GS 3- Agriculture

Mixed
ARC

1. Key Schemes (Full Forms + Ultra Short)

 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) – ₹6000/year
income support to farmers.
 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) – Insurance for crop
loss/damage.
 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan-Dhan Yojana (PM-KMY) – ₹3000/month
pension after 60 years; ₹55–200 joint contribution.
 Soil Health Card Scheme – Soil quality report every 2 years to farmers.
 Meghdoot App – Local weather & agri-advisories for crops/livestock.
 Agri Udaan Scheme – Support for agri-startups by rural youth.
 Gram Swaraj Abhiyan – Bridge rural dev gaps; grassroots participation.
 City Compost Scheme – Promotes compost use via Swachh Bharat
Mission; subsidized compost to farmers.
 A Scheme for Promotion of Innovation, Rural Industries and
Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE) – Boost startups in rural/agri industries.

2. Case Studies
 Yantradoot (MP) – Promoting farm mechanization.

3. Facts & Data

 1% agri income↑ → 0.8–1.2% GDP↑.
 GDP share – ↓ to 15% (from 35% in 1990).
 Agri employment – 45.76%.
 Livestock in agri GDP – 30%.
 Fish exports – 10% of total, 20% agri exports.
4. Inputs Snapshot
 Seeds – 5th largest market; 40% certified.
 Irrigation – 50% coverage.
 Mechanisation – 40-45%. (USA 95%)
 Fertilisers – 2nd largest urea consumer.
 Credit – 1% ↑ credit → 0.29% agri GDP↑.
 MSP – 22 crops; only 6% farmers benefit (Shanta Kumar).

5. Sector Trends & Data

 Agri in GVA – 18%; growth ~4.5%.
 Composition – Crops 55%, Livestock 30%, Fisheries 7%.
 GCF in Agri – 14% of GVA (98% Private).
 Land Use – 45% sown, 24% forest.
 Crop Area:
o Rice 25%, Wheat 15%, Pulses 15%, Oilseeds 13-15%, Cotton 7%.

 Labour Share – 45% of workforce; 70% rural livelihood.

 Small & Marginal Farmers – 85%.

6. Production & Export

 Foodgrain – 51 MT (1950) → 315 MT (2022).
 India's Rank – 2nd in food production.
 Top in – Milk, pulses, spices, tea, jute, etc.
 Exports – 2.5% world agri trade.
 Main imports – Edible oil ($20B).

7. Allied Sectors
 Horticulture – 15% sown area, 35% agri GDP.
 Top in – Banana, Mango, Okra, Spices.
 Supports – 20% agri labour.

8. Themes
 Women in Agri – 75% female workers in agri; only 15% own land.
  Climate Impact – 1°C↑ → 1.7% agri growth↓.
 Organic – 1st in organic farmers; 9th in area.

9. Keywords
 Feminisation of Agri,
 Cereal-centric policy,
 Climate Smart Agri,
 Relearn traditional, unlearn toxic.

10. Committees
 Ramesh Chand – Link cane price to sugar.
 Khusro – Agri credit.
 Ashok Dalwai – Double income.
 C. Rao – Agri policy.
 Swaminathan – Farmer issues.

11. Constitutional Provisions

 Art 14–16 – Equality & opportunity.
 103rd Amend. – 10% EWS quota.

12. Quotes
“What farmers need are permanent projects, not populist schemes.”
Call for 4 Ps: Parliament, Politicians, Policymakers, Press to support
farming.

13. Mnemonics
Rainbow Revolution = HFPASHF
 H: Horticulture
 F: Fishery
 P: Poultry
 A: Agriculture
 S: Sugarcane
 H: Husbandry
  F: Forestry

Agricultural Marketing & Transportation- Issues and

Related Constraints
📌 1. Basics
 Agri Marketing = Buying & selling of farm produce
 Product Traits: Bulky, perishable, seasonal, scattered, needs quick sale

🎯 2. Objectives
 Maximize farmer income
 Reduce producer-consumer gap
 Ensure fair prices

🧰 3. Facilities Needed
 Storage, holding power
 Cheap transport
 Market info
 Fewer middlemen

🛒 4. Sales & Agencies

 Sales: Auction, private, govt purchase
 Channels: Moneylender, village, wholesale, co-ops

🌟 5. Ideal System
 Balances supply-demand
 Maximizes social welfare

📐 6. Scientific Selling
  Clean, grade, standard packs
 Use co-ops, get market info
 Avoid distress sale

🤝 7. Contract Farming
Pros: Risk transfer, tech, credit
Cons: Price swings, debt trap, quality misuse

🏛 8. Govt Measures
 Regulated markets
 Warehouses, grading, MSP
 Agmarknet, AIR broadcasts
 Rural godowns, private investment

🚫 9. Problems
 Poor storage, transport
 Middlemen, low credit
 Distress sale, weak info
 No standardization

✔️10. Fixes
 Regulated markets
 Cold storage, better roads
 Farmer training
 Promote co-ops, info spread

🚚 11. Transport Issues

 Bad roads, high cost
 Few vehicles, long distances
 Post-harvest losses

🛠 12. Govt Road Schemes

  PMGSY – All-weather rural roads
 DRRP – Every habitation connected
 Online tracking

💡 13. Road Suggestions

 Village ownership of roads
 Local planning
 Build in lean season

ARC
🌾 1. Key Schemes (1-Liner Format)
 E-NAM: One license, all-state market access.
 PGS-India: Easy organic cert. for small farmers.
 RKVY: Infra – storage, markets, etc.
 AGMARKNET: One-window agri-market info.
 Mahila E-Haat: Online platform for women entrepreneurs.
 Krishi Udan: Air transport for perishables.
 Kisan Rail: Rail transport of perishables (milk, meat, fish).

📊 3. Fact Sheet
 +1% Agri productivity → -0.6% extreme poverty (FAO)
 MSP: Announced for 23 crops, procured mainly Wheat & Paddy
Only 6% farmers benefit (NSSO)
 Farmgate Prices:
Farmers get 40-60% less than retail
Fruits/veg – just 20–30% of retail (vs 40–55% in developed nations)

🧾 5. Committees
 Deepak Parekh: Infra finance via PPP
 Shankarlal Guru (2001): Strengthening Agri marketing
📑 6. Reports
(Not added yet)

⚖️7. Judgements
(None listed)

📜 8. Articles (for Justice & Equity in Agri)

 Art 14 – Equality before law
 Art 15 – No discrimination
 Art 16 – Equal job opportunity
 Art 43 – Living wages

🎤 9. Quotes
(Not added yet)

🧠 10. Mnemonics/Flowcharts
(Not added yet – want some?)

Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems

💧 1. Importance of Irrigation
 Fights low rainfall
 Boosts productivity
 Enables multiple crop cycles
 Brings barren land under cultivation

📊 2. Key Facts
 India: 17% pop, 4% freshwater
 Agri: 80% water usage
 Only 35% land irrigated; 65% rain-fed
  Uses 2–3× more water/unit crop vs China, USA
 85% irrigation potential created
 World's largest groundwater user (25% global)

🚧 3. Challenges
 Land diverted for industry, housing
 Rising degradation & desertification
 Droughts & overuse of groundwater
 Rainfed areas dominate (55% area, 40% output)

🚿 4. Types of Irrigation Systems

Type Pros Cons

Well/Tube
Cheap, fertile water Limited area, overuse harms soil
well

Canal Perennial, large coverage Flood risk, plain areas only

Tank Water + fishery, on-demand High cost, poor field linkage

Costly, technical, high

Drip Efficient (2–20L/hr), root level
maintenance

Costly, not for tall crops or

Sprinkler All soils (except clay), rainfall-like
windy days

Furrow, Ditch irrigation – basic

Others Inefficient water use
systems

🚀 5. Govt Schemes
 PMKSY: Integrated water use
o Per Drop, More Crop: Water efficiency

o Har Khet Ko Pani: Universal water access

🏆 6. Best Practices
 Mission Kakatiya (Telangana): Restoring ponds/tanks
 Bamboo Drip (Meghalaya): Bamboo pipe irrigation

