A STUDY ON LIFESTYLE DISEASES AMONG

HOMEMAKERS

A Dissertation submitted to

MAHATHMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK

Specialization in

MEDICAL & PSYCHIATRY

Submitted by

Ms. SREELAKSHMIOMANAKUTTAN

Reg No: 190011032935

Under the guidance of

Mr. JIJO JOY

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK

DE PAUL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

ANGAMALY SOUTH, KERALA

MAY 2021
 SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK

DE PAUL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam)

ANGAMALY SOUTH, KERALA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A STUDY ON LIFESTYLE
DISEASES AMONG HOMEMAKERS” is submitted to Mahatma Gandhi
University, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master
of Social Work is a bonafide record of the work done by Miss.
SREELAKSHMIOMANAKUTTAN, Reg.No. 190011032935

Mr. JIJO JOY

Faculty Guide and Head of the Department

Submitted for viva voice examination held on....................

Principal External
Examiner

DECLARATION
I, SREELAKSHMIOMANAKUTTAN, hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “A
study on lifestyle diseases among homemakers” is the work done by me for the award
of the degree of Master of Social Work from De Paul Institute of Science and Technology,
Angamaly during the year 2019-2021 under the guidance of Dr. Xavier Vinayaraj,
Assistant professor, School of Social Work. This work has not been previously formed on
the basis for the award of any academic qualification, fellowship or other similar article of
any other University or Board.

SREELAKSHMIOMANAKUTTAN

Place:

Date:

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, praise and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers
of blessings to complete the research successfully.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research

supervisor Dr. Xavier Vinayaraj, Assistant professor department of Social
Work for giving me the opportunity to do this research and providing
invaluable guidance throughout this research.

I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Rev. Fr. George

Pottayil, Director and Dr C.J Unni, Principal of De Paul Institute of
Science and Technology, for providing all the facilities for doing this
research.

I am extremely grateful to all the teachers of Social Work Department

for their guidance and support

I would like to extend my gratitude to all the respondents, who

provided valuable information and made this work reality

I am very much thankful to my parents and family for their love,

prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future.
Also, I express my thanks to all my friends for their support.

SREELAKSHMIOMANAKUTTAN

iii

CONTENTS
SL.no. Contents Page Number

1. Certificate I

2. Declaration ii

3. Acknowledgment iii

4. List of Tables iv

5. List of Figures v - vi

6. Chapter1: Introduction

7. Chapter2: Review of Literature

8. Chapter3: Research Methodology

9. Chapter4: Analysis and Interpretation

10. Chapter5: Findings, suggestions and

conclusion
11. Bibliography

12. Appendix
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No Content Page No

4.1 Age of the respondents

4.2 Educational qualification of the respondents

4.3 Educational qualification of the spouse

4.4 Exercise pattern

4.5 Walking pattern of the respondents

4.6 Eating pattern of the respondents

4.7 Food consumption time

4.8 Fruit in diet

4.9 Liters of water drink per day

4.10 Fish and Meat in diet

4.11 Legumes in Diet

4.12 Swelling near the collarbone or armpit

4.13 Difference felt in the breast

4.14 Abnormal bleeding and Discharge

4.15 Pain in the Pelvic area

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Content Page No

No.
4.1 Marital status of the respondents

4.2 Educational status of the children

4.3 Physical Health Status

4.4 Mental Health Status

4.5
Emotional Health Status
4.6 Last Visit for the hospital for medical checkup

4.7 Level of meditation by the respondents

4.8 Leafy Vegetables in diet

4.9 Hours of sleep in a day

4.10 Fast Food consumption

4.11 Amount of oil using while cooking

4.12 Previous day food consumption

4.13 Clean and Healthy diet

4.14 Reuse the same cooking oil

4.15 Amount of salt and sugar in the diet

4.16 Soft drinks consumption

4.17 Chest pain or high heart rate

4.18 Short of Breath

4.19 Dizziness while doing small tasks

v
4.20 Neck pain abdominal pain or backpain

4.21 Breast checkup

4.22 Fatigue and constant tiredness
4.23 Blurred vision and occasional urinary incontinence
4.24 Urinary tract infection or yeast infection
4.25 Urinate with pain
4.26 Urinating constantly

vi
 ABSTRACT

Healthy lifestyle practice is vital for every human being to be happy and feel good in the
present life and for the future. It not only helps us to live longer but also better and less
prone to sickness and diseases. In the current scenario unhealthy lifestyle are global
concern. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the behavioral factors
associated with an unhealthy lifestyle include the consumption of a diet with inadequate
fruit and vegetables, lack of physical activities, a sedentary lifestyle etc. The literature
identifies the fact that people who exercise and eat healthy food have a higher chance of
living a healthy lifestyle and are at less risk of getting chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes,
hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. An unhealthy lifestyle comprised of sedentary
habits associated with noncommunicable diseases including obesity, cardiovascular
diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, depression and cancers.

This study aims to understand the lifestyle diseases among homemakers particularly in the
15th ward of Malayattor Neeleeswaram panchayat. Descriptive research design is used to
assess the lifestyle diseases among the homemakers. The data will be analyzed with the
help of SPSS software. Random Sampling Method is used for selecting the respondents.
The pilot study is conducted with the help of journals, articles and newspapers. The result
of the pilot study showed the relevance and importance of the topic. Sample size is sixty
respondents from the universe. The researcher collected information using self-prepared
questionnaire.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In this introductory chapter researcher deals with the lifestyle, lifestyle diseases,
importance of a healthy lifestyle and lifestyle diseases among homemakers. As we all know
health is the major aspect that we need. If we are not healthy wealth means nothing to us.
So, our health is a real wealth, we should always try to be healthy. In olden days people
had a healthy lifestyle which helps them to stay fit and healthy. In those days people
followed a healthy diet and they used to have their meals on time eat pure home-made
foods. They consume fresh food instead of frozen and canned food. Fresh fruits and
vegetables are better for us than canned or frozen food items because the processing
removes all the essential nutrients.

People in old times don’t have machines to work so they do all their work by themselves
which made them stronger and they had more physical movement of the body that act as
working out. In the current scenario modern technologies had made everyone’s life as a
sedentary lifestyle. All men and women spending their most of the time on gadgets such
as internet, Facebook and WhatsApp. Also, they do not have a time to do physical exercise.
Because everyone is leading a busy life. Now the automatic machine has lowered our
physical activities and made as lazy and fat. And consumption of unhealthy food affects
our body’s hormone directly. Consumption of fast food, instant food of us can cause of
many diseases such as Blood pressure and obesity which is the gate way of many other
serious illnesses.

In the past, people were healthier and energetic as compared to the present era. To keep
ourselves fit and active we should do exercise on the daily basis and should followed
balanced diet, eating at the correct time have greater importance moreover overeating junk
and sugary food should be avoided by the people to achieve a healthier life. Life without
health has no meaning life is precious but health is more precious than it because life
without health is like a food without taste. Health gives the opportunity to live life full of
joy and make us able to do all of the activities according to our wish. When we have a
healthy lifestyle, our body remains healthy and mind stays intuitive and fresh.

So, this will help to prevent from many severe diseases and live a healthy life to its full
extent. Living a healthy lifestyle extends not only our life but also rejuvenates our body
and mind; it will help you to feel better. Although a healthy habit is very hard to develop,
it needs a change in one’s mindset. But a firm will and focus goal. will help you to maintain
a healthy lifestyle. Most of us have some kind of health issues like overweight, low stamina,
and dull appearance.

A healthy lifestyle plays a vital role in boosting the energy in a person’s body and providing
a better performance in every activity of life. A good lifestyle minimizes the chances
of insufficient sleep, and a person’s body will get all the essential nutrients that are required
to function precisely. A healthy lifestyle includes slight changes in life like daily habits and
routine, and the most important food you eat because the food you eat impacts directly on
your body and behaviour.

LIFESTYLE
Lifestyle is the way in which it includes our attitudes, behavioral patterns, possessions etc.
Lifestyle is the pattern of life by people, families and societies in different situations like
physical, psychological, social and economic. It is the branch of habits that includes social
fundamentals. Lifestyle is the truest expression of who you are, what you get the most
pleasure and satisfaction from; and what your core values are. A good lifestyle connects
people to a larger sense of purpose and value, making positive contributions not only to
our personal and spiritual growth but also to society and human civilization as a whole.
Living the good life style means living a life that sets us free. A life that satisfies and fulfills
us and add happiness, joy and a sense of purpose to our life. Living a healthy lifestyle can
help prevent chronic diseases and long-term illnesses. Feeling good about ourself and
taking care of our health are important for our self-esteem and self-image. Maintain a
healthy lifestyle by doing what is right for our body.

Following a healthy lifestyle regardless of age will have numerous health benefits, being
proven that it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, decreases incidence of obesity and
diabetes, the risk of malignancy, psychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunction. Being
healthy includes healthy eating, physical activities, weight management. Good health
allows people to do many things. A healthy lifestyle also incorporates a balanced diet.
Combination of some healthy lifestyle factors may help reduce the chance of developing
type 2 diabetes, even if family history puts you at risk for the disease. People with diabetes
have too high level of glucose a type of sugar in blood. Over time high levels of glucose
can lead to heart disease, stroke, blindness and other problems. Several lifestyle factors can
reduce the risk of lifestyle diseases that lifestyle factors include having a healthy diet,
keeping an ideal body weight, being physically active, not smoking and minimizing alcohol
use etc.

Many of the people follow an unhealthy lifestyle, hence they encounter illness, disability
and even death. Problems like metabolic diseases, joint and skeletal problems,
cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, overweight can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle.
Lifestyle activity involves making active choices rather than inactive choices throughout
the day. For example, taking the stairs instead of the elevator or parking our car farther
away from our destination instead close as we can are considered as lifestyle activity.

