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📘 Unit 2.1 – Solids, Liquids and Gases

🧪 States of Matter – Theory Summary Table

🧠 Key Concepts

Matter: Everything around you that has mass and takes up space.

State of matter: The form that matter takes: solid, liquid, or gas.

Particle theory: All matter is made up of tiny particles which behave differently in each
state.

Solids: particles vibrate in place.

Liquids: particles slide past each other.

Gases: particles move freely and spread out.

ậBài tệp luyận tậ p

1. Fill in the blanks (Điền vào chỗ trống)

Solids have a ______ shape and a ______ volume.

Liquids take the ______ of their container.

Gases can be ______ easily.

The particles in a solid only ______ in place.

In gases, the particles are ______ apart.

Liquids cannot be ______ but they can ______.

Matter is made of small ______ called particles.

The volume of a gas can ______ depending on the container.

Solids cannot ______ because their particles are tightly packed.

In particle theory, particles in gases move in ______ directions.

2. Multiple Choice (Chọn đáp án đúng)

Which state of matter can be compressed?

 A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. None

Which of the following can flow?

A. Solid only B. Liquid only C. Liquid and Gas D. Solid and Liquid

The particles in solids:

A. Move freely B. Slide past each other C. Are fixed in place and vibrate D. Are far
apart

Gases take the ______ of any container.

A. Top B. Fixed part C. Shape D. Bottom

Which has a definite volume but no fixed shape?

A. Gas B. Solid C. Liquid D. Vacuum

Which state has particles that are far apart?

A. Liquid B. Solid C. Gas D. All of the above

Matter can change its volume only if:

A. The particles flow B. The particles are far apart C. It is a solid D. It is heated

What is true about particle theory?

A. It applies only to gases B. It says all matter is made of particles C. Particles are
visible D. Only solids have particles

In liquids, particles:

A. Do not move B. Are very far apart C. Are tightly packed D. Can slide past each other

Which state has no fixed shape and no fixed volume?

A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Ice

3. True or False (Đúng hay Sai)

Solids can be poured easily.

Liquids take the shape of their container.

Gas particles are tightly packed.

Solids have a fixed volume.

Gases can flow like liquids.

Particles in solids can move freely.

Liquids cannot be compressed.

You can usually see gases.

Matter is not made of particles.

Liquids have no fixed volume.

4. Short Answer (Trả lời ngắn)

What are the three states of matter?

Which state cannot be compressed?

Why can liquids flow?

How are particles in gases arranged?

What keeps the shape of a solid fixed?

Why do gases not have a fixed volume?

What is particle theory?

How do particles move in solids?

Which state of matter is easiest to compress?

Why can't solids flow?

📘 Theory – Unit 2.2: Changes of State

🔬 Particle Theory

All matter is made up of tiny particles.

The arrangement and movement of particles depend on the state of matter:

Solid: particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place.

Liquid: particles are close together but can slide past one another.

Gas: particles are far apart and move quickly and freely.
🔄 Changes of State

🌡 Key Concepts

Temperature affects how particles move.

Thermometer: used to measure temperature.

Measuring cylinder: used to measure volume of a liquid.

Meniscus: the curved surface of a liquid in a measuring cylinder.

Water vapour / steam: the gas form of water.

📝 Practice Exercises

✍️Fill in the Blanks

When a solid turns into a liquid, it is called ______.

The change from liquid to gas is called ______.

Particles in a gas move ______ and are far apart.

The change from gas to liquid is called ______.

Freezing is the process of a ______ turning into a ______.

In solids, particles only ______ in place.

In condensation, gas particles lose ______.

Water in the form of gas is called ______.

A thermometer is used to measure ______.

A measuring cylinder is used to measure ______.

✅ Multiple Choice

What do we call the process when liquid turns into solid?

A. Melting
B. Freezing
C. Evaporation
D. Condensation

Which change of state occurs when ice melts?

A. Freezing
B. Sublimation
C. Melting
D. Condensation

What happens to the particles when a solid becomes a gas?