📈 7. Fact Sheet
  Source-wise: Wells 60%, Canals 30%, Tanks 5%
 Water Use Eff.: India < 40% (vs 50-60% dev. nations)
 Groundwater: 90% used for irrigation
 60% wells declining (CGWB)
 Rainfed agri: 55% land, 40% output, 50% workforce

💡 8. Keywords & Mnemonics

 5 I’s: Irrigation, Investment, Infrastructure, Insurance, Intensification
 ICU: Irregular, Cyclical, Uncertain monsoon
 5 R’s: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recharge, Respect
 Catch the Rain & Amrit Sarovar: Water conservation focus

Economics of animal rearing

🐄 1. Importance
 Supports agri economy: 4% of GDP, 25% of agri GDP
 Steady income, nutrition, insurance against crop failure
 Empowers landless, women
 Uses less land, resilient to climate shocks
 Dung = bio-fertilizer

📊 2. Key Stats
 8.8% employment from livestock
 Largest cattle population, milk producer
 Milk > value of wheat + rice
 2nd largest fish producer
 Buffaloes = 56.7% of world stock
 Livestock = 30% of agri GDP
 Dairy = 65-70% of livestock sector
🐓 3. Benefits
 Inclusive: landless, women
 Source of nutrition & income
 Animal waste improves soil fertility
 Gender equity in dairy: 70% women workforce

🧱 4. Challenges
 Market: Unorganized, low price
 Fodder & pasture: Degrading, shrinking
 Diseases: Foot & mouth, poor coverage (6%)
 Quality issues: Adulteration, antibiotics
 Private investment: Low
 Infrastructure: Poor cold chains, processing

🧊 5. Meat Sector Issues

 90% unorganized
 Old animals used
 Outdated abattoirs
 Low hygiene & meat quality
 Per capita meat: 5.2 kg vs global 39.8 kg

🐟 6. Fisheries Sector
 3rd in fish production; 2nd in aquaculture
 Marine: 25%, Inland: 75%
 Low productivity, cold chain, deep sea scale
 Fishermen security & pollution issues

🛠 7. Schemes
 NADCP – Eradicate livestock diseases
 Dairy Sahakar – Co-op dairy infra
 PMMSY – Double fish farmers’ income
  AHIDF – Support rural meat/milk processing
 RGM – Boost milk via bovine productivity

🌟 8. Best Practices
 Matsya Mitra (Jharkhand) – Aquaculture community model
 Fish + Paddy – Maharashtra, Nagaland (integrated farming)

📘 9. Articles
 Art 48 – Organize agriculture & animal husbandry
 Art 43 – Living wages for workers
 Art 19(g) – Right to trade/business

🔑 10. Quote
🧀 “India’s dairy sector is production by masses, not mass production.”

E-Agriculture - E-Technology in Aid of Farmers

🌐 E-Agriculture Uses
 Weather info, early warnings
 Online training & education
 Crop insurance, land digitization
 Monitoring & consultation
 Direct e-commerce linkages

Key Schemes
 Agropedia – Agri knowledge hub
 E-Choupal – ITC’s rural info network
 Agmarknet – Market info portal
 Kisan Call Centers – Toll-free agri advice
  e-RAKAM – Online auction for better prices

⚠️Constraints
 Vast population & villages
 Duplicate efforts
 Poor power supply

✅ Solutions
 Local language interfaces
 User-friendly tech
 Solar-powered systems
 ICT awareness drives

📊 Fact Sheet
 1% ↑ in agri R&D ➔ 2–4% ↑ in productivity
 Farm mechanization in India ~45% (China 60%, USA 95%)

Keywords
 From Agriculturists to Agri-preneurs
 Lab to Land

📜 Article
 Article 21 – Right to life includes right to tech-driven development

Food Processing Industry

🍱 What is Food Processing?
Conversion of raw food ➝ processed via value addition
Types: Primary | Secondary | Tertiary
🔗 Linkages
 Backward ➝ Farmers
 Forward ➝ Markets/Consumers
✔️Quality produce, less wastage, better prices
❌ Seasonal raw material, poor infra, unorganized sector

📊 Importance
 8% of GDP, 5th largest industry
 Only 2% of fruits/veggies processed
 Employs 12%, exports >10%
 India = top in raw materials, 100% FDI allowed

🚧 Challenges
 25–35% food wasted
 High cost, low automation
 Manual processes, unskilled workforce
 Global competition

✅ Suggestions
 Tax holidays
 Private investment
 Fast-track approvals
 Cold chain infra

🧊 Schemes
 PM Kisan Sampada Yojana – Agri waste to value
 ARYA – Youth in agri-business
 Nivesh Bandhu – Investor portal
 Food Safety Mitra – Compliance help for SMEs

📈 Data Bites
 13% of exports, 6% of industrial investment
 35% milk, 6% poultry, 2% fruits & veggies processed
  75% of sector = unorganized
 22 Mega Food Parks

Keywords
 Fork to Farm, Farm to Firm Gate to Home Gate
 From ARYA to MAYA, Milletpreneurs, Vocal for Local

📜 Article
 Article 48 – Improve agriculture & animal husbandry

Issues of buffer stocks and food security

🍚 What is Buffer Stock?
Govt-held food grains (e.g. rice, wheat) for PDS + emergencies
Maintained by FCI, NAFED, SFAC
Follow Buffer Norms per quarter

🎯 Objectives
 MSP → better returns, no distress sale
 Food security
 Price stability
 Supply for welfare schemes

🚧 Challenges
 High logistics/admin cost
 Poor storage → Wastage
 Ghost beneficiaries
 Black markets
 WTO → Trade distortion
  Overproduction if MSP assured

🔍 Key Committees
 Shanta Kumar – Reform FCI
 Abhijit Sen – Long-term food policy

⚠️Food Security Issues

 Poor agri productivity
 Population pressure
 Malnutrition, poor PDS
 Climate change, poverty
 Biofuels, corruption

✅ Solutions
 Better productivity & storage
 Crop diversification
 Grain banks
 ONORC → Migrant-friendly PDS

🧊 Schemes
 NFSA 2013 – Legal right to food
 NFSM – ↑ rice, wheat, pulses production
 ONORC – Anywhere ration access

🌱 Best Practice
Nutri-Garden (Rajasthan) – Community nutrition gardens

📜 Constitution
 Art 21 – Right to life = includes food
Land reforms in India
⚖️Colonial Land Systems
 Zamindari – Most exploitative; intermediaries
 Ryotwari – Direct with cultivators
 Mahalwari – Collective village ownership

🧨 Problems under British

 Tenant exploitation
 No land ownership
 Indebtedness, eviction fear
 Land concentration
 Fragmentation

Post-Independence Land Reforms

1. Abolished Intermediaries
2. Tenancy Reform (rent limits)
3. Land Ceiling
4. Consolidation
5. Ownership to tenants

😓 Drawbacks
 Poor records
 Benami transfers
 Politically weak implementation
 Exploitation continues
 Land = Prestige

Movements
 Bhoodan/Gramdan – Voluntary land donations (Vinoba Bhave, 1951)

🧾 Recent Efforts
  Digitization – 94% complete
 SVAMITVA – Drone mapping for rural land titles

📊 Fact Sheet
 85% = Small/marginal holdings (<2 ha)
 Avg landholding: 1.08 ha
 Female landholders <15%
 66% court cases = Land disputes

🔑 Keywords
 Handkerchief-sized holdings

📘 Committee
 T Haque Committee (2017) – Land leasing

📜 Constitution
 Art 14, 15 – Equality & non-discrimination
 Art 29 – Minority protection

Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and

MSP
🧾 Farm Subsidies – Why?
 Art 48: Modern agri organization
 70% depend on agriculture
 Income gap with non-farmers
 Ensure inputs, productivity, motivation