Staying healthy physically can help us to stay healthy emotionally too. If we are eating the
right food and keeping fit, our body will be strong and help us to cope with stress and also
fight illness. Eating well and exercising often when we are a teenager will also help us to
stay in good health later in life. Getting regular sleep is another really important way to
stay healthy. Having late nights can leave us feeling tired the next day. It can be difficult
but try to have at least eight hours sleep each night. If someone adopts a healthy lifestyle,
it affects the habits and daily routine activities of this person permanently; if the person
has bad habits, that would be changed with the good habits in the result as he is leading
toward a healthy lifestyle. When your body begins to get nutrition and do proper exercise,
it corrects all the bad habits and your daily routine. In this way, your body becomes more fit
and healthy. All things collectively lead to the result in the longevity of a person’s life.

LIFESTYLE DISEASES

In olden days, threats of healthy life have come from famine, injury, pestilence, and
complications of child birth. As humans conquered these conditions and lifespans
increased, new problems like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular, respiratory, and
kidney diseases, and mental health issues became more significant. under an umbrella term
of non-communicable diseases these conditions are characterized by chronic illness, multi-
morbidity, unequal distribution that disadvantages the poor and the vulnerable, and lack of
proper health system response. Most of the lifestyle diseases are due to four common and
modifiable behavioral risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet and
lack of physical activity. Lifestyle diseases are the leading causes of death in India.
increasing life expectancy, growing population, urbanization and changing lifestyle are the
major drivers of the rising lifestyle diseases burden. With the rise in diabetes, hypertension
a population ageing and climate change, non-communicable diseases related deaths and
disability are expected. The pace of change combined with a vast population make the
problem particularly acute for India. Life style diseases are not restricted to urban areas.
Physical inactivity can have serious implications for people’s health, Sedentary lifestyles
increase all causes of mortality, double the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and
obesity, and increase the risks of colon cancer, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, lipid
disorders, depression and anxiety. Physical inactivity, along increasing tobacco use and
poor diet and nutrition, are increasingly becoming part of today’s lifestyle leading to the
rapid rise of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, or obesity. Chronic diseases
caused by these risk factors are now the leading causes of death. The pattern of non-
communicable disease in rural India looks largely similar to that in urban India.

Certain chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease, strokes, lung diseases and cancers
lead to deaths as well as disability; however, there are several life styles diseases such as
chronic low back pain, mental health and neurological disorders, anemia, cataracts and
hearing loss that do not cause death but lead to significant disability. The burden of disease
is immense. Due to their chronic nature, the significant disability and premature death, life
style diseases lead to chronic expenditure on health and, thereby, worsen poverty. Loss of
productivity and purchasing capacity could lead to slowing of economic growth and
development. There are multiple challenges to managing life style diseases in rural
India. Life style diseases in rural India are affecting a relatively younger population about
a decade younger compared to that in the developed countries. This is likely to be due to
malnutrition early in life, which paradoxically increases the risk of lifestyle diseases and
an unhealthy lifestyle in early adulthood. This means younger population in rural India
needs to be screened for chronic diseases. There is very low awareness about these diseases
in rural India, leading to further challenges to inculcating lifestyle changes and prevention
methods. Facilities for diagnosing and treating these disorders are often not available in
rural areas, resulting in late diagnosis and treatment. Lifestyle diseases lead to chronic
expenditures on healthcare and, many times, catastrophic health expenditures, which push
the families into poverty.

MAJOR LIFESTYLE DISEASES

• Cardiovascular disease
• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Infertility
• Coronary Artery disease
• Stroke
• Hypertensive disease

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Cardiovascular disease is a condition that affect the heart and blood vessels. A buildup of
fatty plaques in arteries is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease. Unhealthy
lifestyle habits, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking can lead
to serious illness.our lifestyle can increase our risk for heart disease. Eating a diet high in
saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol has been linked to heart disease and related
conditions, such as atherosclerosis. Also, too much salt in the diet can raise blood pressure.

Eating an unhealthy diet that is high in fat will make hardening of the arteries worse and
increase your risk of a heart attack. Continuing to eat high-fat foods will cause more fatty
plaques to build up in your arteries. This is because fatty foods contain an unhealthy type
of cholesterol. Diet is an important risk factor in coronary heart disease. Food-related risk
factors include obesity, high blood pressure, uncontrolled diabetes and a diet high in
saturated fats. A low-saturated fat, high-fibre, high plant food diet can substantially reduce
the risk of developing heart disease. Low intake of healthy foods such as nuts, vegetables,
whole grains and fruits combined with higher intake of unhealthy dietary components, such
circulatory diseases Being inactive can lead to fatty material building up in your arteries
the blood vessels that carry blood to our organs. If the arteries that carry blood to
our heart get damaged and clogged, it can lead to a heart attack.

To get rid of serious illness every individual should need to follow some healthy life
practices such eating healthy diet, proper physical activities, proper sleep, avoid tobacco
products, alcohol use, check and control our overall cardiovascular risk, know our blood
pressure, know our blood lipids, know our blood sugar. balanced diet is crucial to a healthy
heart and circulation system. This should include plenty of fruit and vegetables, whole
grains, lean meat, fish and pulses with restricted salt, sugar and fat intake. Alcohol should
also be used in moderation. At least thirty minutes of regular physical activity every day
helps to maintain cardiovascular fitness; at least sixty minutes on most days of the week
helps to maintain healthy weight. Tobacco in every form is very harmful to health
cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or chewable tobacco.

Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke is also dangerous. An important aspect of

preventing heart attacks and strokes is by providing treatment and counselling to
individuals at high risk. High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, but is one of the
biggest causes of sudden stroke or heart attack. Have your blood pressure checked and
know your numbers. If it is high, you will need to change your lifestyle to incorporate a
healthy diet with less salt intake and increase physical activity, and may need medications
to control your blood pressure. Raised blood cholesterol and abnormal blood lipids increase
the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

DIABETES
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough
insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone
that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of
uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems,
especially the nerves and blood vessels. unhealthy lifestyle behaviour like smoking, a
poor diet and little exercise, and being overweight or obese increase the risk of diabetes.
Shift work, especially night shift work, has also been associated with a greater risk of
diabetes.

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high.
Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into
your cells to give them energy. Insulin acts as a key, its chemical message tells the cell to
open and receive glucose. If you produce little or no insulin, or are insulin resistant, too
much sugar remains in your blood. Blood glucose levels are higher than normal for
individuals with diabetes. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. When
we are affected with Type 1 diabetes, our pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 1
diabetes, once called juvenile diabetes, is often diagnosed in children or teens. However, it
can also occur in adults. This type accounts for five to ten percent of people with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin, or when the cells
are unable to use insulin properly, which is called insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is
commonly called “adult-onset diabetes” since it is diagnosed later in life, generally after
the age of forty-five It accounts for ninety to ninety-five percent of people with diabetes.

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of blindness. It also leads to kidney failure, heart
attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Type 2 diabetes is fast becoming a common
lifestyle disease and is indicative of the environment we live in today. We live fast, eat
badly and barely exercise. Genes do play a role in type 2 diabetes, but lifestyle choices are
also important. We can, for example, have a genetic mutation that may make you
susceptible to type 2, but if you take good care of your body, you may not develop diabetes.
Lack of exercise Physical activity has many benefits one of them being that it can help you
avoid type 2 diabetes, if you’re susceptible. Unhealthy meal planning choices A meal plan
filled with high-fat foods and lacking in fibre which you can get from grains, vegetables,
and fruits increases the likelihood of type 2. Overweight/Obesity Lack of exercise and
unhealthy meal planning choices can lead to obesity, or make it worse. Being overweight
makes it more likely that you’ll become insulin resistant and can also lead to many other
health conditions.

Sugar-sweetened beverages tend to be high in calories and offer little nutrition. And
because they cause blood sugar to rise quickly, it's best to avoid these types of drinks if
you have diabetes. The exception is if you are experiencing a low blood sugar level. Sugar-
sweetened beverages, such as soda, juice and sports drinks can be used as an effective
treatment for quickly raising blood sugar that is too low. Physical activity is another
important part of our diabetes management plan. When we exercise, our muscles use sugar
glucose for energy. Regular physical activity also helps our body use insulin more
efficiently. These factors work together to lower your blood sugar level. The more
strenuous our workout, the longer the effect lasts. But even light activities such as
housework, gardening or being on our feet for extended periods can improve our blood
sugar. Most kinds of physical activity can help you take care of our diabetes.

CANCER

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancer develops when
the body’s normal control mechanism stops working. Old cells do not die and instead grow
out of control, forming new, abnormal cells. These extra cells may form a mass of tissue,
called a tumour. Some cancers, such as leukaemia, do not form tumours. Cancer refers to
any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells
that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue.
Cancer often has the ability to spread throughout your body. Being overweight or obese
increases the risk of several cancers, including those of the breast in women past
menopause, colon and rectum, endometrium the lining of the uterus, oesophagus, pancreas,
liver, and kidney, as well as several others. Being overweight can increase cancer risk in
many ways. The lesser hereditary influence of cancer and the modifiable nature of the
environmental factors point to the preventability of cancer. The important lifestyle factors
that affect the incidence and mortality of cancer include tobacco, alcohol, diet, obesity,
infectious agents, environmental pollutants, and radiation. Different cancers are linked with
different life styles. The biological mechanism that explains how a life style intervention
increases cancer risk may be different for different cancers. A major outcome of lifestyle
changes experienced by India is the rapid increase in junk food consumption. Junk food
and fast food which uses excessive salt, sugar, trans fatty acids and preservatives like MSG
mono sodium glutamate sodium nitrites, potassium bromate etc are known to cause cancers
in humans when consumed in excess.

