TPC 4 (MODULE 1) ✓ Market-led vs.

product-led-destination development
that will attract a broader market over destination
I. Introduction to Tourism Policy Planning - Tourism development on compatibility between environment
has become a major pillar of the Philippine economy as it and society.
offers much greater avenue for creating employment and ✓ Level of development allowed - limiting tourism,
livelihood opportunities, compared to other economic maintain tourism at a medium level, or tourism be the
activities. major factor to increase economy.
Tourism policy is 'A set of rules, regulations, guidelines, ✓ Growth rate - often a policy consideration is the
directives, and development/promotion objectives and growth rate of tourism intended for slow, medium or
strategies that provide framework within which the fast growth.
collective, as well as individual decisions directly affecting ✓ Corresponding roles government, private sectors,
long-term tourism development and the daily activities and tourism stakeholders' roles in developing and
within a destination are take . managing tourism can be an important policy
consideration.
- Tourism policy is one of the primary bases of tourism
planning, along with national (National Integrated Tourism Planning - Planning is the method of setting
Protected Areas System (NIPAS Act of 1992), local goals, opting for alternative development of action to
development plans, land use plans, natural and cultural attain those goals, executing the preferred alternative and
assets of the place, environmental policy, cultural policy, evaluating the choices to find out if it is successful.
foreign policy, and expressed national or local needs. Planning is vital to the success of any activity. Planning
- Planning is the dynamic process to define and tourism at all levels is crucial for achieving successful
determine the goals, methodically selecting alternative tourism development and management.
courses of actions to realize those goals, then executing Why plan for tourism?
the chosen alternatives, evaluating the alternative and
ultimately, concluding if it will become successful. ✓ Guides development in areas with little experience.
✓ Coordinates tourism sectors for better service.
Industry Analysis ✓ Boosts economic benefits through strategic planning.
Tourism Policy - Tourism is a relatively new industry ✓ Supports environmental conservation by improving
which involves the development of an important economic destinations.
driver. From the birth of the tourism industry, economic ✓ Preserves culture and brings social benefits.
dimension of it has been the main priority for the ✓ Ensures long-term sustainability of tourism
government. resources.

- Tourism policy development is a major consideration Tourism Development - refers to the growth and
in creating economic policy. It could be defined as a set of maintenance of the tourism industry in a given locality.
researches, findings, and practices taken by the And, of course, tourism planning is a very important part
government, in partnership with private or social of tourism development.
organizations, with the intention to achieve various On a basic level, tourism development can be defined as
purposes related to tourism. creating strategies and plans to increase, develop, and
The areas that the tourism policy has to address can be encourage tourism activities for a destination. The
summarized as follows: fundamental reason behind planning and implementing
strategies for developing the tourism sector is primarily to
1. Adverse public perceptions - Tourism must be make money and to subsequently increase the Gross
regarded as an economic activity rather than only as a Domestic Product (GDP) of a country or locality.
leisure activity. Therefore, the importance of the industry
should be stressed in terms of its capacity to create Tourism development consists of many elements
employment. Furthermore, policy should ensure that the including, but not limited to: developing and managing
economic benefits of the industry increase to all people of private-public partnerships, assessing the competitors to
the region, not to specific vested interests and groups. gain competitive advantage, ensuring responsible and
sustainable development, viewing tourism as an
2. Restricted visitor typology - It should be known that interconnected system and a demand driven sector,
the tourism market is multifaceted. It involves an assessing private sector investment and international
innumerable of potential visitors with different needs and cooperation, tourism clustering and involvement by the
expectations. Policies should also focus on both local Government.
mass market and the international market.
The benefits of tourism development
3. Inadequate and unsuitable human resources
training - According to McIntyre (1993), human resources ➢ Tourism development planning enables to benefit all
could emerge as the single most important issue facing tourism stakeholders involved, for example:
the tourism industry in the next century. Tourism policies ➢ It increases income and jobs from tourist spending
should be premised on improving human resources to its ➢ It helps preserve cultural and natural heritage for
full potential, and overcoming past challenges. Tourism tourists and locals.
policy can as well take many methods or forms. ➢ It increases understanding of other cultures
➢ It builds new facilities and infrastructure.
Listed below are some of the basic issues that need to be
addressed in policy formulation: The costs of tourism development

