65

uide

CHAPTER 6

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

OMIT
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
Which of the following physical states the particles are well-arranged?
1.
(d) Amorphous solid
(a) Solid crystal (b) Liquid (c) Gas
In which one of the following the force of attraction is very strong?
2.
(a) Liquid (b) Gas (c) Amourphous solid (d) Solid crystals.
the constant temperature at 1
3 The melting point of a substane is defined as

atmospheric pressure when

(a) the solid starts melting (b) both the solid and liquid exist together
(c) only liquid is present (d) the solid is completely changed into liquid

4. Which one of the following is the correct definition of matter?

It has definite shape and fixed volume
(a) Ithas mass and occupies space (b)
It is coloured and has some odour (d) It can be compressed easily.
(c)
Which one ofthe following is NOT true about a solid?
5.
5.
(a) It has definite shape and size
(b) It cannot be compressed easily
(c) Its constituent particles are regularly and closely packed.
(d) It is always coloured and has characteristic odour.
6. In which one of the following sets each substance is a gas at room temperature?
(a) Mercury, iron, air (b) Chlorine, oxygen, carbon dioxide
(c) Water, milk, nitrogen (d) Carbon, hydrogen, aluminium

7. In which one ofthe following sets each one is solid under ordinary conditions?
(a) Mercury, iron, gold (b) Stone, water, ice
(c) Salt, sugar, chalk (d) Oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur.
8.
8. Which one is a correct term for direct conversion of a solid into gas?
(a) Fusioon (b) Sublimation (c) Evaporation (d) Diffusion
 0Socondary Gcience
66 to sublimation
of changes refers
ofthe following type (b) Liquid Solid
9. Which one

(a) Solid Liquid (d) Liquid Vapour (e) None

(c) Solid Vapour
Hhich one will not increase the rate of evaporation of liquid?
10. Increase of humidity
Increase of temperature (b)
(a) Increased wind speed.
Increase of surface areas (d)
(c)
correct statement?
11. Which one ofthe following is a
water at 373 K
(a) Steam burn is painful than boiling
more

(b) Evaporation of a liquid causes cooling

Increase of pressure lowers the separation
between the partiles of matter
(c)
(d) Each one is a correct statement.

12. Which one is not a correct statement when ice is heated?

(a) Ice melts and liquid water is formed
(b) Water changes into vapours and finally steam 1s formed.
(c) When steam strikes the surface of a solid water droplets are formed back
(d) When steam condenses ice is formed back.
13. Which one of the following has the highest boiling point?
(a) Acetone (b) Ethanol (c) Water (d) Benzene
ANSWERS: 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10.(b)
12. (d)
11.(e)
13. (c)

B. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. Name the three states
Sol: Solid, Liquid and
of matter.
gas
2. Write the terms marked
A and B in the following:
Solid A>Liquidieat B
Sol: A= heat , B
Vapour
=

3 In solids the
true or
separating forces are
stronger than the attracting forces. s itd
false statement? 1

Sol: False
4.
Name the
process in which a solid
Sol: Sublimation directly changed into gas.
 Guide 67

5 How is ordinary ice

different from dry ice?
Sol: Ice is water frozen into its solid state. It can appear transparent or opaque
bluish-white colour depending on the prescience of impurities or air inclusions.
It can appear in natural forms such as snowflakes, hail, icicles, glaciers, pacCk
ice and entire polar ice It's temperature is around 0°C (32°F)
caps.
While dry ice is is the solid form of carbon dioxide. The extreme cold makes
the solid dangerous to handle without protection due to burns caused by freez-
ing (frostbite). While generally nontoxic the out gassing from it can cause suf-
focation due to displacement of
oxygen in confined locations. -56.4°C (-69.5°F).

C SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS : (TYPE I)D

1. Define matter and give four examples.
Sol: Anything that occupies space and has mass is defined as matter.
Examples: Earth, Water, Sky, Fire etc.
2. What the
characteristics of the particles of matter?
are

Sol: The characteristics of the particles of matter are:

1. Particles of matter have space between them.
2. Particles of matter are continuously moving.
3. Particles of matter attract each other.
3. Pick out the incorrect phrasefrom the following about the
particles of matter.
"The particles of matter are very small. There is large separation between
them. They are at rest and attract each other."
Sol: "The particles of matter are very small. There is large separation between them.
They are continuously moving and attract each other."

4 Why do solids have a definite shape and volume?

Sol: Solids have a definite shape and volume because
they are held by strouper
force of attraction.
5. How increase in wind speed affect the rate of evaporation
of a liquid?
Sol: Increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation of
liquid.
6. After a
hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof or open
Sol: When people sprinkle water on hot and dry roof on a
ground. Why?
sunny day, that water
evaporates by taking energy from the ground, roof and
surroundings. The
ration of water causes a cooling effect because the large latent heat of
evapo-
of water helps to cool the hot surface. vaporation
 Socondary Bcience
68

D. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

(TYPE -1)
rale oy evuporaion ofa
increase in the
which can cause
a m e the factors
liquid. of a liquid are:
increase in the rate of evaporation
Sol: The factors which can cause
(ii) Wind speed
() Surface area (ii) Temperature
(vi) Vapor pressure
(iv) Humidity (V) Nature of the material
Give reason.
2. Water kept in a n earthen pot becomes cold after sometime.
Sol: An earthen pot (matka) has small pores in it. Water seeps
through these pores
and reaches the outer surface of the earthen pot. This water then evaporates by

taking heat from earthen pot, thereby making it cooler.

3. Steam burn is more painful. than hot water. Give reason.

Sel: Steam would release heat energy to first liquefy and then would release heat
energy to attain the room temperature. Boiling water would just release heat
energy to attain the room temperature. Thus, steam would release more heat
energy than boiling water: Therefore, steam produces more severe burns than
boiling water.
Name the physical state of water under each one of the following conditions:
(a) At 25°C and under atmospheric pressure
(b) At C and under atmospheric pressure
(c) At 10PC and under atmospheric pressure
Sol: (a) Liquid (b) Solid (c) Vapour
5. Convert the following temperatures into Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C (b) 27C(c) 373C
Sol: (a) 25+273 = 298 K
(b) 27+273 300OK
(c) 373+273 646 K
6. Convert the following temperatures into celsius
scale.
(a) 298 K (b) 746 K
Sol: (a) 298 - 273 = 25°C
(c) 300K
(b) 46 -273 = 473°C

(c) 300 273 27°C

 69
Ouide
E. LONGANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS
Tabulate the differences in the three states of matter with respect tothefollo wing:
1.
rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, shape, kinetic energy and density.

Sol: Property Solid Liquid Gas

Are not rigid
|1. Rigidity Are rigid Are not rigid
2. Compressibility |Cannot be Are almost Are highly
compressible
compressed incompressible
Liquids can flow, Gases flow more
3. Fluidity Do not fow,
therefore do not therefore they easily than liquidsand
possess fluidity thus have the highest
possess fhuidity
fhuidity.
definite
They have no definite They have
no
|4. Shape They have a definite

shape shape |shape.

Their particles have
5. Kinetic energy |Their particles have Their particles have
minimum kinetic kinetic energy higher highest kinetic
than those of solids. energy
energy. have
6. Density They have high Their density is lower They generally
density. than those of solids very low densities.
but much higher than
those of gases.
2. State the factors affecting evaporation.
:
Sol: Factors affecting evaporation are
increases with increase of surface area.
() The rate ofevaportation
increases with increase oftemperature.
(i) The rate of evaporation increases with increase of wind speed.
(i) The rate ofevaporation increases with decrease in humidity.
(iv) The rate of evaporation increases with the difference in the volatility of
(v) The rate of evaporation
different liquids. the pressure on open sur-
increases with lowering
(vi) The rate of evaporation
face of the liquid.
Sublimation (d) evaporation
3. Define: (a) Melting point (b) boiling point (c)
is the temperature at which a solid melts to become
Sol: (a) Melting point: Melting pont
pressure.
a liquid at the atmospheric the temperature at which a liquid startc
(b) Boiling point: Boiling point is ling
pressure.
at the atmospheric
 70 Gacondary 6cience
from solid to gas without
Sublimation: Sublimation is the change ofstate directly
changing into liquid state.
of a liquid into
Evaporation is the phenomenon ofchange
vape
aEvaporation: pors
at any
temperature below its boiling point.
o w would increase in pressure and decrease in temperature oj a gas affect.