💸 Direct Subsidies (Cash to Farmers)

+ Pros:
  Freedom to choose
 Boosts income
 Reduces distress
– Cons:
 Bank access issues
 Misuse
 Inflationary
 No innovation boost

🧱 Indirect Subsidies (Inputs + Infrastructure)

Eg. Roads, MSP, irrigation, electricity, training
+ Pros:
 Improved productivity
 Rural infrastructure
– Cons:
 Distorted cropping
 Overuse of urea, water
 Leakages, ghost users
 Fiscal burden
 WTO pressure

📦 WTO Boxes
 🟢 Green: R&D, disease control
 🔵 Blue: Direct income linked to limits
 🟠 Amber: Trade-distorting (e.g., MSP, power subsidy)

📉 MSP – Basics
 Price = 1.5x cost (for 23 crops)
 Only 2–3 crops actually procured
 Used by only 6% farmers
Objectives:
 Reduce distress sales
 PDS support
  Income cushion

📊 Subsidy Fact Sheet

 Total Subsidies = 2% of GDP
 ₹4 lakh cr: Food (2L), Fertilizer (1.75L), Others (30k)
 Only 35% fertilizer subsidy reaches real users
 Ideal NPK = 4:2:1, current = 6.1:2.4:1

🌾 Other Insights
 80–85% seeds saved by farmers (low quality)
 Only 0.1% pesticide hits target
 Livestock = 40% agri output, gets 10% credit
 1% ↑ agri credit → 0.6% ↑ agri output

Committees
 Kelkar: Eliminate subsidies, focus on capital investment
 Hanumantha Rao: Fertilizer
 Ashok Dalwai: Doubling farmer income
 Mahesh Kumar Jain: Credit & DBT reforms

🧠 Keywords & Themes

 Dole ➝ Development
 Giveaways ➝ Empowerment
 Populism ➝ Prosperity

Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of

country
🌾 Cropping Seasons
 Kharif (Jun–Oct): + 🌞 – Rice, Maize, Millets, Cotton
  Rabi (Oct–Apr): ❄️+ Dry – Wheat, Mustard, Potato
 Zaid (Mar–Jun): 🥒 – Watermelon, Cucumber

🔁 Cropping Systems
 Crop Rotation: Yearly crop change
 Intercropping: 2+ crops at same time
 Relay Cropping: Next crop before harvest
 Mono Cropping: Single crop repeatedly
 Sequence Cropping: One after another
 Ratoon Cropping: Regrow from old crop roots

Factors Influencing Cropping Pattern

 Rainfall, Soil, Temp, Tech, Market Prices
 Socio-economic factors

🧺 Major Food Crops

Temp Rain
Crop Soil Top States
(°C) (cm)

Clayey/
Rice 22–32 150–300 WB, Punjab, UP, Bihar
Loamy

Whea Loamy/
10–26 75–100 UP, Punjab, Haryana
t Clayey

Karnataka, MP,
Maize 21–27 High Old Alluvial
Maharashtra

Millet Alluvial/
27–32 50–100 Rajasthan, Karnataka
s Loamy

Pulse Sandy-
20–27 25–60 MP, Maharashtra, UP
s loamy

💰 Major Cash Crops

Temp Rain
Crop Soil Top States
(°C) (cm)

Sugarca
21–27 75–100 Rich Loamy UP, MH, Karnataka
ne
 Temp Rain
Crop Soil Top States
(°C) (cm)

Loam to clayey MP, Gujarat,

Oilseeds 15–30 30–75
loam Rajasthan

Gujarat, MH,
Cotton 21–30 50–100 Black Cotton Soil
Telangana

Jute 25–35 150–250 Alluvial WB, Bihar, Assam

🪴 Plantation Crops

Temp Rain
Crop Soil Top States
(°C) (cm)

Fertile, humus-
Tea 20–30 150–300 Assam, WB, TN
rich

Coffe
15–28 150–250 Loamy, friable Karnataka, Kerala
e

Rubb Kerala, TN,

>25 >200 Alluvial
er Karnataka

🥦 Horticulture
 Fruits, veggies, flowers
 2nd largest producer globally
 13% of global vegetables

🌱 Agri Trends & Innovations

 🌾 Drum seeding in rice – saves time & water
 🐟 Rice-Fish farming – Assam
 🌿 PKVY: Promotes organic farming
 💰 PM-AASHA: Ensures MSP

📌 Key Pointers
 1°C ↑ temp ➝ 5% ↓ crop yield
 Groundnut = 50% of oilseeds
 Ragi → high nutrition, dry soils
 India = Largest milk, organic farmers, jute, tea producer
Public Distribution System objectives, functioning,
limitations, revamping
🎯 Objectives of PDS
 Ensure Food & Nutritional Security
 💰 Stabilize food prices
 📦 Maintain buffer stocks
 🔁 Redistribution of food grains to poor

Functioning
 Centre (FCI): Procurement (MSP), Storage, Transport
 States: Identify beneficiaries, Ration cards, FPS supervision
 🔄 Flow:
Procurement (MSP) ➝ Storage (FCI) ➝ Transport ➝ State Allocation ➝ Fair
Price Shops ➝ Beneficiaries

⚠️Limitations
 🎯 Urban bias
 💸 Heavy food subsidy burden
 Grain leakages & diversion
 🐌 Inefficient FCI operations
 📈 May raise open market prices
 🧺 Promotes wheat-rice overproduction (MSP bias)

🔧 Revamping Measures
 📲 Digitization of Ration Cards
 🔗 Aadhaar linkage
 FPS computerisation
 📡 GPS tracking for delivery
 📩 SMS alerts, DBT pilot
  🛂 One Nation, One Ration Card

🔄 Alternatives to PDS
1. 💵 Cash Transfers
2. 🎫 Food Coupons
3. 🌐 Universal Basic Income (UBI)

🧠 Key Terms
 Open-ended procurement: Excess stocking ➝ market shortage
 MSP trap: Discourages crop diversification
 Lack of transparency in FPS dealer selection

📜 ARC & Committees

 TPDS – Food grains targeted to poor households
 Dharia Committee – PDS reforms

⚖️Relevant Articles
 Art 14: Equality before law
 Art 15: No discrimination
 Art 21: Right to life (food)
 Art 29: Minority protection
 Art 43: Living wages

GS 3- Disaster Management
📌 Definition
 Disaster: Sudden event causing major loss, needs emergency response.
 Hazard: Potential threat; becomes disaster when it impacts humans.
Types of Disasters
 Natural: Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Landslides, Floods, Drought
 Man-made: Rail/road accidents, Stampedes, Fires
 Biological: Epidemics, Pandemics, Biological warfare

⚖️Disaster Management Act, 2005

 4-tier system: Centre ➝ State ➝ District ➝ Local
 Key Bodies:
o NDMA, SDMA, DDMA

o NDRF, NIDM

o Response & Mitigation Funds

📘 National Disaster Management Plan (2016)

 Implements Sendai Framework (2015-30) goals

🔁 Disaster Management Cycle

 Pre-disaster: Mitigation, Preparedness, Prevention
 Post-disaster: Response, Recovery, Reconstruction

⚠️Aggravating Factors
 Poverty, Overpopulation, Urbanisation, Lack of awareness
 War, Civil unrest

🌍 Natural Disasters – Key Points

Earthquake
 50–60% area vulnerable
 Not preventable
 Solutions: Resistant structures, retrofitting, awareness
Cyclone
 High winds, rain, flooding
 Solutions: Forecasting, shelters, community drills
Tsunami
  Caused by underwater quakes/eruptions
 Solutions: Mangroves, sea walls, forecasting, bio-shields
Landslides
 Rain, quakes ➝ soil/rock slide
 Solutions: Forests, stepped terraces, fences
Floods
 India = 2nd most flood-prone
 Causes: Poor drainage, siltation, cloudbursts
 Solutions: Basin-wise planning, forecasting, storage
Drought
 68% agri land prone
 Deficit rainfall ➝ “Drought Year”
Forest Fires
 Causes: Dryness, human negligence
 Impacts: Timber loss, biodiversity loss, CO₂ ↑, ozone ↓

