 Hardware: Tangible parts of a computer system

 2 parts to a storage system

 Storage medium: Physical parts of a computer system where data is stored
 Storage device: What a storage medium is put into to be read from or written to
 Storage devices can be located inside the system unit plugged into external port on the system
unit or located on separate computer (internal, external, remote)
 Difference; Internal takes up less space but external can be transferred to a secure location on
the ready without having to take it out of the computer
 Letter c remains constant across devices while the rest of the drive letters can vary as new
devices are installed on the computer
 We view it as one folder on one particular drive whereas computers see it as physical file
representation : they find a document stored on a storage medium using physical location.
 Most internal and external hard drives come with built in encryption that scrambles the data
stored on it and allowing only allowed users to have access typically using pins passwords etc
 HDD: contains magnetized platters or hard disks that are stacked on top of each other and
contains a read/write head for each surface top and bottom, moving at the same time
 Concentric: A series of circles that circle around each other and have the same center point
 Sequential access: Provides a computer system with the ability to get back records of a file in
only the same order in which they are stored physically.
 Random access (Direct): When the system can retrieve files in any order it wants
 Cylinder: Collection of concentric tracks that align vertically across all plates and matches others
below that can all be accessed when one read/write mechanism is in the right positon.
(increases efficiency in reading and writing data in the hard drive)
 SSDS: Use flash memory chips instead of magnetic disks, storing data on electrical charges within
the flash memory media. SSDS have no moving parts unlike traditional hard drives.
 Total time for hard drive to read/write data: Transferring read/write heads to cylinder with data
(seek time), rotation of hard disks into position so heads are located over cylinder (rotational
delay), and moving the data (data movement time).
 Disk cache: Holds data that is used most often for easier accessibility, convenience, and reducing
wear/tear on hard drive.

 Fault tolerance: The extent to which a storage system can recover from hardware/software
failure that was not expected to happen.
 RAID: When two or more hard drives work together as a method of storing data
o RAID 0 (Disk stripping): Separates files and spreads them to two or more hard drives
(permanent storage that is retained when the computer shuts off)
 Not giving fault tolerance because if one file is written to a RAID system using
striping and we experience failure in one, we lose a piece of the whole.
o RAID 1 Mirroring: Backups files by writing the exact whole copies of files to another drive
in the system .
 Levels beyond RAID 1 use combinations of disk striping and disk mirroring with
different techniques for error correction
  Drobo storage systems eliminate the difficulty in upholding RAID systems by all connecting to
one computer using a USB cable and have many slots which can be used for hard drives
o Everything is essentially autonomous or running itself because there are lights on the
outside that can indicate when drives are in need of repair or when capacity is reached.
o Also much easier to actually go through process of replacing or repairing drives
o System by itself performs disk mirroring when a hard drive is replaced. So, in essence, it
tracks real-time information about itself to ensure fault tolerance directly.
o Can use multiple different hard drive types and would still continue running fine
o Useful for upcoming newly established businesses who do have not yet hired computer-
techs but need security of data redundancy from RAID
 Data archiving: While it is needed to store data past data is not used very frequently and
continues bearing down the speeds of the mainframe. By putting data into separate databases,
this speeds up the main storage system and abides by looking at past data for meeting
regulatory compliance simultaneously.
 Magnetic tape: Plastic tape that is coated with magnetizable substance that represents bits and
bytes of digital data. This tape stores data in a systematic order from one thing to the next
(following a sequence of instructions in order) so is used for more formal business archiving and
backup systems. It has a relatively low cost per terabyte making it attractive for new formal
business applications.
 Hard drives; Data can archived using hard drives with lots of storage space available
 Optical discs: Future way to store lots of data for a long time is using high-capacity blue-ray discs
because Sony and Panasonic have said they would release a 300 GB Blue-ray archival disc and
expect them to increase 4-fold in size soon. Optical storage systems can be used to manage and
access large amounts of data for these discs, indicating we already have technology available to
manage them.
 Today, many businesses are turning to cloud storage for convenience, affordability, and lack of
maintenance. Cloud provider in this case uses one of archival options optical discs, hard drives,
or tape.