A. They stop moving
B. They spread far apart
C. They stay in fixed rows
D. They move slower

Which of the following is not a state of matter?

A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Plasma
D. Fire

What instrument is used to measure temperature?

A. Ruler
B. Thermometer
C. Beaker
D. Timer

What is the curved surface of liquid in a measuring cylinder called?

A. Meniscus
B. Crescent
C. Surface tension
D. Arc

What happens during evaporation?

A. Particles gain energy
B. Particles lose energy
C. Particles stay still
D. Particles freeze

Which state has the highest energy particles?

A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Plasma
Sublimation is a change from:
A. Liquid to gas
B. Gas to liquid
C. Solid to gas
D. Solid to liquid

Which tool is best for measuring the volume of water?

A. Thermometer
B. Measuring cylinder
C. Balance
D. Stopwatch

🔍 True or False

Particles in solids can move freely.

Evaporation is a process from gas to liquid.

Condensation is when water vapour becomes liquid water.

Melting requires energy input.

A thermometer measures weight.

Freezing occurs at the melting point in reverse.

Gases have more energy than solids.

Meniscus is always flat in water.

Steam is solid water.

Particle theory explains the behavior of matter.

✏️Short Answer Questions

What is condensation?

What happens to particles during melting?

Name a tool to measure temperature.

What state has the particles moving fastest?

What is the melting point?

Why can gases be compressed but solids cannot?

What is the meniscus?

Explain sublimation.

How does heat affect particle movement?

What happens to energy during freezing?

📘 Theory – Unit 2.3: Explaining Changes of State

🔥 What happens when matter changes state?

When you heat a substance, you give its particles more energy.

This makes particles:

Move faster (in liquids and gases),

Or vibrate more strongly (in solids).

As energy increases:

Attractive forces between particles become weaker.

At a certain point, change of state occurs (melting, boiling, etc.).

🌡 Boiling and Heating Water Experiment

Heat water in a beaker.

Measure temperature every minute using a thermometer.

Plot a graph:

X-axis = time (minutes)

Y-axis = temperature (°C)

Observe:

Temperature rises steadily until it reaches boiling point.

Then, temperature stays constant while water boils.

Why?: All energy goes into breaking particle bonds, not increasing temperature.
📌 Key Vocabulary

Attractive force – Force holding particles together

Expand – Particles spread out when heated

Heat energy – Energy that increases particle movement

Transferred – Passed from one object/substance to another

📝 Practice Exercises

✍️Fill in the Blanks

Heating gives particles more ______.

When water boils, its temperature ______.

During boiling, energy is used to break ______ between particles.

When a solid melts, particles begin to ______.

Temperature remains ______ during a change of state.

A thermometer measures ______.

Water expands when it is ______.

Condensation happens when gas turns to ______.

Attractive forces are strongest in a ______.

Particles in a gas are ______ and move quickly.

✅ Multiple Choice

What happens to particles when a solid is heated?

A. They stop moving
B. They vibrate more
C. They form regular rows
D. They freeze

Which state of matter can be compressed?

A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. None

Why does the temperature stay constant during boiling?

A. The water evaporates
B. No more heat is added
C. Energy is used to break bonds
D. Thermometer is broken

What does a flat line on a heating graph mean?

A. Constant heating
B. Temperature not changing
C. Temperature rising
D. Time is over

When you heat a gas, the particles:

A. Move slower
B. Become heavier
C. Move faster and spread out
D. Become solid

Attractive forces are weakest in:

A. Solids
B. Liquids
C. Gases
D. Ice

When water changes to steam, this is called:

A. Freezing
B. Melting
C. Condensing
D. Boiling

Which of these states has no fixed shape and no fixed volume?

A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Ice

Heat is transferred from:

A. Cold to hot
B. Hot to cold
C. Gas to liquid
D. Thermometer to water
Why should the thermometer not touch the bottom of the beaker?
A. To measure air
B. To avoid glass error
C. To measure only the water’s temperature
D. To avoid breaking the beaker

🔍 True or False

Particles stop moving when boiled.

