Rei © Workin pairs. Can you name any fms, songs or paintings which feature Aimirelaor mbrellecarrying cheracian? Wh Share your tas ander the most famoue he use of the umbrellas? © @ 5. tiston to an extract froma series of podcasts by unusual collectors and answer the questions 1 Why does he have a passion for umbrellas? 2. Summarise what we lean about the history of umbrellas, 3. Whatinterestng facts does he inlude in his podeast? © @s2 Listen again and say what the speakers refering to when he uses the following cllocations. universally known exclusively used strikingly similar 5 endlessly versatile 6 infinitely preferable 7 fiercely competitive 8 widely believed notoriously difficult 1 2 3 4 © complete the questions with the correct collocations from Ex 3. Then discuss ‘them with a partner. Name a product that is bya name other than its original What aspect of learning English is 2 Do you know someone who is 2 What did you fing Do you know of something thatis to doing homework as a child? but is untrue? Can you name an object in this oom that is 2 © Workin pie and discuss iienna 1. Arethere any times or places when people should NOT use umbrellas? Why? 2. Are there any modern things we se where you feel the original design might have been better? Why? 3. What features could you add +0 an umbrella to make it more modern and useful? © Workin pars What other cquipment designed to del wath woathorconltions has more than one we? Shere your ideas with te oss aQ Worn pai and dacs th queton 1 Whatwoutdyousay are themes common phobia thoeorle have” Doyeu know af ary usual phobias? Samaras cca arieet youve sated? © @s. why do youthink some people might have phobia abouthe number? Ute toa vog about phobie and check your ideas. © sean the two posts onthe website quickly to find which phobis the people have, Which do you find the suangest? Why? bambakomallophobia ~a fear of cotton wool That futly, harmless, useful commodity is guarantees to bring me out in a sweat should | s00 i, accidentaly touch it or even hear the word sooken. I's something | rarely admit. | mean there are people out there with solid, well-known fears of heights or small spaces and they might go sightly pinsif it's mentioned, but me ~I go brick red ~it's such a ridiculous thing to admit to. Most people can trace ther phobias back to an event or something, bt there's nothing in my past to explain it. No ‘cotton woo! fights sa child, no joke sandwiches filed with cotton wool, ust this sudden aversion, In spite of suggestions to get therapy I haven't ‘summoned up the courage yet. 'm scared that the cure may be worse than the phobia. a My phobia is the weirdest I've heard of ~ Nadia Wher tt rp ed covey. Sze dos fe Q BR Sa Rai ese Sehnert ance score eee ee eae ee es ean ena rteire mayne Seutsotng vray oo 'd honestly recommend it. My fear has become Im Okncebhshe sac ea ewes © tenth Exam focus Read the posts in Ex3in more deta and sete information to anew quewtone 3. Which person 1 uses acomparnontemphasie om about phobie? encourages seoking hap fra phobia? 4 referso- posible cause forhis particular phobia? 82 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH - Part 8 Multiple matching EXAM FILE p17 Avoiding distraction ‘Avoid being misled by distraction in both the questions and the sections of text. Underline the key words in the questions that you need to use. Compare references to the key information that may be present in two or more of the sections. Check that the information you find in a section gives a full answer to the question. Remember that you may need to read across more than one. sentence tofind the answer, ONT aa © complete Exam file SECTION B on page 16 © Vou are going to read an atte about phobias. For questions 1510, choose from the seeions(&.D). The sections maybe | chosen more than ones. In which section does the writer rele to a general coping strategy employed by mary phobic people? | 4 | mention ciforent types of phobias when pointing out thoi possible impacts? | 2 describe how the results of giving in toa fear has been minimised? [ 3 Use a personal examole to preface a theory? | 4 deta some common physical symptoms of phobias? El ‘xpress an admiration for particular solution to overcoming phobias? [6 wonder whether some phobias might subconsciously be copied from others? | 7 suggest that our mental development has not kept up with the ‘changes inthe world round us? |g