🧬 Biological Disasters
 Epidemic: Localized (e.g., cholera)
 Pandemic: Global (e.g., COVID)
 Biowarfare: Intentional use of toxins

🚨 Man-Made Disasters
Rail Accidents
 Reasons: Derailment, unmanned crossings, staff errors
Road Accidents
 Reasons: Driver error, drugs, mobile use, overloading

🌐 International Cooperation
Hyogo Framework (2005–15)
 10-year plan to reduce risk
Sendai Framework (2015–30)
✅ 7 Targets:
 1. ↓ Mortality
2. ↓ Affected population
3. ↓ Economic loss
4. ↓ Infrastructure damage
5. ↑ International cooperation
6. ↑ Early warning access
7. ↑ Participation

ARC
2. Case Studies & Best Practices
 Wildfire (California, Mozambique): Drones for fire detection
 Operation Madad / Varsha: Indian Navy/Army flood rescue
 Weather Apps: UMANG, Rain Alarm, Damini
 UP Awareness: Nukkad Nataks, puppet shows
 Flood Warnings: IFLOWS-Mumbai, Odisha Atlas
 Uttarakhand Forest Fire: Satellite detection

3. Fact Sheet Highlights

 Heatwaves: 2°C ↑ → 37% exposed (NASA), 90% India in danger zone
 Landslides: 12.6% prone; 30% in Himalayas
 Droughts: 68% cropped area; 5% GDP loss
 Cyclones: 76% coast prone; 8% land, ⅓ population vulnerable
 Earthquakes: 60% land; Gujarat 2001 → 1% GDP loss
 Floods: 12% land prone; women/children = 85% deaths
 Cloudbursts: ≥10 cm rain/hour in 10 km² area
 Cold Wave: Temp ≤10°C (plains), ≤0°C (hills)
 Chemical Disasters: Bhopal (1984), Vizag (2020), Sachin GIDC (2022)
 Biological: More deaths (1995–2020) than climate disasters
 Urban Fires: 35/day die (NCRB); 60% residential
 Forest Fires: 36% forest cover; 95% human-induced
  Tsunami: 76% coast prone; e.g., 2004 India, 2011 Japan

4. Keywords
 Silent Killers: Heatwave, Drought
 Disaster Hotspots: Climate + Pop. Density
 “Build Back Better”, “Culture of Safety” (CUSP)
 CBDRM, DNA approach – Dialogue, Negotiation, Action
 Shift: Response → Prevention, Indifference → Ownership

8. Articles & Amendments

 Art 14 – Equality
 Art 15 – No discrimination
 Art 21 – Right to Life
 Art 29 – Minority rights
 Art 32 – FR Enforcement

9. Speeches & Quotes

 “Local + Tech = Resilience”
 “No one should profit from disaster”
 “Disaster reveals social disaster” – Jim Wallis
 “Preparation > Tragedy” – Max Mayfield

10. Visuals
(Flood maps, Hazard zones – insert if needed during revision)

GS 3- Infrastructure
Mixed
🔑 Key Issues in Infra Financing
  High fiscal burden: 60% by govt alone
 Trade-off: Infra vs Health vs Education
 Private banks hesitant: Long ROI
 Investment restriction: Ins. & Pension Funds
 Non-commercial services: Health/Edu = low returns
 Land acquisition & env. clearance = delays

✅ Steps Taken
 PPP model
 FDI liberalization
 Infra Debt Funds
 UDAY – Revive DISCOMs
 Masala Bonds – NHAI foreign funding
 NIIF – Infra-focused sovereign fund
 NIP – ₹100 lakh cr infra plan

ARC – Key Schemes by Sector

Housing
 Smart Cities – Tech-driven infra
 SVAMITVA – Land records
 PMAY-G – 2.95 cr rural houses by 2024
 Aspirational Districts – Transform 112 backward dists
💧 Water
 Jal Jeevan Mission – Tap water to all
 AMRUT – Sewerage infra in cities
 Namami Gange – Clean Ganga
 DHARMA – Dam data digitization
 Atal Bhujal – Community groundwater mgmt
 Jal Kranti Abhiyan – Stakeholder water awareness
🌾 Rural Dev
 Stand-Up India – SC/ST/Women entrepreneurship
 SAANJHI – Adarsh Gram dev
  PMGSY – All-weather rural roads
🛕 Tourism
 PRASAD – Pilgrimage infra
 Swadesh Darshan – Tourism = economic growth
 Apni Dharohar – Heritage tourism
 Paryatan Parv – ‘Dekho Apna Desh’
 Incredible India 2.0 – Tourist traffic boost
🏅 Sports
 TOPS – Olympic medal prep
 Khelo India – Mass sports + talent hunt
 NSS & NCC – Youth discipline + service

🧠 Keywords
 Infra-FIRST: Future-ready, Intelligent, Resilient…
 HIRA: Highways, Inland, Rail, Air
 CASA-IDS: Housing infra ideals
 Infra Triad: Social, Physical, Digital
 Transit Oriented Dev: Move people, not vehicles
 Build–Neglect–Rebuild: Typical infra cycle

📈 Way Forward
 Connectivity: Multimodality > Transport divide
 Execution: Delay → Accountability
 Infra: Grey → Blue-Green-Grey
 Focus: From ribbon dev. to real dev.

🧾 Quotes
 On Infra: “Infra = social justice, employment, empowerment.”
 On Social Infra: “Strong infra = skilled youth rise.”
 On Housing: “Home = dignity + poverty weapon.”
Water
💧 ARC – Key Schemes
 Jal Jeevan Mission: Tap/tube well water to all homes
 AMRUT: Water-secure cities + sewerage infra
 DHARMA: Digitize dam data
 Atal Bhujal Yojna: Groundwater mgmt via community
 Jal Kranti Abhiyan: All-stakeholder water security

📌 Best Practices
 Mobile water kits – Instant testing
 24x7 metered water – Punjab – No overuse
 Pani Panchayat – Odisha – Community water use
 Project Bhujal – UP – Dams, ponds, recharge
 Online dashboard – AP – Data-based mgmt

📊 Fact Sheet
 Water Stress: ↓ from 5178 m³ (1951) → 1140 m³ (2050 est.)
 Storage Poor: India stores just 6% of rainwater
 Groundwater drop: 0.4m/year decline
 TPPs: 70% at high water stress risk
 Dams: 5745 total; 3rd after China, USA
 Pollution: 70% surface water unfit (WEF)
 Contamination: Heavy metals in 65% of samples (CWC)

⚠️Pollution Snapshot
 Yamuna: 2% flow in Delhi, but 76% pollution
 CPCB (2018): 351 polluted stretches; 60% in 8 states
 River dumping: Sewage, agri & industrial waste
 Marine pollution: 80% from land (pesticides, plastics, sewage)

🌊 Groundwater Crisis
 India = Largest extractor (UNESCO)
  60% agri + 85% drinking water = Groundwater dependent
 75% households don’t have water at home (NITI Aayog)
 Overexploited blocks: 17%
 North India = Most overused (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan)

⚖️Legal & Constitutional

 Articles: 21, 48A, 51(g)
 Law: Water Cess Act, 1977

🧠 Keywords
 India = Net Exporter of Water (knowledge/tech/seed/skill)

Energy
🔌 Power Generation: Issues
 80% fossil-fuel based; old & inefficient plants
 High fuel cost, coal import reliance
 Environmental clearances → Delay
 30% losses: theft, billing inefficiency, tech loss
✅ Way Forward
 Subsidy reform, KUSUM scheme
 Smart meters, cross-border electricity trade
 Promote clean tech, phase out fossil fuels

⚡ Energy Basics
 Energy = Capacity to do work / generate heat
 Forms:
1. Electricity – Versatile use (home, agri, industry)
2. Heat – Industry (metal, rubber, cement), thermal plants

