Microprocessors Portfolio (Report) This is a detailed report covering the Easy 68k Simulator and the tasks it was

used for during the Microprocessor Laboratory Session. It also includes a short analysis on the architectural structure of the Motorola 68000 microprocessor and, the general knowledge gained from the laboratory session and the lectures that were attended. The Motorola 68000

The Motorola 68000 is a 16/32-bit complex instruction set computer microprocessor core introduced in 1979 Describing the M68ks Structure/Architecture: The Motorola M68K processor is a classic CISC processor. It has a register set containing 32-bit registers, eight of which are data registers, D0-D7, and another eight address registers, A0-A7. Unlike the more recent ARM and THUMB processors, the Motorola M68K only has an 8-bit condition code register. The 68000 comparison, arithmetic and logic operations set bit flags in a status register to record their results for use by later conditional jumps. The bit flags were "zero" (Z), "carry" (C), "overflow" (V), "extend" (X), and "negative" (N). The "extend" (X) flag deserves special mention, because it was separated from the carry flag. This permitted the extra bit from arithmetic, logic, and shift operations to be separated for the carry for flow-of-control and linkage. The M68K has a 32-bit PC register and like the THUMB, it has a stack pointer register. Additionally, the M68K has a built in Floating Point Unit (FPU) with a separate 32-bit register set including eight floating point registers, FP0-FP7, and its own 32bit control and status registers. This more complicated hardware was left out of the ARM and THUMB architectures. The 68000 has a 23-bit external address bus and two byte-select signals "replaced" A0. These 25 lines reach about 16 MB of physical memory with byte resolution. Address storage and computation use 32 bits, however, with the high-order byte ignored due to the physical lack of pins. This allowed it to run software written for a flat 32-bit address space. Motorola's purpose with the internal 32-bit address space was forward compatibility, making it feasible to write 68000 software that would take full advantage of later 32-bit implementations of the 68000 instruction set. Easy 68k Simulation Software The Easy68k Simulator was utilised in the laboratory in order to carry out various operations which were An input and output operation, which includes the program prompting the user to input some numbers using the keyboard (input) and a result, will be displayed (output). Basic Arithmetic Operations(Addition, Subtraction, Division and Multiplication) Sending Data to the memory and also later accessing that memory

And finally, it involved a regular computation task.

Laboratory Exercises
EXERCISE 1:
In the first exercise, it is required to prompt the user to enter 2 figures and after, the sum, difference, product or quotient is displayed depending on the program written.
START ORG $1000 ; first instruction of program LF CR EQU $0A ; You can find these ASCII control characters from EQU $0D ; ASCII table in the second lecture LEA MSG1,A1 ; Load the address of MSG1 into A1 MOVE.B #14,D0 ; This Trap #15 task is to display TRAP #15 ; the message MSG1 pointed at by A1 MOVE.B #4,D0 ; Read the first number from the keyboard TRAP #15 ; After this instruction, you should be able ; to see the content changed in D1 MOVE D1,D2 ; IMPORTANT!!! Copy your first number to D2, ; because you need to get another number to D1 LEA MSG2,A1 ; Now go to the next line and display the MOVE.B #14,D0 ; second message, MSG2, with which you prompt TRAP #15 ; the user to input the second number MOVE.B #4,D0 ; Now you get the second number and TRAP #15 ; save it into D1 MOVE D1,D3 ADD D2,D1 ; Add D1 and D2 and save it to D1 LEA MSGADD,A1 ; Now go to the next line and display the MOVE.B #14,D0 ; message for the addition, MSGADD TRAP #15 ; the user to input the second number MOVE.B #3,D0 ; Display content of D1 TRAP #15 MOVE D3,D1 SUB D2,D1 ; Add D1 and D2 and save it to D1 LEA MSGSUB,A1 ; Now go to the next line and display the MOVE.B #14,D0 ; message for the addition, MSGADD TRAP #15 ; the user to input the second number MOVE.B #3,D0 ; Display content of D1 TRAP #15

MOVE.B #9,D0 TRAP #15 ; halt simulator * Variables and Strings ORG $10a0 ; Starting address where data are placed MSG1 DC.B 'Input the first number:',0 MSG2 DC.B CR,LF,'Input the second number:',0 MSGADD DC.B CR,LF,'Addition of the numbers is ',0 MSGSUB DC.B CR,LF,'SUB of the numbers is ',0 *MSGSUB *MSGMULT *MSGDIV END $1000 ; last line of source

The above programme consisting of various codes shows just how to accomplish the stated task at hand. Each a number is entered (D0) it has to be stored in another memory bank (move D0 D1 for example). This is because in order to carry out mathematical operations with these 2 inputs/numbers, the assembler has to remember both of them.

Exercise 2: In Exercise 2, we are expected to program the Easy 68k Simulator to behave like a selector for various items, depending on the input. For this task, You need to prompt the user to input the figures from the keyboard into D0 which will be saved in D1 each number input is supposed to correspond to the selection on the menu using the compare command, we are supposed to enable a print out of the user's selection and also write this output into a file *Load the Address where the message is stored Execute IO task (Display the message) and clear D0

LEA #Address, A1 MOVE #14, D0 TRAP #15