cxolan that having a phobia isnot as inexpicable as we tend to think? | 9 | ‘exemplify an extreme effect of a particular phobia? | 10)Ven aeiisest eal EVOLUTIONARY HANGOVER from ancient survival instincts It sounds like @ dream: you're in a theatre and you're the star of the show. Except that it's an operating theatre, you'te the patient, and you're stil awake, bul you can't speak, Now it's a nightmare! A surprising number of people have a phobia about being conscious under anaesthetic. But where does this fear come from? ‘Surely not from experience! Phobias can be crippling in the effect they have on people, whether it's a fear of something that others view as innocent Ike ants or clouds — or perceived dangers that can be potentially serious such {as heights or, as above — anaesthetics. And scientists have (ong been intrigued by where these often deep-seated and long-held fears come from. Do we take on our parents’ fears or are we perhaps influenced by fms or stories we encounter as chidren? Maybe some fears are reactions to personal experiences. peered cary rational fears, the more rational they soem to become. Phobias are a persistent feature of the human psyche - and many of the most common ones are thought to serve a survival purpose. For the past week, | have been making detours in my garden to get to my rubbish bins, so as not to disturb the enormous spider's web stretching between the bins and the hedge. This is cowardice rather than respect for the spider’s skill al engineering; the idea of ‘seeing the occupant as | dispose of the rubbish inspires ‘an uncontrollable shiver. Arachnophobia, which is one of the 10 most common phobias listed on anxiety websites, is among those suspected of having an evolutionary origin. The argument goes ike this: as we evolved, the humans who enjoyed the best chance of survival were those who were most aware of threats. Poisonous spiders and snakes represented real dangers - only those who dodged them survived to pass on their genes. Our fearful ancestors thus won the battle for survival and we inherited their brain patterns. Our environments, mearwile, have ‘changed far faster than the pace of evolution can keep up with: even though these natural threats have largely disappeared, our neurological circuits remain pretty much prehistoric. And so, to this day, certain objects or situations ~ spiders, snakes, the dark, strangers - continue to stra terror in the soul. That terror triggers physiological changes, such ‘as sweating and an increased heart rate, We continue this tradition of fearfulness when we become parents, Ihave yet ‘to meet a parent who didn't peer anxiously into the cot at night fo establish thatthe baby was sil alive. A doctor friend leven used to use a feather to help detect breathing, to keep her nocturnal investigations brief So, what, it anything, can be done to help those sufferers of phobias whose symptoms prove life-changing? A simple avoidance method used by many works when there is an alternative, such as using stairs instead of the It, or keeping a fair distance from the windows of high buildings - maybe forgoing the opportunity to get to the top ofthe Eitfel Tower. But these techniques do not get to the heart of the problem and for those ‘with serous phobias it doesn't work at all; avoidance for an ‘agoraphobe would be never to leave their house. Therapists encourage people to confront their phobias, but this can prove too distressing for some to continue. However, there is a glimmer ‘of hope, which lies in the use of VR. With avatars, patients can Confront their fears in the virtual world and some results have. been spectacular. In one tral all arachnophobes who participated found themselves later able to approach spiders in the real world with up to 68 percent reduced levels of fear. There is hope that in future VR units with apps for diferent scenarios willbe available to buy and people will be able to treat themselves. | gain a lot of satisfaction from the thought that there is a very modem answer to.a possibly very old problem! However, until this effective form of treatment becomes more widely availabe, | shall bravely ‘continue to put the rubbish out, defying the enemy that has taken residence outside my house. Speaking or writing How far do you agree with the theories put forward in the article about the causes of phobias and the treatment? Why? 9 Wiodsn pat ant took st some unum