Integrative system

Nervous system Endocrine system

Integrate

 Control  Coordination
Imagine a situation of Dog running behind you….!!!!!!
Nervous system Endocrine system

 Electrical signal  Chemical signal

 Faster  Slower

 Point to point  Generalised

connection
Neural Control And Coordination

The neural system of all animals is composed of highly

specialised cells called neurons which can detect, receive and
transmit different kinds of stimuli.
The neural organisation is very simple in lower
invertebrates. For example, in Hydra it is
composed of a network of neurons.

Nerve cells
 Neural System

The neural system is better organised in insects, where a

brain is present along with a number of ganglia and neural
tissues.

Brain Ganglia
 Neural System

The vertebrates have a more

developed neural system.
Human Neural System
 Human Neural System

Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System

Cranial nerves &

Spinal nerves

Brain & Spinal Cord

(Site for information
processing and control)
 Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
• Integrative and control centers

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
• Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of body

Sensory (afferent division) Motor (efferent division)

Somatic and Visceral sensory nerve fibres . Motor nerve fibres Conducts impulses
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS from CNS to effectors(muscles and
glands)

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System

division (ANS) Involuntary (visceral (SNS) Voluntary (somatic
motor) Conducts impulses from motor) Conducts impulses
Parasympathetic the CNS to cardiac muscles from the CNS to skeletal
division smooth muscles and glands muscles
NEURON (NERVE CELL)

It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.

A neuron is a microscopic structure composed of three major

parts, named- Cell body, Dendrites, Axon

It is the longest cell of the body.

Cell body or Cyton or Soma or Perikaryon

It contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and certain

granular bodies called Nissl’s granules.
Which statement is true ?
(1) In PNS, only non-myelinated neuron are found.
(2) In CNS, myelinated and non-myelinated neurons are
found.
(3) In PNS, myelinated and non-myelinated neurons are
found.
(4) Both (2) and (3)

Answer (4) Both (2) and (3)

The accompanied diagram shows the structure of neuron.
Identify A to E. A
Nissl's
granules
B Nucleus
C
Axon Myelin sheath
D Axon terminal

E
A B C D E
Nerve Cyton or Schwann Node of Synaptic
(1)
fibre cell body cell Ranvier knob
Cyton or Schwann Node of Synaptic
(2) Dendrites cell body cell Ranvier knob
Schwann Node of Synaptic
(3) Dendrites Nerve cell
cell Ranvier knob
Cyton or Node of Synaptic
(4) Dendrites Nerve cell
cell body Ranvier knob
Which of the following is true for Neurilemma ?
(1) Discontinuous at nodes of Ranvier
(2) Continuous at nodes of Ranvier and made by schwann
cells
(3) Discontinuous at nodes of Ranvier and made by schwann
cells
(4) Continuous at nodes of Ranvier and made by
oligodendrocytes

Answer (2) Continuous at nodes of Ranvier and made

by schwann cells
Fibres which transmit impulses towards the cell body called
as :-
(1) Axon terminal
(2) Axon
(3) Dendrites
(4) Axon hillock

Answer (3) Dendrites

The nerves leading to the central nervous system are called :-
(1) Afferent
(2) Efferent
(3) Motor
(4) None

Answer (1) Afferent

 Types of Neurons

On the basis of number of Dendron & Axon

 Apolar/Nonpolar Neuron

 Pseudounipolar Neuron

 Unipolar Neuron

 Bipolar Neuron

 Multipolar Neuron
 Apolar/Nonpolar Neuron

No definite dendron/axon. Cell process are either absent

or if present are not differentiated in axon and dendrons.
Nerve impulse radiates in all directions. e.g. Hydra,
Amacrine cell of retina
 Pseudounipolar Neuron

 In this type, nerve cell has only axon but a small process
develop from axon which act as dendron.
e.g. Dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord.
 Unipolar Neuron

Single process arises from cyton.

(1 Axon) e.g. Nervous system of embryo
Bipolar Neuron
Two process arises from cyton
(1 Axon & 1 Dendron). e.g. Retina
(i) Rod and cones (modified bipolar neurons)
(ii) Bipolar neuron layer of retina
Multipolar Neuron

Neuron which have one axon but many dendrons. e.g. Most
neurons of vertebrates ( Cerebral Cortex )
Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are
in a polarised state.

 POLARISATION

 DEPOLARISATION

 REPOLARISATION

 HYPERPOLARISATION
 BASIC CONCEPT

Different types of ion channels are present on the neural

membrane. These ion channels are selectively permeable to
different ions.

