Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV

STATCOM system including filter bank

Page
S.No Content
No.
1 Introduction 3
2 Safety 3
3 General checks and visual inspection 3
3.1 Objective 3
3.2 Procedure 3
4 Test procedure for all electrical equipment 5
5 Insulation resistance test 5
5.1 Objective 5
5.2 Test instruments required 5
5.3 Acceptable limits 6
6 High voltage test 6
6.1 Objective 6
6.2 Test instruments required 6
7 Current transformer test 6
7.1 Objective 6
7.2 Test instruments required 6
7.2.1 Insulation resistance test 7
7.2.2 Polarity test 7
7.2.3 Ratio test 7
7.2.4 Tan-delta test 7
7.2.5 Winding resistance test 8
7.2.6 Knee point test 9
8 Voltage transformer test 9
8.1 Objective 9
8.2 Test instruments required 9
8.2.1 Insulation resistance test 10
8.2.2 Polarity test 10
8.2.3 Ratio test 10
8.2.4 Winding resistance test 10
9 SF6 circuit breaker 11
9.1 Objective 11
9.2 Test instruments required 11
9.2.1 Insulation resistance test 11
9.2.2 Contact resistance measurement test 12
9.2.3 CB timing test 13
9.2.4 High potential test 13
10 Isolator 14
10.1 Objective 14
10.2 Test instruments required 14
10.3 Test procedure 14
11 Power cable 15
11.1 Objective 15
11.2 Test instruments required 15
11.2.1 Insulation resistance test 15
11.2.2 Phase identification test 16
11.2.3 High voltage test 16

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank
12 Power transformer 16
12.1 Objective 16
12.2 Procedure 16
12.3 Test instruments required 17
12.3.1 Tan-delta test 17
12.3.2 SFRA test 19
12.3.3 Winding resistance test 20
12.3.4 Turns ratio test 22
12.3.5 Voltage ratio test 22
13 Capacitor bank 22
13.1 Objective 22
13.2 Test instruments required 23
13.2.1 Insulation resistance test 23
13.2.2 Capacitance test 24
13.2.3 Current stability test 24
14 Damping resistance test 25
14.1 Visual check 25
14.2 Test instruments required 25
14.2.1 Insulation resistance test 25
14.2.2 Resistance test 25
15 Lightning arrestors 26
15.1 Objective 26
16 Air core reactor 26
16.1 Visual check 26
16.2 Insulation resistance test 27
16.3 Resistance and continuity test 27
16.4 Inductance test 27
17 Neutral CT 28
17.1 Objective 28
17.2 NCT test 28
17.2.1 Insulation resistance test 28
17.2.2 Polarity test 28
18 Control and relay panel 29
18.1 Objective 29
18.2 Test instruments required 29
18.3 Visual checks-general 29
18.4 Commissioning test 29
19 STATCOM 30
19.1 Objective 30
19.2 Test instruments required 30
19.3 Modules 30
19.4 Heat exchanger 30
19.5 Static var generator panel 30
20 Vacuum circuit breaker 31
20.1 Objective 31
20.2 Test instruments required 31
20.2.1 Insulation resistance test 31
20.2.2 Contact resistance measurement test 31
20.2.3 CB timing test 32

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank
SECTION-1: INTRODUCTION

The purpose of these specifications is to assure that all tested electrical equipment and
systems supplied by either contractor or owner are operational and within applicable standards
and manufacturer’s tolerances and that equipment and systems are installed in accordance with
design specifications. The need for acceptance testing of electrical power systems is very clear to
those with extensive start-up and/or operating experience. Shipping and installation damage, field
and factory wiring errors, manufacturing defects, and systems and components not in accordance
with drawings and specifications are some of the many problems that can be detected by
appropriate testing. When these defects are found before start-up they can be corrected under
warranty and without the safety hazards and possible equipment and consequential damages of
loss of use/production that can occur if discovered after startup or energizing. In addition, test
results obtained during acceptance testing are invaluable as base reference data for the periodic
testing that is an essential element of an effective maintenance program.

SECTION-2: SAFETY

Proper safety procedures shall be reviewed and followed before each activity listed in this
procedure. Job Safety Analysis followed by a toolbox/pre-job meeting shall be conducted prior to
any activity listed in this procedure. Proper safety procedures as detailed in the InPhase “Field
Services Safety, Health and Environmental Handbook”, employee training, and customer’s
requirements shall be implemented as dictated by each site’s requirements. Services Employees
are NOT authorized to work on live equipment. There may be occasions in which you are taking
measurements or checking voltages within an energized enclosure, but you are NOT authorized to
“do Hands on Live” repairs! Company representative does not typically perform shutdown and/or
switching operations, because these operations may result in damage to property or persons
downstream of the equipment as a result of conduct, errors, or omissions made by others. If a
customer requests Company representative to perform such services, technicians must contact
their manager for approval and proper procedures.

SECTION-3: GENERAL CHECKS AND VISUAL INSPECTION

3.1. OBJECTIVE:
Mechanical checks and visual inspection to be done on all electrical installation to confirm
that there is no physical damage, and all electrical connections and specification of equipment
matching with the required one.

3.2. PROCEDURE:
The following points to be checked in mechanical checks and visual inspection.
VISUAL CHECKS:
• Nameplate details
• Physical condition (damage/ defect)
• Installation checks
• Equipment verification against rating and matching with requirement.

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank
MECHANICAL CHECKS:

• Power circuit connection tightness by torque method.