Plant-based foods are rich in nutrients known as antioxidants that boost your immune
system and help protect against cancer cells. Diets high in fruit may lower the risk of
stomach and lung cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight might lower the risk of various
types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, colon and kidney. Physical
activity counts, too. In addition to helping, you control your weight, physical activity on
its own might lower the risk of breast cancer and colon cancer. Staying active can help you
lower your risk of many types of cancer including breast, colorectal and
uterine cancers. Exercise lowers your cancer risk in several ways: Exercise helps you
maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese raises your risk for several cancers.
Exercise is a key factor in preventing cancer. It aids in lowering the levels of hormones
such as oestrogen and insulin. This is beneficial because increased levels of these hormones
have been proven to correlate with cancer development and progression. Exercise also
helps in reducing inflammation and improving the immune system, which allows the body
to properly function and ward off disease. Keeping an active lifestyle even when diagnosed
with cancer can yield positive outcomes. It slows weight gain, which is a common side
effect of treatment. Incorporating exercise into one’s daily routine has also been found to
decrease the likelihood of remission in some cancers, such as breast cancer. As spring is
rapidly approaching, there’s no better time to take advantage of the fresh air, take care of
your body and get some exercise. Maintaining a healthy weight might lower the risk of
various types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, colon and kidney.
Physical activity counts, too. In addition to helping, you control your weight, physical
activity on its own might lower the risk of breast cancer and colon cancer. Regular exercise
offers numerous benefits, including an improved sense of well-being, increased strength
and flexibility, toned physique, increased body function, better sleep and reduced fatigue.
Research indicates that exercise can prevent certain diseases and cancers. Exercise speeds
up our metabolism, which helps flush food waste and other harmful substances. These
toxins travel at a faster rate through the digestive track, which decreases the time that the
colon tissue is exposed to waste and toxin.

INFERTILITY

Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical
pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Causes
of infertility can be due to genetic issues, anatomical problems, disease and more. But a
person's lifestyle choices can also cause infertility. When trying to maximize
one's fertility to get pregnant, making smart, healthy lifestyle choices is crucial.
Many lifestyle factors such as the age at which to start a family, nutrition, weight, exercise,
psychological stress, environmental and occupational exposures, and others can have
substantial effects on fertility; lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, illicit drug use,
and alcohol and caffeine consumption can affect infertility. A number of lifestyle factors
affect fertility in women, in men, or in both. These include but are not limited to nutrition,
weight, and exercise; physical and psychological stress; environmental and occupational
exposures; substance and drug use and abuse; and medications.

India is a country that has a drastic change in the recent years especially among the young
population. From Smoking cigarettes to excessive use of contraceptives there is a steady
increase in the poor lifestyle choices which have adverse effects on all aspects of health the
increase in lifestyle risk factors is found to be one of the key drivers for the high occurrence
of infertility among Indian men and women. The major lifestyle factors that have
contributed to infertility are increased prevalence of contraceptive use of tobacco, high
alcohol consumption, increasing prevalence of contraceptive use, raising levels of obesity,
stress, career-oriented women postponing marriage, couples opting to plan a child at a later
age, late working hours etc.

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary artery disease develops when the major blood vessels that supply your heart
become damaged or diseased. Cholesterol-containing deposits plaques in our coronary
arteries and inflammation are usually to blame for coronary artery disease. The coronary
arteries supply blood, oxygen and nutrients to your heart. A build-up of plaque can narrow
these arteries, decreasing blood flow to your heart. Eventually, the reduced blood flow may
cause chest pain angina, shortness of breath, or other coronary artery disease signs and
symptoms. A complete blockage can cause a heart attack. Because coronary artery disease
often develops over decades, we might not notice a problem until we have a significant
blockage or a heart attack. But we can take steps to prevent and treat coronary artery
disease. A healthy lifestyle can make a big impact. We may feel pressure or tightness in
our chest, as if someone were standing on our chest. This pain, called angina, usually occurs
on the middle or left side of the chest. Angina is generally triggered by physical or
emotional stress. The pain usually goes away within minutes after stopping the stressful
activity. In some people, especially women, the pain may be brief or sharp and felt in the
neck, arm or back. If our heart can't pump enough blood to meet our body's needs, we may
develop shortness of breath or extreme fatigue with activity.

A completely blocked coronary artery will cause a heart attack. The classic signs and
symptoms of a heart attack include crushing pressure in our chest and pain in our shoulder
or arm, sometimes with shortness of breath and sweating. Women are somewhat more
likely than men are to have less typical signs and symptoms of a heart attack, such as neck
or jaw pain. And they may have other symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue and
nausea. Sometimes a heart attack occurs without any apparent signs or symptoms.
STROKE

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced,
preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in
minutes. stroke is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial. Early action can
reduce brain damage and other complications. stroke is an illness in which part of the brain
loses its blood supply. This can happen if an artery that feeds blood to the brain gets
clogged, or if it tears and leaks. A stroke is when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain.
There are two types of strokes. One is when there is a blood clot blocking the artery. High
blood pressure is a leading cause of stroke. It occurs when the pressure of the blood in your
arteries and other blood vessels is too high. Diets high in saturated fats, trans fat, and
cholesterol have been linked to stroke and related conditions, such as heart disease. Also,
getting too much salt sodium in the diet can raise blood pressure levels.

Activities may be affected by Stroke, resulting from the impact of paralysis, poor
coordination, loss of feeling, lack of awareness or neglect of one side of the body, or
difficulty initiating a movement or planning a sequence of movements. An unhealthy diet
can increase your chances of having a stroke because it may lead to an increase in your
blood pressure and cholesterol levels. A low-fat, high-fibre diet is usually recommended,
including plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables and wholegrains. Ensuring a balance in
our diet is important. The relationship of lifestyle and health should be highly considered.
Today, wide changes have occurred in life of all people. Malnutrition, unhealthy diet,
smoking, alcohol consuming, drug abuse, stress and so on, are the presentations of
unhealthy life style that they are used as dominant form of lifestyle.

HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE

Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the
blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. Blood is carried from the heart to all parts
of the body in the vessels. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the vessels. Blood
pressure is created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels arteries
as it is pumped by the heart. The higher the pressure, the harder the heart has
pump. Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including stroke,
heart attack, heart failure, and aneurysm. Keeping blood pressure under control is vital for
preserving health and reducing the risk of these dangerous conditions. Hypertension can
develop because of a person's lifestyle, medication regimen, underlying health conditions,
genetic history, or a combination of these factors. Nonmodifiable risk factors include
advancing age, race, family history of premature heart disease, and other concurrent health
conditions.

Exercise reduces blood pressure but the response varies between individuals. The
mechanisms by which physical activity energy expenditure modifies blood pressure are
not fully defined but include modulation of sympathetic tone. Regular physical
activity makes our heart stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort.
If our heart can work less to pump, the force on our arteries decreases, lowering our blood
pressure. Exercise works like beta-blocker medication to slow the heart rate and
lower blood pressure at rest and also when exercising. High blood pressure is a major risk
factor for heart disease. A lack of physical activity is linked to high blood pressure, and
being more active will lower our blood pressure. Whether you have high blood pressure or
want to prevent it, it's never too late to start.

LIFESTYLE DISEASES AMONG HOMEMAKERS THEIR

PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

People think that a home maker has all the time in the world to do whatever she wants and
hence has more than enough time to devote to her fitness, sadly in the real world a home
maker has the least time to devote to herself. The day she decides to go to gym will
probably be the day something comes up at home that takes a higher priority. Majority of
women who undertook the role of wives and mothers in the past, counted themselves as
housewives - considered the work done as their duties- not counting the value of their
never-ending toil to maintain the integrity of family. Value of their work was not accounted
because it did not have exchange value. Consistent persuasion of women’s organizations
resulted in counting house wives as contributors to the economy of nation. Now they are
recognized as “homemakers” which mean that their contribution got valued at least in the
conceptual level. But they have yet to be compensated in daily life for their contribution,
their health and illnesses are also not viewed from gender perspective. Gender based
stereotyping and division of labour often becomes a barrier to women’s health and
happiness. Women are accustomed to give least priority to the comforts of their body and
happiness in life. Their work at home continuous, strenuous and monotonous resulting in
chronic fatigue, depression, weakness, swelling of limbs and somatoform disorder. Women
are the most integral entities of any societies of any country world over. Just like her overall
development and growth decides the future of that country similarly her living conditions.
Health and social status reflect the mentality and health of that society. rampant
modernisation and urbanisation, drastic lifestyle changes, alcohol and tobacco abuse,
affinity for white-collar jobs, unhealthy eating patterns, low priority for physical exertion,
high levels of stress, among others, for the rise of non-communicable diseases in the state.
a housewife manages a household while her husband earns the family income. A proper
synonym for it is a homemaker.