🇮🇳 India's Energy Profile (2023)

 Energy Demand Rank: 3rd (After China, USA)
  Installed Capacity: ~418 GW
o Fossil: 237 GW (Coal 49%, Gas 6%, Lignite 1.7%, Diesel 0.1%)

o Renewable + Hydel: 174 GW

o Nuclear: 7 GW

Fossil Fuels
 75% of global energy; 70% of global power gen
 India: 4th largest reserves; coal → 90% in 5 states
 Pros: Abundant, cheap, tech ready
 Cons: CO₂, NOx, SOx, deforestation, health hazards

🔄 Non-Fossil Energy
 Sources: Solar, Wind, Tidal, Biomass, Nuclear, Hydel
 Renewable = Non-diminishing
 Non-Hydrocarbon = No hydrocarbon emission
 MNRE handles Solar, Wind, Biomass, Small Hydel
 Large Hydel (post-2017) now included as Renewable

⚛️Nuclear Energy
 Fission (U-235) – Commercial use
 Fusion (H-Bomb) – Still experimental
 Energy release: Mass defect → e = mc²
☢️Disasters
 Chernobyl (1986) – Ukraine
 Fukushima (2011) – Japan

🇮🇳 India’s 3-Stage Nuclear Programme

By Homi Bhabha
1️⃣ Stage-1: Natural UO₂ → Pu-239
2️⃣ Stage-2: Pu-239 Reactor → U-233 from Th-232
3️⃣ Stage-3: Fast Breeder Reactor using U-233
 Uranium ore = UO₂ (Yellow Cake)
 U-238 (99.3%, fertile), U-235 (0.7%, fissile)
  PHWR reactors use natural UO₂ + heavy water

ARC
🔧 1. Key Schemes (Energy Sector)

📚 2. Case Studies / Best Practices

 HP: 100% LPG – Ujjwala + Grihini Suvidha
 Narmada Canal Solar – Electricity + stops evaporation
 Bijli Panchayats (HR) – Community pressure for dues
 Tirupati Temple – Green temple model
 Karnataka AI – Complaint redressal via AI

📊 3. Key Facts
 Target: 50% energy from renewables by 2030
 Coal Dependency: 55% of energy needs
 Oil Imports: 87.6%
 T&D Losses: >20% (Global avg: 8%)
 Energy Jobs: +3.5 lakh/year per GW of renewable

🌍 Global Standing
 🌐 3rd largest electricity producer & consumer
 🌞 Renewable: 41.4% (Solar: 16.1%, Wind: 10.3%)
 ⚛ Nuclear: 1.6%
 💡 Fossil Fuels: ~57% (Coal: 49%)
 🔋 India = 5th largest energy storage market (by 2030 proj.)

🔑 4. Keywords / Buzzwords
 Energy Trilemma: Access + Security + Sustainability
 DISCOMs = Achilles’ heel of power sector
  From Annadata to Urjadata (KUSUM)
 Prosumers: Producer + Consumer
 Garbage to Gold / Waste to Wealth
 4Rs: Reach, Reinforce, Reform, Renewable
 3 Pillars: Access, Prosperity, GHG Reduction

🌱 5. India’s Paris Targets (2030)

 500 GW non-fossil capacity
 50% electricity from renewable
 -1 billion tons CO₂
 -45% emission intensity
 Net Zero by 2070

📊 6. Sector-wise Electricity Use (MOSPI)

 Industry – 40%
 Domestic – 25%
 Agriculture – 20%
 Commercial – 10%

📚 7. Important Reports

Report By Focus

World Energy Outlook

IEA Global energy trends
(WEO)

WW Sustainability +
Living Planet Report
F energy use

Red Book IAEA Uranium data

🧠 8. Quotes
 “Sustainable growth = sustainable energy.”
 “Energy is key to Aatmanirbharta.”
 “Renewables are India’s oil fields.”
 “Hydrogen is the fuel of the future.”
  “No SDGs without energy security.”

Ports
🧭 Strategy: Key Issues
 🚢 Siltation & poor dredging capacity
 Manual handling of port processes
 🚧 Congested approach roads
 💸 Low water transport funding
 ❌ Large ships can't dock — use Sri Lanka as feeder
 💡 Underutilized inland waterways

🛠 Suggestions / Reforms
 🌊 String of Ports (Hub & Spoke model)
 ⏱ Reduce Turnaround Time
 📦 Simplify Customs
 🚆🚢 Rail-Road-Port Connectivity

🏗 1. Key Scheme
SAGARMALA- Port-led dev. + coastal/inland transport

📊 3. Fact Sheet: Ports in India

 🌐 Coastline: 7,516.6 km
 ⚓ Ports: 13 Major + ~200 Minor
 📦 95% of trade by volume, 65% by value via sea

Roads
🧭 Strategy: Key Insights
🚨 Key Issues
 8th leading cause of death
 1% world vehicles ➜ 11% road deaths
  400 deaths/day ➜ 3% GDP lost
 Poor roads: potholes, single-lane, poor visibility, sharp turns
 Driver faults: overspeeding, alcohol, distractions
 🚫 Lack of safety awareness (airbags, ABS)
🔧 Way Forward
 🧠 Behavioral change: helmet, seatbelt
 🚑 Simple & quick post-crash care
 🙌 Supportive bystanders
 Safe road design
 🎓 Driver training

🛠 1. Key Schemes

Scheme Purpose

Atal Jyoti Yojana Solar street lights in rural areas

Bharatmala National highways + robust freight

Pariyojana corridors

PMGSY All-weather roads to rural areas

NCMC One Nation, One Card for transport

₹5,000 reward for saving accident

Good Samaritan
victim

📌 2. Case Studies
 ⚡ Tokyo Subway Floors: Generate energy from foot pressure
 ♻️Plastic Roads – Bengaluru: Sustainable road-building
 Advanced Parking – Delhi: Real-time parking info
 📱 M-Wallet App – Telangana: Digital transport docs

📊 3. Fact Sheet
🚛 Freight Share (India vs. Global)
 Road: 60% (Globally: 25-30%)
 Rail: 30% (Global: 50-55%)
 Waterways: 10% (Global: 40-45%)
💰 Cost per Tonne-KM
 Road: ₹2.5 > Rail: ₹1.3 > Water: ₹1
🛣 Road Stats
 2nd largest network globally
 66.7 lakh km total
 National Highways: 2% roads ➜ carry 40% traffic
 Passenger traffic: 90% by road
 Goods transport: 64.5% by road
💸 Damage & Emissions
 Road crash deaths: 11% of global (1.68 lakh deaths)
 3% GDP loss
 Transport sector: 13.5% of India’s emissions
 EV adoption ➜ 35% emission cut (NITI Aayog)

🧠 4. Keywords
 Infra-FIRST: Future-ready, Intelligent, Resilient, Sustainable,
Transformative
 HIRA: Highways, Inland Waterways, Railways, Airways
 From Moving Vehicles ➜ Moving People
 From Grey ➜ Blue-Green-Grey Infra
 Build-Neglect-Rebuild Cycle
 Nation on Wheels, Multimodality Culture

📋 5. Committees

Committee Focus

S. Sunder Road safety & traffic

(2007) management

📢 9. Quote
“The foundation of progress in the modern world lies on modern infrastructure.”
Airports
🧭 Strategy: Key Insights
🛫 Origins
 Started in 1911 (India’s 1st air mail)
⚠️Challenges
 ✈️Class, not mass transport
 💸 High cost (Fuel = 45% in India, Global avg = 30%)
 ❌ No last-mile connectivity
 📦 Not ideal for heavy cargo
 😰 No survival margin in accidents
 Expansion difficult, high infra cost
 🧰 MRO sector underdeveloped
 👥 Less public preference + price wars
 Infrastructure deficit

🛠 1. Key Schemes

Schem
Purpose
e

Affordable regional air

UDAN
connectivity

Digiyat Paperless, biometric travel

ra experience

📌 2. Case Studies
 Cochin Airport: 1st fully solar-powered airport
 Chandigarh Airport: Daylight design → No artificial lighting needed