• Control wiring tightness.
• Interlock checks between equipment.
• Mechanical operations like rack in/ rack out.
The mechanical checks and visual inspection for equipment’s has been listed in detail
under respective section.
PRE – ENERGISATION CHECKS:

The following items shall be check without fail prior to energize the system.
• All pre commissioning tests are conducted for all equipment
• A visual check at CT circuits, not to be kept open.
• A visual check at VT circuits, all the links to be closed.
• VT primary is connected to line.
• Restoration of all isolation links and connections.
• Restoration of remote alarm and indication links.
• Adaptation of relay settings.
• CB trip test at test position from protection relay by shoring contacts to ensure protection
trip.
• Power cable / conductor terminated with proper tightness.
• Visual check at power transformer for power cable termination, cable box cover, oil level
and cooler fan setting.
• Visual check for insulation medium level SF6 if applicable.
• Cancellation of PTW (permit to work), other authorized documents for relevant system
prior to energization.
• No admission for unauthorized personnel in the concern vicinity.
• A study of switching program or the sequence to be executed.
• All the panel covers are closed.
• All safety action taken, like keeping fire extinguisher and first aid items.
POST - ENERGISATION CHECKS:

The following points shall be checked during and after commissioning.

• No abnormality in the system after energization.
• Voltage measurement shall be done for all points and found normal.
• Phase sequence check for correct rotation.
• Phasing check before paralleling two circuits by either hot stick or VT secondary side. The
procedure has been explained later in this section.
• If the circuit is loaded, CT secondary current of all cores and phases shall be measured with
angle with respect to any one of the phase voltages.
• Directional test shall be done for directional protection, like directional O/C, E/F, and
distance protection. This test has been explained later.
• Stability test shall be done for differential protection.

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank
• If applicable, on load test for automatic voltage controller shall be done for transformer.
• Check for correct readings on indicating meters.
• Live test for auto-changer over scheme, auto-reclosing scheme shall be done.

SECTION-4: TEST PROCEDURE FOR ALL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

The following precautions should be taken care, before starting the testing.
• A visual inspection to be made to ensure the surface dust and moisture has been removed
from the component under test.
• Ensure the component is isolated from other connected system, which may feedback to
other components or circuits not under test.
• A check shall be made to verify the ground for the component under test and test
equipment being connected to system ground and equipment like Lightning arrestor,
capacitor and VT/ control transformer to be isolated.

SECTION-5: INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST

5.1. OBJECTIVE:
• To determine the equipment is in proper condition to put in service for which it was
designed and to give some basis for predicting whether or not that a healthy condition will
remain or if deterioration is underway which can result in abnormally short life. These
results can be kept as a record to compare in future and to understand the trend of
insulation during maintenance.
5.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

- Insulation tester up to 5000V DC.

TABLE 5.1 TEST VOLTAGE LIMIT

Rated voltage Test voltage

100-1000V AC/DC 1000V DC
>1000 to < 5000V AC 2500V DC
<5000V AC 5000V DC

TABLE 5.2 POLARISATION INDEX

Insulation condition 10min/1min Ratio (Polarization Index)

Dangerous <1
Poor >1 to <1.5
Questionable >1.5 to < 2.0
Good >2.0 to > 4.0
Excellent >4.0

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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5.3. ACCEPTABLE LIMITS:

• Value of insulation resistance should meet the manufacturer minimum. If this value is not
available, the component tested should have at least one Meg Ohm for every 1000 volts
of rated voltage plus an additional one Meg ohm.
SECTION-6: HIGH VOLTAGE TEST

6.1. OBJECTIVE:
• To determine the equipment is in proper condition to put in service, after installation for
which it was designed and to give some basis for predicting whether or not that a healthy
condition will remain or if deterioration is underway which can result in abnormally short
life.
6.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

• Calibrated AC hi-pot test set for switchgear with leakage current indicator and overload
protection.
• Calibrated DC hi-pot test set for cables with leakage current indicator and overload
protection.
TEST REPORT:

PHASE Measurement of leakage current, (Ma)

SECTION-7: CURRENT TRANSFORMER TEST

7.1. OBJECTIVE:
• To confirm the physical condition and electrical characteristics of current transformer
installed in the installation. Ensure the CT is connected to system properly in all respect
(primary and secondary).
7.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

• Insulation tester
• Polarity tester
• Digital low ohmmeter
• Current source, multimeter
• VARIAC, step-up transformer (0-2kv)
• Primary current injection set

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank
7.2.1. INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:

The voltage shall be applied between

• Primary to secondary plus ground (covered during switchgear test).
• Secondary to primary plus ground.
• Secondary core to core.
• Test voltage limits mentioned in table 5.1. The ambient temperature shall be noted down
during test.
REFERANCE APPLIED VOLTAGE IR VALUE

PRI-SEC 5KV

PRI-E 5KV

SEC-E 500V

7.2.2. POLARITY TEST:

• Polarity test is to confirm the polarity marking on the CT primary and secondary and verify
it is matching with drawing. More ever it is giving an idea, how to connect the secondaries
to make the protection (like directional, differential) and metering function properly.
• Isolate CT secondary from the load and make circuit connection
• Close and open the battery switch connected on the primary. Observe the pointer is
moving +ve direction, while closing and –ve direction while opening for correct polarity.
TEST REPORT:
R Phase Y Phase B Phase

7.2.3. RATIO TEST:

• This test is to ensure the turn’s ratio of CT at all taps.
• The primary current of minimum of 25%rated primary current to be injected on primary
side of CT with secondaries shorted and the secondary current can be measured &
recorded for all cores.
• Limits: The obtained turn’s ratio should match with rated nameplate ratio.

TEST REPORT:
% APPLIED CURRENT(PRI.) MEASURED CURRENT(SEC.)

