PL/SQL Control Structures Summary
1. Introduction to Control Structures
Control structures manage the flow of execution in PL/SQL:
- Conditional Control: Executes statements based on conditions.
- Iterative Control: Repeats execution using loops.
- Sequential Control: Executes statements in order.
2. Conditional Control in PL/SQL
PL/SQL provides IF statements to control execution.
IF Statement Types:
1. IF-THEN Statement
Executes a block if the condition is true.
Syntax:
IF condition THEN
Statement;
END IF;
2. IF-THEN-ELSE Statement
Executes different blocks based on TRUE or FALSE conditions.
Syntax:
IF condition THEN
Statements when TRUE
ELSE
Statements when FALSE
END IF;
3. IF-THEN-ELSIF Statement
Allows multiple conditions.
Syntax:
IF condition1 THEN
Statements for condition1
ELSIF condition2 THEN
Statements for condition2
END IF;
4. IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE Statement
Provides default execution when all conditions fail.
Syntax:
IF condition1 THEN
Statements for condition1
ELSIF condition2 THEN
Statements for condition2
ELSE
Statements if all conditions fail
END IF;
Examples:
Example 1: Checking a Condition
DECLARE
a NUMBER := 200;
BEGIN
IF a < 10 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('a is less than 10');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('a is not less than 10');
END IF;
END;
Example 2: Check Even or Odd
DECLARE
n1 NUMBER := &num1;
BEGIN
IF MOD(n1,2) = 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The number '||n1||' is even');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The number '||n1||' is odd');
END IF;
END;
Example 3: Check Positive, Negative, or Zero
DECLARE
num1 NUMBER := &get_num;
BEGIN
IF num1 < 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Negative number');
ELSIF num1 = 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Equal to zero');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Positive number');
END IF;
END;
3. PL/SQL CASE Statement
The CASE statement allows structured multiple conditions.
Syntax:
CASE expression
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
ELSE default_result
END;
Example 1: Grade Classification
DECLARE
grade CHAR(1) := 'C';
BEGIN
CASE grade
WHEN 'A' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Distinction');
WHEN 'B' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Class');
WHEN 'C' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Second Class');
ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Failed');
END CASE;
END;
Example 2: Display Day of a Date
DECLARE
t_dt DATE := TO_DATE('&input_date', 'DD-MON-YYYY');
t_day VARCHAR2(1);
BEGIN
t_day := TO_CHAR(t_dt, 'D');
CASE t_day
WHEN '1' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sunday');
WHEN '2' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Monday');
WHEN '3' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Tuesday');
WHEN '4' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Wednesday');
WHEN '5' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Thursday');
WHEN '6' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Friday');
WHEN '7' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Saturday');
END CASE;
END;
4. Key Takeaways
- IF Statements allow conditional execution.
- CASE Statements provide structured multi-condition checks.
- PL/SQL Control Structures make programs efficient and flexible.
