IS Codes

• IS – 7314
Glossary of terms relating to Port & Harbour Engg.
• IS – 4651 (Part 1 to 5)
Planning & Design of Ports & Harbours
• IS – 2911 (Part 1 to 4)
Design & Construction of Pile Foundation
• IS – 9527 (Part 1 to 6)
Design & construction of Port and Harbour structures
• IS – 456
Plain and Reinforced Concrete

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IS Codes

• IS – 1893
Criteria for Earthquake resistant design of structures
• BS – 6349 (part 1 & 2)
Maritime Structures
• SP – 16
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456
• SP – 34
Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing

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Maintenance of IWT
Inland waterways often face numerous challenges, such as maintaining
navigable depth, preventing bank erosion, and managing sedimentation
caused by complex hydrodynamics. These hydrodynamics include the
interaction of currents and waves, ship-generated waves, and tidal forces
or discharges from other river streams or tributaries.

To address these challenges and ensure the maintenance of inland

waterways, the collection of accurate field data is crucial. Proper field
data enables the understanding of key issues within the waterway and
aids in developing effective mitigation solutions. The essential field data
for maintaining the waterway includes:

❖ Bathymetry data
❖ Meteorological data
❖ Oceanographic data
❖ Geotechnical investigation

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Bathymetry survey

• Bathymetry Survey under Different Site conditions

❖Open Lake
❖Along a river with a low draft
❖Inside a harbour basin

• Objectives
❖Survey Methodology for different site conditions
❖Selection of survey equipment
❖Advantages of using GPS for bathymetry survey

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Bathymetry survey

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a

satellite-based radio navigation system to
show the position of an object on/near the
earth
Principle of GPS
❖One way to provide wide coverage of the
earth with high accuracy is to place high-
frequency radio transmitters in space.

❖A transmitter high above the Earth

sending a high-frequency radio wave with
a special coded signal can cover a large
area.

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Bathymetry survey

• Basin Parameters
• Marking of key points in the open sea
• High accuracy in positioning of survey
points
• Closer grid spacing
• Proper alignment of survey vessel
irrespective of wave and wind

• Scope of the Survey

• Preparation of bathymetry chart for the
proposed area
• Estimation of dredging quantity

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Bathymetry survey

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Bathymetry Survey

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Bathymetry Survey

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Bathymetry Survey

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Bathymetry survey

• Problems faced during the survey and Precautionary

Measures
• Oscillation of the boat shall be checked by the heave
compensator of the echo sounder
• Bar check shall be carried out for the echo sounder
calibration
• The DGPS should get proper satellite signals
• The boat shall be carefully maneuvered along the
straight line in the grid.

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Bathymetry survey

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Bathymetry survey

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Meteorological Data

• Meteorological data to be collected should cover the

following:
§ Winds
§ Cyclones
§ Rainfall
§ Relative Humidity
§ Temperature
§ Barometric Pressure

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Oceanographic Data

Oceanographic Data to be collected should cover the

following:
✓ Tides
✓ Waves
✓ Storm surges
✓ Currents
✓ Salinity
✓ Seawater Temperature
✓ Suspended Load and
✓ Sea bed

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Wave Tide Recorder
DWR Setup :-
The instrument is tightly fastened with the frame along
with weight in all the sides. This helps in stabilization of
the entire setup while deploying it beneath the water
and keep it horizontal on the riverbed.

DWR deployment :
The weight of the entire setup was about 180 kg.
The entire setup is deployed into the river by
means of a rope pulley attached by a wooden
plank in the survey vessel, as shown in the figure.

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Wave Tide Recorder
Ship Name Bon Atlantico
LShip 134 m Hs 28.05 cm
BShip 23 m Ƞmax 20.86 cm
TShip 7.2 m Ƞmin -26.41 cm
VShip 8.75 knots Hmax 44.05 cm
SWD Distance
between 187 m
Lat / Long DWR & Ship
centerline

Bon atlantico
0.6
surface elevation (m)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
time (minute)

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Wave Tide Recorder

Ultrasonic Recorder

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Acoustic Doppler Current profiler

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Acoustic Doppler Current profiler
❑ Calibration of Acoustic Intensity of HADCP

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Wave Tide Data

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ADCP Mounting Arrangement

ADCP Mounting Setup (Source: Kachi et al., 2023)

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CTD Sensor
1. CTD is lowered to the river bed inside or outside the harbour to collect the data.
2. Measured data is presented in tabular format:
a) Depth
b) Conductivity
c) Temperature
d) Salinity
DepSM C0S/m Tv290C Sal00
0.5 5.367524 28.5477 32.8358
1 5.449336 28.7973 33.223
1.5 5.468192 28.9674 33.2338
2 5.440588 28.7174 33.2186
2.5 5.416017 28.6538 33.0939
3 5.361276 28.2886 32.9709
3.5 5.359729 28.2726 32.9713
4 5.356978 28.2459 32.9707
4.5 5.355979 28.2346 32.9715
4 5.357796 28.2582 32.9678
3.5 5.359247 28.2666 32.9721
3 5.359745 28.2707 32.9728
2.5 5.362076 28.2897 32.9758
2 5.367779 28.3427 32.9785
1.5 5.373596 28.4048 32.9756
1 5.37474 28.4178 32.9745
0.5 5.374748 28.4207 32.9727
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Geotechnical Investigations

• describes the subsoil investigation in backup area of

port on land (land boreholes) and in harbour basin
of the port in the sea area (marine boreholes).
• Geotechnical report covers,
– Carrying out boreholes for subsoil investigation on
Ports backup area
– Collecting soil samples at regular interval of depths
– Conducting standard penetration test, SPT
– Conducting Lab tests on samples collected
– Submission of report with lab test results
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Geotechnical Investigations
Sediment Data:
•Sediment samples were collected
using Niskin 2.5L Water Sampler
on small boat.
•Turbidity of water samples
measured using Hach 2100p
Digital Turbid meter in NTU
(Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)
•Sediment concentration will be
correlated to turbidity by conducting
tests in oven with range of turbid
water samples

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Justification for New Instruments
Niskin Sampler

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Quick Questions
❑ What are the critical challenges in IWT?

❑ What are the data required to address these key challenges?

❑ What is GPS?

❑ What is ADCP?

❑ What is an ultrasonic recorder?

❑ What is a CTD sensor?

❑ For what purpose, Niskin sampler is used?

❑ What are the issues encountered while performing bathymetry

survey?
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