phobias Dice wy poole nighthave tee phot tregine how Ty heaped he prop erst stag cping laps ees Ties ee oe eae ace forthe webs “fear of beards fear of cheese 1 of clowns fear ofthe colour yellow fearofrain fear of tees _) y exam raainen | princi ZB 22 N8 READING AND USE OF ENGLI Ree actu eral y © complete Exam fle SECTION D on page 6 @ Whar does th shape inthe picture represent? How would ‘you explain this to someone ‘who doesn’t know what it is? © @ >. tisento teacher taking about the concept of infinity. Which elds of study and applistions does She mention? ©) There re wo compound noun nthe recording, ‘ovonew and owpolt Complete each sentence wathone of te words then cote them ithe Setvotoon wore 1. In mathematics there are three kinds of infinity | won't go into that now as it’s pretty complex, so I'l just give you a brief of infinity in other fields. 2. While the universe itselfis thought to be finite, the fof some astrophysicist is that there may even be an infinite number of universes. 12 away of thinking about asi bb ashort description of a subject or situation that gives the main ideas © Winch a wordin colar 1 with a word in column 240 Crate compound words Then match eoch word wth its definition / r 1 (break down drew | 2 (“back beat coming mean over out down look come shor up ) side time definition the negative part or disadvantage of something b_ faulvweakness making something less successful than it should be € in the period of time between now and the future, or two past events 4 suddenly have too much of a feeling positive and making you feel that good things will happen failure ofa relationship or system likely future disadvantage of a system, situation, product ete. © tuto page 95 and oad the txt. Complete the txt with Compound words fom the box below. lifetimes neverending outlook overcome shortcomings troublesome 84 ee ie kctar eu) Card Y/ EXAM BOOST For questions 1-8, read the text below. Use the word .2 tnento.aweathor forecaster talking about douds are oles chore What? © @ s+ Listen agsin and complete the clauses using the words in bracket whore applicable 1 (suds) more closely, the clouds would tellusal kinds of hing about the atmosphere 2. Mereorlogiss do Chest imerret the approsching weather. 3 [base] something known asthe okas chan meteorologie can ol us whet percemage fhe shyisowred 4 (should) mist or fog around, then itis, not possible to apply the scale. 5 (have) a great understanding of weather as a youngster, | believed that the vapour trails left by planes were also a kind of cloud. © complete the claussin the txt wth th appropriate form of the words from Ex 3. You may also use tepropiate akomaves COW ccieon ‘The Cloud Appreciation Society does exactly what it says fon the tn: it appreciates clouds. Or rather, its members do. ' the information in its manifesto, they believe that clouds are particularly beautiful 2 sign up to the society, however, youll not only receive a cloud a day’ picture see one , you definitely haven't seen them al) fr an interesting piece of cloud science on a dally basis. by email, but youll help others, too. With members in 120 countries, the society is a business and donates membership fees, © the bestit can tohelp {und interesting projects. These include fog harvesting, whereby fog is collected via special nets or greenhouses: land turned into much-needed fresh drinking water. Lacking access to fresh drinking water at certain times of the year, one South Am already benefiting from 35 fog nets erected in the mountains. ‘These collect around 6,300 litres of water per day, which if 5 ‘ean be used during the dry months. Gro) © complete Exam file SECTION D on page 8. 86 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH - Part 4 Key word transformations Gates tad Coa ae @ Fer questions 1-5, complete the second sentence so that ithas a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the ‘word given, Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Being late for the star-gazing trip wasn't what | wanted, so Iran quickly to the meeting point. BE Ian quickly o the meeting point, NOTWANTING TO BE late forthe star-gazing tip. In comparison with how thick a sheet of papers, cloud droplets are about five times smaller. To When a sheet of paper, cloud droplets are about five times smaller. | didn't know that ‘mother-of:peart’ clouds were so rare and I wasted a lot of time looking for them. HAD | wouldn't