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how to convert navier stokes to energy equation

The Navier-Stokes equations describe the conservation of momentum for a

fluid, while the energy equation describes the conservation of energy. To
derive the energy equation from the Navier-Stokes equations, we need to
consider the relationship between mechanical energy (from momentum)
and thermal energy (from thermodynamics). Here's a step-by-step
approach:

Step 1: Start with the Compressible Navier-Stokes

Equations
The Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous, compressible fluid are:

Continuity Equation (Mass Conservation):

∂ρ
+ ∇ ⋅ (ρu) = 0
∂t
​

Momentum Equation:

∂u
ρ( + u ⋅ ∇u) = −∇p + ∇ ⋅ τ + ρf
∂t
​

where:

ρ = density,
u = velocity vector,
p = pressure,
∂uj
τ = viscous stress tensor (τij = μ ( ∂u i
+ − 23 δij ∇ ⋅ u) for
​

∂xj ∂xi
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​

Newtonian fluids),
f = body forces (e.g., gravity).

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Step 2: Derive the Mechanical Energy Equation

Take the dot product of the momentum equation with u to obtain
the mechanical energy equation:

∂u
ρu ⋅ ( + u ⋅ ∇u) = −u ⋅ ∇p + u ⋅ (∇ ⋅ τ ) + ρu ⋅ f
∂t
​

Simplify using vector identities:

∂ 1 2 1
( ρu ) + ∇ ⋅ ( ρu2 u) = −u ⋅ ∇p + u ⋅ (∇ ⋅ τ ) + ρu ⋅ f
∂t 2 2
​ ​ ​

This represents the rate of change of kinetic energy.

Step 3: Incorporate the Thermal Energy Equation

The total energy (per unit mass) is:

1 2
etotal = e + u
2
​ ​

where e is the internal energy.

The energy conservation equation is:

∂(ρetotal )
+ ∇ ⋅ (ρetotal u) = −∇ ⋅ q + ∇ ⋅ (pu) − ∇ ⋅ (τ ⋅ u) + ρf ⋅ u + Q
​

∂t
​ ​

where:

q = heat flux (Fourier’s law: q = −k∇T ),

Q̇ = heat source (e.g., chemical reactions, radiation).
​

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Step 4: Subtract Mechanical Energy to Get Thermal

Energy
Subtract the mechanical energy equation from the total energy equation to
isolate the thermal energy equation:

∂(ρe)
+ ∇ ⋅ (ρeu) = −p(∇ ⋅ u) + ∇ ⋅ (k∇T ) + τ : ∇u + Q̇
∂t
​ ​

where:

−p(∇ ⋅ u) = pressure work (reversible heating),

τ : ∇u = viscous dissipation (irreversible heating),
∇ ⋅ (k∇T ) = heat conduction.

Final Energy Equation (Thermal Form)

∂e
ρ( + u ⋅ ∇e) = −p(∇ ⋅ u) + ∇ ⋅ (k∇T ) + τ : ∇u + Q̇
∂t
​ ​

Alternatively, in terms of temperature T (for an ideal gas with e = cv T ): ​

∂T
ρcv ( + u ⋅ ∇T ) = −p(∇ ⋅ u) + ∇ ⋅ (k∇T ) + τ : ∇u + Q̇
∂t
​ ​ ​

Key Points:
1. The mechanical energy equation comes from the momentum
equation.
2. The total energy equation includes both kinetic and internal energy.
3. The thermal energy equation is obtained by subtracting mechanical
energy from total energy.
4. Viscous dissipation (τ : ∇u) converts kinetic energy into heat.

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5. For incompressible flows (∇ ⋅ u = 0), the pressure work term vanishes.

Would you like a specific form (e.g., incompressible, inviscid, etc.)?

i want (p/γ + 1/2(v2/2g) + z

You're referring to the Bernoulli equation, which is a simplified form of

the energy equation derived from the Navier-Stokes equations under
certain assumptions. The expression you provided:

p v2
+ + z = constant
γ 2g
​ ​

is the Bernoulli equation for steady, incompressible, inviscid flow

along a streamline, where:

p = pressure,
γ = ρg = specific weight of the fluid,
v = flow velocity,
g = gravitational acceleration,
z = elevation head.

Derivation from Navier-Stokes to Bernoulli Equation

Here’s how to derive it from the Navier-Stokes equations:

Step 1: Start with Incompressible, Inviscid Navier-Stokes

For inviscid (τ = 0) and incompressible (ρ = constant) flow, the

momentum equation reduces to the Euler equation:

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∂u
ρ( + u ⋅ ∇u) = −∇p + ρg
∂t
​

Step 2: Assume Steady Flow ( ∂u

∂t
​ = 0)

ρ(u ⋅ ∇u) = −∇p + ρg

Step 3: Use the Vector Identity for Convective Acceleration

∣u∣2
u ⋅ ∇u = ∇ ( ) − u × (∇ × u)
2
​

For irrotational flow (∇ × u = 0), this simplifies to:

v2
u ⋅ ∇u = ∇ ( )
2
​

Step 4: Rewrite the Euler Equation

v2
ρ∇ ( ) = −∇p + ρg
2
​

Assuming gravity acts in the −z direction (g = −g∇z ):

p v2
∇( + + gz ) = 0
ρ 2
​ ​

Step 5: Integrate Along a Streamline

Since the gradient is zero, the quantity inside is constant:

p v2
+ + gz = constant
ρ 2
​ ​

Divide by g to express in terms of "head" (units of length):

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p v2
+ + z = constant
γ 2g
​ ​

where γ = ρg .

Key Assumptions for Bernoulli’s Equation

1. Inviscid flow (no friction, μ
= 0).
2. Incompressible flow (ρ = constant).
∂
3. Steady flow ( ∂t = 0). ​

4. Flow along a streamline (or irrotational flow).

Physical Interpretation (Energy per Unit Weight)

p
γ
​= pressure head (work done by pressure forces),
v2
2g = velocity head (kinetic energy),
​

z = elevation head (potential energy).

The sum is the total mechanical energy, conserved along a streamline.

When Does Bernoulli’s Equation Fail?

Viscous flows (e.g., boundary layers, pipe friction) → Use
the Bernoulli equation with head loss.
Compressible flows → Use the compressible energy equation.
Unsteady flows → Include ∂u
∂t
terms. ​

Would you like the extended form (e.g., with head loss or unsteady terms)?

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