Temperature increases continuously during boiling.

During melting, particles gain energy.

Energy is needed to break attractive forces.

Heat energy is transferred into particle motion.

Gases can be compressed easily.

Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.

Attractive forces are stronger in solids than gases.

Thermometers measure mass.

A measuring cylinder measures temperature.

✏️Short Answer

What happens to water’s temperature when it boils?

Why does temperature stay the same during a state change?

What kind of energy is added during heating?

How do particles behave when water is heated?

Why should the thermometer not touch the bottom of the container?

What do you observe on a temperature-time graph of boiling?

Which state of matter expands the most when heated?

What does it mean when particles are compressed?

Why is it easier to compress gases?

Explain how particle theory helps us understand boiling.

📘 Unit 2.4 – The Water Cycle

🌀 Overview

The water cycle is a continuous process in which water moves through rivers, lakes, oceans,
the atmosphere, and land.

Water is recycled over and over — the same water has been moving around Earth for over
four billion years.

🔁 Main Stages of the Water Cycle

🌿 Scientific Terms to Know

📌 Example Flow of the Water Cycle

Water in oceans evaporates.

Plants release water by transpiration.

Vapour condenses into clouds.

Clouds release precipitation (rain).

Rain runs off the land into rivers and oceans (surface run-off).

Some water infiltrates the ground and becomes groundwater.

✍️A. Fill in the blanks (10 items)

The Sun causes water to change into water ______.

When water vapour cools down, it forms ______.

Water falls from clouds as ______.

Plants release water through a process called ______.

Water from precipitation can soak into the ground and become ______.

The process of water moving from plants to the air is ______.

Water vapour becomes liquid again through ______.

Water that flows on the land surface into rivers and lakes is called ______.
The water cycle is a ______ process.

Rain, snow, and hail are all forms of ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

What drives the water cycle?

A. Moon B. Sun C. Wind D. Clouds

Which process adds water vapour to the atmosphere from oceans?

A. Condensation B. Precipitation C. Evaporation D. Run-off

What happens during condensation?

A. Liquid becomes gas B. Gas becomes liquid C. Water falls as snow D. Plants release
water

Precipitation includes:

A. Water vapour B. Wind C. Rain, snow, hail D. Sunshine

What is groundwater?

A. Water stored in oceans B. Water stored under the soil C. Water inside clouds D.
Dirty water

Which of the following is NOT a stage of the water cycle?

A. Freezing B. Transpiration C. Condensation D. Evaporation

Water from the ground moving into rivers and lakes is:

A. Run-off B. Transpiration C. Precipitation D. Condensation

When clouds form, this is due to:

A. Precipitation B. Condensation C. Run-off D. Infiltration

What is the main source of water for evaporation?

A. Glaciers B. Oceans and lakes C. Plants D. Snow

Transpiration happens in:

A. Water B. Clouds C. Plants D. Soil

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

The Sun is the main energy source for the water cycle.

Water vapour forms clouds through evaporation.

Precipitation happens before condensation.

Water vapour is invisible.

Condensation occurs when water gains heat.

Groundwater is found above the soil.

Run-off flows into oceans, lakes, and rivers.

All precipitation is in the form of rain.

The water cycle is a continuous loop.

Evaporation requires energy from the Sun.

✏️D. Short Answer Questions (8 items)

What causes evaporation in the water cycle?

Describe what happens during transpiration.

How does condensation help form clouds?

Give two examples of precipitation.

What happens to rain after it falls on the ground?

Why is the water cycle important for life on Earth?

What is surface run-off?

Explain the difference between evaporation and condensation.

📘 Unit 2.5 – Atoms, Elements and the Periodic Table

🔬 What are atoms?

Atoms are the smallest units of matter. The word comes from Greek, meaning “cannot be
divided.”

Over 2000 years ago, Democritus proposed that all matter is made of tiny particles – atoms.
Modern science has confirmed that atoms exist, and we can even observe them using
scanning tunnelling microscopes.