📊 3. Fact Sheet
 3rd largest domestic aviation market (After USA & China)
 ✈️Airports increased: 74 (2014) ➜ 148 (2023)
 ♻️66 airports on 100% green energy
Railways
🧭 Strategy: Key Insights
🚂 Importance
 4th largest railway network (World), 2nd in Asia
 Cheapest & most convenient transport
 British legacy: trade & military routes
 ₹1 ↑ in rail output = ₹3.3 boost in economy

⚠️Issues
 🎫 Passenger subsidy = 🚛 higher freight = inflation
 ✈️Loss of upper-class passengers to air & bus
 🚚 Roads dominate: India 60%, China 30%
 🔻 Coal = 50% freight rev → low coal = low revenue
 🧑‍✈️Unfilled vacancies, Babudom
 🧽 Populism > safety (WiFi > tracks)
 💸 China invests 15x more
 ✈️UDAN = extra cost burden on Rail

Way Forward
SANGAM of Flagship Missions:
 Make in India: Bullet trains, FDI
 💻 Digital India: IRCTC, E-auctions
 🚽 Swachh Bharat: Bio-toilets, hygiene
 Tech: Kavach, LHB coaches, AI-signals, flaw detection

🚆 Privatisation

✅ Pros ❌ Cons

Limited to profitable
Infra upgrade
routes

Quality ↑ Fares, ↓ Social

services welfare

Tech infusion Undermines fair

✅ Pros ❌ Cons

competition

🛠 1. Key Schemes

Scheme Purpose

SFOORTI App GIS-based freight management

Project Saksham Mass training for productivity

Grievance redress for railway

NIVARAN
employees

Rail MADAD Passenger complaint redressal

Mission
Ethics for all railway employees
Satyanishtha

📌 2. Case Studies
 ‍🌈 India’s 1st Transgender Tea Stall – Guwahati Railway Station

📊 3. Fact Sheet
 👷‍♂️Largest employer in India
 🚆 Freight: 12× more efficient than roads
 👥 Passenger: 3× more efficient than roads
 🔧 80% ↓ in rail accidents (2016-21)
 🌐 Network: 68,031 km
 ⚡ Electrification: 30,446 km (2014–22)
Logistics
 13–14% of GDP (vs 7–8% in developed nations)
 70% unorganized
 10% ↓ logistics cost = 5–8% ↑ exports

🧠 4. Keywords
(Add keywords like: Steel Spine of India, Tech-on-Track, Railway Sangam)

🧾 5. Committees
Committee Focus

Bibek Debroy Railway restructuring &

(2012) separation

Sam Pitroda
Modernisation
(2015)

Housing
🧭 Strategy: Core Idea
🏠 Housing is a platform for empowerment, not just shelter
 Focus on affordability, inclusivity, basic amenities, resilience

1. Key Schemes

Scheme Purpose

Infra + Tech = Smart governance & urban

Smart Cities Mission
solutions

PM Awas Yojana - 2.95 Cr rural homes with amenities by

Grameen 2024

PM Awas Yojana - Multi-stakeholder housing solutions in

Urban urban areas

PM Adarsh Gram SC-majority villages ➝ Model Villages by

Yojana 2024-25

📌 2. Case Studies
 PMAY-Urban: Shows success of cooperative federalism
(Center + State + Urban Local Bodies)

📊 3. Fact Sheet
(Add stats when available, e.g., houses built, slum households, housing
shortages)

🧠 4. Keywords
CASA – IDS
 Connectivity
 Affordable
  Safe
 Amenities
 Inclusive
 Disaster Resilient
 Sustainable

🧾 5. Committees
 (None mentioned yet)

📚 6. Reports & Surveys

 (Not provided)

⚖️7. Judgements
 (Not provided)

📜 8. Constitutional Provisions
 Article 14 – Equality before law
 Article 15 – No discrimination (religion, caste, gender, etc.)

9. Speeches & Quotes

🏡 “Home is a place of faith, where dreams take shape...”
🏡 “We made housing a weapon to fight poverty and empower dignity.”

10. Charts & Maps

 (Not provided)

💡 11. Mnemonics
✅ Use CASA–IDS as a compact keyword-based mnemonic
GS 3- Security
Mixed
1. Schemes
 OROP: Same pension for same rank + service length, regardless of
retirement date.
 Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti: Boost IP/self-reliance in defence.
 CCTNS: Digitize policing; crime-criminal nat’l database.
 ADITI: Deep-tech defence innovations via IDEX.

2. Case Studies / Best Practices

 Community Policing:
o Umeed – Delhi Police

o Maithri – Andhra Pradesh

o Meira Paibi – Manipur (women-led vigilante)

3. Fact Sheet
Police System
 Police: 137/1L pop (UN: 222),
 20% Vacant,
 3% budget,
 Women: 10%
Custodial Violence
 2152 judicial + 155 police deaths (2021–22)
 ¾ torture-related deaths (2019, NCAT)
 60% arrests unnecessary (Police Commission)
 Top States: Gujarat (81), MH (80), MP (50), Bihar (47)
Prisons
 4.5L inmates, 75% undertrials
 Global: UK (11%), US (20%), FR (29%)
 33% staff shortage, Staff:Prisoner = 1:7 (norm 1:3–5)
4. Keywords
 Arc/Cycle of Violence, Arena of Rivalry
 Life vs Livelihood, Regulatory Relics
 Unholy Nexus, WHAM
 From Risk-Blind → Risk-Informed,
Flashpoints → Zones of Peace,
Knee-jerk → Strategic

5. Committees
 Liberhan (1992) – Babri Masjid
 Justice Mulla (1980–83) – Prison reforms
 Justice Amitava Roy (2018) – Prison issues
 Ribeiro (1998) – Police reforms
 Rajiv Gauba (2018) – Mob lynching & fake news

6. Reports / Surveys
(None yet listed)

7. Judgements
 Ramamurthy v. Karnataka (1996): SC flagged prison ills –
overcrowding, delay, torture, hygiene, food, clothing.

8. Constitutional Articles
 Art 14: Equality before law
 Art 15: No discrimination
 Art 51A: Defend sovereignty & render nat’l service

9. Speeches / Quotes
 “Modern India needs a democratic police.”
 “Soldiers = chapters of glory.”
 “Unity is New India's strength.”
 “Hybrid wars, blurred battlefields.”
 “India: Fragile Five → Anti-Fragile.”
10. Charts / Maps
(Not provided – can be added)

11. Mnemonics
(Not yet added – want me to create a few?)

Basics of Cyber security

1. Basics & Strategy
 Cybersecurity: Protection from unauthorised digital access.
 Cyberspace: Virtual interaction zone (people + software + services).
 Cyber-attack: Offensive strike on digital systems.
 Malware: Malicious software harming data/devices.

2. Types of Cyber Attacks

 Cyber Terrorism: Radicalization, funding via cyberspace.
 Cyber Warfare: State-level digital disruption (e.g. China-India).
 Cyber Espionage: Stealing sensitive info.

3. Malware Types
 Virus: Spreads, damages files.
 Trojan: Disguised apps; creates backdoors.
 Spyware: Tracks activity, passwords.
 Worms: Network infection.
 Ransomware: Lock system, demand ransom.
 Adware: Pops ads.
 Botnets: Controlled infected devices.