have wasted so much time looking for ‘mother-of-pearl clouds rare they were, Regret is probable if you go to the Antarctic Indian ‘Ocean - is the clouiest place on Earth, PROBABLY Go to the Antarctic Indian Ocean regretit-it's the cloudiest place on Earth! Some countries create clouds by injecting the atmosphere with carbon dioxide because they don't, receive enough rain. LeD Not to some countries creating clouds by injecting the atmosphere with carbon dioxide. NASA scientists continue to ty to discover what they can about the red and green clouds at Saturn's north pole, BEST NASA scientists are ‘out more about the red and green clouds at Saturn's north pole. Clouds can be seen to have a rainbow appearance in specific light conditions, ‘COLOURED ‘Clouds can sometimes. in specific ight conditions. Speaking or writing EXAM TRAINER | °22°7 p23 SSETT eee ual long turn aes @ Workin pais and discs the questions. 11 Doyou notice people's voices when you first meet them? Why? /Why not? 2 Doyou think a person's voice can reflect their character, inany way? Why? / Why not? 3. How many octaves do you think the average human voice has? © @s:10 tistento a voice wainer and check your ideas. © @ 011 Arowerthe questions. Listen and check 1 Whats the average octave range for anormal singer? 2. Whatrange has the musi teacher got? 3. Why cart we hear the lowest note recorded? 4 What do we learn about a man who can imitate bird call? © Look at wo pictures showing people using their voices for different reasons. Compare the pictures and say how the in these situations and what people are using their voi the effect on their audiences might be. © @o12 Linen o student answering the question and tongue ti Son you nds © @=::3 Read the Exam focus andlsten again othe students answer Which pvass did he ue when xa Structuring a long turn Go through the que: deal with the first question, deal with the second question. jons as logically as you can: compare, 11 Guide the listener through your one-minute talk with linking words or phrases: Vd like to talk about pictures... and Starting with a comparison, | have to say that To begin with | think that Vd like to start by pointing out that Going back tothe first picture Moving on to the reasons for As for/to how important 2. Refer to the questions written above the pictures to remind you of what to include. 3. Continue the comparison while answering the questions. 4 ate them in your talk Cae © complet Exam fle SECTION Con page 38. mnes look atthe examiner and your partner te involve @ Workin pairs student A tuto page 96 and dothe task for Unit Studer 8 stem and answer the question below the pitres Then go to page 97 and chong rl Speaking or writing © Workin pars and discus the questions. 11 How valuable do you thinks for children to learn to play an instrument? Why? 2. Htyouhad to reduce your ployctto eight songs only what would your choice be? Why? 3. Some people say that everyone has the abilty to sing and to dance. How fr would you agree? 44 There is a saying Silence speaks louder than words” What do you understand by ths and do you agree? NROT eee ured cc ts VOTES FOR WOMEN VOTES FOR SAME TERMS WOMEN AS MEN SAME @ ce the quiz about voting and compare answers. THE RIGHT TO VOTE Liar] newzeatand] 1718] 16) orece] 1) Which European country has a minimum voting age oft7? Which was the first country to allow women to vote? What isthe minimum voting age in Austria? When were all Swiss women given the vote? What age did Japan lower the voting age to in 2016? When were some women allowed to stand for election in the UK? © @ 2:14 usten to a recorded exhibion guide giving Background information about te picture above, which ispart ofan exhibition about the sufragettes, Note down the key dates the guide mentions. Then use the dats to reel the stor ofthe sutragette movement © Work in pairs and discuss the question. \What are the ages for learning to drive and voting in your ‘countries? Do you think these ages are appropriate or should they be raised or lowered? Why? Read the writing task and the model. In paits, discuss how ‘well you think the writer has written the letter and what, if anything, could be improved. ‘You see this announcement in your local newspapé ‘Write your letter in 220-260 words. ‘The current age to be allowed to drive a car in this country is 17, and a moped 16, Many people believe the ages for both should be raised to 18. We