7.2.4. Tan-Delta Test:

• A tan delta test, also known as a loss angle, dielectric dissipation factor (DDF), or power
factor (PF) test, assesses the quality of a transformer's insulating oil and insulation
• Ensures the transformer is safe and reliable by identifying potential issues early

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank
The test involves the following steps:
• Isolating the transformer from the system
• Applying a low-frequency test voltage
• Increasing the voltage to 1.5 to 2 times the normal voltage
• Measuring the tan delta values with a tan delta controller unit
• Resistance will cause tan delta to increase.

• A high tan delta value indicates poor insulation quality, which can lead to problems like
overheating, arcing, and breakdown.

7.2.5. Winding Resistance Test

• A transformer's winding resistance test measures the resistance of its windings to identify
issues like loose connections, shorted turns, and poor insulation. This test is important
because even small deviations in resistance can indicate potential faults that could lead to
equipment failure or inefficiencies.
• A known DC current is passed through the winding, and the voltage drop across each
terminal is measured. This is done using Ohm's Law.
• The test results are compared to previous or factory test values. The accepted criteria for
field-measured values are usually within 3% of the factory values.

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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TEST REPORT:

REFERENCE R Y B

S1-S2

S2-S3

S3-S1

7.2.6. Knee Point Test

• A knee point test of a current transformer (CT) verifies that the CT is accurate and has no
short circuits in its windings. The test involves applying voltage to the CT's secondary
winding and observing the secondary current:
• The regions are shown in figure below.

TEST REPORT:
SECONDARY APPLIEED SECONDARY MEASURED
%
VOLTAGE CURRENT (mA)
10
-
-
Up to 110

SECTION-8: VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TEST

8.1. OBJECTIVE:
• To confirm the physical condition and electrical characteristics of voltage transformer
installed in the installation. Ensure the VT is connected to system properly in all respect
(primary and secondary).
8.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
• Insulation tester
• Polarity tester

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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• Digital low ohmmeter
• Voltage source, multimeter
8.2.1 INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:
• Primary / secondary winding ground connection to be isolated. The voltage shall be applied
between
➢ Primary to secondary plus ground.
➢ Secondary to primary plus ground.
➢ Secondary winding to winding.
• Test voltage limits mentioned in table 5.1.
•
8.2.2. POLARITY TEST:
• Polarity test is to confirm the polarity marking on the VT primary and secondary and verify
it is matching with drawing. More ever it is giving an idea, how to connect the secondaries
to make the protection (like directional) and metering function properly.
• Isolate VT secondary from the load and make circuit connection.
• Close and open the battery switch connected on the primary. Observe the pointer is
moving +ve direction, while closing and –ve direction while opening for correct polarity.
TEST REPORT:
R Phase Y Phase B Phase

8.2.3. RATIO TEST:

• This test is to ensure the turn’s ratio of VT.
• The primary voltage of 220 V applied on primary terminals and secondary voltage
measured from secondary terminals.
• Limits: The obtained turn’s ratio should match with rated nameplate ratio.
TEST REPORT:
% APPLIED VOLTAGE(PRI.) MEASURED VOLTAGE(SEC.)

8.2.4. WINDING RESISTANCE TEST:

• Winding resistance test is to verify the VT primary & secondary have no discontinuity or
abnormal in the winding.
• Primary winding resistance can be measured by multimeter, as it will be a higher
resistance. The secondary winding resistance can be measured with low ohmmeter for
each winding.

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank
TEST REPORT:
REFERENCE R Y B

P1-P2

P2-P3

P3-P1

SECTION-9: SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

9.1. OBJECTIVE:

An SF6 circuit breaker is a high-voltage electrical switchgear that uses sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6) gas to interrupt electric currents and protect power distribution and transmission
systems. SF6 circuit breakers are used in place of air, oil, or a vacuum to cool and quench the arc
when a circuit opens.
However, SF6 gas has the highest Global Warming Potential of any known gas. To prevent
emissions, you can:
• Check the quality of SF gas with an analyzer
• Handle SF in a closed-loop system
• Use proper training and emission-free SF gas handling equipment
• Wear special PPE
• To verify the physical condition and electrical characteristics of CB/ contactors.

9.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

• Insulation Tester
• Micro Ohmmeter
• CB Timing Test Kit
• HV Test Kit
• CRM Test Kit

9.2.1. INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:

• The test voltage shall be between phase to earth and across the poles.
• Each phase to earth (or body).
• Across the pole for each phase.
• The applied test voltage limits shall be as per table 5.1.

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
STATCOM system including filter bank

TEST REPORT:

Insulation
Values in Meg Ohms
Resistance Test
CLOSED
Reference OPEN CONDITION PHASE TO EARTH
CONDITION
R
Y
B

9.2.2. CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT TEST:

• This test is to confirm the resistance of the main contacts.

