resources is required to handle the workload statically. Example: Consider you are the owner of'a company whose database size was small in earlier days but as time passed your business does grow and the size of your database also increases, so in this case you just need to request your cloud service vendor to scale up your database capacity to handle a heavy workload. It is totally different from what you have read above in Cloud Elasticity. Scalability is used to fulfill the static needs while elasticity is used to fulfill the dynamic need of the organization. Scalability is a similar kind of service provided by the cloud where the customers have to pay-per- use. So, in conclusion, we can say that Scalability is useful where the workload remains high and increases statically. ‘Types of Scalability: Vertical Scalability (Scale-up) In this type of scalability, we increase the power of existing resources in the workingenvironment in an upward direction, 2. Horii row. ntal Scalability: In this kind of scaling, the resources are added in a horizontal Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)ooo 3. Diagonal Scalability — It is a mixture of both Horizontal and Vertical scalability where the resources are added both vertically and horizontally. g Loc Fault Tolerance Fault tolerance in cloud computing means creating a blueprint for ongoing work whenever someparts are down or unavailable. It helps enterprises evaluate their infrastructure needs and requirements and provides services in case the respective device becomes unavailable for some reason. It does not mean that the alternative system can provide 100% of the entire service. Still, the concept is to keep the system usable and, most importantly, at a reasonable level in operational mode. It is important if enterprises continue growing in a continuous mode and increase their productivity levels Main Concepts behind Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing System co Replication: Fault-tolerant systems work on running multiple replicas for each service. Thusif one part of the system goes wrong, other instances can be used to keep it running instead. For example, take a database cluster that has 3 servers with the same information on cach. All the actions like data entry, update, and deletion are written on each. Redundant servers will remain idle until a fault tolerance system demands their availability. o Redundancy: When a system part fails or goes downstate, it is important to have a backup type system. The server works with emergency databases that include many redundantservices. For example, a website program with MS SQL as its database may Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)fail midway due to some hardware fault, Then the redundancy concept has to take advantage of a newdatabase when the original is in offline mode. Techniques for Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing © Priority should be given to all services while designing a fault tolerance system. Special preference should be given to the database as it powers many other entities. © After setting the priorities, the Enterprise has to work on mock tests. For example, Enterprisehas a forums website that enables users to log in and post comments. When authentication services fail due to a problem, users will not be able to log in. Then, the forum becomes read-only and does not serve the purpose. But with fault-tolerant systems, healing will be ensured, and the user can search for information with minimal impact. Major Attributes of Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing © None Point of Failure: The concepts of redundancy and replication define that fault tolerance can occur but with some minor effects. If there is no single point of failure, then the system is not fault-tolerant. © Accept the fault isolation concept: the fault occurrence is handled separately from other systems. It helps to isolate the Enterprise from an existing system failure, Existence of Fault Tolerance in Clo: mputin: co System Failure: This can cither be a software or hardware issue. A software failure results in a system crash or hangs, which may be due to Stack Overflow or other reasons. Any improper maintenance of physical hardware machines will result in hardware system failure. © Incidents of Security Breach: There are many reasons why fault tolerance may arise due to security failures. The hacking of the server hurts the server and results in a data breach. Other reasons for requiring fault tolerance in the form of security breaches include ransomware, phishing, virus attacks, etc. UNIT-IT Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)torage as a Service (STaaS) Storage as a Service (STaaS) is a cloud computing model. It provides users with on demand storage resources over the Internet. Instead of purchasing and managing physical storage hardware, users can subscribe to STaaS offerings from a cloud service provider. Features and Characteristics of STaaS ‘The features of the storage as a service in the cloud computing model are as follows:On-Demand Storage Provisioning STaa$ allows users to instantly provision storage resources based on their specific needs, Users can easily scale up or down their storage capacity as required without the need for physical hardware installations. Accessibility and Availability STaaS ensures data accessibility from anywhere with an internet connection, Users can access their stored data from various devices, enabling seamless collaboration and remote access. Data Redundancy and Replication Most STaaS providers implement data redundancy and replication across multiple data centers to ensure data durability and availability, even during hardware failures or disasters. Scalability STaaS platforms are designed to scale elastically, allowing users to easily expand their storage capacity as their data needs to grow. This flexibility helps businesses adapt to changing storage requirements, Security and Encryption STaaS providers prioritize data security and implement robust encryption mechanisms toprotect sensitive information from unauthorized access and cyber threats. Automated Backup and Recovery STaa$ solutions often include automated backup and recovery features. Regular backups ensure data integrity and provide users with the ability to restore their data to a specific point in timeif needed. Storage Tiering and Performance Optimization Downloaded by Vanitha selva tha. selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Some STaaS providers offer storage tiering options, allowing users to optimize performanceand costs by placing data in different storage classes based on access frequency and criticality, Centralized Management STaaS platforms typically offer centralized management consoles, enabling users to monitor,control, and manage their storage resources efficiently. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) STaaS providers often offer SLAs that specify performance guarantees, uptime, and dataavailability commitments, assuring users of the service's reliability. Advantages of Storage as a Service (STaaS) Cost- Effectiv e Scalabil ity Reliability and Redundancy Automatic Updates and MaintenanceData Security: Easy Integration with Cloud Services Disadvantages of Storage as a Service (STaaS) Internet ndeney Data Transfer Speed Data Compliance and RegulationsPotential Downtime Data Portability Security and Privacy Concerns Database 88 Service PBaas) jownloaded by Vanitha selvara] (vaniina,[email protected]) DepeLike. SaaS, PaaS and laaS of cloud computing we can consider DBaaS (alsoknown as Managed Database Service) as a cloud computing service. It allows users associated with database activities to access and use a cloud database system without purchasing it. DBaaS and cloud database comes under Software as a Service (SaaS) whose demand is growing sofast. In simple we can say Database as a Service (DBaaS) is self service/ on demand database consumption coupled with automation of operations. As we know cloud computing services are like pay per use so DBaaS also based on same payment structure like how much you will use just pay foryour usage. This DBaaS provides same function as like standard traditional and relational database models. So using DBaaS, organizations can avoid data base configuration, management, upgradation and security. Key Characteristics of DBaaS : A fully managed info service helps to line up, manage, and administer your info within thecloud and conjointly offer services for hardware provisioning and Backup. DBaa$ permits the availability of info’s effortlessly to Database shoppers from numerousbackgrounds and IT expertise. Provides on demand services. Supported the resources offered, it delivers a versatile info platform that tailors itself to theenvironment’s current desires. A team of consultants at your disposal, endlessly watching the Databases. Automates info administration and watching. Leverages existing servers and storage. Advantages of DBaaS : 1 DBaaS is responsible of the info supplier to manage and maintain info hardware and code. The hefty power bills for ventilation and cooling bills to stay the servers running area uniteliminated, ‘An organization that subscribes to DBaaS is free from hiring info developers or constructinga info system in-house. Make use of the most recent automation, straightforward outs of clouds area unit possible atlow price and fewer time. Human resources needed to manage the upkeep of the system is eliminated. Disadvantages of DBaaS : Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)1. Traditional enterprises may have objections to cloud-based services generally. 2. Incase of significant failure of the DBaaS server or network, the organization might lose itsknowledge. 3. Companies already equipped with resources and IT-related human resources might notrealize DBaaS solutions economically viable 4. Intrinsic network connected problems with cloud can impact the performance ofa DBaaS. 5. Features offered within the typical RDBMS might not perpetually be offered during aDBaaS system. Business process as a service, or BPaaS Business process as a service, or BPaaS, is a type of business process outsourcing (BPO) delivered based on a cloud services model. BPaaS is connected to other services, including SaaS, PaaS and IaaS, and is fully configurable. BPaaS provides companies with the people, processes and technology they need to operate as a pay-per-use service by making use of the availability and efficiency of a cloud-based system. This approach to operations greatly reduces total cost of ownership by providing an on-demand solution based on services needed as opposed to purchasing apackage deal tied into a single application. Benefits of Paas Produet/service deliverabilityCutting edge at reduced cost Accommodates fluctuating business needs Information as a Service(Iaas) Information as a Service ([aaS) is a cloud computing model where data is made available to users on-demand via a cloud-based platform. It involves the provisioning and delivery of data in a consumable format, typically through web services or APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha,selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)Etorprice Application I Integration as a service, sometimes referred to as IaaS, is a cloud-based delivery model that strives to connect on-premises data with data located in cloud-based applications. This paradigm facilitates real-time exchange of data and programs among enterprise-wide systems and trading partners. Benefits of integration as a service A consistent architecture that is created through connecting applications and resources, both incloud and on premises, in one interface. Reduced cost by allowing an organization to avoid management of an on-premises data center. ‘The data center infrastructure is handled by the service provider for the organization. The organization does not have to worry about software or hardware upgrades since the serviceprovider handles both Testing as a Service (TaaS) Companies use the outsourcing approach known as “Testing as a Service” in short “TaaS” totest their products prior to deployment. The application is tested to find flaws in simulated real- world environments. Testing solutions are provided by a third-party service provider with testing knowledge rather than internal employees of the organization. Features of TaaS * ‘Test library: Test library with a large set of test cases, and full security controls withconfigurable parameters that can be used as templates and customized for various user scenarios. Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)* Metering capability: This allows tracking and charging for the services used by the customers. * Community-driven: The testing library grows as the vendor and community of users addnew test cases thus improving the overall utility of the TaaS platform. * On-demand availability: On-demand availability for test labs includes the ability to deploycomplex multi-tier applications, test scripts, and test tools. * Testing cycle support: In this model, vendors offer end-to-end support that covers planning, implementing, and evaluating software tests. * External expertise: Finding the right set of technology solutions, designing test cases, andmanaging infrastructure operations to meet business demands. Scaling a Cloud Cloud scalability in cloud computing refers to the ability to increase or decrease IT resourcesas needed to meet changing demand. Scalability is one of the hallmarks of the cloud and the primarydriver of its exploding popularity with businesses. Data storage capacity, processing power and networking can all be scaled using existing cloud computing infrastructure. Better yet, scaling can be done quickly and easily, typically with little to no disruption or down time. Third-party cloud providers have all the infrastructure already in place; in the past, when scaling with on-premises physical infrastructure, the process could take weeks or months and require tremendous expense. Capacity Planning The cloud has become the backbone of successful modern-day businesses. It powers everything from data storage to application, but (as with any resource) the cloud is finite. For tech startups, the ability to predict and manage cloud resources isn’t just a cost-savings measure—it’s a competitive advantage. Key components of cloud capacity planning + Demand forecasting: Analyze historical data and current trends to anticipate future cloudresource needs. © Performance analysis: Use tools to track resource performance, guiding decisions onscaling needs. + Cost management: Understand both direct and indirect costs of cloud resources to optimizespending without compromising performance. + Contingency planning: Prepare for unexpected events (from traffic spikes to system failuresby having backup resources or strategies in place. Downloaded by Vanitha solvaraj (vata. selvarai@amailcom)+ Integration considerations: Create seamless integrations of multiple cloud services ortransitions between on-premises and cloud solutions without resource conflicts + Feedback loops: Continuously revisit and adjust capacity plans based on real-worldperformance and evolving business needs. Challenges in cloud capacity planning Rapid tech changes: The cloud landscape is ever-evolving, with new services, tools, and technologies emerging at a fast pace. Keeping up or making a can be daunting. Stay updated by subscribing to industry newsletters, joining cloud forums, and participating in webinars or conferences. Engage with your cloud service provider for insights on the latest offerings. Predicting future needs: Forecasting future capacity needs can be challenging, especially if your startup has an unpredictable growth trajectory. Use a combination of historical data, current trends, and growth projections. Regularly revisit and adjust your forecasts based on real-world data. Balancing cost and performance: Striking the right balance between maintaining optimal performance and managing costs is often a tightrope walk. Implement regular cost and performance reviews. Utilize auto-scaling features and consider reserved instances or spot instances for cloud cost optimization that leads to cost savings without compromising performance. Integrate legacy systems:_Migrating or integrating legacy systems with modern cloud solutions can pose compatibility and performance challenges. Consider a phased migration approach. Use integration platforms or middleware solutions to bridge the gap between legacy systems and the cloud, Security concerns: The complexities of cloud architectures and moving data can make security a headache. Invest in robust security tools and practices. Regularly review and update security protocols, and consider using dedicated security solutions offered by cloud providers. Cloud Scale Cloud scalability in cloud computing refers to the ability to increase or decrease IT resources as needed to meet changing demand. Scalability is one of the hallmarks of the cloud and the primary driver of its exploding popularity with businesses Data storage capacity, processing power and networking can all be scaled using existing cloud computing infrastructure. Better yet, scaling can be done quickly and easily, typically with little to no disruption or down time. Third-party cloud providers have all the infrastructure already in place; in the past, when scaling with on-premises physical Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)infrastructure, the process could take weeks or months and require tremendous expense. Disaster recovery Disaster recovery as a service(DRaaS) is a cloud computing service model that allows an organization to back up its data and IT infrastructure in a third party cloud computing environment and provide all the DR orchestration, all through a SaaS solution, to regain access and functionality to IT infrastructure after a disaster. The as-a-service model means that the organization itself doesn’t have to own all the resources or handle all the management for disaster recovery, instead relying on the service provider. Disaster recovery planning is critical to business continuity. Many disasters that have the potentialto wreak havoc on an IT organization have become more frequent in recent years: + Natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, wildfires and earthquakes + Equipment failures and power outages + Cyberattacks isaster recovery planning In a world where technology drives almost every aspect of our lives, the cloud has elevated this experience. From undertaking complex operational workloads to executing large-scale cloud disaster recovery plans, the cloud has made our day-to-day operations relatively effortless. Coming to a complex task like managing a cloud disaster recovery, the cloud has made us ponder how difficult it was to carry out a disaster recovery plan (DR Plan) before its arrival Consider the time and resources invested in a data disaster recovery plan. If your primary data center were to be affected by a disaster, you would have to look up to thebackup data center and refer to the conventional disaster recovery process, which, of course, comes with double the work, including: + Setting up a physical location and facilities to house your IT infrastructure + Engaging contact persons and security personnel for the setup + Enhancing server capacity to store data and match your application’s scaling requirements + Provisioning support staff for infrastructure maintenance + Facilitating internet connectivity with enough bandwidth to run applications + Setup network infrastructure, including firewalls, load balancers, routers, and switches This data disaster recovery process will sum up spiraling costs and unmanageable resources, leaving the data center as just a data backup and nothing more. With the dawn of cloud computing, cloud disaster recovery has become another effortless task that can be handled in a Downloaded by Vanitha selvaraj(vanitha.selvaraj4¢@gmail.com)