✓ Economic reasons providing employment for the local There are also some costs which must be considered and
community, earning foreign exchange, increase in planned for in terms of tourism development, which
government revenues using tourism as an agent of include:
growth and development. ➢ Costs of implementing tourist facilities can be
✓ Social reasons encourage cross-cultural exchange, expensive
platform for education, deliver recreation ➢ The natural landscape can be destructed to make
opportunities. room for hotels etc. to be built
✓ Environmental reasons - help in the conservation and ➢ Social standards may be destabilized
preservation of natural and cultural resources.
➢ The natural environment may be polluted facilities, conservation and landscape areas and other
facilities carried-out for a particular development site such
Formulating an approach to tourism policy and as accommodation building or other structures, or it may
planning - 6 'golden rules' that should be applied when also involve the plan for landscaping and engineering
formulating an approach to tourism planning and policy, design based on the site plan.
as outlined by Inskeep (1991).
The approach and implementation of tourism policy and
➢ Goal oriented - Clear recognition of tourism's role in planning differs significantly between different levels and
realizing an extensive national and community goals. destinations.
➢ Integrative - Integrating tourism policy and planning
into the core of planning for the economy, land use II. Tourism Policy Formulation & Planning
and infrastructure, conservation and environment Frameworks
➢ Market driven - Planning for tourism development
that crafts effectively in a viable global marketplace. "UNWTO works to provide guidance and share good
➢ Resource driven - Developing tourism which shape practices on policies and governance models aimed to
the destination's intrinsic assets while protecting and effectively support the tourism sector at the different
enhancing the attributes and experiences of current levels: national, regional and local." (UNWTO, n.d.)
tourism assets The United Nations World Tourism Organization
➢ Consultative - Uniting the broader community supports its member states in the development of efficient
attitudes, needs and wants to determine what is governance models/structures and policies with focus on
suitable to the population. the following:
➢ Systematic - Drawing on primary or analytical
support for planners including the experiences of • Tourism policy and strategic planning
other tourism destinations. • Governance and vertical cooperation, i.e. national-
regional-local levels
MODULE 2 • Public Private Partnership (PPP)
I. Levels of Tourism Policy Planning - Tourism policy In the ASEAN Region, the ASEAN Tourism Strategic Plan
and planning is a very multifaceted concern that involves 2016-2025 (2015) works as guide in the achievement of
several tourism stakeholders. the vision of the ASEAN tourism up to 2025:
Industry Analysis "By 2025, ASEAN will be a quality tourism destination
What is tourism policy and planning? offering a unique, diverse ASEAN experience, and will be
committed to responsible, sustainable, inclusive and
Planning can be defined as "the process of making balanced tourism development, so as to contribute
decisions for the future, and not simply the physical significantly to the socioeconomic well-being of ASEAN
preparation of a 'plan'. Planning involves implementing people.
decisions and monitoring the outcomes.
In the Philippines, the Department of Tourism follows the
Levels of tourism policy planning cluster-convergence approach from the National Tourism
Development Plan (2016–2022). The **Cluster
Tourism policy and planning takes place on different Approach** groups areas based on attractions, transport,
levels. This can take a top-down approach. for example, nearby cities, and key facilities to encourage tourists to
by international or national bodies, or a bottom-up stay longer and spend more. The **Convergence
approach, from a local level. Approach** focuses on teamwork between national and
International tourism planning - At the international local governments to ensure efficient and inclusive
level tourism planning typically involves; international tourism development.
transportation services; the movement and scheduling of
the tours of tourists among different countries; the
development of major tourist attractions and facilities in
neighboring countries and the working strategies and
promotional programs of many countries.