• Inject 100A DC current through the main contact by keeping CB closed. The voltage drops
across the contact is measured and resistance is calculated. In many instruments resistance
will be a direct reading.
TEST REPORT:
REFERENCE APPLIED CURRENT (100V MEASURED µΩ
DC)
R
Y
B

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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• Limits: The obtained values shall be compared with factory test reports or manufacturer
claimed values could be taken as reference.
9.2.3. CB TIMING TEST:
• This test is to verify the open and closing time of CB contacts.
• Measure the closing time and tripping time with timing test kit that will measure and
record the time and timing diagram.
• Limits: The obtained close/ open time shall be compared with manufacturer reference
values or factory test results.
TEST REPORT:

REFERENCE R(Time m Sec) Y(Time m Sec) B(Time m Sec)

OPEN
CLOSE
CLOSE-OPEN

9.2.4 High potential Test

• A high potential test, also known as a Hi-Pot test, of an SF6 circuit breaker involves applying
a high voltage across the open contacts of the circuit breaker and measuring any leakage
current.
Here are some steps for performing a Hi-Pot test:
• Open the circuit breakers or switches to isolate the circuit breaker from both ends
• Discharge all conductors using a discharge rod
• Put up caution labels or barricades around the area
• Connect the HI pot’s Master Earthing Terminal to a proper system earthing
• Connect the Operational Earthing Terminal to a safety ground
• Connect the HI pot’s HV terminal to the conductive part of the circuit breaker

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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• Test each circuit phase conductor to ground at the predetermined voltage, time, and
current settings

TEST REPORT:

MEASURED LEAKAGE
REFERENCE APPIED VOLTAGE CURRENT(mA)

R(Y+B+E)

Y(B+R+E)
B(R+Y+E)

SECTION-10: ISOLATOR

10.1. OBJECTIVE:
• To ensure the completeness of the equipment before energization.
• To rectify the defects identified during the testing.
• To ensure reliable trouble-free operation of the isolators in all respects.
• To facilitate the charging clearance from the statutory authority.
10.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
• Digital Micro meter for contact resistance
• Megger 5kV
• Clamp meter
10.3. TEST PROCEDURE:
• General checks
• Electrical Motor checks
• Operational checks
• IR Value test
• Contact Resistance Measurement
• Checking of interlocks

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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INSULATION TEST:
➢ Isolator close condition
• Between male side to ground and female side to ground
➢ Isolator open condition
• Between male side to ground and female side to ground
• Between male side to female side
TEST REPORT:

Insulation
Values in Meg Ohms
Resistance Test
Reference RY YB BR
Ph to ph(Isolator
closed)
Ph To Earth (Isolator
Closed)
Ph To Earth (Isolator
opened)

SECTION-11: POWER CABLE

11.1. OBJECTIVE:
• To confirm the healthiness of the power cable before putting into service.
11.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
• Insulation tester.
• Calibrated high voltage test kit.
11.2.1 INSULATION TEST:
• The test voltage shall be applied between conductor and shield or screen connected to
ground. The reading shall be taken for each phase as below.
• Phase to ground + other phases.
• The test voltage shall be applied for 1 min and the test voltage limits has been listed in
table 5.1.

IR
RY YB BR RE YE BE
value
Before Hi-pot (Ω)

After Hi-pot (Ω)

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11.2.2 PHASE IDENTIFICATION TEST:
• This is very important test for cable. Continuity check shall be done with both ends isolated
and individually for each phase. The phase marking shall be done at both the ends. If there
are many runs of cable, phasing check shall be done for each run.
11.2.3. HIGH VOLTAGE TEST:
• This test shall be done as per section 6

TEST REPORT:
PHASE Measurement of leakage current, (Ma)

SECTION-12 POWER TRANSFORMER:

12.1. OBJECTIVE:
High-voltage transformers are some of the most important (and expensive) pieces of
equipment required for operating a power system. The purchase, preparation, assembly,
operation and maintenance of transformers represent a large expense to the power system.
12.2. PROCEDURE:
• Ensure the foundation is firm, level, and strong enough to support the transformer's
weight. It should also prevent water from accumulating.
• Carefully move the transformer into position, avoiding jerky movements. If the
transformer is mounted on a pole, ensure the base channel is level and at the correct
height.
• Assemble parts like cables and bushings.
• Perform insulation resistance tests and other specified tests, and confirm the results
before energizing.
• Complete earthing arrangements and set voltage taps.

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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• Perform additional checks for oil-immersed transformers, such as oil levels. For dry-type
transformers, ensure they are clean and moisture-free.
• Ensure that other equipment, like the Air Brake switch, Horn Gap fuse units, and
lightening arrestor, are fitted in the correct positions.
• Providing adequate clearances from the transformer's live parts to earth parts
• Ensuring easy access to the diagram plate, thermometer, valves, and oil gauges
• Using suitable rails or tracks for rollers, and locking their wheels to prevent accidental
movement
• Ensuring the transformer has good ventilation if it's enclosed in a chamber

12.3. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

• Tan-Delta Kit
• WRM Kit
• Insulation Tester
• Turns Ratio Kit
• Voltage Ratio Kit
• SFRA Kit
• Multimeter
• Leakage Meter

12.3.1. TAN-DELTA TEST:

A tan delta test, also known as a dissipation factor test or loss angle test, is a diagnostic
procedure that measures the quality of a transformer's insulation. The test measures the phase
difference between the current and voltage to determine the level of insulation degradation. The
test results can help predict the remaining life of the transformer and determine if the insulating
oil needs to be replaced or regenerated.
Here are the steps for a tan delta test:
• Isolate the equipment from the system
• Apply a low-frequency test voltage
• Apply normal voltage levels
• Increase the applied voltage level by two times
• A tan delta controller unit measures the tan delta values
The tan delta value is the ratio of the active current component to the reactive current
component in the insulating material. A smaller tan delta value indicates lower dielectric loss and
better insulation performance.

• A high tan delta value indicates poor insulation quality, which can lead to problems like
overheating, arcing, and breakdown.