In olden days, the roles of men and women have changed drastically in the society. India
is no exception. Today, we can easily find a woman running a house, handling chores,
managing kids and still being able to ace her job. But the matter of concern is not the
various unconventional fields where women are seen more often, the problem is the
number. Mental health problems affect women and men equally and the same numbers
experience it, but some problems are more common in women than men and vice versa.
Some of the areas of mental health-related concerns most frequently seen are episodes of
depression and anxiety, In the Indian state of Kerala, women enjoy a uniquely high status.
But depression and suicide rates are high, suggesting the need to look beyond traditional
development indicators. “The number of people with mental disorders due to genetic
reasons remains more or less the same. But there is a visible increase in the number of
women going to psychiatrists with depression and other mental disorders caused by social
and economic reasons, ironically this is happening in a state that is considered to be a
developing country-role model, particularly for women's development Kerala is a society
where patriarchal values are so deeply rooted that woman become more and more
frustrated. With education women become more aware of their potential. But tradition,
culture, family, society and state all patriarchal in structure and ideology have short-
changed women. People have a common perception that most injuries, medical conditions
only affect those who spend several hours working outdoors. But what if we tell you that
people who stay indoors- such as homemakers - are also susceptible to numerous health
problems. Home is where the heart is.” But for countless homemakers, home is the place
where ‘hurt’ is! Scores of Indian homemakers encounter various injuries every year while
engaging in household chores like cleaning and washing. The most common ones are:
sprain there’s a high chance that you may end up with a sprain injury. Sprains occur when
you accidentally twist your ligaments. Another major cause of sprain injury is a sudden
fall. If you’re mopping the floor or cleaning the bathroom, there’s a fair chance that you
may slip or lose balance. One must be cautious when working with water, back injuries
these are the most common types of injuries at home. Bending, lifting a heavy bucket or
an abrupt movement, can strain your back muscles or ligaments leading to back injury.
Many times, the injury can result in a persistent, sharp stabbing pain, and hinder your usual
routine. Joint compression Homemakers spend a considerable amount of time standing in
the kitchen. As tiring as it is, standing for prolonged periods puts pressure on your joints-
knee joint, hip joint as well as those in the feet and the ankle. This leads to wear and tear
of the synovial joints, eventually causing them to tear. In due course of time, you will find
it difficult to move around and walk even a meagre distance. Don’t be shocked. Mothers
across the world do this thankless job without complaining. mothers deserve the highest
salary in the world, the reality is that the household tasks done by women are neither
acknowledged as work, nor do they get paid for them. the average Indian woman spent
nearly six hours a day doing unpaid work. Economists believe that though it is unpaid, the
household work done by homemakers constitutes economic activity and should be included
in the national income.

There are different ways to maintain a healthy way of life style for the home makers, get
rid of junk food the tendency to snack between meals is highest when you are at home.
Hence, get rid of them completely. Instead, stock fruits and try making your own version
of healthy snacks. Even chips made at home are healthier than their processed variants,
look for short workouts: Often, homemakers do not find the time to go for a long walk or
join an exercise class. Many women take up gym subscriptions but hardly go to the gym.
If you do not have the time for a long workout, try small 5–10-minute workouts in the
middle of your day. These workouts help burn a large number of calories in a short time.
Drink plenty of water: Start the day by filling a few bottles and tell yourself that you have
to finish them by the end of the day. Drinking water keeps you hydrated and satiated thus
reducing the urge to snack. This also helps flush toxins out of your body, don’t skip
breakfast: In feeding everyone else, do not forget to have breakfast yourself. If you do not
have time to sit down to this meal, make yourself a quick smoothie for an on-the-go
breakfast. Breakfast gives you the energy to get through the day and helps start up your
metabolism,

Do not eat food made for your children Many mothers find themselves munching on their
children’s food while they make it or finishing up their children’s food. These are unwanted
calories. If you have a habit of eating your child’s food while you make it, try keeping
something healthier easily accessible so that you can change your habit, get a good night’s
sleep: The body needs sleep to repair muscles and regenerate cells. Aim for at least 8 hours
of sleep a day. This also helps boost your mental and emotional health. The easiest way to
improve the quality of our sleep is by banning electronics from your bedroom. Eating a
healthy diet is not about strict limitations, staying unrealistically thin, or depriving ourself
of the foods we love. Rather, it’s about feeling great, having more energy, improving your
health, and boosting your mood. Eat breakfast, and eat smaller meals throughout the day.
A healthy breakfast can jumpstart your metabolism, while eating small, healthy meals
keeps your energy up all day Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast
for 14-16 hours until breakfast the next morning. Studies suggest that eating only when
you’re most active and giving your digestive system a long break, each day may help to
regulate weight. Fruit and vegetables are low in calories and nutrient dense, which means
they are packed with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fibre. Focus on eating the
recommended daily amount of at least five servings of fruit and vegetables and it will
naturally fill you up and help you cut back on unhealthy foods. A serving is half a cup of
raw fruit or veg or a small apple or banana, for example. Most of us need to double the
amount we currently eat. "Eating healthy doesn't mean you have to forgo your favourite
glass of wine or a piece of chocolate cake now and then. The key is moderation. Get a mix
of lean proteins, healthy fats, and fibre." Staying hydrated leads to healthy physical and
mental functioning. Drinking lots of water during the day is also key to keeping yourself
fit from the inside out. To avoid dehydration, it is best to carry a water bottle as a reminder.
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTY LIFESTYLE IN THE PRESENT
SCENARIO
Physical fitness is not the sole basis of being healthy; being healthy means being mentally
and emotionally fit. Being healthy should be part of your overall lifestyle. Living a healthy
lifestyle can help prevent chronic diseases and long-term illnesses. Feeling good about
yourself and taking care of your health are important for your self-esteem and self-image.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle by doing what is right for your body. staying healthy has never
been so important as the need to remain in good health can have a positive effect on almost
every aspect of our lives. Staying fit can be done in a variety of ways, including eating lean
and healthy meats along with plenty of fruits and vegetables. Spending a little time each
day exercising can help us all to become healthy and avoid the modern blight of obesity. A
healthy lifestyle involves a lot of things under it, including a nutritional diet, daily exercise,
adequate sleep, being happy, and thinking positively. When we do all the necessary
elements to have a healthy lifestyle, our lives are going on the right path. Living a healthy
life is vital for you to be happy and feel good in your present life and for the future. Once
you choose to live a healthy life, it lasts all your life. It not only helps you live longer but
also better and less prone to sickness and diseases. A healthy lifestyle is the kind of lifestyle
that we should all strive for. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle are manifold living a healthy
life allows you to live longer, which means that you get to spend more time with your
family. Exercising daily will enable you to release endorphins and helps you feel happier.
Regular exercise also improves the health of your skin and hair, bettering your appearance
as well. Healthy lifestyles also primarily reduce your risk of life-threatening diseases such
as cancer, diabetes, etc. and also reduce your susceptibility to cardiac arrests.

A healthy lifestyle is a vital part of our lives. There are some things that we must do to live
a healthy life. The first thing to do is to ensure that you eat three meals a day. These meals
should have the right amount of all the food groups, which are carbohydrates, proteins,
fats, minerals, and vitamins. You should not eat any junk food, which is unhealthy for you
This can be jogging, running, playing sports, dancing, or even walking for a minimum of
30 minutes. Exercise is essential not only for health but also for your skin and hair to look
more delightful. or a healthy lifestyle, you should also get the right amount of sleep at
night. The proper routine is to sleep early and wake up early, with a seven-to-eight-hour
period of rest. It is crucial to get enough sleep, but not too much or too little, as it can affect
your concentration and your abilities. A healthy lifestyle is one which helps to keep and
improve people's health and well-being. Many governments and non-governmental
organizations work in promoting healthy lifestyles. Healthy living is a lifelong effect.
Being healthy includes healthy eating, physical activities, weight management, and stress
management. Good health is not just the absence of disease or illness, it is a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being. This means eating a balanced diet, getting
regular exercise, avoiding tobacco and drugs and getting plenty of rest.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES

Fitness is very important for good health. Besides feeling better mentally, exercising can
help protect you from heart disease, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure; and
it can make you look younger, increase and maintain bone density, improve the quality of
your life, and may keep you from getting sick. increased confidence, peer acceptance,
leadership skills, and empathy; these are just four of the social benefits children receive
from sports and physical activity. These four benefits can have a significant effect on a
child's health, happiness, and future. Exercise improves mental health by reducing anxiety,
depression, and negative mood and by improving self-esteem and cognitive
function. Exercise has also been found to alleviate symptoms such as low self-esteem and
social withdrawal. Physical activity or exercise can improve your health and reduce the
risk of developing several diseases like type 2 diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Physical activity and exercise.

IMPORTANCE OF HAVING HEALTHY DIET

A healthy diet is essential for good health and nutrition. It protects you against many
chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Eating a
variety of foods and consuming less salt, sugars and saturated and industrially-produced
trans-fats, are essential for healthy diet. An immediate effect of the wrong choice of food
on our health is excessive weight gain within a short span of time, or obesity. Next in line
are problems like diabetes, heart diseases, high blood pressure, low weight, weak bones or
maybe even slow brain development. It is imperative to eat healthy and eat right in order
to stay healthy.

Healthy eating does not mean having only boiled meals, eating less, or saying no to
fat. Healthy food habits mean nutritious eating, i.e., eating everything in the right amount
and right way. Don’t completely exclude fats or overdo the fibres and proteins! Also
remember that children should be given a mix and match of all types of food because this
is the age for physical and mental development. consuming your meals and snacks on a
regular schedule can help keep your digestive system in top shape.” When you don’t eat at
consistent times each day, it can cause your stomach to overwork resulting in bloating and
indigestion, but eating on a schedule “will allow proper digestion of your food, which will
result in you having a good comfortable feeling in your stomach”. Vitamin K found in
leafy greens is associated with numerous health benefits including maintaining healthy
blood vessels, lessening the risk of heart problems, and preventing bone loss with aging.
Recent studies have also found vitamin K may promote eye health and reduce incidence of
age-related dementia. Fruit and vegetables are a good source of vitamins and minerals,
including folate, vitamin C and potassium. They're an excellent source of dietary fibre,
which can help to maintain a healthy gut and prevent constipation and other digestion
problems.

IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SLEEP

Sleep is a vital, often neglected, component of every person's overall health and well-
being. Sleep is important because it enables the body to repair and be fit and ready for
another day. Getting adequate rest may also help prevent excess weight gain, heart disease,
and increased illness duration. Sleep plays an important role in your physical health. For
example, sleep is involved in healing and repair of your heart and blood vessels.