National tourism planning - focuses on policy,

infrastructure, and key attractions, including development
regions, entry points, and necessary facilities. It also
ensures the right types and quality of accommodations
and services, identifies major tour routes, and establishes
tourism laws and investment policies. Marketing
strategies and promotions play a crucial role, along with Instruments of Tourism Policy
education and training programs to develop the
workforce. Velasco (2017) presented 5 differentiated categories of
instruments that can be used by decisionmakers through
Regional tourism planning - Regional tourism planning which governments can attain their goals.
focuses on policy, entry points, transportation, and the
development of attractions, accommodations, and resort 1. Organizational instruments - Institutions who design,
areas. It also manages socio-cultural, environmental, and implement, or merely act on tourism policy for the
economic impacts, along with education, marketing, development of any policy, program, or action. It is always
regulations, investment policies, and zoning rules to guide necessary to have some institution who manages
sustainable tourism growth. programs and actions using both human and material
resources.
Local tourism planning - Local level participants will
consider tourism planning goals/objectives, analysis, plan The institutional framework is a key element in any
preparation, outputs, outcomes, and evaluation at grass policy, thus in tourism policy. There are 3 basic types:
roots level.
a. The traditional administrative political structures
Site planning level - Site planning refers to planning for
specific site of buildings and structures, recreational
b. The executive structures dependent of the formers and The Risks and Assumptions column lists conditions that
usually related to marketing and destination promotion must be met for each level to lead to the next.

c. The structures of cooperation between public and

private actors
MODULE 3
2. Regulatory Instruments - Confer rights or impose I. Impacts of Tourism Development
obligations related to tourism and they establish direct or
indirect government regulation. Tourism is a major economic engine whose
development can have a fundamental impact on societies
3. Incentive and promotion instruments. - These are
and the environment, both positive and negative.
instruments that seek to stimulate private actors to be
Managing the impacts of tourism development begins
aligned with the goals of tourism policy, usually through
economic stimuli that are articulated through grants, soft
with an awareness of the potential positive and negative
loans, subsidies, and tax credits.
impacts of tourism on the environment, society, and the
economy
4. Improving knowledge instruments - These are
related to the need to generate relevant data on tourism, Overview - The traditionally described domains of
the importance of investigations in this field, and the tourism impacts are economic, socio-cultural, and
willingness to help tourism knowledge. An example would environmental dimensions. The economic effects of
be plans or programs that seek to promote R + D + 1 in tourism include improved tax revenue and personal
tourism or generate information systems to support income, increased standards of living, and more
decision-making. employment opportunities Sociocultural Impacts are
associated with interactions between people with
5. Communication instruments - Use of mass media
differing cultural backgrounds attitudes and behaviors,
could be both for raising awareness of specific values, as
and relationships to material goods. Environmental
hospitality.
impacts affect the carrying capacity of the area,
Table 1. Instruments for Tourism Policies vegetation, air quality, bodies of water, the water table,
Instruments Nature Purpose wildlife and natural phenomena

At the same time, tourism also brings health

Institutional Binding for the Self- outcomes for local people. The short-term negative
Arrangements government organization impacts of tourism on residents' health are related to the
Regulatory compulsory Regulation and density of tourist's arrivals, risk of disease transmission,
Instruments Control road accidents, higher crime levels, as well as traffic
Incentives and Voluntary for Promotion and congestion crowding, and other stressful factors in
Promotion those involved encouraging addition, residents can experience anxiety and depression
Instruments related to their risk perceptions about mortality rates, food
Instruments for Voluntary Dissemination insecurity, contact with infected tourists, etc., which can
improving of knowledge, result in negative mental health outcomes.
knowledge training, and
information
Know the Industry
Communication Symbolic Dissemination
instruments of values
1. Impacts of tourism to the environment
(Planet)
Logical Framework (Logframe) as a tourism planning
tool Positive impacts:
A logframe (Bullen, n.d.) is a table that lists your program
a. Improved Environmental Management and
activities, short term outputs, medium term outcomes, and
Planning - Good environmental management in
long-term goal. It is supposed to show the logic of how
tourism, especially in hotels, helps protect nature and
they will lead to the outputs, which in turn lead to the
bring more benefits. Careful planning is needed to
outcomes, and ultimately the goal.
balance different uses of an area and avoid harm.
Planning early can prevent costly mistakes and
protect the natural beauty that attracts tourists.

