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15 ELECTROSTATICS
Charge of a material body is that ELECTRIC CHARGE other charges. There
Jare twO kindsof
charges- positive property
lconserved, and additive
due to which it interacts with
and negative. S.I. unit is coulomb. Charge is quantized,
COULOMB'S LAW
Force between two charges 1 492
4nE r2
medium is present then multiply &, with [, where e,
NoTE :The Law is applicable only for static and =relative permittivity
point charges. Moving charges may resut in
interaction. And if charges are spread on bodies then induction maychange the magct
charge distribution.
ELECTRIC FIELD OR ELECTRIC INTENSITY OR ELECTRIC FIELD
STRENGTH (Vector Quantity)
t is the net torce on unit positive charge due F
to all other charges. E= unit is N/C or V/m.
ELECTRICFIELD DUE TO SPECIAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
(a) Point charge EKa (c) Uniformly charged non conducting
sphere:
F
Ka/R°
R
kq
(b) Charged conducting sphere : Ö) E = 2r r>R
ko
E (i) E, = R r=R
4
Ke/R..
(ii) E = kqr r<R
R
R
(d) Linear charge distribution of length'
() E, = kq ;r>Rfor point out side the sphere
of
(ii) Ep = kq =;rR for point at the surface
R
the sphere sphere
(ii) E, = 0 :r<R for point inside the
Àsin(") 2kà
E, =
2nr sin()
For infinite line of charge : E, 2k
81
Urr
rrent Elect
Physics HandBon.
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two charges :
(e) Infinite charged conducting plate r
E
Q
IfIQ,I > IQ,l» Nulllpoint near Q,(Smaller charge)
=r (distance of nullI point from Q,)
X:
for unlike charges
(+) for like charges; (
() Infinite sheet of charge (or charged non Equilibrium of suspended point charge
conducting plate) ball system
++++
Tcos T
FVQ
Tsin
2E0
(g) Charged circular ring at an axial point : mg
E
+++
For equilibrium position Tcos 0 = mg &
Emas kQ? tan = F,
e kQ?
Tsin 0 =F: ’
mg x'mg
If whole set up is taken into an artificial satellite
kQx
kq'
(s.0) T=F, = 4p2
Ep =
(R²+x
2
R q
Field will be maximum at x=+
180°
At centre of ring x = 0 so E, = 0
(h) Segment of ring : ELECTRIC FLUX
(i) For uniform field:
electric
= . = EA cos where angle
between ¼& area vector (A). Flux is
contributed only due to the componentthe,
2k).
electric field which is perpendicular to
plane.
E, = R sin (ii) If Ëis not uniform throughout the area A,
then = (E.d
(11i) dA represent area vector normal to the
surface and pointing outwards from
closed surface.
82
Electrostatic Potential
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Gauss's Law POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE points A
(Applicable only to closed surface) The
two
potential difference between against
and Bis work done by external agent
charge
Aen electric field in taking a unit positive
keeping
net rom B to A without acceleration (or
where Gon charge K))
closed surface. enclosed by the Kinetic Eneray, constant or K,
does not depend on the (Wnon
Shape and size of the closed surface
The charges located
)
surface. outside the closed Electric potential
It is the work done against the field to take a unit
Electric field depends on
side and outside the surface.charges both positive charge from infinity (reference point) to the
" Electric field intensity at a point near given point without gaining any kinetic energy
a
charged conductor : E
"Electrostatics pressure on Potential Due to Special Charge Distribution
charged
conductor : P= (1) Point charge V kq
28
Energy densityin electric field: u; =,E
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
(ii) Charged conducting sphere
K
4A>4B
R
Electric lines of electrostatic field have following R
R
properties
@ Imaginary lines kq r>R kq r =R
ü Never intersect each other (a) Ve = R
|) Electrostatic field lines never forms closed loops
(c) V, =ka. r<R
|W) Field lines ends or starts normally at the surface of R
a conductor. (iüi) Charged non-conducting sphere
will be no field
Tthere is no electric field there
3Kq 4V
lines. 2R
K
V) Number of electric field lines per unit area normàl R
represents magnitude of
o ne area at a point field while strong
lines represent
intensity,,crowded
distant lines weak field. (a) Ve =ka :r>R (b) V, =r-R
R
|vi) at a point in an
Tangent to the line of force of intensity of kq 3R' -r
electric field gives the direction (c) V, = 2R
; r<R
electric field.
83
Equipotential Surface and
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EquipotentialRegion
the locus of points of
(iv) Segment of ring electricfield equipotential equal
In an
potential is
called an and the
electric surface.
An
equipotential
surface
right angles.
The region wherl field
meet at whole region must
R
line the
Potential of done in
remain
kà.a kQ when Q = AaR
E 0,
constant as
no work is displacement
equipotential
of
region like
Vo= R R it. Itis called as
charge in
Distant Point Along conductingbodies.
(v) Electric Potential at a Electric dipole
The Axis of a Charged Ring point charges are placed
equal and opposite
If separation then system is asknown
very small
dipole. 2!
q2
Electric dipole moment =
quantity
1. It is a vector
-ve to +ve charge
2.Direction is from field
electric
4V, Electric dipole in uniform
t=pEsin 0
1. Torque i=pxE or
dipole from 0, to A
2. Work done in rotation to
angle in extemal electric field.
R
ko
W= pE(cos0,-cose,)
4rE,(a'+x²)V2
3. Potential energy =-pE cos
Note :
Relation between & V
" Inuniform field, force on a dipole = 0,
torque may or may not be zero.
E-grad V=-V, E=
" In general in non-uniform field, force on a
dipole 0 and torque may or may not be zero
" In non uniform E,F, =p.
dE
Electric potential energy of two charges dr
It is the amount of work required to bring the two Electric field and potential due to dipole
point charges to a particular separation from Electric field Potential
o without change in KE. 1. at axial 2kp kp
U= 1 4,92
4E, r
2. at equitorial kp 0
|3. at general position kp kpcos
-1+3cos0
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Electric field KEY POINTS
in the bulk of the
surface in electrostatics. conductor (volume) is zero while it is
Fxcess charge resides on the free perpendicular to
Potential throughout the volume ofsurface of conductor in
the conductor is same electrostatic condition.
Charge density at Convex sharp points on in
a conductor is electrostatics.
curvature at a convex part, greater the charge density.
is
greater. Lesser is radius o
Potential difference between two points in an
between them. electric field does not depend on the path
Potential at a point due to positive charge is positive & due to
negative charge is negative.
When P is parallel to E then the dipole is in stable
equilibrium
When P is antiparallel to E then the dipole is in unstable equilibrium
Self potential energy of a charged conducting spherical shell = KQ²
2R
A spherically symmetric charge {i.e p depends only on r) behaves as if its charge is
concentrated at its centre (for outside points).
Dielectric strength of material : The minimum electric field required to ionize the
medium or the maximum electric field which the medium can bear without break down.
The particles such as photon or neutrino which have no (rest) mass can never has a charge
because charge cannot exist without mass.
does not depend on frame of
Electric charge is invariant because value of electric charge
reference.
move in an electric field. It may or may not move along an
A charged particle is free to
conditions affect the motion of charged particle.
electric line of force because initial a good
experiments do not work well in humid days because water is
Electrostatic
conductor of electricity. be built to block an electricfield
a hollow conducting shell may
A metallic shield in form of shell, the electric field is zero at every
point.
because in ahollow conducting
TANT NOTE