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 Method statement for testing and commissioning of 33KV
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The Different Modes of the Tan Delta Test

• GST Guard – This calculates the amount of current leakage to the ground. This method
eliminates the current leakage through red or blue leads. Whereas in UST, the ground is
termed to be guard because grounded edges are not calculated. When the UST method is
applied to the device, then the current measurement is only through blue or red leads. The
current flow through the ground lead gets automatically bypassed to the AC source and
thus excluded from the calculation.
• UST Mode – This is employed for the calculation of insulation in between ungrounded
leads of the equipment. Here the individual portion of isolation has to be separated and
analyze it having no other insulation connected to it.
• GST Mode – In this final mode of operation, both the leakage pathways are calculated by
the test apparatus. The current, capacitance values, UST, and GST guards, loss in watts
need to be equal to the GST test parameters. This provides the entire behavior of the test.
TEST REPORT:
Tan Delta and Capacitance Measurement of Transformer Winding:
Winding Apply
Test Mode Current(mA) Capacitance(nF) Tan δ %
Combination Voltage
2KV
UST 5KV
10KV
2KV
HV/LV GST 5KV
10KV
2KV
GST-g 5KV
10KV
2KV
UST 5KV
10KV
GST 2KV
5KV
10KV
GST-g 2KV
5KV
10KV

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Tan Delta and Capacitance Measurement of Transformer Bushing:

Winding Apply
Test Mode Current(mA) Capacitance(nF) Tan δ %
Combination Voltage
2KV
R UST 5KV
10KV
2KV
Y UST 5KV
10KV
2KV
B UST 5KV
10KV

12.3.2. SFRA TEST:

SFRA test is a powerful and sensitive method for assessing the mechanical and electrical
integrity of the transformer core/coil assembly. The two most commonly used tests are open and
short-circuit tests. Both are used for testing the complex network of inductances, capacitances
and electrical resistances and, frequently, have no difficulties in detecting the presence of an
electrical fault with the shorted turn(s). Since windings are electromagnetically coupled, the SFRA
trace obtained from one of the windings may be affected by the electrical fault on a different
winding. Identifying which winding has the problem is a challenging task. This paper describes the
experience with six units, where the faulty winding (if any) was identified by employing an
inductive inter-winding SFRA setup. We elected to refer to this test as “SFRA ratio” test.

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OBSERVATION:
By comparing future traces with baseline traces, the following can be noted.
Comparison of Future Traces with Base Nature of Problem / Fault
Line Traces
The traces will change shape and be
distorted in the low frequency range (under Core Problem
5,000 Hz)
The traces will be distorted and change
shape in higher frequencies (above 10,000 Winding Problem
Hz)
Changes of less than 3 decibels (dB)
Normal and Within tolerances.
compared to baseline traces.
From 5 Hz to 2 kHz changes of +/- 3 dB (or Shorted turns, Open circuit, Residual
more) magnetism, or Core movement.
From 50 Hz to 20 kHz changes of +/- 3 dB Bulk movement of windings relative to each
(or more) other
From 500 Hz to 2 MHz changes of +/- 3 dB
Deformation within a winding.
(or more)
From 25 Hz to 10 MHz changes of +/- 3 dB Problems with winding leads and/or test
(or more) leads placement.

12.3.3. WINDING RESISTANCE TEST:

A transformer's winding resistance test measures the resistance of its windings to identify
issues like poor connections, shorted turns, and problems with the insulation. The test is
important because even a small deviation in the resistance can indicate potential faults that could
lead to equipment failure or inefficiencies.
Here are some things to know about transformer winding resistance tests:

• A known DC current is passed through the winding under test, and the voltage drop across
each terminal is measured.
• The test can help identify issues caused by poor design, assembly, handling, overloading,
or inadequate maintenance. It can also ensure that all connections are securely tightened
and that each circuit is wired correctly.
• The readings are compared with each other to determine if they are acceptable. The
accepted criteria for the field-measured values should be within 3% of the factory values
• The resistance is measured between any two phases of a winding.

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TEST REPORT:
Winding Resistance Measurement:

TAP Measured resistance in(mΩ)

1
2
3
4
5
6

12.3.4 TURNS RATIO TEST:

A transformer turns ratio (TTR) test measures the ratio of AC voltages across a
transformer's windings to evaluate the condition of the transformer's core and windings:
• Apply a reduced AC voltage to the transformer's high voltage (HV) terminals
• Measure the induced AC voltage across the unloaded low voltage (LV) terminals
• Calculate the ratio of the measured voltages
Repeat the process for all three phases A TTR test is a common part of a transformer's
acceptance and maintenance procedures. It can help identify issues with the transformer's design,
assembly, handling, overloading, fault conditions, or poor maintenance.

PROCEDURE:
Here are some things to keep in mind when performing a TTR test:
• Always observe safety precautions and follow OSHA lockout/tag out procedures. Ensure
the transformer is completely de-energized before testing.
• A higher voltage applied to the primary winding will produce more accurate results. TTR
equipment typically uses 8V, 40V, or 80V for the test.
• Only qualified workers who can service high voltage equipment should perform the test.
TEST REPORT:

1U 1U 1U
TAP 1U 1V 1W %ERROR %ERROR %ERROR
1
2
3
4
5
6

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12.3.5 VOLTAGE RATIO TEST:

A transformer's voltage ratio test measures the voltage ratio between the primary and
secondary windings of a transformer and compares it to the nameplate ratio. This test is a key
diagnostic tool for assessing the transformer's performance and efficiency. It can help identify any
winding faults, core defects, or turns ratio errors.
Here are some steps for performing a transformer's voltage ratio test:
• Ensure the transformer is disconnected from any power source.
• Apply a low AC test voltage to the transformer's primary side.
• Measure the voltage induced in the secondary winding.
• Calculate the ratio of the two voltages.
• Compare the measured voltage ratio to the nameplate ratio.
The test should be performed for each phase and for each tap position if the transformer has
taps. International standards require the measured voltage ratio to be within ±0.5% of the
nameplate ratio.

