Contents

1) Introduction
2) What is Computer graphics (CG)?
3) CG Types
4) Computer graphics and other related fields
5) Why study Computer Graphics?
6) Computer Graphics Applications
7) Graphics System
8) CG Main Tasks
 Introduction
 Computer graphics is the art and science of
modeling, editing, animating, and rendering
complex virtual environments (VE) using a
formal mathematical description of everything
in the VE.
 This includes 3D object shapes, material
properties, lights, dynamic behavior of
objects, physical properties, and many other
aspects.
 What is Computer Graphics
(CG) ?
CG are pictures that are generated by a computer
or
The computer`s ability to draw or to produce
images from some given geometrical models

Computer Graphics = Geometric description +

Graphics algorithms + Programming Language

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2D Vs. 3D
Stands for two-dimensional. Two-
dimensional objects are always flat because
2D
they have only two dimensions: width and
height
Stands for three-dimensional. Three-
dimensional objects are exist in a volume and
3D have dimensions of width, height, and depth.
For example, a rectangle drawn on a piece of
paper is 2D, whereas a cardboard box is 3D
 CG Types
 Passive computer graphics:
– it is the creation, storage, and manipulation of models of
object and their picture.
Interactive computer graphics:
– it is the important case in which users dynamically control
the pictures content, format, size, or colors on a display
surface by means of graphics input devices such as keyboard,
joystick, or mouse.

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What is mean by an Image?
Image = 2D array of pixels

 Point
 Line
 Polylines
 Polygon
 Filled regions
 Text
 Image Types
 Gray-Scale (Monochrome) Image
 Colored Image
CG and Other Related fields

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 Is the methodology of the creation of images using a
Computer
computer (Computer graphics does synthesis: from
Graphics
models to images)

is the subfield of computer graphics that attempts to

Image Synthesis
produce realistic pictures
Image Processing Is the manipulation of an image to produce another image
which is in some way different from the input image
(Image processing does analysis: from images to images)
Example: Pattern recognition, Image enhancement
Computer Vision
(Sometimes is the extraction of information from an image (from
called Image images to models)
Understanding)
 Why Study CG?
Graphics is cool
 I like to see what I’m doing

 I like to show people what I’m doing

Graphics is fun
 See TV, Movies, Games, …

Graphics is interesting
 Involves animation, art, simulation of natural

phenomena (trees, mountain, …)

Graphics has a lot of applications
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 Advantages of Computer CG
 It is a tool for generating realistic pictures as well as visualization of natural
phenomena
 The ability to show moving pictures and thus it is possible to produce
animations
 CG provides tool called motion dynamics, with it user can move objects
with respect to a stationary observer or make objects stationary and the
viewer moving around them (walk through made by builder to show flat
interior and building surroundings)
 CG provides facility called update dynamics in which it is possible to
change the shape, color or other properties of the objects being viewed.
 In digital signal processing and audio synthesis, interactive CG can provide
audio feedback along with the graphical feedbacks to make the simulated
environment more realistic
 CG Applications
 CAD/CAM
 Simulators (flight, driving, etc.)
 Cartoons and artwork, including advertisements
 Virtual reality VR
 Movie production and special effects
 Computer games and Scientific visualization
 Art and entertainment
 3D Animation
 Graphical User Interface
 Visualization of natural phenomena 13
Graphics Applications

Entertainment: Cinema

.
Graphics Applications

Entertainment: Games

GT Racer 3
Graphics Applications
Medical Visualization
Graphics Applications
 Graphics Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Graphics Applications CAD/CAM
 Graphics Applications (Art)
Graphics Applications Visualization of
Natural Phenomena
Example#1

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Example#2
Example#3
Example#4
Example#5
 Bone Deformation
 Bone Deformation is the technique of animating an
object (usually a character) by defining and
animating an internal skeleton that automatically
deforms the surrounding mesh
 Facial animation can be created with bone
deformation
 Graphics System
 Is any collection of hardware and software designed to
make it easier to use graphics input and output in compute
programs

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 Graphics Software
 There are two broad classifications for computer-graphics software:
– Special-purpose packages
• Examples of such applications include artist’s painting
programs and various architectural, business, medical, and
engineering CAD systems
– General programming packages
• Some examples of general graphics programming packages are
GL (Graphics Library), OpenGL, VRML (Virtual-Reality
Modeling language), Java 2D and Java 3D.

