Definition
• A statistical package is a suite of
computer programs that are
specialised for statistical analysis. It
enables people to obtain the results
of standard statistical procedures and
statistical significance tests, without
requiring low-level numerical
programming. Most statistical
packages also provide facilities for
data management.
Statistical Package
• Collections of software for the
analysis of data. SPSS (Statisical
Package for the Social Sciences) is
one of many good ones.
• Some software tools perform only
one task and are limited. Software
packages are a mix of tools and
come together as a system.
Examples of, some of
statistical packages
• Stata is an increasingly popular and
powerful package. It is my runaway
favorite. Strengths include the ease
of using a command line interface, a
menu-based interface, or saved "do"
files of commands. The menu-based
interface produces the appropriate
command line commands, so it is a
great way to improve your
understanding of Stata's command
language.
1.1 What is SPSS
• You can find some introduction to
SPSS on the companys own
homapage.
• SPSS is mainly the statistical
program. In your research you can
⚫ enter your data into the computer
• calculate new variables
• manage the SPSS files
⚫ select or weight cases in your data
describe the data (frequencies,
graphics, statistics)
⚫ make statistical tests (t-test, chi-
square test, correlation test,...)
⚫ make the statistical analysis
(anova, regression, factor,
discriminant, ...)
⚫ select our results in the output
window and move them to the text
editor
• with SPSS.
The data presentation
• The data is entered in a matrix form.
The variables are in the column and
the observations (units) are in the
rows
• The data is entered in a matrix form.
The variables are in the column and
the observations (units) are in the
rows:
The example is from the data, that
comes with SPSS installation. Here
the variables are id, salbeg, sex,
time, ... and the persons are in the
rows. For examle the firs persons id
is 628, salary in the beginning is
8400, age is 28.5 years,
SPSS is used with the drawn menus.
In the up of the screen is the menu.
Here you can click a word (File,
Edit, ...) in the picture to get more
information about the selection.
• From the File menu, you can open
or save datafiles, outputfiles or
syntax windows. Also printing and
exiting the program runs by the File-
menu.
• From the Edit menu, you can edit
the datasheet or any other window.
• From the Data menu, you can edit
the data.
• From the Transform menu, you can
do the data and file transformations.
For example the calcultion of the new
variables, selecting and weighting
cases and adding and merging files
runs by the Transform menu.
• From the Statistics menu, you can
fin description methods, hypotheses
test analyses.
• Here the outputı window is hidden
to an icon. The other windows are the
data window (Newdata), the syntax
window (!Syntaxı) and the output
window 2 (Output2). You can see
here also the buttons in the windows.
Pause button interrupts the scrolling
and the Scroll button continues it.
• With Round button you can round
the numbers. You can get some
information of the selected area from
the Glossary. The next button
presents the graphic, if you have
drawn one. With triangles you can
browse the window. Same you can
do with the buttons with two triangles.
Pressing the two triangle button you
go to the beginning (or end) of the
concerned listing. Pressing the
exclamation mark (!) activates the
window. You can select for example
the output window, where you want
the output, button.
Here the outputı window is hidden to
an icon. The other windows are the
data window (Newdata), the syntax
window (!Syntaxı) and the output
window 2 (Output2). You can see
here also the buttons in the windows.
Pause button interrupts the scrolling
and the Scroll button continues it.
• With Round button you can round
the numbers. You can get some
information of the selected area from
the Glossary. The next button
presents the graphic, if you have
drawn one. With triangles you can
browse the window. Same you can
do with the buttons with two triangles.
Pressing the two triangle button you
go to the beginning (or end) of the
concerned listing. Pressing the
exclamation mark (!) activates the
window. You can select for example
the output window, where you want
the output, pressing that button.
Properties of Normal
Distributions
A continuous random variable has an
infinite number of possible values
that can be represented b interval on
the number line.
The probability distribution of a
continuous random variable is called
a continuous probability distribution.
Properties of Normal Distributions
The most important probability
distribution in statistics is the normal
distribution.
Normal curve
A normal distribution is a continuous
probability distribution for a random
variable, x. The graph of a normal
distribution is called the normal
curve.
Properties of Normal
Distributions
Properties of a Normal
Distribution
The mean, median, and mode are
equal.
The normal curve is bell-shaped and
symmetric abo... the mean.
The total area under the curve is
equal to one.
The normal curve approaches, but
never touches the x axis as it extends
farther and farther away from the
mean.
Between μ - σ and μ + σ (in the
center of the curve), the graph curves
downward. The graph curves upward
to the left of μ - σ and to the right of u
+ o. The points at which the curve
changes from curving upward to
curving downward are called the
inflection points.
Frequency distribution