TEST REPORT:

TAP HV Side Applied Voltage LV Side Measured Voltage

1 1U-1V 1V-1W 1W-1U 2U-2V 2V-2W 2W-2U 2U-2N 2V-2N 2W-2N
2
3
4
5
6

SECTION-13: CAPACITOR BANK

13.1. OBJECTIVE:
Capacitor banks store electrical energy in their components and use it to correct power
factor lags (or) phase shifts in an alternating current (AC) power supply. This assists in maintaining
optimum efficiency & prevents unwanted dips (or) surges in voltage that can harm electrical
equipment.

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Visual Checks
• Visual checks for physical installation against Approved drawings.
• Check the Equipment ratings are in accordance with the approved working drawings
• Check general construction and standard of finishing are acceptable.
• Check levelling and alignment are correct and acceptable.
• Check equipment properly mounted as per manufacturers recommendations
• Check no oil leakage from any capacitor unit.
• Check bolts, nuts, screws etc. for supports, insulators and connections have been tightened
correctly and torque tightened where applicable.
• Capacitor Bank assembling should be as per OEM provided tolerance chart only. Sr. No.
and tolerance as per ‘tolerance balance sheet’ to be checked and assembled in such a way
that neutral current in between Y-Y flow should be ‘0’(zero) or very minimal to avoid
unbalance in the capacitor bank.
13.2 TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
The following test instrumentation & tools will be required to undertake the tests details
• 5000 Volt & 500 Volt Megger
• Capacitance Meter
• Digital Multimeter
• Clamp Meter
• LCR Meter
• Switch Board, Tool Box Kit, 4-Pole ELCB
• Test Lead with wires and Cables.
The tests to be performed on the capacitor bank at Site are:
• Insulation Resistance Test
• Capacitance Test
• Stability Current Test
13.2.1 Insulation Resistance Test
An insulation resistance (IR) test for a capacitor bank measures the resistance between two
points separated by electrical insulation. This test determines how well the insulation resists the
flow of electricity.
Here are some steps for testing the insulation resistance of a capacitor:
• Use an IR meter to apply a voltage to the capacitor, usually equal to the capacitor's rated
working voltage (WVDC), for about one minute.
• After charging the capacitor, measure the leakage current.
• Use a megohmmeter to measure the insulation resistance of the capacitor.
A good capacitor should have a high resistance, ideally infinite or out of range. Insulation
resistance test of the Reactor by 5000 Volt Megger with respect to earth. The above value all noted
and recorded on site register / test report. The value should be in Meg Ohms/Giga Ohms.

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Testing Report:
Circuit Reference Applied Voltage IR Value (G-Ohm)
R-Phase Reactor-Earth 5000V
Y-Phase Reactor-Earth 5000V
B-Phase Reactor-Earth 5000V

13.2.2 Capacitance Test

This test is done to ensure that each of the capacitor unit in a batch or lot should give not
more than 110 % of its rated VAR during normal functioning within possible temperature limit
which is considered as ˚.C
Here are some steps to test a capacitor using a multimeter:
• Set the multimeter to capacitance mode
• Disconnect the capacitor from the circuit to avoid measurement errors Connect the
multimeter test leads to the capacitor terminals
• Read the value
• Compare the value to the expected value of the capacitor
• If the value is within 10-20% of the expected value, the capacitor is good
To test the capacitance of reactor, discharge the capacitor bank with discharge rod before
proceeding for testing. Connect Capacitance Measurement Meter between terminals of individual
capacitor units and measure the capacitance. Connect Capacitance Measurement Meter between
Incoming & Outgoing terminals of Capacitor Bank to measure equivalent capacitance.

Testing Report:
Phase Sl. No. Cn (µF) Equivalent Capacitance

13.2.3 Current Stability Test (Y-Y Connection):

The Purpose of current stability test is to determine the Healthiness & Balancing of the
Capacitor bank. Please be ensures that Capacitor bank has fully discharge. Interconnection
between units should be completed & star points should be connected with NCT.
Apply the 415VAC supply from incoming busbar (R, Y & B) of the Capacitor bank. Now the
all three phase & neutral current can be measure with amps meter. At the stability condition all
three-phase current should be same. No current should pass through the neutral link.
Testing Report:

HEALTHY CONDITION
Applied Voltage Current
R-Y Y-B B-R R (Amps) Y (Amps) B (Amps) N(mAmps)

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UNHEALTHY CONDITION
Applied Voltage Current
R-Y Y-B B-R R (Amps) Y (Amps) B (Amps) N(mAmps)

Note: On command for the feeder breaker will be under only the control of harmonic filter relay
in C&R panel (REV615). So manually the capacitor feeder breaker cannot be turned on under any
circumstances but same can be turned off as desire/requirement of the operation from SCADA or
Local TNC.

SECTION-14: DAMPING RESISTANCE

14.1 VISUAL CHECKS:

• Check frames, insulators and spare parts to ensure that there are no damages.
• Remove front and rear panels to check the active part (make sure that they are free of
foreign objects)
• Check bushings and internal insulators. Any broken or cracked insulator must be
replaced.
• Check if the welded connections are free of cracks.
• Check tightening marking the screws to detect any loosening. If loosening is expected,
tighten to the recommended tightening torque (refer the tightening table).
• Do tightness test, by sampling, on the assembly part of the metal enclosure.
14.2 TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
The following test instrumentation & tools will be required to undertake the tests details.
• 500 Volt IR Tester.
• Switch Board, Tool- Box Kit,
• Test Lead with wires and Cables

14.2.1 IR Value Test

Insulation resistance test of the Resistor by 500 Volt Megger with respect to Resistor
body. The value all noted and recorded on site register / test report. The value should be in
>100Mega Ohms.