Ongoing sleep deficiency is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, kidney disease,
high blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke. Sleep is an essential function that allows your
body and mind to recharge, leaving you refreshed and alert when you wake up. Healthy
sleep also helps the body remain healthy and stave off diseases. Without enough sleep, the
brain cannot function properly. This can impair our abilities to concentrate, think clearly,
and process memories. Most adults require between seven and nine hours of nightly sleep.
Children and teenagers need substantially more sleep, particularly if they are younger than
five years of age. Work schedules, day-to-day stressors, a disruptive bedroom environment,
and medical conditions can all prevent us from receiving enough sleep. A healthy diet and
positive lifestyle habits can help ensure an adequate amount of sleep each night – but for
some, chronic lack of sleep may be the first sign of a sleep disorder.

IMPORTANCE OF DRINKING ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF WATER

Water helps your kidneys remove waste from your blood. If you don't get enough water,
that waste -- along with acids -- can build up. That can lead to your kidneys getting clogged
up with proteins called myoglobin. Dehydration can also lead to kidney stones and urinary
tract infections. Water plays many important roles in the body including flushing waste
from the body, regulating body temperature, transportation of nutrients and is necessary
for digestion. No wonder it is considered "essential!" Plain water is the best choice for
hydrating the body. Drinking water before bed has a number of benefits, but drinking too
close to bedtime can interrupt your sleep cycle and negatively impact heart health.

We must drink enough water throughout the day to avoid dehydration and prevent
excess water intake at night. One sign of dehydration is dark urine. Drink one glass
of water 30 minutes before a meal to help digestion. Remember not to drink too soon
before or after a meal as the water will dilute the digestive juices. Drink water an hour after
the meal to allow the body to absorb the nutrients. Enjoying a glass of water first thing in
the morning may make it easier to maintain healthy habits and increase your
daily water intake. Drinking water before meals can help increase feelings of fullness and
may promote weight loss in older adults. Water is very important to the human body. Every
one of your cells, organs and tissues use water to help with temperature regulation, keeping
hydrated and maintaining bodily functions. In addition, water acts as a lubricant and
cushions your joints. Drinking water is great for your overall health. With dehydration, the
skin can become more vulnerable to skin disorders and premature wrinkling. Dehydration
can affect brain structure and function. It is also involved in the production of hormones
and neurotransmitters. Prolonged dehydration can lead to problems with thinking and
reasoning. The kidneys regulate fluid in the body. Insufficient water can lead to kidney
stones and other problems. Water may also help with weight loss, if it is consumed instead
of sweetened juice a soda.

CONCLUSION

In Olden days people were following a healthy lifestyle as compared to the modern era,
today we are so influenced by western culture that we forgot our lifestyle of living. People
think that sitting on the floor and having food lowers their standard, but in ancient India,
people used to sit on the floor to have food. Even science says that it is the best posture to
have food. People earlier used to have a healthy diet, and they used to have their meals on
time. Having meals on time helps a person to stay healthy and keeps a balance in blood
sugar and balance the bad cholesterol eating with hands numerous benefits rather than the
cutlery the nerve endings of our fingers are known to stimulate the metabolism.

Also sensing food in your hands, the brain signals the stomach that you are about to eat
and become more conscious about the aromas, taste etc. while eating by hands we can
manage our food portions better, and while eating with hands, people tend to eat slowly as
compared to spoon, and your digestions improve. while eating with hands, a person eats
slowly and feel contended. The person doesn't overeat and has control. The fingers also
sense the temperature of food and, level of spiciness and texture of food, thereby prepping
the stomach for digestion. In olden times the use of plastic was almost zero people in
ancient India use the vessels made of leaves, copper, silver etc. And according to science
these types of vessels have numerous health benefits Banana leaves are thick and
waterproof, making them an excellent choice for serving food. But what makes them more
advantageous to the person eating off of them, is their nutritional benefits Banana leaves
are packed with plant-based compounds called polyphenols, which are the natural
antioxidants.

The warm food served on the plantains stimulates the polyphenols which gets absorbed in
the food. Silver Keeps Food Fresh Wine, water and certain food materials were stored in
silver containers during the olden days as this metal can keep them fresh. Silver kills
microbes and resists their growth. This way, it can preserve the contents for long. The trend
of the copper utensil is coming back as copper bottles or in water purifiers.
copper Combat’s anaemia, Brain stimulator, copper has Strong anti-inflammation agent.
Copper Promotes heart health, Aids weight loss, Aids digestion, Kills bacteria. People
earlier used to store water in a copper vessel at night and drink that water in the
morning. Regularly, one should try consuming water from a copper vessel to help a person
with weight loss. Apart from improving your digestive system perform well, copper will
efficiently help break down and eliminate fat. It also helps in getting rid of harmful waste
from your body nowadays we open our refrigerator and take out our plastic bottle which is

super chilled and drink from it.

The chilled water may relieve us from hot weather, but it is not gentle on our throat.
Secondly, in plastic containers, there are harmful chemicals in plastic that cling onto the
water molecules and pose a health hazard. On another hand Clay pots are porous. When
you store water in a clay pot, the evaporation happens. This process causes cooling as water
particles gain energy in the form of heat, then change to gas and get mixed with air. A clay
pot has small holes visible at the microscopic level through which water seeps out and
gains energy to become gas and gets evaporated causing cooling in olden times in
traditional India people eat their meals on floor seated crossed legs. It is believed that it is
the correct posture to have meals, this posture makes digestion easier and faster hence the
body movement while eating food enhance the speedy digestion. It also removes ailments
like arthritis and have many other benefits. our body is what we eat and make. earlier people
and saints were particular about their food intake. They always prefer to have fresh food.
Also canned and frozen foods were not available that time Fresh fruits and vegetables are
better for you than canned or frozen because the processing removes all the nutrients. The
nutrient content of canned and frozen fruits and vegetables is comparable to fresh and, in
some cases, it may be higher than fresh. Earlier people had a very good knowledge of
Ayurveda. With intake of proper food and doing physical activities people tend to get sick
rarely but when they get sick, they get the help of Ayurveda for cure. One very significant
benefit of waking up early is the reduced stress level. When you rise early, it eliminates the
need to rush in the morning. You can then start your day on an optimistic note, and such
positivity often stays with you throughout the day.
Early risers often go to bed early. Getting up soon is not something that should be followed
irregularly, but it needs to be established as a routine in your life. This translates into better
sleep quality as your body's internal clock adapts to your new sleep routine. People in old
times don't have machines to work, so they do all their work by themselves, which was
made them stronger, and they had more physical movements of the body that act as working
out. From Grinding wheat to the floor to churn milk to get butter, all the tasks were done
by hand or simple machinery operated by hands. It keeps them active and healthy.

In the current scenario people often follows a sedentary lifestyle without proper physical
exercise, they are consuming large of food items which is rich in fat, hence most of the
them are seemed a fat in fact obesity is the gate way of serious illnesses. Homemakers in
the present era are doing some many household chores and they were seemed as very busy,
but in reality, most of the homemakers are doing their household chores with the helping
of aids like washing machine, mixture etc. And they don’t find any time to do physical
exercises that makes them fat which in turn results to the serious illness, it observed that
most of the homemakers were do not drinking proper amount of water when they were at
home and exposure to the sunlight by homemakers are low. Physical
activity or exercise can improve your health and reduce the risk of developing several
diseases like type 2 diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Physical activity and exercise can have immediate and long-term health benefits. Most
importantly, regular activity can improve your quality of life. And most of the housewives
were not having a proper medical check-up instead they were more conscious about the
health of the other members in the family. Getting Regular Medical Check-ups done will
aid in finding out the health issues which are potential before they grow as a serious
problem. If you visit your doctor regularly, they can easily discover the health threats and
diseases in their early stages. Regular check-ups can help find potential health issues
before they become a problem. When you see your doctor regularly, they are able to
detect health conditions or diseases early. Early detection gives you the best chance for
getting the right treatment quickly, avoiding any complications.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review of literature was carried out by the researcher in order to gain in-depth
understanding and it helps the researcher to adopt a more appropriate methodology and the
purpose of the review of literature is to convey to the reader previous knowledge & facts
established on the topic lifestyle diseases among homemakers. Therefore, the review of
literature provided the researcher with an understanding of the literature about the proposed
research. The review of literature helps the researcher for developing research idea, to
consolidate what is already known about the subject and to enable the researcher to identify
any knowledge gap and how the research contribute to further understanding. The reviews
were collected through various sources such as books, journals, articles, Newspaper reports
etc. which had provided insight to the topic. In this review of literature researcher had
included literature review related to lifestyle, lifestyle diseases, lifestyle diseases in women
and lifestyle diseases among homemakers.

2.1 HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

Henderson, E. (2021).explains in his article called “Lifestyle changes can benefit people
with high genetic risk for colorectal cancer “that People with a high polygenic risk score
for colorectal cancer could benefit more at preventing the disease by leading healthy
lifestyles than those at lower genetic risk, People with a high genetic risk and an unhealthy
lifestyle were more than three times as likely to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer than
those with a low genetic risk and a healthy lifestyle. lifestyle scores of unhealthy,
intermediate and healthy were determined according to waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity,
sedentary time, processed and red meat intake, vegetable and fruit intake, alcohol
consumption and tobacco use.

