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Panel Session
Power Quality Monitoring in Smart Grids

PQ Monitoring & Analysis

Techniques

Gary W. Chang, Ph.D., P.E., FIEEE

National Chung Cheng University
TAIWAN
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Outline
• Introduction
• Power Quality and Smart Grid
• Issues of Power Quality Monitoring
• Review of Power Quality Analysis and
Disturbance Detection Techniques
• Case Studies
• Conclusions

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Introduction
• Enhancement of quality of supply voltage is a key
function of realizing the smart grid.
• By means of adopting advanced technologies for
power quality monitoring and metering, waveform
correction devices, and condition monitoring, the
power quality for both customers and utilities can be
maintained.
• With judicious selections and applications of
different key technologies for the smart grid, power
quality disturbances can be substantially mitigated.

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Issues of Power Quality Monitoring

• Realization of Smart Meter with Advanced Power
Quality Analysis Functions
• Wide‐area Power Quality Measurement
• Realization of Mechanisms for Tracking Source of
Power Quality Disturbance and Identification
Algorithms via Robust Communication Network
• Integration of Real‐time Power Quality Signal
Analysis Methods
• Management of Measured Power Quality Data
• Power Quality Standards
4•
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PQ Measurement System
SCADAAnalytics, GUI)
(DB, Analysis,
Distributed
Power Generation
Generation
Flow
System

Two-Way
Communication

User

Transmission Distribution
System System

Smart PQ Measurement Scheme

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Zigbee, PLC, GPS, Ethernet etc.

Cross-Platform
Data Format

Distributed Database
Intelligent Sensors

GUI
Measurement
System PQ Analysis &
Advanced Algorithms
PQ Meters

Smart PQ Measurement Scheme (cont.)

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Review of Power Quality Analysis and

Disturbance Detection Techniques
• To achieve the efficient and accurate power
quality measurement under the smart grid, it
requires more advanced analysis and
detection methods.
• The following gives an overview of the
techniques required to perform such analyses
and detections.

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Procedure for Monitoring Power Quality

E lectrical in p u t sig n al

M easu rem en t
tran sd u cers

In p u t sig n al u n d er
m easu rem en t

A n aly zin g m ech an ism

A n aly sis resu lts

D ata ag g reg atio n an d

ev alu atio n

E v alu atio n resu lts

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Harmonics/Interharmonics
Measurement
v(t )  sin(59.85  2t )  0.3 sin(179.55  2t ) v(t )  2 sin( 60  2t )  sin(180  2t )
 0.2 sin( 299.25  2t )  0.15 sin( 418.95  2t )  sin( 281  2t )  sin(553  2t )

Spectral Leakage Picket-Fence Effect

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Harmonics/Interharmonics
Measurement (cont.)
• Fast Fourier Transform‐based Methods
• ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via
rotational invariance technique)
• MUSIC (multiple signal classification )
• Prony‐based Methods
• ADALINE‐based Methods
• Kalman Filtering
• PLL‐based Methods
• Artificial Neural Network Methods
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Harmonics/Interharmonics
Measurement (cont.)

Fig. 2. Classification of commonly used harmonic estimation methods.

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Harmonics/Interharmonics
Measurement (cont.)

Fig. 3. Classification of commonly used interharmonics estimation methods.

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Flicker Measurement
• IEC Flickermeter
• Squaring Demodulation Method
• Discrete Wavelet Synchronous Detection
Method
• ADALINE Detection Method
• EPLL Detection Method
• New Approaches
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Flicker Measurement (cont.)

• In general, the voltage fluctuations can be expressed
as the amplitude modulated (AM) signal as follows:

v (t )  A   Ai cos( fi t   fi )  cos( t  0 )
 m
 0 i 1  0
 AEn cos(0t  0 )

where A0 ,  0 , 0 , Ai ,  fi , and i are amplitudes, angular

frequencies, and phase angles of the fundamental
and flicker components, respectively, and m is the
expected number of flicker signals.

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Flicker Measurement (cont.)

Fig. 3. Scheme of voltage envelope estimation.

Table I: Summary of Performance Comparisons

Discrete
Squaring wavelet
Method ADALINE EPLL
demodulation synchronous
detection
Leakages reduction with
Poor Fair Fair Good
proper parameters
Robustness to
fundamental frequency Fair Poor Fair Good
deviation
Practicability based on
Good Fair Fair Poor
parametric settings
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Voltage Sag Detections

• The analysis for voltage disturbance events
can be roughly grouped into two categories:
– Detection Process: it is designed to identify the
occurrences of events and trigger the
corresponding automation and protection
mechanisms.
– Classification Process: it is mainly used to identify
the types of events according to different
properties of power quality disturbances.

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Voltage Sag Detections (cont.)

