NETWORKING - PART 2

GRADE 10 NOTES

Difference in HTTP and HTTPs protocols:

HTTP (Hyper text transfer protocol) HTTPs(Hyper text transfer protocol secure)
It is a system for transferring information over It is a system of transferring information with SSL
internet without any security feature (Secure Socket Layer) that encrypts ansd sends
information over a secure connection, making it
hard to steal
It is useful for sending non sensitive information It is used for transferring/exchanging sensitive
information
It is generally used for blogs, entertainment It is used for exchanging information such as login
information and general articles etc details, bank details, payment details etc

Search engine

A search engine is a program that searches through a database of web pages for particular information.
Popular search engines: Google, Bing, Yahoo!search, Ask, AOL
A search engine works with three elements:
 Spider/web crawler/Bot/Agent: These softwares go through the internet looking for documents
and their web addresses. The spiders perform the methodical searches needed to find the
information. They compile a lists of URLs
 Indexing software and database: The lists of documents and web addresses collected by spiders
are sent to indexing software. The indexing software indexes it and stores in a database.
 Search algorithm: When a search is performed by entering keywords , the search engine
searches its database using search algorithm and displays te matching documents as web
addresses.

Finding people on the net

Use can use search egines or go to specific sites like: www.123people.com, www.addresses.com,
www.peakyou.com , https://www.zabasearch.com etc

FTP or File Transfer Protocol

It is used for exchanging files over any network that supports TCP/IP protocol. TCP/IP is a main protocol
used for communication over the internet.

There is an FTP server and an FTP client. The FTP server runs the FTP software.FTP client runs FTP client
software.

All computer platforms support FTP. There are many existing FTP client/server programs for example
WinSCP (for windows), Cyberduck (Mac OS X)

Downloading and Uploading Files from remote sites

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You can upload and download using FTP servers. You can download and upload files through our
browsers.

Remote login and file transfer protocols

1. TELNET
It is an internet utility that allows you to login to a remote computer system. Telnet gives you a
character based terminal window on another system.
2. SSH (Secure Shell) Protocol
It is a remote logging protocol that logs into remote machine via a shell where all data between
the client and server is encrypted.
3. SCP (Secure Copy)
This protocol allows copying files between two servers or two connected machines over the
internet. It allows you to transmit files from one machine to another with the encryption
benefits of SSH. Most SSH clients include SCP capability.
4. SFTP (Secure FTP)
SFTP is a tile transfer protocol but is secure in comparison to FTP. It encrypts both commands
and data providing effective common network security risks.

WEB SERVICES

Web Services are services or applications available via web through various protocols. E.g. chat, email,
videoconferencing , social networking etc

CHAT

In chatting, you can type messages on the screen which can be immediately received by the recipient.
The recipient can reply back with a message. Chats can be done via chat rooms. Chat room is a website
or part of an online service that provide an online venue for communities with common interest to
communicate.

E.g.

Instant messaging(IM): Instant messengers like AOL Messenger. Skype also offers such facility

ICQ (I seek you) : used via ICQ software. It’s a conferencing tool.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat): To use IRC you will require an IRC client program and get connected to IRC
server. There are thousands of rooms called channels on various topics.

Web Based chat: for example Yahoo chat etc

Video Conferencing

A video conference is a live, visual connection between two or more people residing in separate
locations for the purpose of communication. At its simplest, video conferencing provides transmission of
static images and text between two locations. At its most sophisticated, it provides transmission of full-
motion video images and high-quality audio between multiple locations.

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Video conferencing is useful in business, distance learning, telemedicine

The Advantages of Video Conferencing

1. Saves time and money.

2. No traveling required.
3. Brings remote workers and telecommuters together.
4. More personal and engaging than phone conferencing alone.
5. Increased efficiency and productivity.
6. Cuts down on carbon emissions.
7. Improves relationships.

Disadvantages of Video Conferencing

1. Additional cost of specific hardware and software

2. Reliable fast data link
3. Different time zones
4. Will not have the same feeling as meeting in person

E-Learning
e-learning allows you to learn anywhere and usually at any time, as long as you have a properly
configured computer. E-learning can be CD-ROM-based, Network-based, Intranet-based or Internet-
based. It can include text, video, audio, animation and virtual environments. It can be a very rich
learning experience that can even surpass the level of training you might experience in a crowded
classroom. It's self-paced, hands-on learning.

Advantages:

 Convenience, Flexibility, accessibilty

 Money, Time saving and no travel

Disadvantages

 Student may feel isolated from the instructor and class mates

E-Banking
Electronic banking is an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking
transactions electronically without visiting a brick-and-mortar institution. Internet banking uses the
Internet as the delivery channel by which to conduct banking activity, for example, transferring funds,
paying bills, viewing checking and savings account balances, paying mortgages, and purchasing financial
instruments and certificates of deposit. An Internet banking customer accesses his or her accounts from
a browser— software that runs Internet banking programs resident on the bank’s World Wide Web
server, not on the user’s PC.
Advantages:
 Convenience
 Time saving and no travel
Disadvantages
Fraud and security concerns

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 E-Shopping
Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods, services etc. from a seller
interactively in real-time without an intermediary service over the Internet. An online shop, eshop, e-
store, internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of
buying products or services in a shopping mall. E.g. www.flipkart.com

Advantages:
 Convenience
 Price and selection
Disadvantages
 Fraud and security concerns
 Hands on inspection
 Privacy

E-reservation
Online service over the internet that provides airline, cruise line travel reservation services, hotel,
hospital reservations and may also issue electronic or paper tickets.