Henderson, E (2021). in an article called “Cognitive behavioral therapy may produce

significant outcomes for obese people” speaks about Quality of life relating to physical and
mental health can be a key element in the treatment of obese adults. For this reason,
interdisciplinary clinical measures including cognitive and behavioural therapy may
produce more significant outcomes for these people, reducing not just weight but also
symptoms of depression. "The interdisciplinary and cognitive-behavioural therapy
program was more effective than the physical exercise and education and health programs.
It promoted greater behavioural changes than the other two programs in factors relevant to
weight control, such as activity level and dietary intake, resulting in more weight loss.
Changes in almost all the variables investigated were observed, including reductions in
weight, body mass index, absolute fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference, and
neck circumference. "Cognitive-behavioural therapy is the most widely accepted
intervention for weight loss in the psychologist's clinical practice. This approach focuses
on the central thoughts and belief systems of individuals who may have inadequate feelings
and behaviours triggered by dysfunctional thoughts about body weight and obesity. In our
study, we observed more frequent interventions and a greater reduction in symptoms of
depression for the group given cognitive-behavioural therapy than the other two groups."

Roeder, A. (2020). in an article named 5 Healthy Habits to Live by point outs that
Maintaining five healthy habits eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, keeping a
healthy body weight, not drinking too much alcohol, and not smoking at middle-age may
increase years lived free of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
Good health is not just the absence of disease or illness, it is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being. This means eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise,
avoiding tobacco and drugs and getting plenty of rest. Living an active life is important to
staying healthy. Staying active helps to reduce your risk of conditions like heart
disease, diabetes, and stroke. Exercise has also been linked to improved mental health and
cognitive function.

Waehner, P. (2020). in her article named How to live a healthier lifestyle highlight that A
healthy person doesn't smoke, tries to maintain a healthy weight, eats healthy foods with
plenty of fruits, vegetables and fibre and, of course, exercises on a regular basis. A healthy
person also knows how to manage stress, gets good quality sleep each night, doesn't drink
too much, doesn't sit too much basically, does everything in moderation all the time. When
you look at everything that could possibly go into a healthy lifestyle, you can see just how
hard all of those things are in our current world. In fact, the trick to healthy living is making
small changes taking more steps each day. Adding fruit to your cereal, having an extra
glass of water, or saying no to that second helping of buttery mashed potatoes. One thing
you can do right now to make your lifestyle healthier is to move more. Eating a healthy
diet is another part of a healthy lifestyle. Not only can a nutritious diet help with weight
management, but it can also improve your health and quality of life as you get older.
Creating a healthy lifestyle doesn't have to mean drastic changes. You may adapt to change
better when it doesn't require you to overhaul your entire life. Just pick one thing and work
on that one thing every day.

Jewell, Tim. (2020). in an article named Healthy lifestyle speaks about A healthy lifestyle
is about more than just proper nutrition and consistent exercise. Getting enough sleep,
taking care of your body and mind, and managing things like medications and doctor’s
appointments also play important roles in staying healthy. healthy lifestyle simply means
doing things that make you happy and feel good. For one person, that may mean walking
a mile five times a week, eating fast food once a week, and spending virtual or in-person
time with loved ones every other day.

Diwekar, R. (2020). in her book titled” The 12- Weeks Fitness Projects” highlights It’s
very important to understand that health is not just a matter of individual responsibility but
our governments and policymakers play a big role too. Take the example of pollution.
Science has now conclusively proven that pollution is an independent risk factor for NCDs
like diabetes, cancer, heart ailments, etc. This means that even if at an individual level you
make all the efforts to eat right, don’t smoke or drink alcohol, work out regularly and sleep
on time, you are still highly susceptible to developing these diseases just because you live
in a polluted city. Another example is policies on advertisement of junk food, especially
those targeted at kids, and its impact on their health. Similarly, governments and
policymakers can make a big impact on our health by regulating plastic.

Greger, M, & Faclm, M.D. (2019). in the book titled “How not to die “point outs that
Society’s shift to a more sedentary lifestyle has been horrible for our health. A lifestyle
with less movement in it is another major killer to stay healthy, you should engage in 90
minutes of moderate exercise or 40 minutes of intense exercise each day Eating lots of
fruits and vegetables will protect you from disease and extend your life. First, a healthy
diet should consist of four servings of fruit, one of which should be berries. Fruit has been
shown to improve lung function and decrease the risk of COPD. The antioxidants in fruit
limit cell damage and reduce inflammation. Don’t worry about sugar; Greger says that the
fibre and nutrients combat the effects of fructose. Berries have the highest number of
antioxidants and are especially important for their immune-boosting qualities and cancer-
fighting abilities. Eating vegetables is also vital whole veggies protect the telomeres on
DNA, which keeps cells healthy as they age and divide. They aid liver and lung functioning
and even cut your risk of certain cancers. leafy greens and one should be a cruciferous
veggie like broccoli or cauliflower. which is an anti-inflammatory molecule with cancer-
fighting properties. Dark leafy greens have the most nutrition per calorie of any food.

2.2LIFESTYLE DISEASES

WHO, (2021). Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend
to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological,
environmental and behavioural factors. The main types of NCD are cardiovascular diseases
(such as heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes. People of all age groups, regions
and countries are affected by NCDs. These conditions are often associated with older age
groups, but evidence shows that more than 15 million of all deaths attributed to NCDs
occur between the ages of 30 and 69 years. Of these "premature" deaths, 85% are estimated
to occur in low- and middle-income countries. Children, adults and the elderly are all
vulnerable to the risk factors contributing to NCDs, whether from unhealthy diets, physical
inactivity, exposure to tobacco smoke or the harmful use of alcohol. These diseases are
driven by forces that include rapid unplanned urbanization, globalization of unhealthy
lifestyles and population ageing. Unhealthy diets and a lack of physical activity may show
up in people as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and
obesity. These are called metabolic risk factors that can lead to cardiovascular disease, the
leading NCD in terms of premature deaths.

Rehman, H., &M.I.A. (2020). in an article named” Covid -19 isolation, and lifestyle
diseases “highlight that the development of cardiovascular disease requires medium to a
long period of risk exposure and lifestyle diseases are all about the habits. The habits start
from the cue which stimulates the brain to begin a behaviour such as a binge eating. The
brain analyses the internal and external environment slowly and gradually, the cue turns to
crave. The person starts to crave for fried food or other junk food. The person starts to
crave the feeling of rest provided by a sedentary lifestyle. The next step is the response.
The lifestyle diseases occur because the physical activity requires more mental and
physical effort, the person avoids such activities. Once the habit is formed, the person does
not want to bring any change in it because till that time he or she gets habituated of that
behaviour. So, the onset of cardiovascular disease can be triggered during the quarantine
period and prolongs because of a long-term sedentary lifestyle during the quarantine as
well as lack of physical activity might become a habit.

A central feature of the management of all the lifestyle diseases is regular physical activity.
The physical activity is classified into four principal types, namely – stretching,
strengthening (bone and muscles), and aerobics. Physical activity facilitates improvement
in insulin sensitivity, uptake of glucose by muscles, and control over sugar. People with
prediabetes are suggested to engage in 60 min of aerobic activity daily. Physical activity is
the best approach for the management of weight. Weight loss can be achieved by
combining restricted energy and physical activity. Regular physical activity helps in
reducing abdominal obesity.

Gyasi, R.M. (2020). In his article named combating lifestyle diseases can make a big
difference in the lives of people Noncommunicable diseases account for about 71% of the
57 million deaths reported around the world every year. Most of these deaths are caused
by diabetes, cancers, heart disease and lung disease. Over 85% of these “premature” deaths
occur in low- and middle-income countries. A big concern is the growing prevalence of
these conditions in older populations. This is especially true in low- and middle-income
countries where populations are currently ageing rapidly. Noncommunicable diseases are,
to some extent, preventable and manageable. But it is estimated that by 2030 they will
cause 75% more deaths than malnutrition and infectious diseases. They also create a
burden of ill health and disability, particularly among older people. Mortality data don’t
always reflect the true personal and family impacts and costs of noncommunicable
diseases. The growing burden of noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income
countries is largely driven by cardiovascular risk factors. They include rapid population
ageing, lifestyle and social behaviour changes. Sedentary behaviour or physical inactivity,
unhealthy diets, tobacco use, harmful drinking and air pollution all contribute to growth in
noncommunicable diseases.

Khan, T. (2020). Lifestyle related disease on the rise in India. states that that Lifestyle
related diseases such as diabetes, thyroid and hypertension are on the rise in India, and
more women are unhealthier than men. The report states that 62 per cent of its participants
fall under either high risk or borderline on the high-risk assessment spectrum. A staggering
71 per cent of the women fall in the unhealthy category and young adults in the 19-30 age
group have the unhealthiest habits and demonstrate a high propensity to be afflicted by
lifestyle diseases. Diabetes and thyroid have both aggrandize in India. Diabetes-related
cases have increased from 7.1 per cent last year to 12 per cent this year. While thyroid
cases have increased from 6.8 per cent to 10.7 per cent during the period. India is also
known as the “diabetes capital of the world” with over 70 million people being
affected. Healthy eating, physical activity and social engagement which includes a happy
family life are the major factors that boost longevity, according to the report. The report
surveyed ninety-year-olds and centenarians to find out their secret of long life. The most
preferred food choices by them included dairy, especially milk, curd and ghee.