Example: atoms seen in carbon nanotubes.

🌍 Types of Atoms and Elements

There are 94 naturally occurring atoms and 24 artificial atoms made in laboratories.

A substance made of only one kind of atom is called an element.

Examples of elements:

Carbon (only carbon atoms)

Gold (only gold atoms)

Silver (only silver atoms)

🧪 Properties of Elements

Each type of atom (element) has its own physical and chemical properties.

That’s why different elements behave differently (e.g. metals like iron conduct electricity,
while non-metals like sulfur do not).

⚛️Key Definitions

✍️A. Fill in the Blanks (10 items)

The smallest unit of matter is called an ______.

An element is made of only one type of ______.

The idea that matter is made of atoms was first suggested by ______.

There are ______ naturally occurring types of atoms.

______ are made of carbon atoms arranged in a tube-like structure.

A substance made of gold atoms only is called the element ______.

Elements with similar properties are arranged in the same ______ in the Periodic Table.
The vertical columns in the Periodic Table are called ______.

Each element has a unique ______, like H for hydrogen.

The Periodic Table organizes elements by increasing atomic ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

Who first suggested that all matter is made of tiny particles?

A. Newton
B. Einstein
C. Democritus
D. Curie

What is an element?
A. A mix of atoms
B. A substance with only one kind of atom
C. A small molecule
D. A kind of metal

Which of the following is a correct pair of element and its symbol?

A. Sodium – So
B. Oxygen – O
C. Calcium – Cl
D. Hydrogen – Hg

How many naturally occurring atoms are there?

A. 24
B. 100
C. 94
D. 12

The rows in the Periodic Table are called:

A. Groups
B. Periods
C. Blocks
D. Sections

Which of these is made of only silver atoms?

A. Salt
B. Iron
C. Silver ring
D. Water
Atoms that are tightly packed together form:
A. Air
B. Gases
C. Solids
D. Plasma

Which of the following elements is a non-metal?

A. Gold
B. Iron
C. Sulfur
D. Copper

In which part of the Periodic Table are metals mostly located?

A. Right
B. Center
C. Left
D. Top

What tool allows us to see individual atoms today?

A. Microscope
B. Thermometer
C. Telescope
D. Stethoscope

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

An atom can be divided into smaller pieces by chemical means.

All elements are made of more than one type of atom.

There are 118 known elements in total.

Democritus was a modern-day scientist.

Each atom type has unique properties.

The Periodic Table includes both metals and non-metals.

Gold and silver are examples of compounds.

The Periodic Table is arranged by increasing mass of atoms.

Elements in the same group behave similarly.

Atoms in silver rings are randomly mixed with other elements.

✏️D. Short Answer (8 items)

What is an atom?

What is an element? Give two examples.

Who first suggested the idea of atoms?

What is the difference between an atom and an element?

How many kinds of naturally occurring atoms are there?

What does the Periodic Table show us?

Why are chemical symbols useful?

Name two metals and two non-metals from the Periodic Table.

🧪 Unit 2.6 – Compounds and Formulae

📘 Theory Summary

🧪 Examples of Compounds and Formulae

📝 Exercises – Unit 2.6

✍️A. Fill in the blanks (10 items)

A ______ is made of two or more elements that are chemically joined.

In water (H₂O), there are two ______ atoms and one oxygen atom.

A formula tells us the ______ of each kind of atom in a compound.

CO₂ is the formula for ______ ______.

The formula NaOH stands for ______ ______.

The ending “-ide” is used when a compound contains a ______ and a non-metal.

The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is ______.

Compounds often have ______ properties from the elements they are made of.

In CaCO₃, the element calcium bonds with ______ and oxygen.

The name of the compound made from sodium and chlorine is ______ ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

What does the formula H₂O mean?

A. 1 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
B. 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
C. 2 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
D. 1 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

Which of the following is a compound?

A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D. Neon

What is the formula for carbon dioxide?

