EE172
Computer Programming for
Engineers
Lecture 5:
Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
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What is OOP
Pillars of OOP
Classes and Objects
Inheritance
Polymorphism
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Inheritance
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Inheritance is the capability of one class to acquire properties
and characteristics from another class
The class whose properties are inherited by other class is called
the Parent or Base or Super class.
The class which inherits properties of other class is called Child
or Derived or Sub class.
Inheritance makes code reusable. When we inherit an existing
class, all its methods and fields become available in the new
class, hence code is reused.
Inheritance…
4
A Child class inherits all public and protected members of a Parent
class.
Private members of a parent class are never inherited.
Basic syntax of inheritance:
Access Mode specifies, the mode in which the properties of superclass
will be inherited into subclass (public, private, protected)
Inheritance…
5
Base ANIMAL Animal class has one
class (4 legs) attribute (4 legs)
Derived DOG A Dog class will have
class (1 tail) 4 legs and 1 tail
Example of Inheritance
Base class Animal
Derived class Dog
inheriting Animal
class
Dog object contains all
features from both
Animal and Dog classes
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Private members cannot be Inherited!!
Base class Animal
with private data
Dog class inheriting
Animal class
Animal::legs
cannot be
inherited!!
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Inheritance (Access Modes)
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Public inheritance: Makes public members of the base class
public in the derived class, and the protected members of the
base class remain protected in the derived class.
Protected inheritance: Makes both public and protected
members of the base class protected in the derived class.
Private inheritance: Makes both public and protected
members of the base class private in the derived class.
Inheritance (Access Modes)
Base class
Public stays public
Protected stays protected
All members from base class
become protected
All members from Base class
become private
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Types of Inheritance in C++
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Single Inheritance
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Single inheritance: inheritance in which a derived class
inherits from only one base class.
Base Class
Derived Class
Single Inheritance
Base class Animal
Derived class Dog
class inherits from
Animal class
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Multilevel Inheritance
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Multilevel inheritance: inheritance in which a derived class
inherits from another derived class
Base Class A
Derived Class B
Derived Class C
Multilevel Inheritance
Base class Animal
Derived class Dog
inherits from Animal
Derived class Bulldog
inherits from Dog
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Multiple Inheritance
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Multiple inheritance: a new class inherits the attributes from
two or more classes
B-1 B-2 B-3
Derived Class C
Multiple Inheritance
Base class Animal
Base class Dog
Derived class
Bulldog inherits from
Animal and Dog
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Hierarchical Inheritance
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Hierarchical inheritance: more than one class is derived
from a single class
Base Class
D-1 D-2 D-3
Hierarchical Inheritance
Base class Cats
Derived class Tiger
Derived class Cheetah
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Hybrid Inheritance
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Hybrid inheritance: a combination of more than one type of
inheritance
Base Class
Hierarchical
Inheritance
D-1 D-2
Multiple
inheritance
D-3
What is OOP
Pillars of OOP
Classes and Objects
Inheritance
Polymorphism
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Polymorphism
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The word Polymorphism means having many forms.
Polymorphism means that multiple functions or operators share the
same name, but performing different functionalities in different contexts.
Typically, polymorphism occurs when there is a hierarchy of classes
which are related by inheritance.
Inheritance lets us inherit attributes and methods from another class.
Polymorphism uses those methods to perform different tasks in differet
ways
Polymorphism…
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We can implement Polymorphism using the following ways:
Function overloading
Operator overloading
Function overriding
Virtual functions
Function Overloading
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In C++, we can use two functions having the same name if they have
different parameters (either types or number of arguments).
Depending upon the number/type of arguments, the same function
can perform the task in different ways
Function Overloading
Sum of two integers
Sum of three
integers
Sum of double
numbers
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Operator Overloading
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We can redefine or overload most of the built-in operators available
in C++ to perform different operations on user-defined data types.
For example, the ‘+’ operator is used for adding two numbers.
We can overload this operator in String class to concatenate two
strings by just using +.
=9
= ABCDEF
Operator Overloading
Adding two
numbers
Join two strings
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Function Overriding
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In C++ inheritance, we can have the same function in the base class
as well as its derived classes
Function overriding occurs when a derived class has the same
definition of a functions from the base class.
Therefore the base function is said to be overridden.
Base class
sum(int a, int b)
Derived class
sum (int a, int b)
Function Overriding
Base class with
one function
Derived class
with the same
function
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