would like your Ielters on the topic, giving the reasons for your opinions. The most ineresting letters will be published in the next edition. TERMS WEN Dear Sir, |am wring in response to your request or opnions on ‘the tape of raising the age to noldleences for both cars an mopeds 1018, and I've got to say fom the outset ‘that | believe it to be a backward and illthought-through froposton | started drvng a carat 17 and many of my peers cd the same tis an mportant sto for teenagers in becoming independent and taking responsibly, and 2s faras lam concerned younger drvers are more caret on ‘ne roads than oder ones, who can often become more careless ovr te ard | aso find the suggestion ofasing tne age for moped riders to be totaly outrageous, icing @ moped allows an important degree of freedom and, once aga these riders ar requenty far more road avare anc sataty conscious than older cer, andin my experience have, or causa, ar fewer accidents. I'd suggest that the age for holding a driving licence ‘should in fact be lowered to be brought in line with moped licensing, making the age for both 16. Young people are becoming mature at an earlier age these days and this ‘should be reflected in the age they acquire independence | ‘through riding and driving. If road safety concerns are at ‘the hear ofthese proposals, 6 think that there are other measures that coud be taken. For exam, the cuent driving test could be made more stringent. In addition to. ‘this, | truly believe that all drivers should have to retake ‘hotest at rgularntonas throughout their crivng ives something which doesn’t happen now. Yous. Jeraine Barkor© este Exam focus and check your hens fom xz Writing a formal email or letter 1. Avoid abbreviations or idiomatic language. 2. Use complex sentences, but do not just add clause after clause, 3. Use formal phrases for diferent functions, for example: Making references With reference to your Regarding the suggestions put forward, | |.am writing in response to Giving opinions In my honest opinion, I would have to say that In the unlikely event that I would have to agree that Expressing concerns | was alarmed to read that ‘The proposition is extremely worrying Coe © complet exam fle SECTION 8 on page 20, © inosine that you disagree wth the wre ofthe eter, Rewrite these tcrac fom te later, ging wflorent pinion. 1 bate to bea backward andilshoughthough propoio, 2. Asforas lam concerned younger driver are more caraflon the reads tha elder anes he can fen become more etles SM ecitgepedalons traneoraredecrenel estsmere rea sin tae Gaara Costu fa eaten! aso Sue cSnacious than older iden and inmy experience have, ot case {artowor seeders 4 rl suggosthat the age for holding criving cence should in fact beloneredto be brought inne wih moped icensing, making the age tor both 8 AULD (ie USAC Resco 8 @ Workin pairs and eiscus the questions. 1 ranmooe> What are the age restrictions for doing these things in your country? Do you think they are fair? Or should they be changed? Why / Why not? using social media playing video games watching any film without an adult getting half price / reduced fare on transport leaving home leaving secondary schoo! getting parttime work flying a glider © fread the Exam ask below ands points you ‘might include. Group these into paragraphs. © Vousee tis smnouncement on toca newspaper website, Topic of the week ‘There is a movement to lower the vating age {rom 18 to 16 and we would lke to publish letters from our readers indicating their opinions about this, giving reasons. if you have a strong opinion about the topic, please wate in, Write your letter. Write 220-260 words. @ shore your eters with the class. Whatis the ‘consensus of opinion? ® Wwerkin pars. choose one ofthe statements bbolow and think of three reasons for and three reasons against the statement below. Then join ‘a class debate on the issue. No one over the age of 85 should be allowed to hold a driving licence. oR Voting should be compulsory for all eligible voters 60 Exs 4-5 EXAM TRAINER pet SSCevenm nn eee) REVIEW | UNITS 1-8 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH - PART 1 Read the text below and decide which answer(A, 8, Cor D) best fits each gap. I know that voice! Not al artists in the entertainment industry are (0) _D_ recognisable. There are some whose faces would mean nothing t6 us, but whose voices would, The voice artist does many ‘things, from (1) stories to life in audio books to persuading Us to Buy products in radio adverts, However, having acting ability and a (2) voice is not al is required to become (3) after. Many actors (4) the assumption that because they can act, they can ‘voice’ but this is not necessarily the case. I's true that an actor who is voicing’ because she has some time to (5) between engagements will be able to (6) on experience, but she will also need 107) her vocal skills. A voice artist cannot use facial expressions or actions, so her voice must convey everything, Some voicework projects, such as narrating a prime-time TV documentary, are (8) right artist, the job can be extremely lucrative competitive and fort © Adireetly B widely € fully D instantly 1 Alending Bleting bringing making 2 Atypical B developed C balanced D distinctive 3 A looked Besought pursued 0 requested 4 B take ¢ face D think 5 B waste cll D use ‘ Bextract —C perform D profit 7 Aaply B focus trigger BD hone 8 Apainstakingly B drastically fiercely hopefully READING AND USE OF ENGLISH - PART 2 Read the text below and think ofthe word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gop. Skip breakfast for extra shut eye? Not a good idea. We've (0) BEEN warmed, Apparently, it isnt always so much about what we eat as when we eat that is important for our well-being “ appears thal too many of us are missing the most important meal of the day, ether because we're watching our weight @) we have a tight daily schedule and prefer spending a few extra minutes in bed @) than using that precious time tocat a to nutritionists and dieticians, missing breakfast encourages us to eat heavier meals atlunch and dinner, whieh ean disrupt our sleep patterns, too, Starting the day on an ematy stomach © ‘also claimed to have a negative effect on our ability o focus at work, Itcan be a vicious circle, Eating more, later, is our bodys way of making up (6) not eating earlier inthe day. This can result in a lack of appetite on waking, (7) then leads to skipping breakfast and so on. So, fallow the advice - eat breakfast and itwill tide you over tnt later in the day. You (8) fee! the benefit!READING AND USE OF ENGLISH - PART 3 © Feadthe txt below. Use the word given in capital a the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same li The spotlight effect Do you ever have the(0) IMPRESSION that ifyoudo IMPRESS something embarrassing, the whole world is looking at you? Apparently, this tendency to (1) ESTIMATE the importance to other people of how we look or what we do has a name - The spotlight effect’ Itrelates to aln) (2) belief that our actions are RATIONAL more(3) than they really are, and NOTICE this is because although we ate the centre of our own world, we're not the centre of everyone else's! We sometimes get (8) anxious about NECESSARY a bad haircut or saying something silly. However, the 6) that others willremark on itislow LIKELY because they are also the centre of their own worlds, {and they too are busy thinking about themselves. That is, unloss they are extremely (6) ATTEND ‘The label is also (7) towhen we do APPLY positive things. We might say something that we think is really clever or funny and assume that everyone picks up ‘on it In reality, this is not the case either and we need to ‘overcome this(8) 1 TEND READING AND USE OF ENGLISH - PART 4 O compete the second sentence so thet ithara sil meaning tothe fst temenc, using the word given. Do not change the word given You mur use between tee and shewordsincing theword gen 0. The workings he brain were puzzling foradontsa or longue und research helped them understand it. aD How _THEBRAIN WORKED HAD UZZLED scentsfore jong time unt research helped them understand it 1. The test will be difficult, so please don't think otherwise. ILLUSION Please test will be easy, because it won't. 2. Jake's food order will depend on how many guests are attending, BASED Jake will order an appropriate amount of guests attending, 3. I dicin't take Denny's advice and | had a problem with the wii HAVE Had avoided the problem with the wi 4. ‘ins not sure that Katy researched the topic properly,’ the teacher said WONDERED The teacher the topic properly 5 The rain started while the man was cleaning the windows. WHEN The windows torain 6 Ihave two laptops that | use for work, because one might have a problem, CASE Ihave two laptops that l use for work a problem. 1 a BS cS S z ra