INTRODUCTION TO
INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
STATISTICS
Ms. Pia Lorraine O. Aserit
WORD HUNT!
Statistics Discrete
Descriptive Continuous
Inferential Nominal
Population Ordinal
Sample Interval
Variables Ratio
STATISTICS
Branch of mathematics dealing with the collection,
organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation
of data.
Collection Presentation Interpretation
Organization Analysis Make a sound and
effective decision
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
Utilizes values to describe and summarize the group
characteristics of data.
Inferential Statistics
Makes inferences, predictions and conclusions about
the population drawn from analysis of data.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
a. The average salary per month of employees in ABC
Company is Php 23,200.
b. The teacher will announce the students who got the top 5
scores in the Midterm Examination in Statistics & Probability.
c. 5 out of 8 housewives wants to use detergent A than
detergent B.
d. 95% of all the patients were cured because of the
newly created medicine for headache.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
a. Due to the data gathered for 5 years, the company’s income
will increase by 3% this coming year.
b. The driver wants to determine the average life span of a
particular brand of tire.
c. Based on the number of typhoons entered the
Philippines for the past 10 years, the PAGASA
anticipates that there will be at least 30 typhoons
this year.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
Population
collection of all elements
being studied
Sample
subset of the population
being studied
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The researcher wants to study the preferences of NU
Dasmariñas SHS students in terms of fastfood chain. To
determine it, he asked 20 students from each class
sections.
Population: NU Dasmariñas SHS students
Sample: 20 students from each class
sections
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
ARAMETER
opulation
TATISTIC
ample
ELEMENTS (MEMBER)
Specific object or subject about which the data is
taken.
Constant
Fixed characteristic of an element.
Variable Population
Characteristic of the element under
Sample
investigation or study which can vary.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLE
Independent Variable
Characteristics that do not affect each other.
Dependent Variable
Characteristics that when one changes, the other also
changes.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLE
Qualitative Variable
Non-numerical variables placed into distinct
categories according to characteristics or attribute.
Quantitative Variable
Variables that can be expressed numerically (quantity,
range, amount, etc.).
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
Discrete Random Variable
Variable whose values have finite (countable) number
of distinct values expressed as positive integers.
Continuous Random Variable
Variable that can assume an infinite number of values
in an interval between two specific integers.
Often results of measurements.
Discrete Random Variable
a. Number of cars that travelled using NLEX.
b. Number of students who passed the UPCAT.
c. Number of people who have recovered from CoViD-19.
Continuous Random Variable
a. Amount of water consumed by students in a day.
b. Weight of rice in kg eaten by a family in a month.
c. Temperature of the sea each day during summer.
MEASUREMENT
The value of a variable or characteristics of an element.
It can also be the observation.
Ratio Interval Ordinal Nominal
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal Level
Naming and labeling for the categories without considering
its order or ranking.
Ordinal Level
Data are categorized with ordering/ranking but the
differences/magnitude among categories are not specified
and same along the scale.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Interval Level
•Data are categorized with order, direction of rank, and
magnitude.
•Difference in categories are determined & equal.
•Could be negative, and has no absolute “Zero”
Ratio Level
Highest level. It is an interval scale with absolute zero. “Zero”
represents absence of the characteristics being considered.
Nominal Level (Name)
a. Gender
b. Religious Affiliation
c. Number assignment to a student.
Ordinal Level (Order)
a. College year level
b. Rank of pieces in a chess
c. Stress level
Interval Level (Equal difference)
a. Measurement of latitude.
b. Temperature
c. Calendar Time
Ratio Level (Absolute Zero)
a. Speed/Acceleration
b. Salary of employees
c. Distance
SUMMARY: LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal Name, label, categories.
Ordinal Categories and rank (magnitude)
Interval Categories, rank, and equal interval.
Categories, rank, equal interval, and
Ratio
absolute zero.
THANK YOU!
I hope you enjoyed today’s discussion as much as I do!
If questions arises after this meeting, you can send me a message on
Teams at
[email protected]