• Direct Estimation of RMS Value
• ADALINE Detection Method
• High‐pass Filtering
• Autoregressive (AR), Moving‐Average (MA), and
ARMA Models
• Wavelet Analysis Residual Method
– Squaring Method
– Shrinkage Method
– Inter‐scale Dependency
• New Analysis Method
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Voltage Sag Detections

• Several parameters of power quality events
are necessary to be identified:
– Starting‐time localization of events
– Ending‐time localization of events
– Duration of events
– Classification of events
– Variation of events

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Voltage Sag Detections

Direct Estimation of RMS Value
N 1
2
• For full cycle:  y (k )
k 0
rms f 
N

N / 2 1

• For half cycle: y 2

(k )
rmsh  k 0
N /2

where N is the number of samples per

cycle
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Voltage Sag Detections

ADALINE Detection Method
w1
sin 1
w2
cos 1

Am  w22m 1  w22m w3
sin  2
w4
1 w2 m  cos  2 
m  tan  
 w2m 1  w 2N -1
sin  N
w 2N
cos  N

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Voltage Sag Detections

ADALINE Detection Method

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Voltage Sag Detections

High‐Pass Filtering

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Voltage Sag Detections

AR, ARMA Processes
e(n) + y(n)=a1y(n-1)+a2y(n-2)+
…+aPy(n-P)+e(n)
a1y(n-1)
aPy(n-P)
a2y(n-2)
× aP × a2 × a1
y(n-P) y(n-2) y(n-1)
Unit Unit Unit
delay delay delay

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Voltage Sag Detections

Wavelet Analysis

• Since the singular points are those samples where

signal discontinuities are present, a significant
singular point is often associated with a sudden
change in the system.
• The wavelet analysis provided the multi‐resolution is
a powerful tool for the localization for the singular
signals. With the dyadic analysis structure of wavelet,
the singular signals can be separated from those
normal ones.

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Voltage Sag Detections

• Though the wavelet analysis is the widely used
technique in the recent years, it is suffered from the
interference of noise.

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Case Studies (Case 1)

Measured Adjustable Speed Motor Drive input current waveforms

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Case Studies (cont.)

FFT without corrections

New method

IEC grouping method

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Case Studies (Case 2)

New Method for Time‐Varying Harmonics

Tracking

t = 1 sec t = 2.5 sec t = 4 sec

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Case Studies (cont.)

Traditional method

New method
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Measurement/Analysis of Flicker (cont.)

• IEC Standard 61000‐4‐15 provides both
functional and design specifications for
flicker measurement and the flickermeter
architecture is described by the following
block diagram.
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Case Studies (Case 3) PQ EAF Bus

PCC Meter
Power
System
45 MVA 33 MVA
161  kV / 11 .4 Y kV 11 .4  kV / 4 60  V
Z = 12 % Z = 7.5 %

Electrical
Arc Furnace

Pst Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5

IEC 61000-4-15 1.1325 6.5320 8.8694 9.2112 6.3733

Proposed Method 1.1102 6.3912 8.9557 9.1165 6.4136

Relative Error (%) 1.9691 2.1555 0.9730 1.0281 0.6323

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Case Studies (cont.)

Other methods New method

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Case Studies (Case 4)

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Case Studies (Case 5)

IEEE Std. 1159.3-based PQ Data Analysis System

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Case Studies (cont.)

Three-phase voltage measurement by PQ Meter – Brand A Flicker measurement (delta V10)

by PQ Meter – Brand B
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Case Studies (cont.)

PQDIF utility application and

waveform output based on PQ Meter –
Brand A
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Case Studies (cont.)

PQDIF utility application and delta V10

output based on PQ Meter – Brand B
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LabVIEW-based GUI of
PQ Data Analysis System
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More PQ Measurement Issues

More Smart Grid PQ Measurement Issues
(1) Smart Meter with Advanced PQ Analysis Functions
(2) Wide Area Monitoring Scheme with PQ Disturbance
Identification and Remedy
(3) Integration of Measured PQ Data and Database Design
(4) Tracking PQ Disturbances and Real-time PQ Analysis
(5) Deployment of Advanced PQ Meters in Power Network
(6) Embedding Advanced PQ Monitoring Functions
in Substation/Feeder Automations
(7) Commutation Protocols for PQ Monitoring
(8) PQ-related Standards Development
(9) PQ Analytics
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Conclusions
• Several commonly used signal processing techniques
for analysis of harmonics, flickers, sags, swells, and
interruptions are introduced.
• The communication mechanism and information system
deployment for power quality monitoring system become
critical factors for the success of smart grid.
• The power quality measurement system shall record the
detail waveforms during the fault and rms values of voltage
and current. To different venders of power quality meters,
associated issues of interoperationability and related
standards must be taken into account.

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Thank You!
[email protected]