Ions channels or leak channels

Na+- K+ Pump or Na+- K+ ATPase Pump

Sodium Voltage Gated channels (Na+VGCs)

Potassium Voltage Gated channels (K+ VGCs)

 Which statement is false regarding nerve impulse ?
(1) After applying a stimulus on polarised membrane, that
site become freely permeable to Na+ and leads to rapid
efflux of Na+.
(2) The rise in the stimulus induced permeability to Na+ is
extremely short lived.
(3) After depolarization K+ diffuses outside the membrane
and restores the resting potential.
(4) Ionic gradients across the resting membrane are
maintained by the Na+ – K+ ATPase pump.

Answer (1) After applying a stimulus on polarised membrane,

that site become freely permeable to Na+ and leads to
rapid efflux of Na+.
 When a neuron is not conducting any impulse i.e. resting, the
axonal membrane is -

(1) Comparatively more permeable to K+ and impermeable

(nearly impermeable) to Na+

(2) Impermeable to negatively charged proteins present in

the axoplasm
(3) (1) & (2) Both

(4) More permeable to Na+ ions than K+ ion

Resting membrane potential is achievied by :-
(1) Passive diffusion by ion channels/Leaky channels
(2) Na+ – K+ ATPase pump.
(3) Negatively charged proteins in axoplasm.
(4) All of the above

Answer (4) All of the above

 Which statement is correct regarding nerve impulse
conduction ?
(1) The membrane potential change from positive to
negative and then back again.
(2) Sodium ions flow out through ion channels and
potassium ions flow in.
(3) Potassium channels close as the membrane potential
becomes positive.
(4) The membrane potential becomes less negative due to
opening of Na+ VGC.

Answer (4) The membrane potential becomes less negative due

to opening of Na+ VGC.
The ion channels are ........... to different ions :-
(1) Completely permeable
(2) Impermeable
(3) Selectively permeable
(4) Both (1) and (3)

Answer (3) Selectively permeable

Saltatory Conduction of Nerve Impulse

This type of conduction occurs in myelinated fibre.

Myelinated nerve fibre

 Saltatory Conduction of Nerve Impulse

Saltatory
Action potential

Myelin
+ –
Axon + + + +
+ –
 Synapse

A nerve impulse is transmitted

from one neuron to another
through junctions called synapses.

Pre-synaptic neuron
Synaptic cleft
Post-synaptic neuron
There are two types of synapses, namely, electrical synapses and
chemical synapses.

Electrical synapse Chemical synapse

Electrical Synapse

At electrical synapses, the membranes of pre and post-synaptic

neurons are in very close proximity.

Electrical current can flow directly from one neuron into the other
across these synapses.

Transmission of an impulse across electrical synapses is very similar

to impulse conduction along a single axon.

Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is always faster

than that across a chemical synapse.

Electrical synapses are rare in our system.

Which of the following statements is false about the
electrical synapse ?
I. At electrical synapses, the membranes of pre and post
synaptic neurons are in very close proximity.
II. Electrical current can flow directly from one neuron
into the other across the synapses.
III. Transmission of an impulse across electrical synapses is
very similar to impulse conduction along single axon.
IV. Electrical synapses pass electrical signal between cells
with the use of Ach
V. Electrical synapses are fast.
VI. Electrical synapses are rare in our system.

(1) I and II (2) Only II

(3) Only IV (4) Only V

Chemical Synapse

At a chemical synapse, the membranes of

the pre and post-synaptic neurons are
separated by a fluid-filled space called
synaptic cleft.

Chemicals called neurotransmitters are

involved in the transmission of impulses
at these synapses.

The axon terminals contain vesicles filled

with these neurotransmitters.
This binding opens ion channels allowing the entry of ions which can
generate a new potential in the post-synaptic neuron. The new
potential developed may be either excitatory or inhibitory.

Neurotransmittes or
Neurohumors or
Neurohormones

Stimulatory Inhibitory
 Stimulatory

e.g.
1. Acetylcholine (Ach),
2. Nor-epinephrine or Nor-adrenaline or Sympathetin
3. Glutamate

Inhibitory

e.g.
1. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid)
2. Serotonin,
3. Dopamine,
4. Glycine
 Axon

Axon terminal

Synaptic vesicles

Pre-synaptic membrane

Synaptic cleft
Post-synaptic membrane

Neurotransmitter Receptor
Study the diagram of synapse-
Axon
Axon terminal
A
Pre-synaptic membrane

synapse
D
Post-synaptic membrane
B C

I. Which alphabet indicate the location of the

receptor molecules ?
II. Which alphabet points to a synaptic vesicles
III. Which alphabet points to neurotransmitter
IV. Which alphabet points to synaptic cleft
I II III IV
(1) C A B D
(2) B A C D
(3) C A D B
(4) C D A B
Central Neural System

It includes the brain and the spinal-cord.