Prasad, P., &Mutalik, A. (2019) in an article Risk factors of the lifestyle diseases argues
that More Indian women suffer from depression and anxiety disorders than men, and
women with depression commit suicide more often than men with depression, according
to a first-of-its-kind study, published in Lancet Psychiatry, which quantifies the burden of
mental disorders in India. Additionally, housewives accounted for the second–highest
percentage of all suicide victims in India in 2018, after daily-wage laborers, according to
the latest National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report. That is, 17.1% of all suicide
victims were housewives and more than half of all women suicide victims were
housewives. The Lancet report further makes clear the positive association between
depression and suicide a stronger link for Indian women than for men and a pattern
repeatedly found in several studies. This is when the NCRB report’s details on the most
common causes of suicides in 2018 become important: While ‘family problems’ topped
the list, women committed suicide significantly more often due also to marriage and family
issues and dowry-related issues. The Lancet report also found that one in seven Indians
suffer from mental disorders with depressive and anxiety disorders being the most common
ones, affecting nine crore people, combined. When seen together, the gist is this: crores of
Indian housewives are likely suffering from depression, and, if numbers are anything to go
by, thousands are being increasingly driven to end their lives because of a manageable and
in some cases curable disorder. Nothing can do about the fact that women are biologically
more predisposed to certain kinds of depressive disorders, such as postpartum depression.
However, the social factors such as intimate partner violence and dowry that are
contributing to women’s, especially housewives’, depression, and in turn, pushing them
to suicide, are entirely within our control to eradicate as a society.. A 2018 study published
in The Lancet that looked at suicide rates across Indian states and genders found that even
though India had 17.8% of the global population in 2016, it accounted for 36.6% of the
global suicide deaths among women. “Marriage is known to be less protective against
suicide for women [in India] because of arranged and early marriage, young motherhood,
low social status, domestic violence, and economic dependence,” the study’s authors
concluded. This study also found that suicide ranked first as the cause of death in India for
women between the ages of 15 and 39, which, according to Dr. Patel, is due to the social
transformation that is occurring in India. Expectations regarding social roles, especially
within marriages, are changing, leading to tense relationships between “poorly educated
mothers-in-law” and “better-educated, insubordinate daughters-in-law.”

Singh, K.R., &Fernandes. (2019).in an article Infectious and Non-infectious diseases

states that Rapid development of mankind has led to progress but has also been enduring
uncountable lifestyle diseases. Emerging technologies has drastic change in day-to-day
routines of people, consequences being multiple life-style diseases. Reports suggest high
mortality worldwide owing to lifestyle diseases. Lifestyle is a way in which an individual
cope himself physically, socially, psychologically, and economically through day to day
that is incredibly vital. Lifestyle disturbances results in physical limitations and if are
overlooked can develop into non-communicable diseases. Lifestyle diseases are
characterized on the basis of prevalence on daily habits of individuals and are fallouts of
an inappropriate relationship of individuals with their surroundings. Various factors
contribute to lifestyle diseases, most importantly unhealthy food habits, physical inactivity,
disturbed biological clock, and inappropriate body posture India is among the fastest
developing country in the world and with this rapid development, it has left behind people
with uncountable diseases. These diseases generally are of two types’ communicable or
non-communicable diseases. Non communicable diseases can also be called as lifestyle
diseases. Few to name are diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, blood
pressure/hypertension, etc. With increased urbanization and rapid development in the past
few years the increase in these diseases has reached disturbing proportion, in the recent
years, among Indians. Non communicable diseases have not only become a major health
problem in urban but also in rural population inhabitants. In the general population, non-
communicable diseases are common among the poor and young segments. The decline in
communicable diseases and increase in chronic Non communicable diseases are due to
epidemiological transition is occurring in many states of India.

Pappachan, M. (2019). In his journal Increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases addresses

those Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the major cause of mortality representing
about 30 per cent of all deaths worldwide. Lifestyle diseases like hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, dyslipidaemia and overweight/obesity are the major risk factors for the
development of CVD. With rapid economic development and increasing westernization of
lifestyle in the past few decades prevalence of these diseases has reached alarming
proportions among Indians in the recent years. There is a relationship between high blood
pressure and cardio vascular diseases. Individuals with prehypertension have two-fold
higher risk of mortality associated with stroke and coronary artery disease when compared
with normotensives. In addition, prehypertensive are at higher risk of developing
hypertension and CVD in their later lives. Without lifestyle or pharmacological
intervention these individuals were found to have more than two times higher risk.

Philip, shaju (2019). The report has raised serious concern about sustaining the
achievements of the health sector such as high life expectancy, low infant mortality rate,
low birth and death rates - as lifestyle diseases, or NCDs, such as diabetes, hypertension,
coronary heart disease, cancer and geriatric problems become rampant. “Incidents of
obesity, hyper lipidaemia, heart attack and stroke are also high. Cancer mortality is
extremely high in males in Kerala compared to the national average,” The report blames
rampant modernisation and urbanisation, drastic lifestyle changes, alcohol and tobacco
abuse, affinity for white-collar jobs, unhealthy eating patterns, low priority for physical
exertion, high levels of stress, among others, for the rise of non-communicable diseases in
the state.

Mathur, P (2019). In an article Lifestyle disease: keeping fit for a better tomorrow states
that country has been undergoing a rapid transition in health over the past several decades
– a shift from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases Over the past century,
India has transitioned from an era dominated by disease burden attributed to infectious
diseases, childhood and maternal deaths to an era of lifestyle disease-related chronic
diseases Non-communicable Diseases. These are a group of chronic diseases which begin
in early phase of life and continue to progress if not appropriately intervened over the span
of life leading to sickness and untimely death. Non communicable diseases majorly refer
to cancers, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, mental health and others. They
are together governed by a cluster of risk factors and their determinants, like tobacco and
alcohol use, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, overweight & obesity, pollution and
stress.

Sharma, Mukesh (2018). in his journal highlights that Lifestyle diseases characterize
those diseases whose occurrence is primarily based on the daily habits of people and are a
result of an inappropriate relationship of people with their environment. The main factors
contributing to lifestyle diseases include bad food habits, physical inactivity, wrong body
posture, and disturbed biological clock. rather than genetic factors are the key determinants
of the international variation in cancer rates. Some of the common diseases encountered
because of occupational lifestyle are Alzheimer's disease, arteriosclerosis, cancer, chronic
liver disease/cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes,
hypertension, heart disease, nephritis/CRF, and stroke. Occupational lifestyle diseases
include those caused by the factors present in the vicinity like heat, sound, dust, fumes,
smoke, cold, and other pollutants. The main factors contributing to the lifestyle diseases
include bad food habits, physical inactivity, wrong body posture, and disturbed biological
clock. The diet [or lifestyle] of different populations might partly determine their rates of
cancer, and the basis for this hypothesis was strengthened by results of studies showing
that people who migrate from one country to another generally acquire the cancer rates of
the new host country, suggesting that environmental [or lifestyle factors] rather than
genetic factors are the key determinants of the international variation in cancer rates The
cost to employers of morbidity attributed to non-communicable diseases is increasingly
rapidly.

Rose, A (2018).in this article state that While India might be a third world country based
on socio-economic development parameters, in terms of our lifestyle and health, we have
the same morbidity profile of a first world nation. Lifestyle diseases like cardiovascular,
diabetes, hypertension, asthma and respiratory as well as cancers are on the rise. India has
the highest number of diabetics at 50.8 million according to the World Health Organization,
though only 11% of the population has health insurance. This figure is set to increase to
73.5 million by 2025. Twenty-five million suffer from cardiovascular diseases which
amount to 60% of the global figure. Overcrowding and bad living conditions also increase
stress leading to coronary heart diseases, asthma and cancers. Urbanization makes for a
sedentary life leading to greater obesity. Some of the most common lifestyle diseases
includes Obesity: Unhealthy eating habits, stressful lifestyle, and reduced physical activity
translate to obesity. Anybody who is overweight suffers from breathing issues, blood
pressure, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes etc. This is also the first step to your body
attracting all kinds of other lifestyle diseases. According to the National Family Health
Survey, India has the second highest obese population with 155 million. A number that is
increasing at an alarming rate each year, Type II diabetes: Type II diabetes is the non-
insulin form, which develops in adults due to poor eating habits and bad lifestyle choices.
India has the largest number of diabetics with type II at 40.9 million. This number is
increasing as children are also getting afflicted.

Arteriosclerosis: Arteriosclerosis occurs when the arterial blood vessel walls thicken and
lose elasticity. This causes blood circulation disorders, chest pain, and heart attacks.
Arteriosclerosis is also linked to obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure. Heart diseases:
Any irregularity or abnormality which affects the heart muscle and blood vessel walls can
be referred to as a heart disease. Smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol contribute to its
development in the body. India has over 50 million people suffering from heart-related
issues, giving it the number one rank of heart patients in the world. High blood pressure:
100 million Indians suffer from high blood pressure. Some reasons for high blood pressure
are stress, obesity, genetic factors and unhealthy eating habits Cancer: India has over two
million registered cancer patients. This lifestyle disease is mainly caused by smoking,
unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, stress leading to lowered immunity and therefore
the body’s inability to fight viruses and other infections and finally radiation from the sun.
Stroke: When the blood vessel carrying blood to the brain has a blockage leading to an
oxygen deficiency it usually results in a stroke. High blood pressure, if not taken care of in
time with proper treatment, can lead to a stroke. Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis is a group of liver
disorders. The liver can be affected by heavy alcohol consumption and chronic hepatitis.
This has become a common lifestyle disease as many people consume alcohol on a daily
basis to deal with stress.

Rippe, J.M. (2018).in his article named lifestyle medicine the health promoting power of
daily habits and practices highlights those Multiple daily practices have a profound impact
on both long-term and short-term health and quality of life. This review will focus on 5 key
aspects of lifestyle habits and practices: regular physical activity, proper nutrition, weight
management, avoiding tobacco products, and stress reduction/mental health. This initial
section will focus on general considerations related to each of these lifestyle habits and
practices. In the subsequent section, this information will be applied to specific diseases or
conditions. Physical activity is a vitally important component to overall health and both
prevention and treatment of various diseases.

Regular physical activity has been specifically demonstrated to reduce risk of CVD, type
2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, obesity, and certain types of cancer. The important
role of physical activity in these conditions has been underscored by its prominent role in
evidence-based guidelines and consensus statements from virtually every organization that
deals with chronic disease. In addition, there is strong evidence that regular physical
activity is important for brain health and cognition as well as reduction in anxiety and
depression and amelioration of stress. In addition, physical activity has been shown to
prevent or minimize excessive weight gain in adults as well as reducing the risk of both
excess body weight and adiposity in children. Physical activity decreases the likelihood
that women will gain excessive weight during pregnancy, making them less likely to
develop gestational diabetes. Physical activity may also decrease the likelihood of
postpartum depression.