(a) the distance between

particles
(b) strength of force of attraction between particle?
(C)the physical state
of
Sol: (a) The distance between the
gas?
will particles decrease.
(b) The strength offorce of attraction between particle will increase.
(c) The gas will change into
liquid.

IN TEXT
QUESTIONS (Page 1188)
1. The kinetic
energy of particles of water in three vessels A, B and C are
E>E>E respectively. Arrange the temperature T T and Te of water in
the three vessels in
Sol: T<T, <TA
inreasing order.

2. The smell of hot food reaches

you several metres away. Give reason.
Sol: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches
you several metres away, but to
smell from cold food you have to get the
go close because the kinetic
particles
of matter increases with the ncrease in energy of the
temperature.
3. Give why sugar dissolves in water?
reason
Sol: Sugar dissolve in water because when a
sucrose molecules breaks from the
sugar crystal, it is immediately surrounded by water
has hydroxyl groups that have a molecules. The sucrose
slight negative charge. The
the oxygen found in the water molecule binds posotive charge of
with the sugar. As the
shell forms around the sucrose molecule, the hydration
molecule is shield from other
sugar molecules so the sugar does not reform.
 71
uide

CHAPTER 7

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Water is
(a) a homogeneous mixture (b) a heterogeneous mixture
(C) an element (d) a compound

2 What is the size of a colloidal particles?

(a) 10 cm to 102 cm (b) 10 cm to 10 cm
(b) 10 cm to 10 cm (d)10 cm
3. What happens when a beam oflight is passed through a colloidal solution?
(a) It is reflected (b) It is absorbed (c) It is scattered (d) It is refracted

A. Which ofthefollowing is colloidal solution?

(a) Common salt solution (b) Sugar solution (c) Milk (d) Water
5. Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?
(a) Common salt (b) 20 carat gold (c) Blood (d) Milk

6. The numnber of naturally occuring elements is

(a) 92 (b) 120 (c) 110 (d) 80
7. Which of the following element is liquid at room temperature?
(a) lodine (b) Gallium (c) Mercury (d) Lead
8 The basic substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substanes by
chemical reaction is called
(a) compound (b) mixture (c) element (d) none of these
9. Which of the following statements are correct for pure substances?
I. They contain only one kind of particles.
l They may be compounds or mixture
III. They have the same chemical composition throughout.
IV They can be exemplified by all elements other than nickel.
(a) I and II (6) T and III (c) IlI and IV (d) II and IV
 Odecondary Gciene
cience
72
chemical changes?of wood

10. Which ofthe following show IL Sawing into pieces

wood
IK Breaking of
wooa
. Burning of II and IV
II and III (d)
II. Decaying of wood IV (c)
(b) I and
(a) I and II
is not aphysical change?
Which ofthefollowing ofan iron rod
l.
(b) Bending
(a) Rusting of iron of iron metal
wire of iron (d) Melting
(c) Drawing a
a product P whio
and Y combine together to form
12. Two chemical species X
contains both X and Yie. X+ Y+P
down into simplersubstance by simple chemical reactions
Xand Ycannot be broken
X, Yand P are correct?
hich ofthefollowing concerning II. species
the
Xand Yare comnpound
. Pis a compound IK Phas a fixed composition
II.X and Yare elements
III and IV
(a) I, II, and III (b) I, II and IV (c) II, III and IV (d) I,
ANSWERS: 1.(d) 2 (b) 3. (c)4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10.(a) 11.(a) 12.(d)

B. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Which one is a chemical change-burning
of methane gas orfreezing of water?
Sol: Burning of methane gas.
2. Select the element from ice, mercury and
dry ice.
Sol: Mercury
3. Give an example of a non-metallic element which is liquid at room
Sol: Bromine temperature.
4 Give an example ofa metallic element which is liquid at
Sol: Mercury room temperature.
5. Which one will show Tyndal
effec-a solution of
Sol: A solution of soap common salt or soap.
6. Name the solute and solvent in an
Sol: Solute NaCl1 aqueous solution of common salt.
-

and Solvent Water

7. Which of the following
materials in the category of pure
Ice, Milk, Iron, Hydrochloric acid,Jall
Calcium substane?
oxide, Mercury,
Sol: Iron and Mercury. Brick, Wood, Air
 73
uide
8. Which of the following will show Tyndall effect?
Salt solution, Milk, Copper sulphate solution, Starch solution.
Sol: Milk and starch solution.

C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: (TYPE - I)

1. Distinguish between mixture and compound.

Sol: Difference between mixture and compound are -

a) Mixture is formed by mixing of two or more pure substances (elements/

compounds but not combined chemically whereas compound is formed by
combining two or more elements chemically.
b) The composition of a mixture is variable.
whereas
C)The components are present in any proportion by mass in m1xture
components are present in a definite proportion by mas in a compound.
d) Mixtures are either heterogeneous or homogeneous in nature whereas com-
pounds are always homogeneous.
e) The component of mixture do not lose their identities whereas the physical
and chemical properties of compound are always different from those of its
constituents.
mixture does not have a fixed melting and boiling point whereas a com-
fA
pound has a fixed melting and boiling point
g) A mixture can be separated into its original constituents by physical process
whereasA compound cannot be separated into its constituents by any physi
cal process. It can be separated only by chemical process.

h) Energy is neither evolved nor absorbed during the preparation of a mixture

whereas energy is either absorbed or liberated during the formation ofa compound.

not a mixture? Give two reasons.

2. Why is water called a compound and
Sol: Water is called a compound but not a mixture as it is made up of two mo lecules
molecule of oxygen in a fixed ratio of 2:1.
of hydrogen and one

3 What is meant by concentration of a

solution How will you prepare a 10%
solution of sugar?
of solute present in a given amount
Sol: The concentration of a solution is the amount
dissolved in a given mass or volume of solvent.
of solution or the amount of solute
of sugar, dissolve 10g of sugar to 90g of water
To prepare a 10% solution
examples
44.Sol: What is sublimation? Give two
The phenomenon in which some solid substance gets converted directly into
gaseous state without changing into líquid state is called sublimation.
napthalene etc.
Examples : benzoic acid,
 Secondary Gcience x
74
compound? Give
reason of your statens
in support
ment
water a n elenent o r
a
5. Is
element because of the following reasonns
and not an
Sol: Water is a compound elements namely, hydrogen
the reaction between two
(i) Water is formed by
and oxygen
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
(compound)
(element) (element)
Water can be decomposed into two simpler substances namely, hydrogen
(1)
and oxygen by electricity
Water 1 Hydrogen + Oxygen
(element)
(compound) (element)
elements and can be decomposedtto
Thus, water can be produced from its that wateris
it becomes evident
give back hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore,
not an element but a compound.
salt, pleces off paper
Rain water stored tank contains sand grains,
in a
6. the among these
and serve air bubles. Select from
unfiltrable clay particles
a solute, a colloid
and a suspension.
oneexamples of a solvent,
- water
Sol: Solvent
- salt
Solute
Colloid - unfiltrable clay particles,

Suspension pieces of paper, sand grains

7 Classify the following into metal, non-metals and metalloids:

(b) Diamond (c) Copper (d) Helium
(a) Boron
(e) lodine
Sol: Metalloid Boron
Metal Copper
Non-metal- Diamond, helium, iodine