b. Environmental Awareness Raising - Tourism has

the potential to increase public appreciation of the
environment and to spread awareness of
environmental problems when it brings people into
closer contact with nature and the environment.
Figure 2. Logframe Template
c. Protection and Preservation of Wildlife
There is no fixed way to fill a logframe. You can start from Tourism supports conservation by highlighting the value
the top (goal) and work down to define outcomes, outputs, of natural areas, leading to the creation of national and
and activities, or go bottom-up if activities are already set.
wildlife parks to protect biodiversity.
You may also adjust between goals and activities to
balance costs and results.
d. Adoption of Environment-friendly Regulatory
The Project Summary column outlines each project Measures
level, ensuring logical links from activities to outputs, Rules and limits on tourist activities help protect
outcomes, and the overall goal. Indicators and Means of ecosystems, ensuring sites remain healthy and
Verification help measure success, with manageable sustainable.
indicators for each level and clear methods for tracking
progress.
Negative Impacts a. Leakage - Economic leakage in tourism is when money
spent does not remain in the country but ends up
a. Lead to Environmental Destruction elsewhere; therefore, limiting the economic benefits of
Building tourism infrastructure like airports and hotels tourism to the host destination.
leads to deforestation, harming wildlife. Natural
disasters and political issues can also disrupt tourism for b. Infrastructure cost - Tourism development can cost
long periods. the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of
money. Tourism may require the government to improve
b. Depletion of Natural Resources the airport, roads and other infrastructure, which are
Tourism overuses resources like water, with activities costly. Money spent in these areas may reduce
such as golf courses consuming large amounts, leading government money needed in other critical areas such as
to scarcity. education and health.

c. Causes Pollution c. Increase in prices - Increasing demand for basic

Littering, vehicle emissions, and overdevelopment services and goods from tourists will often cause price
pollute air and water, disrupt ecosystems, and destroy hikes that negatively impact residents whose income does
habitats. not increase proportionately. For example, tourism
development and the related rise in real estate demand
d. Other Loss to Nature may dramatically increase building costs and land values.
Tourism pressures local land, causing soil erosion, This often means that local people will be forced to move
habitat loss, pollution, and stress on endangered species. away from the area that tourism is located, known as
gentrification.
e. Change in Climate
d. Overdependence of the community to tourism -
Tourism contributes 8% of global greenhouse gas
Over-reliance on tourism carries risks to tourism-
emissions, mostly from transportation, accommodation,
dependent economies, which can have devastating
and goods consumption.
consequences brought by an economic recession, natural
disasters or changing tourism patterns.
How can we conserve environment from the negative
impacts of tourism? e. Foreign ownership and management - Also related to
leakage, foreign companies often bring with them their
One of the alternatives to the negative impact of tourism own staff, thus limiting the economic impact of increased
is the push for ecotourism, or tourism activities directed employment. They will usually also export a large
toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments, proportion of their income to the country where they are
intended to support conservation efforts and observe based.
wildlife. Looking at the positive impact of this type of
tourism, the entire world is looking forward to it. How can we mitigate the negative economic impacts of
Ecotourism is rapidly flourishing industry that offer tourism?
benefits for the economies of tourist places as well as
safeguards the environment. Taking measures to ensure that tourism is
managed sustainably can help to mitigate this negative
Another key step to have low-carbon travel is to fly less, economic impact of tourism. Techniques such as
choose destinations that are close to home and pay to employing a huge majority of local people, limiting the
offset carbon emissions. Decision-makers should support number of all-inclusive hotels, and encouraging the
carbon taxes or carbon-trading schemes to encourage the purchasing of local products and services can all help.
development of innovative solutions in the airline
industry and other transportation sectors. 2. Impacts of tourism to the society (People)
Positive impacts
1. Impacts of tourism to the economy (Profit)
a. Preservation of Local Culture - Many destinations
Positive impacts will make a conserved effort to preserve and protect
the local culture, which can also become the
a. Employment generation -Tourism's rapid growth has motivation tourists. This often contributes to me
created many jobs, from hotel managers to cleaners. It conservation and sustainable management of natural
provides both direct jobs, like hotel staff and taxi drivers, resources, the protection of local heritage, and a
and indirect jobs in related industries. Many of these renaissance of indigenous cultures, cultural arts, and
opportunities benefit women and young people. crafts.
b. Foreign exchange earnings - Tourism expenditures b. Strengthened Communities - Tourism can revitalize
generate income to the host economy. The money that the local events and festivals by attracting visitor interest.
country makes from tourism can then be reinvested in the It also boosts the local economy by creating jobs,
economy. which can lead to happier, more social communities.
Through tourism-related training, locals can gain
c. Development of the private sector - Every destination better job opportunities and have a greater say in
is different with regards to how they manage the tourism development.
development of the private sector in tourism. This is the
case even more so in recent years due to the rise in the c. Provision of Social Services - The tourism industry
popularity of the sharing economy and the likes of Airbnb requires many facilities/ infrastructures to meet the
and Uber, which encourage the growth of businesses needs of the tourist. This often means that many
within the local community. developments in an area because of tourism will be
available for use by the locals also, Local people often
Negative impacts gained new roads, new sewage systems, new
playgrounds, bus services etc because of tourism.
 This can provide a great boost to their quality of life of people to different geographical locations cultural
and is a great example of a positive social impact of clashes can take place because of differences in
tourism. cultures, ethnic and religious groups, values,
lifestyles, languages, and levels of prosperity.
d. Commercialization of Culture and Art - Tourism
can see rise to many commercial businesses, which The attitude of residents towards tourism
can be a positive social impact of tourism. This helps development may unfold through the stages of euphoria,
to enhance the community spirit as people tend to where visitors are very welcome, through apathy,
have more disposable income as a result. These irritation and potentially antagonism when anti-tourist
businesses may also promote the local cultures and attitudes begin to grow among local people. This is
arts. Museums, shows, and galleries are fantastic way represented in Doxey's Irritation Index, as shown below.
to showcase the local customs and traditions of a
destination. Figure 1. Doxey's Imitation Index
Source: reserachgate.net
e. Revitalization of Culture and Art - Some
destinations will encourage local cultures and arts to
be revitalized. This may be in the form of museum
exhibitions, in the way that restaurants and shops are
decorated and in the entertainment on offer, for
example. This may help promote traditions that may
have become distant