The brain is the central information processing

organ of our body, and acts as the ‘command and
control system’.
 Brain Meninges
Brain is covered by three membranes of connective tissue
termed as meninges (singular- Menix).
 Dura mater
Arachnoid

Piameter
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
This fluid is clear and alkaline in nature just like lymph.
CSF is present in ventricles of brain, subarachnoid space of
brain & spinal cord.

Functions of C.S.F.

Protection of Brain :- It acts as shock absorbing medium and

works as cushion.
It provides buoyancy to the brain, so net weight of the brain is
reduced from about 1.4 kg to about 0.18 kg.
 The brain can be divided into three major parts

Brain

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

 Forms the major part of brain Right cerebral hemisphere
Largest part of brain Two halves
Left cerebral hemisphere

Cerebral • layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere

• Referred as grey matter due to greyish appearance
• Wrapped by cerebrum cortex • Cell bodies are concentrated here
Thalamus Cerebrum
• Relay centre of brain • Contains motor area , sensory area , large regions
• which are neither clearly sensory (called
S
RP U C A L L association areas for memory and
Hypothalamus O OS
• Just lies below thalamus C U communication
• Control behaviour , emotions , M • Fibres of the tracts are covered with
temperature , hunger centre , the myelin sheath, which constitute
thirst centre , Control pituitary the inner part of cerebral
gland hemisphere. They give an opaque
white appearance to the layer and,
hence, is called the white matter.

The inner parts of cerebral hemispheres and a group of associated deep structures like amygdala,
hippocampus, etc., form a complex structure called the limbic lobe or limbic system.
Along with the hypothalamus, it is involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, expression of emotional
reactions (e.g., excitement, pleasure, rage and fear), and motivation.
Which part of brain contains such area which are neither
clearly sensory nor motor in function ?
(1) Cerebeller cortex
(2) Cerebral cortex
(3) Grey matter of cerebrum
(4) Both (2) and (3)

Answer (4) Both (2) and (3)

Voluntary activities of body are controlled by :-
(1) Diencephalon
(2) Cerebrum
(3) Crura cerebri
(4) Cerebellum

Answer (2) Cerebrum

Which part of nervous system is the central information
processing part of act as command & control system?
(1) S.N.S.
(2) P.N.S.
(3) A.N.S.
(4) C.N.S.

Answer (4) C.N.S.

The layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere is
called :-
(1) Piamater
(2) Duramater
(3) Cerebral cortex
(4) Both (1) & (2)

Answer (3) Cerebral cortex

Which of the following contains a number of centres which
control body temperature urge for eating and drinking?
(1) Thalamus
(2) Medulla oblongata
(3) Hypothalamus
(4) Cerebrum

Answer (3) Hypothalamus

 MIDBRAIN
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

The dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of four

round swellings (lobes) called corpora quadrigemina.
 Posterior 2 Upper lobes
2 Lower lobes

Cerebral aqueduct
Corpora Or Aqueduct
Quadrigemina of sylvius
(Mammalian
character)
Crura cerebri
two longitudinal
Anterior myelinated nerve fibre

Function of Midbrain :
 Auditory reflex  Visual reflex
Which of the following statements or structures is not correct
about the midbrain ?
(1) Located between the thalamus / hypothalamus and pons
(2) Has arbor vitae
(3) Has a canal (Cerebral aqueduct)
(4) Its dorsal part consists of 4 lobes (corpora quadrigemina)
Hindbrain

Cerebellum
Pons

Medulla
 Pons

Pons consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different

regions of the brain.

Function :- Pneumotaxic centre (It regulates breathing

mechanism)

PONS VAROLII
 Cerebellum
Cerebellum has very convoluted surface in order to provide
the additional space of for many more neurons.

Cerebellum

Due to this region, coordination of voluntary muscle

through involuntary regulation is more developed in
human compared to other animals i.e. Body balance.
 Medulla
Posterior part of hind brain is tubular and cylindrical in shape.

Mid Brain
Pons
Medulla

Functions

It is the most important part of brain which controls all the

involuntary activities of the body e.g. cardiovascular reflex,
respiration, metabolism, gastric secretion etc.
 Read the following statements and choose the correct option –
I. Cerebellum has very convoluted surface in order to provide
the additional space for more neurons.
II. The medulla is connected to the spinal cord
III. Medulla contains controlling centres for respiration,
cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretion.
(1) All are correct
(2) Only I is correct
(3) Only I and III are correct
(4) Only II is correct.