8. Give two difference between true solution and colloid.

Sol: () A true solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more than two substance
whereas a colloid is a homogeneous-looking, but
heterogeneous-mixture.
(11) In a true solution, solute cannot be seen even with a microscope wherca
colloid, the particles can be seen only with a powerful
microscope.
(ii) In a true solution, the size of particles is about 10-10 m whereas in a
size of particle is between 10- colo
10 m.
 Guide
75
D. SHORTANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (TYPE ID -

1. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous with

example.
Sol: Homogeneous mixture
(1) A mixture in which different constituents are mixed
uniformly.
(i) The cannot have physically distinct parts.
(ii)They constinuents cannot be easily seen.
(iv) The constituents cannot be easily
separated.
(v) Example Sugar solution, soda, water,
vinegar etc.
Heterogeneous nixture
1) A mixture in which different constituents are not mixed uniformly.
(ii) They have physically distinct parts.
(i1)They constituents can be easily seen.
(iv)The constituents be easily separated.
can
( Example : Sugar and sand mixture, milk, ink, blood ete.

2. Identify the solutions from the foloiwng list

(a) Soil (b) Air (c) Sea water (d) Coal
(e) Soda water
Sol: (b) Air (c) Sea water (e) Soda water
3. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures:
(a) Calcium (b) Water (c) Dry ice
(d) Milk (e) Soil ) Soap
Sol: Element Calcium
Compound Water, Soil, Soap
Mixture Dry ice, Milk

4. Classify the following as chemical and physical changes.

(a) Cooking of food (b) Heating platinum
(c) Freezing of water (d) Drying of clothes
(e) Mixing of iron nails and sand D Burning of methane
Sol: Physical change - Freezing ofwater, Drying ofclothes, Mixing ofironnails and sand
Chemical change - Cooking of food, FHeating platinum, Burning of methane

5. Name special properties of a colloidal system which are not shown by

solution.
Sol: Colloids show Tyndall effect.
76 &nce
LONGANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
E.
names.
Give a n d e x a m p nple of each one
1. and write its other (a) aerosol of
Define a colloi
(c) gel
(a) sol (b) emulsion which th
O: Acolloid is a heterogeneous system oftwo
or more
solute particles ofa
substances in
the size o
of atrue
true
size ofthe
the dispersed particles is greater than the
of a suspension.
sokution
but smaller than the size ofthe particles
Water
(a) Sols Paints, Gum, Muddy
(b) Emulsion Milk, Hair Cream
(c) Gel Cheese ,Butter, Jellies

(d) Aerosol -Insecticide Fog, Clouds

Spray,
Draw aflow diagram of the steps involved in the separation ofcomponent
nt of
air. Name this process and also write names of any two gases thus separatei
Sol:
Reservoir
Pumps

River
Sedimentation
and
loading tank Pumps
Filtration tank
Pure water
storage tank
Chlorination tank Weler

Nork

The process used for the

Two gases separation of component of air is
separated by this process are freezing and distillatio
3. Are
oxygen and argon.
colloidals solution
homogeneous or heterogeneous?
amples in support of your
Sol: Colloidals solution are answer. Explain giving
4. Give
heterogeneous.
one
examples of mixture which
(a) two non-miscible components has:
Sol: Oil and Water
b) two volatile
Sol: Water and Alcoholcomponents dijfferent in boiling
(c) two coloured points by more than
Sol: Water and lodine components soluble in same
solvent
 Ouide 77
d) water containing a soluble salt
Sol: Water and Sodium chloride

IN-TEXTQUESTIONS (Page 144)

1. Air is not a compound but it is a mnixture. Give two reasons.
Sol: Air 1S not a compound because its components are not chemically bonded. The
proportions of the constituents ofair vary from place to place and even from time to
time. In a compound, the proportions of differnt constituents remain fixed.

22. Which of the following are mixtures.

Sugar, ink, water, milk, mango juice, blood air, soap, sugar solution.
Sol: Milk, mango juice, blood air, soap, sugar solution.
3 Whichof the following are exaples of homogeneous mixtures?
Vinegar; mixture of salt and water; mixture of sand and iron fillings; soil,
brass and sugar in oil, iodine in alcohol; water in oil; air sand in wate7

Amalgam; filtered tea; wood, soda water.