4. Cyber Use Cases

 Policy-making
 Sensitive data storage
  Railways, banking, e-gov
 Everyday individual use

5. Challenges
 Anonymous, low-cost attacks
 IP tracing hard
 No borders
 Int’l cooperation needed
 Rapid tech change
 Human error
 HR gaps
 Low police IT Act awareness

6. Government Steps
 Digital India, IT Act 2000 (Amended 2008)
 National Cybersecurity Policy 2013
 CERT-In: National cyber response
 Cyber Swachchta Kendra
 Digital Army

7. ARC Case Studies

 Karang (Manipur): First cashless island
 “I Pledge”: Cashless & corruption-free India
 Sonipat, Haryana: No cash hours, training
 e-Cabinet (Uttarakhand): Touchscreen governance
 Haryana: QR-tagged property plates
 cVIGIL App: Report poll violations
 M-Pesa (Africa): Mobile money

8. Fact Sheet
 1% ↑ in cybercrime = ₹8K–13K Cr loss (NASSCOM)
 10% broadband ↑ = 1.5% GDP ↑
  India:
o 2nd in internet users/smartphones

o Highest cyberattacks on gov in 2022

o 75% orgs hit by ransomware

o 30% cybersecurity job vacancies

9. Keywords
 Cybersecurity: 5th domain, Info-demic, Borderless war
 Digital India: Techade, Digital Nagrik, Data Shakti, Netizens
 Threat → Force Multiplier, Data for Dev, AIForAll
 From paperwork to digi-work, From middlemen to empowerment

10. Committees
 Gulshan Rai Committee (2018) – Cybercrime roadmap
 Justice B.N. Srikrishna (2017) – Data Protection framework

11. Judgements
(None noted)

12. Articles
 Art 19(a) – Free speech
 Art 20 – Conviction protection
 Art 21 – Life and liberty
 Art 51 – Peace and security

13. Quotes / Speeches

 “Cybersecurity = National security”
 “India guiding 4th Industrial Rev”
 “Digital tech = force multiplier & equalizer”
 “India → tech leader, not tech dominator”

14. Global Aspects

  YES: Needed for intl crime, global say
 NO: May favour tech powers; India must first build capabilities
 Global Moves:
o Budapest Convention

o Ground Zero Summit

o Undersea cables = risk

15. Way Forward

 Private sector role
 Strict implementation
 Effective grievance redressal
 Data Shakti → Bharat Shakti → Vishwa Shakti
 Digital divides → Dividends

16. Charts / Mnemonics

(Want me to create a few easy mnemonics or visual charts? Just say the word.)

Challenges to internal security through communication

networks
1. Basics
 Communication Network = Flow of info (digital & otherwise)
 Used in finance, governance, defense, etc.

2. Key Threats
 Financial theft (cards, fraud)
 Privacy breach
 Info warfare (manipulate decisions)
 Spying & surveillance
 Medical/IP data theft

3. Attack Types (Keywords)

 Phishing – Fake emails
  Brute Force – Password guess
 Password Attacks – Repeated login tries
 Packet Sniffing – Data theft from networks
 Man-in-Middle – Intercept & misuse data
 DoS Attack – System crash via traffic flood
 IP Spoofing – Fake IP to hide identity
 Info Warfare – Use of data to disrupt states

4. Challenges
 No advanced infra
 Defence tech lagging
 Cost > security (private networks)
 No data localization

5. Way Forward
 Secure imports
 Boost local equipment
 Invest in cyber infra
 Global cooperation

6. Personal Security Tips (Shared Devices)

 Don’t autosave ID/passwords
 Always sign out
 Clear cache
 Avoid sensitive work on shared systems
 Watch out for shoulder surfers
 Change passwords regularly

7. ARC – Key Schemes

 BharatNet: Rural broadband
 PM-WANI: Public Wi-Fi
 DARPAN: Digital post offices
  Sampoorna Bima Gram: Rural insurance
 Cool EMS: Import Japanese food (personal use)

8. Articles
 Art 19(a) – Free speech
 Art 20, 21 – Protection of life & liberty
 Art 51 – Peace & intl. cooperation

9. Quotes
 “Digital India is eliminating middlemen.”

Linkage between Organised crime and Terrorism

1. Definitions
 Organised Crime: For money (e.g., drugs, cybercrime)
 Terrorism: For ideology/political goals

2. Types of Organised Crime

 Traditional: Gambling, extortion
 Non-traditional: Cybercrime, money laundering, fake currency

3. Growth Factors
 Demand for illegal goods
 Tough terrain & open borders
 Criminal-politician nexus
 Tech misuse
 India’s location: Golden Triangle + Crescent

4. Challenges
 No special law
 Anonymous leaders
  No central agency
 Weak intel & resources
 Cross-border nature
 Poor investigations

5. Link: Terror + Crime

 Terrorists need $$ → Enter crime
 Criminals need weapons/security → Link with terror groups
 Both use each other’s networks & resources
 Nexus = Mutual benefit

6. Nexus Break – Solutions

 Central agency
 Local intel + army support
 Plug legal loopholes
 Unemployment ↓
 Disrupt networks

7. Similarities
 Extreme violence
 Secretive ops
 Anti-state

8. Differences

Organised
Aspect Terrorism
Crime

Goal Money Ideology/Politics

Violenc Less (prefer

Core weapon
e stealth)

Status quo
Nature Parallel economy
change

9. Human Trafficking
  3rd largest illicit trade
 South Asia = 2nd highest
 Reasons: Poverty, borders, syndicates, FIR awareness

10. Drug Trafficking

 Common: Ganja, Opium, Heroin
 Routes: Golden Triangle & Crescent
 Bitcoin = secret payments

11. Funds for Terrorists

 J&K: Fake currency, laundering
 NE India: Kidnapping, extortion
 LWE Areas: Extortion

12. ARC Add-ons

 Fact: 1% ↑ Organised crime = 2% ↓ GDP [WB]
 Keyword: From “Terror-Tech Nexus” to “Tech vs Terror”
 Committee: N.N. Vohra Committee – Crime-politics link

13. Articles
 Art 20: Protection in conviction
 Art 51: Int’l peace
 Art 352/356/360: Emergencies

14. Quote
“Self-reliance in defence is vital to national security.”

Linkages between development and spread of

extremism
1. Extremism Defined
 LWE/Naxalism: Armed revolt for classless society (inspired by Mao)
 Started: 1967, Naxalbari (WB)
  Red Corridor: Nepal border → Karnataka

2. Causes of Extremism
 Poor governance
 Poverty, unemployment
 Social injustice, tribal alienation
 Landlessness (40% no land or <1 acre)
 Delayed justice, police distrust
 Forest policy: Eviction from traditional lands
 Malnutrition, no access to health, edu

3. Government Response
 SAMADHAN doctrine
 Aspirational Districts
 Financial inclusion, fortified police
 Greyhounds (elite force in AP)
 De-radicalisation programmes (e.g., Operation Pigeon, Mission Youth)

4. Terrorism vs Extremism vs Radicalisation

Term Meaning

Radicalisati Support for

on extremism/terrorism

Rigid ideology, no
Extremism
compromise

Terrorism Violent form of extremism

5. Difference: Govt vs LWE

 Govt = Legal + Constructive + Results
 LWE = Illegal + Destructive + False Promises

6. Decline in Violence (MHA Data)

 LWE incidents ↓ by 75% (2022)
  Deaths ↓ by 85% (2022)
 NE insurgency deaths ↓ by 90%

7. Solutions via Development

 PESA 1996, MNREGA 2006
 Local recruitment in police
 Basic services (health, edu, jobs)
 Fast-track courts, better surrender policy
 Bridge trust deficit, repeal AFSPA

8. Key Concepts & Cases

 WHAM: Winning Hearts and Minds
 Mission Youth (J&K): Parvaaz, Mumkin, Tejaswini
 Joint Forum: Dissent → Discussion

9. Cross-border & Regional Extremism

 J&K: ISI-backed terror, OGWs (Over Ground Workers)
 NE: Ethnic conflict, cross-border arms
 Bodoland/Naga movement: Demand for autonomy
 Assam NRC: Identity disputes from migration

10. Keywords
 Trophy Attacks, Threat Multiplier, Lone Wolf, Paramilitary Panacea
 From conflict → peace & prosperity

11. Fact Sheet

 40 districts under LWE (2021) – down from 200+
 Ceasefire with Pak (2021) → Border peace
 PMLA: Only 23 convictions out of ~5500 cases