1st video:
 2.5 inch: used in notebook computers
 3.5 inch HDD: These are named like this because the the data is stored on disks magnetically as
1’s and 0’s or bits that are oriented north or south.
o Read/written by extremely small transducers
o The flow of 1’s and 0’s is focused in the pole and the area below it is magnetized
 Arms read the various tracks that are on the disk (300,000 of them in an inch)
o The arms movement is controlled by magnets
o When a current through a wire there is a orthogonal magnetic field
 This is used by a coil hidden under plate and magnet that is driving force of the
current or magnetism which forces the back end of the coil to move in one or
other direction
  When powered off, the arms swings off so the heads are preserved and not touching anything by
resting on a lamp
 As you open any form of media in your computer the arms swing out over the disk and heads are
flying over tracks (drive is given an address to go to)
o Data is recorded in magnetic domains that are small surface area on the disc
o When the transducer is on the head it senses for that domain, direction of magnetism
and whether it’s a 1 or 0 (bit)
o Head takes those bits and transmits that electrically into the channel where it is rebuilt
into a data form (image)
 Surface on recording head facing media surface:
o Disk spins under the head and is air flow (shear) between surface with lots of air flowing
and media surface darker areas are in relief outward and medium range is inward
o Everything is to support the transducer out at the trailing edge of the head and is where
magnetic flux is read and written or where it is controlled
 Based on size of molecules some of these layers are few atoms or molecules thick (read element
is)

2nd Video:

 Disks are primarily composed of polycarbonate plastic very strong plastic and is frequently 1.2
mm thick. Thin layers of aluminum, acrylic solution, and label.
 Storing data
o There is one spiral that contains all the data on the disk flowing outward (stores as flats
or bumps)
 Disk-reading devices:
o Drive motor, laser lens pair, tracking mechanism
 Drive motor: spins disc
 Laser lens pair: shoots laser onto disk and figures whether theres reflection back
 Tracking mechanism: moves the laser and the lens from the inside of the disc to
the outside of the disc at the right time to follow one single line of data
o Shoots laser onto disc
 Flat reflective surface: bounces laser beam back towards sensor and sensor picks
up light and notices signal
 Hits bump: not reflective and goes back sensor cant pick up binary 0
 Both give digital signal that is put into digital analog converter figuring out how
close or how far away these bumps are
 What total voltage is determined by this
 Scratches: 2 methods of encryption and non-sequential data ordering (put data in different
places in single file in various disc parts)
 Encryption toward center: From outside data or data around missing portion can decrypt what
was supposed to be
 Writing data to a disc: Clear dye that heated up can become clear so when lasers hit the dye they
heat up the clear dye so it becomes not clear (reflective dye or nonreflective dye)
  Rewritable: Alters when cooling different temperatures make disc become clear shoot two with
two different intensities

3rd video:
 SSD: most come in form of memory cards or usb keys
 HHD: Spinning magnetic platters on which data is stored tiny head moves to read and write data
to different areas of disc
 SSD: No moving components but rather circuit board containing flash memory chips on which
data is stored
o Use less power and more robust (access all data extremely fast) and silent
o Disadvantage: High storage cost per gigabyte, lower drive capacities, low written speed,
Wear levelling reduces performance decreases over time, problems with encryption
o SLC: 1 bit of data in each flash memory cell (faster but expensive)
o MLC: Each cell stores 2 or more bits of data (cheaper and slower)

4th video:
 NAS: Reliability, scailibiltiy, protective
 External hard drives are fast affordable convenient and mobile for storing and backing up data
o These connect to ur computer instead of network
 No sharing for external hard drives so if gets complex have to replug to get access to data versus
multiple different computers (lost dropped stolen)
 All data from all places is concentrated into a single accessible area by being plugged directly
into your router (personal cloud)
 Basically making own personal dropbox where you store the data by yourself no corporation has
o Add more hard drives without paying a bunch of fees
 Bunch of hard drives connected together that have a brain like computers Offline accessibility
 No matter what device accesses data everyone can collaborate on it
 Set up raid configurations by linking hard drives together or mirroring data (backing up)
 True backup: getting something on another device and offsite
  Appreciation: Helps us deal with facts the most simple
o Helps us reveal the factors that we might have missed because didn’t think about the
implications that the fact has in the bigger picture
o Used by military commanders to get detailed information about factors related to battle
o Helps us reveal implications of a fact what does this fact imply
 Use:
o Start with fact and ask so what what does it imply or mean and repeatedly ask until have
made enough educated guesses about a fact
 Don’t follow single line of inquiry so use appreciation many times (use different so whats)
 Brought up fact = use appreciation tool
 1st so what determines path going down and you think about what the one before implies

Storage device = DVD drive

Storage medium = DVD disc

What are the educated guesses of that fact

Health enthusiasts and lower carbon dioxide emissions

Less carbon taxes imposed by the government benefitting the company greatly Less taxes in general
mean that there are greater amounts of money available

What educated guesses can we make about how there will be more capital to spend on target marketing
my products to health-conscious people (because of fewer expenses)?

There could be more resilience if we decided to use electric vehicles to make money off of unhealthy
products potentially damaging out reputation and hurting our reputation with a niche market.

Unhealthy companies may gain interest in trying to disguise their products as healthy when it is the exact
opposite potentially providing incentives and expansions