Testing Report:
Circuit Reference Applied Voltage IR Value (Ω) Time Duration
Terminal In to body 500V
Terminal Out to
500V
body

14.2.2 Resistance Test

The resistance is measured with a 4-wire ohmmeter, adapted to the resistance
measured. The measure will be evaluated between the input and output.

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Testing Report:

Ambient
Circuit Reference Rated resistance Measured resistance
Temperature
Terminal1_In1 to
Out1
Terminal2_In2 to
Out2

SECTION-15: LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

15.1. OBJECTIVE:
The two primary testing techniques include visual inspection and electrical testing. Visual
inspection involves examining the arrester for any signs of physical damage, rust, or cracks.
Electrical testing, on the other hand, ensures the arrester's ability to conduct and disperse
lightning current effectively.
The lightning Arrestors are used for protection of incoming and outgoing line and also of
the power transformers from lightning surge as well as from power frequency over voltage.

Network voltage Recommended surge arrester voltage

rating
11KV 9KV
33KV 27KV

• Lightning arrestors should be installed on both the high and low side of a substation
transformer.
• Lightning arrestors should be hermetically sealed to protect them from moisture.
• The porcelain housing of the arrestor should be free of flaws and non-porous.
• The end fittings of the arrestor should be corrosion proof and non-magnetic.
• The seals of the arrestor should be effective even when discharging the maximum rated
lightning current.

SECTION-16: AIR CORE REACTOR

16.1 VISUAL CHECK:

Noise & Vibration Analysis:
• Prediction and Measurement of Sound Power/Pressure
• Sound Barriers for Control of Noise Emission
• Prediction and Measurement of Vibration Modes/Frequencies
Electrical inspection check list:
• All external connections have been made properly.
• All connections are tight and secure.
• All accessory circuits are operational.
• All tap connections are properly positioned.

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• The ground connections have been properly made.
• Fans (if supplied) are operational.
• Proper clearance is maintained from bus to terminal equipment.
• All windings are free from un-intended grounds.
Mechanical and Structural Analysis:
• Structural Analysis for High Mechanical Forces (short circuit, wind, etc.)
• There is no dust, dirt or foreign material on the coils.
• There is no visible moisture on or inside the coils or enclosure.
• All plastic wrappings are removed from the coils.
• All shipping members have been removed.
• There are no obstructions in or near the openings for ventilation
16.2 Measurement of Insulation resistance:
The measured figures at field shall be compared with those values presented in the
routine test reports. Depending on the power source type and accuracy of the measuring
equipment, the results may deviate slightly from the factory values.
Equipment Required:
• IR Tester capable of Injecting 1kV/2.5kV/5KV DC (MEGGER MIT 515)
• Inductance Meter (METRAVI LCR 360)
• Switch Board, Tool- Box Kit,
• Test Lead with wires and Cables
Testing Report:
Circuit Reference Applied Voltage IR Value (G-Ohm)
R-Phase Reactor-Earth 5000V
Y-Phase Reactor-Earth 5000V
B-Phase Reactor-Earth 5000V

16.3 Resistance or Continuity test:

Equipment Required:
• 4.5 Digit Micro ohm meter
16.4 Inductance Test
Discharge the reactor with discharge rod before proceeding for testing. Connect
Inductance Measurement Meter between Incoming & Outgoing Terminals of individual reactor to
measure Inductance.
Phase Sr No. Inductance (mH)
R
Y
B

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SECTION-17: NUETRAL CT

17.1. OBJECTIVE:
NCTs are common components in electrical distribution systems. They are required on
circuit breakers with ground fault protection when used on a grounded system.
• Connect a temporary ground between the CT star point and the neutral of the test
source. Increase the source voltage until the circuit has 5 amperes of flow. If no current
flows, the ground is likely incorrect or the circuit is incomplete.
17.2 NCT TEST:
• Insulation tester
• Polarity tester
• Digital low ohmmeter
• multimeter
17.2.1. INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:
The voltage shall be applied between
• Primary to secondary plus ground (covered during switchgear test).
• Secondary to primary plus ground.
• Secondary core to core.
• Test voltage limits mentioned in table 5.1. The ambient temperature shall be noted down
during test.

REFERANCE APPLIED VOLTAGE IR VALUE

PRI-SEC 5KV

PRI-E 5KV

SEC-E 500V

17.2.2. POLARITY TEST:

• Polarity test is to confirm the polarity marking on the CT primary and secondary and verify
it is matching with drawing. More ever it is giving an idea, how to connect the secondaries
to make the protection (like directional, differential) and metering function properly.
• Isolate CT secondary from the load and make circuit connection
• Close and open the battery switch connected on the primary. Observe the pointer is
moving +ve direction, while closing and –ve direction while opening for correct polarity.
TEST REPORT:
NCT
Polarity

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SECTION-18: CONTROL AND RELAY PANEL

18.1. OBJECTIVE:
A Control and Relay Panel (CRP) is a device that controls and monitors electrical
equipment, such as generators, transformers, and circuit breakers. CRPs are used to protect
power systems and ensure the efficient operation of critical equipment. They can be used in
primary distribution substations, zonal substations, and other locations.