Sol: Vinegar, soil, iodine in alcohol, air sand in water, filtered tea, wood, soda water.

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS (Page 150)

Illustrate the terms solutions, solvent and solute by taking an example.
1.
or more than two sub-
Sol: Solution : A homogeneous mixture of two substances
stances is called a Solution.
Solvent : It is the component ofthe solution which is present in large quantity
dissolved. The solvent is also the
and in which other substances are
of sugar in
medium of the solution. For example, in the solution
water is called solvent.
water, the component
is dissolved in the solvent to prepare the solu-
Solute: It is the component which
is called Solute.
tion. For example, in the solution sugar water, sugar
of in

in which gases are dissolved in water.

2..
2.. Give a n example of solution
Sol: Carbonated water

3. Give an examnple of solid solution.

Sol: Copper in gold.
c h l o r i d e was prepared in water at 30rC
4. A saturated solution of potassium
Then it was heated up to 40C. Sate how The nature ofsolution will nge
unsaturated and it will be able to dissolve more otassium
Sol: The solution will become
chloride.
 5econaary
Secondary doience y
78 noe
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
(Page 160)
following
separating the
method o r
methods for
1. Name the
water
(a) Pure water from sea
Sedimentation, decantation, filtration
Sol: and petrol
(b) Kerosene fromn a mixture ofkerosene
Sol: Fractional distillation
and copperfilings
Goldfrom a mixture of gold
(C)
Sol: Frational distillation
(d) Oil and water
Sol: Separating funnel
(e) Dyes from black ink
Sol: Chromatogrphy
Sulphur from a solution of sulphur in carbon disulphide
Sol: Distillation
(g) Benzene (b.pt. 80°C) from a solution of benzene and toluene (b.pt. 100rC
Sol: Distillation
(h) Copper turning from a mixture of coper turnings and iron fillings.
Sol: Crystallization.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS (Page 162)
1. Classify the following as physical change or chemical
(a) Cutting trees change
(b) Melting of butter
(c)
(c) Rustingof iron (d) Boiling of water
(e)
(e) Dissolving salt in water ) Burning of wood or paper
(g) Digestionof food (h) Growth of a plant
(i) Cooking of food ) Mixing of iron fillings and
(k) Freezing of water () Burningof a candle sulphur
(m) Making salad with raw fruits and
(n) Decomposition of waler into hydrogenvegetableand oxygen by
Sol: Physical change: passing electric curre
(a) Cutting trees, (b) Melting
of butter, (d) Boiling of water, (h) Growth
plant, (j) Mixing of iron fillings and sulphur, ol

with raw fruits and vegetable, (n) (k) Freezing ofwater, (m) Making
Decomposition sal
of water into hydrogen
gen by passing electric current and oxy

Chemical change:
(c) Rustingof iron ,(e) Dissolving salt in
water,
(g) Digestionoffood, i) Cooking offood, () (f) Burning
Burning ofwood or
or paper,
paper,
Burningofa candle
 79
Fuide

SOLVED NUMERICALS
of water.
1. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10g of common salt in 90g
Calculate the mass per cent of each component of the solution.
Sol: In this problem, salt is solute (B) and water is solvent (A). It is given
that

Mass of salt =10 g

Mass of water= 90 g
Total mass solution = 90 g + 10 g= 100 g

Mass per cent of water = a s s oI SOute x 100

Mass of solution
90g x 100 90
100 g
100 Mass per cent ofwater =
100 90 =10
-

Mass per cent of salt=

2. A saturated solution is prepared by dissolving 36 g of common salt in 100g

of water at 293 K. Calculate the concentration of this solution.
Sol: In this example we have to calculate the mass per cent of the salt. It is given

that:
Mass of water = 100 g

Mass of salt = 36 g

Total mass of solution =

Mass of water + Mass of salt
100 g+ 36 g 136 g
Mass per cent of salt Mass ofsaltx 100
Mass of solution

36g x 100 26.47

136 g
Concentration of solution 2 6 . 4 7 mass per cent of salt