12. Articles
 Art 14–30: Fundamental Rights
  Art 51: International peace
 Art 352/356/360: Emergency Provisions

Money Laundering and its prevention

💰 What is Money Laundering (ML)?
Converting illegal money ➝ legit money

🔁 3 Stages of ML
1. Placement – Introduce dirty money into system
2. Layering – Complex transactions to hide source
3. Integration – Re-entry as ‘clean’ money

🧰 ML Techniques
 Smurfing – Breaking large cash into small deposits
 Shell companies – Fake firms for cover
 Hawala – Illegal money transfer
 Crypto – New digital hawala
 Bulk cash smuggling

⚠️Impacts
Social:
 Corruption ↑
 Inequality ↑
 Crime ↑
 Morality ↓
Economic:
 Policy distortion
 Black economy rise
 Real estate bubble
 Exchange rate volatility
 Jobless growth
Prevention (India)
 PMLA 2002
 FEMA 1999
 FIU-IND
 Enforcement Directorate
Global
 Vienna Convention (1988)
 FATF (1989) – Set up by G7
o Monitors ML & terror finance

🚧 Challenges
 Tech misuse
 Weak KYC norms
 Tax havens
 Secrecy laws (Swiss Bank etc.)
 Multiplicity of agencies

✅ Way Forward
 Better PMLA enforcement
 Reduce banker involvement
 Centre–State coordination
 Tweak secrecy laws
 Follow FATF norms strictly

📜 Constitutional Link
 Article 51 – Promote global peace & cooperation

Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate

🔐 Security Structure in India
🟢 Law & Order = State Subject
🟢 Two Main Forces:
1. Indian Armed Forces – External threats (Ministry of Defence)
 2. CAPFs – Internal security (Ministry of Home Affairs)
In Emergencies, both support each other

⚔️Indian Armed Forces (4)

1. Army – Land ops, insurgency | Special Force: Para SF
2. Air Force – Air defence | Garud Commandos
3. Navy – Maritime security | MARCOS
4. Coast Guard – Coastal patrol, anti-smuggling

Central Armed Police Forces (7 CAPFs)

1. Assam Rifles – NE insurgency, Myanmar border
2. BSF – Pakistan & Bangladesh borders
3. CISF – Industrial, airport, VIP & heritage protection
4. CRPF – Riot control, counter-insurgency
5. ITBP – Indo-China border
6. NSG – Anti-terror (Black Cats)
7. SSB – Indo-Nepal & Bhutan borders

🎯 Special Forces (Home Ministry)

 NSG – Counter-terror
 SPG – PM & VIP protection

🚨 Other Security Agencies

 RPF – Railway crimes (has arrest powers)
 NDRF – Disaster response (under DM Act 2005)
 Home Guards – Civilian volunteers for emergencies

🧠 Intelligence & Investigation (5)

1. NIA – Terror investigation
2. CBI – High-profile crimes
3. IB – Internal intelligence
4. RAW – Foreign intel
 5. NCRB – Crime data collection

⚠️Challenges in Forces
 Staff shortage
 Stress, depression
 No martyr status
 IPS dominance in leadership
 Poor grievance redressal

✅ Govt Measures
 Career progression
 Gender equity
 Yoga & counselling
 Better housing & facilities
 Recreation programs

📜 Constitutional Links
 Article 19(a) – Free speech
 Article 51 – Promote peace

Security challenges and their management in border

areas
🔥 Border Challenges
 Tech-savvy enemies (e.g., drones)
 Tough terrain, porous borders
 Infiltration, smuggling, local support
 Pak-China nexus (CPEC), safe havens

🌍 Key Borders & Issues

 China: McMahon Line, Aksai Chin, Doklam, Brahmaputra
 Pakistan: LoC, AGPL, Siachen (Op Meghdoot), Sir Creek
 Nepal: Open border, fake currency, Maoists
  Bhutan: Doklam, smuggling, poaching
 Bangladesh: Teesta, trafficking, smuggling, enclaves resolved
 Myanmar: FMR, drugs, insurgents, porous
 Sri Lanka: Fishermen issue

⚓ Coastal Security
 No physical barriers
 26/11-type threats, smuggling, infiltration

👥 Border Pop Issues

 Jobs, healthcare, migration, crop loss

✅ Solutions
 Resolve disputes
 Use drones, satellites
 One Border–One Force
 Develop infra (BADP)
 Alternate livelihood

📌 Committees
 Shekatkar (2016) – Infra
 Madhukar Gupta (2017) – Fencing

📜 Articles
 Art 21, 51, 352, 356, 360

Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal

Security Challenges
📺 Media Role
 4th Pillar of democracy
 Bridges govt & people
 Informs, shapes opinion
  Highlights threats
⚖️Principles
 Impartiality, objectivity
 Avoid glorifying violence
 Distinguish facts vs opinions
 No obscenity or fake news

⚠️Security Issues via Media

 1998 Nuke Test – politicized
 Kargil – controversial coverage
 2001 Mobilization – exposed strategy
 J&K – biased, favoring Pak views

🛑 Media Must Avoid

 Privacy violations
 Promoting secession
 Sensationalism
 Sting ops (only last resort)

📱 Social Media: Risks

 Misinformation & hate
 Terror recruitment
 Riots, communal tensions
 Cyberbullying, trolling
 Fake narratives (e.g., China)

✅ Social Media: Positives

 Awareness, democracy boost
 Fast, low-cost communication
 Promotes expression & creativity

🔐 Key Concerns
  Privacy loss
 Identity theft
 Data localization needed

🧾 Articles
 Art 19(a) – Freedom of speech
 Art 21 – Right to privacy
 Art 51 – Peace & security

Role of external state and non-state actors in creating

challenges to internal security
⚖️Definitions
 State Actors: Act on behalf of govt
o Ex: Pak (J&K), China (NE)

 Non-State Actors: No govt link

o Ex: Naxals, LTTE, insurgents

🔐 Types of Security
 Internal: Within borders → MHA + Police
 External: Foreign aggression → MoD

🧠 Key Concepts
 Hybrid Warfare: Military + cyber + politics
 Lone Wolf: Solo attackers
 Narco-Terrorism: Drugs + terror
 Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism: Separate identity demand
 Psy-War: Propaganda & disinfo

🛑 State Actor Support

 Pakistan:
o Terror camps, fake currency, Kashmir unrest

 China:
 o NE insurgent support (Mizo, Meitei, Naga)

💣 Non-State Actor Threats

 Terrorism (180 groups in 20 yrs)
 LWE, drug & human trafficking
 Cyber attacks, radicalization

🧬 Support Types
 Ideological: China → NE
 Financial: Pak → stone pelters
 Military: US/Russia in foreign ops

📡 Tech Aiding Extremism

 Propaganda
 Encrypted payments
 Online training
 Cybercrime

🚫 Issues with Pak

 Not isolated due to:
o Population, nukes, OIC support

🔥 Internal Challenges
 Naxalism, caste/religious crimes
 Regionalism, secessionism
 Political instability

✅ Way Forward
 Reduce inequality
 Fast grievance redressal
 Basic services
 Force coordination
  National unity

⚔️Best Practices
 Greyhounds (AP), CoBRA (CG), Jharkhand Jaguar, OAPF (Odisha)

📜 Articles
 Art 19(a, c) – Freedom of speech & association
 Art 20, 21 – Legal protection
 Art 51 – Promote global peace

GS 3- Economy
Taxation, Investment & Banks

Growth, development and employment

Mobilization of resources

Planning, Schemes & Acts

Inclusive growth and issues arising from it

Government Budgeting

GS 3- Science and Technology

Applications & Effects in everyday life
Achievements of Indians- Indigenization & New
technology

Space

Computers, Robotics & IT

Nano-technology & Bio- technology

Issues relating to Intellectual property rights

GS 3- Environment
Conservation

Environmental pollution, Degradation & Climate

Environmental impact assessment

Act, Policies & Bodies