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 Graphics Hardware

 Video monitor is a display device that converts electrical

signals into visible images; How ?
Using Cathode Ray Tube CRT
 Display controller : sits between the computer and the
display device, receiving information from the computer
program and converting it into signals.

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Input Devices
 Keyboard
 Joystick and Trackball
 Light pen
 Mouse
 Data Gloves
 A graphics tablet
 Light pen
 Voice Systems
 Touch Panels
 Output Devices
Video Monitors (Graphics display)
Printers
Inkjet Plotters
Film recorder
Components of Interactive CG
System
CPU Update Frame Refresh Display
Process Buffer Process Controller

Pixel
information

Video
Monitor
TV Monitor and Display
Controller
 TV Monitor helps to view the display and
they make us of CRT
 Display Controller is an interface between
memory buffer and TV monitor. Its function
is to pass the contents of FM to the monitor
 What is CRT
 Is the screen part where you see the picture.
 CRT consists of :
– Electron gun which produce electron beam
– Deflection system (pairs of horizontal and vertical)
– Focusing system: direct the beam toward specified point on the
screen
– Phosphor-coated screen
 Color CRT
 Displays color pictures by using a combination of
phosphors that emit different colored light
 Three electron guns are exist in this case one for
each of the three main colors: red, green, and blue
(RGB)
 Raster Display
 Most displays used for CG are raster displays
– The most famous raster display is the Video Monitor
– Raster displays are always connected to some region of
memory sufficiently large to hold all of the pixel values
for the display called Frame Buffer
Frame buffer (FM)
 It is a place where images are stored as an array
(matrix of 0 and 1)
 FM is the video RAM (V-RAM) that is used to
hold or map the image displayed on the screen
 The amount of memory required to hold the image
depends on the resolution of the screen and the
color depth used per pixel
 Memory = (X-resolution * y-resolution * bits per pixel)/ (8
* 1024 * 1024)
Different images with various
color depth

CD =8 bits CD =4 bits CD =2 bits

Color depth (CD)=24 bits

 Frame Buffer Types
 Single buffer (No animation just drawing )
 Double buffer (Animation)
 Draw on back buffer while front buffer is being
displayed
 When finished drawing, swap the two and begin work on
the new back buffer
 Graphics Primitives and Attributes
 In computer graphics, a graphic primitive is
something we know how to draw directly into a
bitmap, such as a line, a point, and some
polygons
 Points and straight line segments are the simplest
geometric components of pictures.
 For each primitive there is an attribute associated
with it. The attributes of a graphic primitive are
the characteristics that affect how it appears,
such as color and thickness
 Graphics Primitives
 The different graphics primitives are:
– Point
– Polyline
– Polygon
– Text
– Triangle Strip
– Quad Mesh
– Filled-Regions
Graphics Primitives Examples

A polyline drawing of A wireframe picture of a chess pawn

a dinosaur contains many polylines that outline
its shape 43
 Graphics Primitives Examples
More complicated objects are drawn by using multiple primitives

Simple compound object

More complicated compound object
drawn from 12 polygons
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CG Main Tasks
 Coordinate system
 Geometrical transformation
 Projection transformation
 Viewing transformation
 Modeling: (shape) creating and representing the
geometry of objects in the 3D world
 Rendering: generating 2D images of the objects
 Lighting
 Shading & shadow
 Texture, etc.
 Animation: (movement) describing how objects change
in time