f. Preservation of Heritage - Many tourists will visit

the destination specially to see its local heritage. It is
for this reason that many destinations will make every
effort to preserve its heritage. This could include
putting restrictions in place or limiting tourist g. Increases the presence of crimes, gambling, and
numbers, if necessary. This is often an example of prostitution
careful tourism planning and sustainable tourism Although tourism is not the cause of
management sexual exploitation, it provides easy access to
it e.g., prostitution and sex tourism.
Negative impacts Therefore, tourism can contribute to rises in
the numbers of sex workers in each area.
a. Globalization and the Destruction of Preservation Another thing is gambling, as it is a common
and Heritage - Globalization is the way in which the occurrence because of tourism. Growth of
world is becoming increasingly connected casinos and other gambling facilities can
Communities lose their uniqueness/individuality and encourage not only the tourists to part with
gaining a sense of 'global being'. whereby peoples are their cash, but also the local population.
more and more alike than ever before. Globalization
is inevitable in the tourism industry because of the I. Tourism and UN Sustainable
interaction between tourists and hosts, which Development Goals
typically come from different geographic and cultural
backgrounds. It is this interaction that encourages us The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is
to become more alike. the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the
promotion of responsible, sustainable, and universally
b. Loss of Authenticity - Along similar lines to accessible tourism. It has been included as targets in
globalization are the loss of authenticity that often Goals 8, 12 and 14 on inclusive and sustainable economic
results from tourism. Authenticity is essentially growth, sustainable consumption, and production
something that is original or unchanged. It is not fake (SCP) and the sustainable use of oceans and marine
or reproduced in any way. Some communities believe resources, respectively,
that a tourist destination is no longer authentic when
their cultural values and traditions change, although Overview
some contend that this naturally happens
• In 2015, world leaders agreed on the 2030
c. Standardization and Commercialization - Agenda for Sustainable Development,
Similarly, destinations risk standardization in the committing to 17 Sustainable Development
process of satisfying tourists' desires for familiar Goals (SDGs).
facilities and experiences. While landscape, • By 2016-2017, countries began planning and
accommodation, food, and drinks, etc., must meet the implementing the SDGs.
tourists' desire for the new and unfamiliar, they must • Sustainable development must be central to
at the same time not be too new or strange because decision-making for real progress.
few tourists are looking for completely new things. • Tourism plays a key role in achieving SDGs by
Tourists often look for recognizable facilities in an supporting people, the planet, prosperity, and
unfamiliar environment, like well-known fast-food peace.
restaurants and hotel chains. Tourist like some things • Recognized in major UN documents, tourism
to be standardized (the toilet, their breakfast, their helps drive economic growth, improve lives, and
drinks, the language spoken etc.), but others to be protect the environment.
different (dinner options, music, weather, tourist • The UN declared 2017 as the International
attractions etc.). Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development,
highlighting tourism’s power to create positive
d. Culture Clashes - Another negative social impact of change.
tourism that can have significant consequences is
culture clashes, because tourism involves movement Industry Analysis
 pollution control, and technology efficiency
can be key to safeguarding our precious
Tourism has many characteristics that make it resources.
especially valuable as an agent for development. As a
cross cutting sector, it stimulates productive capacities
from trade and the provision of jobs linked to the tourism 7. Affordable Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
value chain. It thrives on assets, such as the natural and Clean sustainable and modern energy for all.
environment, a warm climate, rich cultural hentage, and Energy
As a sector that requires substantial energy
plentiful human resources, in which developing countries input, tourism can accelerate the shift toward
have a comparative advantage. However, tourism can also renewable energy and increase its share in the
global energy mix. Consequently, by
be a source of environmental damage and pollution, a promoting sound and long- term investments in
heavy user of scarce resources and a cause of negative sustainable energy sources, tourism can help to
change in society. reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate
climate change, and contribute to innovative
and new energy solutions in urban, regional and
remote areas.
SDG Theme
1. No Poverty End poverty in all its forms everywhere. 8. Decent Work Promote sustained, inclusive, and
and sustainable economic growth, full and
As one of the largest and fastest growing Economic productive employment and decent work for
economic sectors in the world, tourism is well- Growth all.
positioned to foster economic growth and
development at all levels and provide income Tourism is one of the driving forces of global
through job creation. Sustainable tourism economic growth and currently provides for 1
development, and its impact at the community in 11 jobs worldwide. By giving access to
level, can be linked with national poverty decent work opportunities in the tourism sector,
reduction goals, those related to promoting society – particularly youth and women can
entrepreneurship and small businesses, and Target 8.9 "By 2030, devise and implement
empowering less favored groups, particularly policies to promote sustainable tourism that
youth and women. End hunger, achieve food creates jobs and promotes local culture and
security, and promote sustainable agriculture. products."