Advantages:
 Easy and quick
 Travel when reserving is not needed
Disadvantages
 If the web site is down , you may not be able to book.
 Fraud on the net.

e-Governance
E-governance, expands to electronic governance, is the integration of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing government ability to address the needs
of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government,
citizens, businesses, etc. at National, State and local levels.
Examples of e-governance in India: consular passport and visa division (http://passportindia.gov.in)

Benefits of E-governance

 Reduced corruption
 High transparency
 Increased convenience
 Growth in GDP
 Direct participation of constituents
 Reduction in overall cost.
 Expanded reach of government

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Disadvantages
 People in rural and remote area where computerization has not taken place may not benefit
 Lack of awareness about the e governance among the people

E-groups
The term Groups refers to an Internet communication tool. Group messages can be posted and read by
e-mail or on the Group homepage, like a web forum. Members can choose whether to receive
individual, daily digest or Special Delivery e-mails, or they can choose to read Group posts on the
Group’s web site. Groups can be created with public or member-only access. Some Groups are simply
announcement bulletin boards, to which only the Group moderators can post, while others are
discussion forums. The variations of Yahoo Groups are virtually endless. E.g. groups.yahoo groups

Benefits

 Flexible. E-groups are accessible 24/7, anywhere as long as there is an Internet connection.
 Leveling. E-groups encourage usually shy people to “speak up” and say as much as they want,
while those who are usually outgoing cannot interrupt.
 Documented. Unlike verbal communication, online discussions can be revisited and can be
stored for a long time.
 Reflection. E-group members are given a lot of time to reflect or think about what they can say
about an event, idea, or issue before they share their thoughts.
 Relevance. E-groups provide members a chance to share real-life experiences or give up-to-date
information on new places in the city, for instance, that can be useful to the members of the
group in this day and age.
 Community. E-groups that bond over similar interests – alumni associations, for example – can
become a supportive, stimulating community and network.
 Limitless. There are no boundaries as to where the discussions can go.

Disadvantages
 Text-based. The whole set-up of e-groups relies mainly on text. This is challenging for those who
do not like to write or have slow keyboard skills. The upside though is that the increased
broadband connectivity and emerging voice and video conference technologies improve the
accessibility and usage ease of web services such as e-groups.
 No physical cues. One member cannot see the facial expressions or gestures of another
member. There is also the lack of ability to retract a statement immediately, increasing the risk
of big misunderstandings.
 Information overload. E-group threads usually send to members a large volume of messages.
This can be overwhelming and hard to follow.
 Threads. It is hard to follow the logical sequence of discussion when it is broken by users not
sticking to the topic thread.
 Time lag. Discussion gets often delayed since not all members log on 24/7. It may take a long
time before receiving a reply, or sometimes no reply is received at all.
 Isolation. Some members of e-groups prefer to learn on their own and not participate in
discussions.

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  Directionless. E-groups depend on a moderator to direct the conversations/discussions, so
without one, the conversation can become directionless sometimes.

Social Networking

"A website that provides a virtual community for people interested in a particular subject or just to
'hang out' together."
Online networks such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and LinkedIn all offer users a variety of ways to
increase their networks, share notes and various types of media, and connect on a variety of levels.

Some of the ways people can network on these sites include:

 Having current friends or connections suggest other people you may want to network with
 Sharing photos, audio and video files, written works, links, and other media
 Posting a resume or work experience for job searching and recruiting
 Promoting a brand or service to those who may need the product or service

Advantages

 Worldwide Connectivity
 Commonality of Interest
 Real-Time Information Sharing
 Targeted Advertising
 Increased News Cycle Speed
 Professional Growth
 Increase in Human Interaction

Disadvantages

 Cyberbullying and Crimes Against Children

 Risks of Fraud or Identity Theft
 Time Waster
 Fake News

Mobile Technologies

Mobiles are in wide use to most people in India. Most commonly use mobile technologies:
SMS (Short Message Service)
It can send up to 160 characters .Most phones support this service

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MMS (Multimedia Messaging service)
Messages with multimedia content can be send to and from mobile phones.
3G (Third Generation) of mobile technology
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least
200 Kbps. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband speeds of
several Mbps to smartphones, tablets and mobile modems in laptop computers.

A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems
were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data
rates and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The first 3G networks were introduced in
1998 and fourth generation “4G” networks in 2008.
4G (Fourth Generation)
4G is the next generation of mobile technology with better download speed, upload speed and better
connectivity. 4G network offers peak data rates of atleast 100 megabits per second
Difference between 3G and 4G
S.NO 3G TECHNOLOGY 4G TECHNOLOGY

1. It stands for 3rd generation technology. While it stands for 4th generation technology.

Maximum upload rate of 3G technology is 5

2. Mbps. While the maximum upload rate of 4G technology is 500 Mbps.

Maximum download rate of 3G technology is

3. 21 Mbps. While the maximum download rate of 4G technology is 1 Gbps.

While it uses packet switching technique as well as message

4. It uses packet switching technique. switching technique.

The frequency range of 3G technology is from

5. 1.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz. While it’s frequency range is from 2 GHz to 8 GHz.

It is a wide area cell based network While it is the integration of Wireless LAN as well as Wide Area

6. architecture. cell based network architecture.