CERTIFICATE
Mrs. Alekhika Pani
Department of Physics
Guru Nanak Public School
Sambalpur
This is to certify that this piece of work entitled
“ ” is being submitted by Sharmistha
Priyadarsini for the partial fulfillment of +2 science of C.B.S.E., Board
under my supervision and guidance in Guru Nanak Public School,
Sambalpur during 2006-2007.
Signature of Guide Signature of External
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I owe profound sense of gratitude to Mrs. Alekhika Pani for her
able guidance during my investigation.
I am also thankful to my friends for their kind and serious
cooperation.
Name : Sharmistha
Priyadarshini
K.V., Sambalpur
Class – XII (Science)
Roll No :
AIM :
To construct a “Rain Alarm”, using the following components.
COMPONENTS :
A capacitor (0.01uf, Ceramic Type)
A battery (6v)
A speaker (5 ohm ~ 8 ohm)
Resistors 330 kohm, 1.5kohm ((1/4)w each)
Two transistors (N6107 p-n-p & positive BC-547 n-p-n)
A switch
INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of science various types of new technology &
scientific gadgets are developed. This simple & inexpensive circuit
sound and alarm (a whistle) when rain falls on the wires. The circuit
contains the following parts :
1. N-P-N Transistor : In this transistor p-type semi-
condoctor is sandwiched between two n-type of semiconductors. It’s
emitter is connected in forward biased i.e. negative terminal of the
battery. When emitter is connected forward biased electron to p-type
semiconductor where 5% neutralize & remaining 95% flow to the
positive potential of the battery.
2. P-N-P Transistor : In which, a n-type
semiconductor is sandwiched between two p-type of semiconductors.
In this transistor emitter is connected in reversed biased, i.e. negative
of battery. Majority charge carrier hole flow to n-type semiconductor
where 5% get neutralized and remaining 95% flow to emitter due to
positive terminal of the battery.
3. Capacitor : An arrangement for storing a very large
amount of charge is called capacitor.
If V is the potential difference between two plates of capacitor then
the charge deposited on each plate Q can be given as :
Q=C*V
Where C = capacitance.
4. Resistance : The resistance of a conductor is defined as
the ratio of the potential difference applied to the current flowing
through the conductor R = V / I.
The resistance offered by the material to the flow of current, which
depend upon :
(i) The nature of the conductor;
(ii) Length of the conductor; and
(iii) Cross-sectional area of the conductor.
CONSTRUCTION :
Assemble all the components according to the circuit diagram :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RAIN ALARM
On the plate, the transistor T1 of P-N-P type (2N6107) is soldered. Its
emitter is connected to positive terminal of the battery & to the other end
of the resistance R1 (330kohms) the other end of the resistance is
soldered to one wire.
The base of the transistor T1 of P-N-P is soldered with the collector of
transistor T2 (BC-547) is soldered to both of the capacitor C1 (0.01uf,
ceramic type) & resistance R2 (1.5 kohms) in series & then connect it to
the speaker. At the same time connect the base of the transistor T2 (BC-
547) to another wire.
The battery of the eliminator should be freshly charged. The emitter of
transistor T2 (BC-547) is connected to another part of speaker & to the
negative terminal of the battery. At the same time the collector of
transistor T1 (2N6107) is soldered to the resistance R2. Thus the circuit
is completed.
WORKINGS :
The basis circuit design for the rain alarm is the two transistors.
When rain falls on the wires, the rainwater connect the base bias of the
transistor. Thus, the transistor T2 (BC-547), starts conducting. The
output transistor T1 (2N6107) amplifies the signal & drives the loud
speaker (5 ohm ~ 8 ohm) directly. The audio tone produced by the
speaker can be changed by the value of the capacitor C1 (0.01uf).
Thus, the circuit starts to produce an alarming sound.
PRE-CAUTION :
(1) Make sure that the circuit connections are neat & tight & plugs are
not loose.
(2) The transistor should be tested & its components should be soldered
in the right way.
INFERENCE :
This simple circuit of the rain alarm, which activates when rain
falls on the wires, then it produces an alarming sound.
APPLICATION OF THE RAIN ALARM :
(1) It can be used as a water level controller for automatic switch on &
off of the motor.
(2) The circuit can be used as a fire alarm by just fitting a co-efficient of
the thermistor in place of wire.
(3) To indicate the baby watering.
REFERENCE :
(1) Laboratory Manual in Physics (Part-II), R.S. Mittal & S. Singhal
(2) Electronics project – An EFY Enterprise Publications.