2. Zero Hunger End hunger, achieve food security, and 9. Industry, Build resilient infrastructure, promote
promote sustainable agriculture. Innovation inclusive and sustainable industrialization
and and foster innovation.
Tourism can spur agricultural productivity by Infrastructure
promoting the production, use and sale of local Tourism development relies on good public and
produce in tourist destinations and its full privately supplied infrastructure and an
integration in the tourism value chain. In innovative environment. The sector can also
addition, agro-tourism, a growing tourism incentivize national governments to upgrade
segment, can complement traditional their infrastructure and retrofit their industries,
agricultural activities. The resulting rise of making them more sustainable, resource-
income in local communities can lead to a more efficient and clean, as a means to attract tourists
resilient agriculture while enhancing the value and other sources of foreign investment. This
of the tourism experience. should also facilitate further sustainable
industrialization, necessary for economic
3. Good Health Ensure healthy lives and promote well- growth, development, and innovation.
and Well- being for all at all ages.
being 10. Reduced Reduce inequality within and among
Tourism's contribution to economic growth Inequalities countries
and development can also have a knock-on
effect on health and well-being. Foreign Tourism can be a powerful tool for community
earnings and tax income from tourism can be development and reducing inequalities if it
reinvested in health care and services, which engages local populations and all key
should aim to improve maternal health, reduce stakeholders in its development. Tourism can
child mortality, and prevent diseases, among contribute to urban renewal and rural
others. development and reduce regional imbalances
by giving communities the opportunity to
4. Quality Ensure inclusive and equitable quality prosper in their place of origin Tourism is also
Education education and promote lifelong learning an effective means for developing countries to
opportunities for all. take part in the global economy.