18.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

The following test instrumentation & tools will be required to undertake the tests detailed
within this procedure:
• 500 Volt Megger
• Multimeter, Tong Tester,
• Switch Board, Tool Box Kit,
• Test Lead with wires and Cables
• Any other Test Equipment the Manufacturer deems necessary

18.3. Visual Checks – General:

• Visual checks for physical installation against Approved drawings.
• Check the Equipment ratings are in accordance with the approved working drawings
• Check general construction and standard of finishing are acceptable.
• Check levelling and alignment are correct and acceptable.
• Check equipment properly mounted as per manufacturers recommendations,
• Check earthing bar and connections are provided and correct.
• Check bolts, nuts, screws etc. for connections have been tightened correctly.

18.4. Commissioning Test:

• The all-functional check to be checked the operation and Annunciation window
• Protection System / Circuit Checked:
• Alarm System / Circuit Checked:
• Trip System / Circuit Checked:
• Indication lamps / Circuit Checked:
• Annunciation Circuit Checked if available:
• Operation of Bell / Hooter Checked:
• Heater, Lamp, Plug Point / Circuit Checked:
• Earthing Continuity Checked:

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SECTION-19: STATCOM

19.1. OBJECTIVE:
A STATCOM is a shunt-connected device that uses a voltage source converter (VSC) to
produce a controlled voltage waveform. The STATCOM's voltage transformers (VTs) measure the
grid voltage, and the Advanced Digital Control (ADC) adjusts the sub-modules to produce the
desired voltage waveform.
• When the system voltage is low, the STATCOM generates reactive power to act as a
capacitive device.
• When the system voltage is high, the STATCOM absorbs reactive power to act as an
inductive device.
• STATCOMs are used to support weak grids, improve the performance of grids, and support
grids with a large percentage of air conditioners. They're also used to maintain voltage
during network faults and enhance short-term voltage stability.
19.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
• Multimeter, Tong Tester,
• Switch Board, Tool Box Kit,
• Test Lead with wires and Cables
• Any other Test Equipment the Manufacturer deems necessary
19.3. MODULES:
A Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) module is a power electronic device that
regulates voltage and reactive power flow in a power grid
STATCOM modules are designed to be independent units with their own control and
protection functions. If one module fails, it disconnects without affecting the other modules.
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) modules are the building blocks of a
STATCOM system, which is a device that regulates voltage and absorbs or provides reactive
current to a power grid:
19.4. HEAT EXCHANGER:
A heat exchanger is a system that transfers heat between a source and a working
fluid. Heat exchangers are used in many applications, like STATCOM.

• STATCOM heat exchangers: Heat exchangers are often located outdoors, while the
converter, cooling unit, and controls are placed indoors.
• STATCOM cooling: STATCOM containers may have independent room cooling, and heaters
may be installed to provide additional heating.
• STATCOM coolant temperature: The coolant temperature is monitored to regulate the
speed of outdoor fans and the operation of the bypass valve.
• STATCOM heat exchanger fans: Heat exchanger fans may be equipped with ring heaters.

19.5. STATIC VAR GENNERATOR PANEL:

The principle of the SVG is very similar to that of Active Power Filter. When the load is
generating inductive or capacitive current, it makes load current lagging or leading the voltage.
SVG detects the phase angle difference and generates leading or lagging current into the grid,
making the phase angle of current almost the same as that of voltage on the transformer side,
which means fundamental power factor is around unit.

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NOTE: ON command for the feeder breaker for STATCOM bay will be under ONLY the control of
SVG control panel. So manually the STATCOM feeder breaker cannot be turned on under any
circumstances but same can be turned off as desire/requirement of the operation from SCADA or
Local TNC.

SECTION-20: VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

20.1. OBJECTIVE:
A vacuum circuit breaker is a type of breaker that utilizes a vacuum as the medium to
extinguish electrical arcs. Within this circuit breaker, there is a vacuum interrupter that houses
the stationary and mobile contacts in a permanently sealed enclosure. When the contacts are
separated in a high vacuum environment, the electrical arc is effectively extinguished. As an
illustration, when the contacts of a circuit breaker are opened within a vacuum environment, the
interruption takes place precisely at the moment of the initial current reaching zero. This results
in the dielectric strength between the contacts rapidly increasing at a rate thousands of times
greater than what is achieved with alternative types of circuit breakers.

20.2. TEST INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

• Multimeter
• Micro-ohmmeter
• CRM kit
• INSULATION TESTER
• Multimeter, Tong Tester,
• Switch Board, Tool Box Kit,
• Test Lead with wires and Cables
20.2.1. INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:
An insulation resistance (IR) test measures the resistance of electrical insulation between
two points separated by it. The test is used to assess the quality of insulation in electrical systems,
and to identify potential problems before they occur.

TEST REPORT:

Insulation
Values in Meg Ohms
Resistance Test
CLOSED
Reference OPEN CONDITION PHASE TO EARTH
CONDITION
R
Y
B

20.2.2. CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT TEST:

• This test is to confirm the resistance of the main contacts.
• Inject 100A DC current through the main contact by keeping CB closed. The voltage drops
across the contact is measured and resistance is calculated. In many instruments resistance
will be a direct reading.

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TEST REPORT:

REFERENCE APPLIED CURRENT (100V MEASURED µΩ

DC)
R
Y
B

20.2.3. CB TIMING TEST:

• This test is to verify the open and closing time of CB contacts.
• Measure the closing time and tripping time with timing test kit that will measure and
record the time and timing diagram.
• Limits: The obtained close/ open time shall be compared with manufacturer reference
values or factory test results.

TEST REPORT:

REFERENCE R(Time m Sec) Y(Time m Sec) B(Time m Sec)

OPEN
CLOSE
CLOSE-OPEN

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