A. CO
B. CO₂
C. C₂O
D. O₂C

The name for NaCl is:

A. Sodium chlorine
B. Sodium chloride
C. Saltium chlorine
D. Chlorine sodium

Which element is in every organic compound?

A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Calcium
D. Carbon

How many atoms are in a molecule of CO₂?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

In the formula CaCO₃, how many oxygen atoms are there?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

Which formula represents a compound with 2 elements only?

A. CaCO₃
B. NaCl
C. H₂SO₄
D. NaOH

A compound made from calcium and oxygen is:

A. Calcium oxide
B. Calcium dioxide
C. Calcium peroxide
D. Caloxide

Why are chemical symbols used in formulas?

A. To make the compound shorter
B. To confuse readers
C. To avoid spelling mistakes
D. To show the type and number of atoms

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

A formula tells us how many atoms are in a compound.

Sodium hydroxide is written as SO₂.

All compounds end in “-ide”.

Compounds have different properties from the elements they are made of.

You can tell how many elements are in a compound by reading its formula.

NaCl is a compound made of sodium and carbon.

Calcium carbonate contains calcium, carbon, and oxygen.

CO and CO₂ are two different compounds.

The “2” in H₂O means there are two oxygen atoms.

All compounds contain metals.

✏️D. Short Answer (8 items)

What is a compound?
Write the formula for water and explain what it means.

Why are formulas useful in science?

What is the difference between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide?

How do you know if a substance is a compound?

Write the name for the compound NaCl.

How many elements are in CaCO₃?

Explain why “H₂O” is a compound, not an element.

🧪 Unit 2.7 – Compounds and Mixtures

📘 Summary

📝 Exercises

✍️A. Fill in the blanks (10 items)

A compound is made of two or more ______ that are chemically joined.

A mixture contains substances that are ______ bonded.

______ is a mixture of several gases.

When sulfur and iron are heated together, they form ______.

A pure substance contains only one type of ______.

In a mixture, the substances can be separated by ______ means.

Water in nature often contains dissolved ______.

Iron is a ______; sulfur is a non-metal.

The composition of air can change due to ______ emissions.

In the mineral water label, the most abundant mineral is ______.

✅ B. Multiple Choice (10 items)

What is an example of a compound?

A. Nitrogen
B. Water
C. Iron
D. Oxygen

Which of these is a mixture?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Air
C. Calcium chloride
D. Sodium

What happens when iron and sulfur are heated?

A. They evaporate
B. They form a mixture
C. They form a compound
D. They stay the same

A compound:
A. Is easy to separate
B. Keeps the properties of the elements
C. Has completely new properties
D. Has no atoms

Which of the following is NOT a compound?

A. CO₂
B. O₂
C. H₂O
D. NaCl

The gas most abundant in air is:

A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Hydrogen
D. Nitrogen

What kind of mixture is mineral water?

A. Solid
B. Gas
C. Solution
D. Compound

What tool is used to separate iron from a mixture?

A. Filter
B. Magnet
C. Thermometer
D. Stirrer
Why must you wear safety glasses in the lab?
A. To look smart
B. To protect your eyes from harmful substances
C. To see better
D. To avoid steam

What happens to water when heated in an evaporating basin?

A. It freezes
B. It evaporates
C. It glows
D. It condenses

🔍 C. True or False (10 items)

Mixtures can always be separated physically.

In a compound, elements keep their original properties.

Iron sulfide is formed by heating iron and sulfur.

Air is a compound.

Water is always a pure substance in nature.

A mixture does not have a fixed composition.

A compound always has new properties.

Mineral water is made of only water.

You can remove iron from iron sulfide with a magnet.

Air contains only oxygen and nitrogen.

✏️D. Short Answer (8 items)

What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?

Describe what happens when iron and sulfur are heated.

Why is air considered a mixture?

What is the role of a magnet in the iron and sulfur experiment?

Give an example of a natural mixture and a compound.

Name the three most common gases in air.

How do we know mineral water is not pure?

Explain why compounds are harder to separate than mixtures.