A well-trained and skillful workforce is crucial 11. Sustainable Make cities and human settlements
for tourism to prosper. The sector can provide Cities and inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
incentives to invest in education and vocational Communities
training and assist labor mobility through cross A city that is not good for its citizens is not
border agreements on qualifications, standards, good for tourists Sustainable tourism has the
and certifications, Youth, women, senior potential to advance urban infrastructure and
citizens, indigenous peoples, and those with universal accessibility, promote regeneration of
special needs should benefit through areas in decay and preserve cultural and natural
educational means, where tourism has to heritage, assets on which tourism depends
potential to promote inclusiveness, the values Greater investment in green infrastructure
of a culture of tolerance, peace and non- (more efficient transport facilities, reduced air
violence, and all aspects of global exchange pollution, conservation of heritage sites and
and citizenship. open spaces, etc.) should result in smarter and
greener cities from which not only residents but
5. Gender Achieve gender equality and empower all also tourists, can benefit.
Equality women and girls.
12. Responsible Ensure sustainable consumption and
Tourism can empower women in multiple Consumption production patterns.
ways, particularly through the provision of jobs and
and through income-generating opportunities Production A tourism sector that adopts sustainable
in small and larger-scale tourism and consumption and production (SCP) practices
hospitality related enterprises. As one of the can play a significant role in accelerating the
sectors with the highest share of women global shift towards sustainability. To do so, as
employed and entrepreneurs, tourism can be a set in Target 12 b of Goal 12, it is imperative to
tool for women to unlock their potential, "Develop and implement tools to monitor
helping them to become fully engaged and lead sustainable development impacts for
in every aspect of society. sustainable tourism which creates jobs,
promotes local culture and products. The
6. Clean Water Ensure availability and sustainable Sustainable Tourism Program (STP) of the 10-
and management of water and sanitation for all. Year Framework of Program on Sustainable
Sanitation Consumption and Production Patterns (10YFP)
Tourism can play a critical role in achieving aims at developing such SCP practices,
water access and security, as well as hygiene including resource efficient initiatives that
and sanitation for all. The efficient use of water result in enhanced economic, social, and
in the tourism sector, coupled with appropriate environmental outcomes.
safety measures, wastewater management,
 13. Climate Take urgent action to combat climate
Action change and its impacts

Tourism contributes to and is affected by

climate change. It is, therefore, in the sector's
own interest to play bb lowering energy
consumption and shifting to renewable energy
sources, especially in the transport and
accommodation sector, tourism can help tackle
one of the most pressing challenges of our time.

14. Life Below Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,

Water seas and marine resources for sustainable
development.

Coastal and maritime tourism, tourism's

biggest segments, particularly for Small Island
Developing States' (SIDS), rely on healthy
marine ecosystems. Tourism development
must be a part of integrated Coastal Zone
Management to help conserve and preserve
fragile marine ecosystems and serve as a
vehicle to promote a blue economy, in line with
Target 14.7: "By 2030, increase the economic
benefit to SIDS and LDCs from the sustainable
use of marine resources, including through
sustainable management of fisheries,
aquaculture, and tourism,"
15. Life on Land Protect, restore, and promote sustainable
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and
halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss.

Majestic landscapes, pristine forests, rich

biodiversity, and natural heritage sites are often
main reasons why tourists visit a destination
Sustainable tourism can play a major role, not
only in conserving and preserving biodiversity,
but also in respecting terrestrial ecosystems,
owing to its efforts towards the reduction of
waste and consumption, the conservation of
native flora and fauna, and its awareness-
raising activities.

16. Peace, Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for

Justice and sustainable development, provide access to
Strong justice for all and build effective,
Institutions accountable, and inclusive institutions at all
levels.

As tourism revolves around billions of

encounters between people of diverse cultural
backgrounds, the sector can foster multicultural
and inter-faith tolerance and understanding,
laying the foundation for more peaceful
societies. Sustainable tourism, which benefits
and engages local communities, can also
provide a source of livelihood, strengthen
cultural identities and spur entrepreneurial
activities, thereby helping to prevent violence
and conflict to take root and consolidate peace
in post-conflict societies.

17. Partnerships Strengthen the means of implementation

for the Goals and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development

Due to its cross-sectorial nature tourism can

strengthen private/public partnerships and
engage multiple stakeholders international
national, regional and local to work together to
achieve the SDGs and other common goals.
Indeed, public/public cooperation and
public/private partnerships are a necessary and
core foundation for tourism development, as is
an increased awareness in the role of tourism in
the delivery on the post-2015 Development
Agenda.

Table 1: How Tourism can Contribute to

the Sustainable Development Goals

Making tourism more sustainable is not just about

controlling and managing the negative impacts of the
industry. Tourism is in a very special position to benefit
local communities, economically and socially, and to
raise awareness and support for conservation of the
environment. Within the tourism sector, economic
development and environmental protection should not be
opposing forces-they should be pursued hand in hand as
aspirations that can and should be mutually reinforcing.
Policies and actions must aim to strengthen the benefits
and reduce the costs of tourism.