Tabish,S.A.(2017). Lifestyle diseases are ailments that are primarily based on the day-to-
day habits of people. Habits that detract people from activity and push them towards a
sedentary routine can cause a number of health issues that can lead to chronic non-
communicable diseases that can have near life-threatening consequences. Non
communicable diseases (NCDs) kill around 40 million people each year, that is around
70% of all deaths globally. NCDs are chronic in nature and cannot be communicated from
one person to another. They are a result of a combination of factors including genetics,
physiology, environment and behaviours on communicable diseases are driven by
seemingly unrelated causes such as rapid unplanned urbanization, globalization of
unhealthy lifestyles and population ageing. Apparent causes such as raised blood pressure,
increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity may be representations of deep
lying lifestyle habits. There are a number of risk factors that lead to the onset and
development of NCDs. The various types of risks can be divided into three primary risk
sets: modifiable behavioural risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors and metabolic risk
factors, many of which are common for a number of diseases. Behavioural risk factors such
as excessive use of alcohol, bad food habits, eating and smoking tobacco, physical
inactivity, wrong body posture and disturbed biological clock increase the likelihood of
NCDs. The modern occupational setting (desk jobs) and the stress related to work is also
being seen as a potent risk factor for NCDs. Noncommunicable diseases are expected to
have greater impacts in countries where poverty, malnutrition, poor sanitation, infections,
and weak health and education systems persist. Unfortunately, many low- and middle-
income countries.

2.3LIFESTYLE DISEASES AMONG WOMEN

(Indus Health Plus,2021). On the occasion of World Health Day, Indus Health Plus, trend
report revealed that people in Maharashtra are susceptible to Diabetes (27%) Vitamin B12
Deficiency (23%), Dyslipidaemia, (17%), Obesity (13%) followed by heart diseases (10%)
and Anaemia (10%). The key non-modifiable risk factor is the genetic makeup of an
individual favoured by environmental, age, gender, stress and physiology, metabolism,
which increases the onset and progression of lifestyle diseases. The overall sample size for
the study was 21500 people who underwent preventive health check-ups. Diabetes and
cardiovascular diseases are prevalent in India. These diseases tend to impact people in the
most productive years of their lives and result in social and economic consequences.
Another important aspect is that comorbid conditions like diabetes, obesity, and heart
diseases are high-risk conditions for COVID-19 and hence proper management to keep
them in control are vital especially in this situation. Health means physical, social, mental
wellbeing with absence from diseases. Therefore, ensure regular health check-ups and
follow-ups, personalized diet and lifestyle goals need to be set and followed, keep the
immunity level strong to ensure protection from diseases. The main focus of people should
be on wellness and prevention of lifestyle diseases and to create a culture of healthy living
among the younger generation. The best way to minimize the cost of treating lifestyle
diseases is to invest in preventive healthcare, which accounts for fraction of the money
spent on curative steps.

(WHO,2021). Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend

to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological,
environmental and behavioural factors. The main types of NCD are cardiovascular diseases
(such as heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes. People of all age groups, regions
and countries are affected by NCDs. These conditions are often associated with older age
groups, but evidence shows that more than 15 million of all deaths attributed to NCDs
occur between the ages of 30 and 69 years. Of these "premature" deaths, 85% are estimated
to occur in low- and middle-income countries. Children, adults and the elderly are all
vulnerable to the risk factors contributing to NCDs, whether from unhealthy diets, physical
inactivity, exposure to tobacco smoke or the harmful use of alcohol. These diseases are
driven by forces that include rapid unplanned urbanization, globalization of unhealthy
lifestyles and population ageing. Unhealthy diets and a lack of physical activity may show
up in people as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and
obesity. These are called metabolic risk factors that can lead to cardiovascular disease, the
leading NCD in terms of premature deaths.

Sathish Kumar, k., &Das, p. (2021). In a report on Cancer statistics point outs that Cancer
of the breast (19 PBCRs) and cervix uteri (7 PBCRs) were the most common cancers in
women. The highest burden of breast cancer was observed in metropolitan cities. There is
an increase in the trend of incidence of breast cancer, whereas cervix uteri cancer is on the
decline. A steady increase in breast cancer in most of the PBCRs including newer PBCRs,
poses a great health challenge to women in India. Presently, breast cancer and cervix uteri
are the leading sites of cancer among women in India, posing an important public health
problem that needs important input from various health and other agencies to tackle. A
multidisciplinary approach to breast cancer, including awareness programs, preventive
measures, screening programs for early detection, and availability of treatment facilities,
are vital for reducing both incidence and mortality of cancer in Indian women. The
incidence rate of thyroid cancer among women is increasing, and it is most common in the
districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam in Kerala. The high burden of thyroid cancer
in Kerala could be due to overdiagnosis, as was observed even in high-income and low- and
middle-income countries.

(WHO,2021). Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not
produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is
a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many
of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels. Type 2 diabetes (formerly
called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset) results from the body’s ineffective use of
insulin. The majority of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes is
largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity. Symptoms may be similar
to those of type 1 diabetes, but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be
diagnosed several years after onset, after complications have already arisen. Type 1
diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is
characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of
insulin. Neither the cause of Type 1 diabetes nor the means to prevent it are known.
Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia with blood glucose values above normal but below
those diagnostics of diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Women with
gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of complications during pregnancy and at
delivery. These women and possibly their children are also at increased risk of type 2
diabetes in the future.

Mascarenhas, A. (2021). in her article named Cardiovascular disease among women on

the rise in India, Finds the Lancet point outs that although globally the prevalence of CVD
among women has been declining, with an overall decrease of 4.3 per cent since 1990,
some of the world’s most populous nations have seen an increase in CVD, including China
(10% increase), Indonesia (7%), and India (3%). These increases indicate a need for
initiatives to expand prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CVD in women who live in
highly populated and industrialised regions. middle-income countries like India, the burden
of cardiovascular disease increases. Apart from lengthening life expectancy resulting in a
longer period of exposure to risk factors, the levels of the risk too rise due to urbanisation,
industrialisation and globalisation propelling changes in behaviours.
“Unhealthy diets and reduced physical activity become common. The health systems are
also less efficient in detecting and controlling risk factors like hypertension and diabetes in
women. Health seeking behaviours of women are impeded by patriarchal family norms.
So, treatment is delayed for cardiovascular risk factors and disease, resulting in preventable
strokes and heart attacks. We need to address the determinants of risk through health
promotion and disease prevention while increasing the responsiveness and efficiency of
health systems to provide timely diagnosis and treatment,” he said.

Suresh gunnal, G., & ojha, A. (2021). in an article called India’s burden of heart diseases
study says elderly women more at risk The range of self-reported CVD in those aged 45-
59 years varies from 34 per cent in Chandigarh, Jammu & Kashmir and Haryana to 14 per
cent in Odisha, Chhattisgarh and 15 per cent in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, said the LASI
report. In the next age group (60+ years), a majority was diagnosed with CVD in states like
Goa (60 per cent), Kerala (57 per cent), Chandigarh (55 per cent), Jammu and Kashmir (51
per cent) while the prevalence was low in Nagaland (16 per cent), Chhattisgarh (21 per
cent) and Uttar Pradesh (22 per cent). Numerous studies have also pointed out that CVD
remains the number-one threat to women’s health as more women than men die annually
due to these diseases. Along with the age-sex structure, the place of residence, too, plays a
big role in the onset of these diseases. With the increased consumption of processed,
energy-dense food and dependence on machines for physical work, the urban population
are more in danger of getting heart ailments than their rural counterparts.

B, F. (2021). in an article named overweight and obesity in women Health risk and
consequences studies that the evidence for the adverse effects of obesity on women's health
is overwhelming and indisputable. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is central to the
metabolic syndrome and is strongly related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in
women. Obese women are particularly susceptible to diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, puts
women at dramatically increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity
substantially increases the risk of several major cancers in women, especially
postmenopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Overweight and obesity are
associated with elevated mortality from all causes in both men and women, and the risk of
death rises with increasing weight. Curbing the twin epidemics of obesity and diabetes calls
for not only changes in diet and lifestyle at individual levels but also changes in policy,
physical and social environment, and cultural norms.

Maurya, A., &Brahmachari, S. (2020) In a journal named current status of Breast cancer
management in India point outs that breast cancer is the most common cancer in urban
Indian women. Indian women present at younger age and with advance disease. Due to
heterogeneous structure of Indian society, there is great disparity in awareness, education,
treatment affordability, access to healthcare and general outlook towards the breast cancer.
Treatment facilities are concentrated in larger cities. Survival from disease is poor in Indian
women. Here we have reviewed epidemiology, risk factors, pathology and management of
breast cancer in India to emphasize the differences in breast cancer of Indian and western
women so that we can make necessary changes in management protocol suggested by
western researchers.
(WHO,2020). WHO and its specialized International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) have released two reports to mark World Cancer Day: one aimed at setting the
global agenda on the disease; the other focused on research and prevention. The World
Cancer Report said according to the estimated cancer burden in India in 2018, there are
about 1.16 million new cancer cases, 784,800 cancer deaths, and 2.26 million 5-year
prevalent cases in India’s population of 1.35 billion. In India, the six most common cancer
types were breast cancer (162,500 cases), oral cancer (120,000 cases), cervical cancer
(97,000 cases), lung cancer (68,000 cases), stomach cancer (57,000 cases), and colorectal
cancer (57,000). Together, these account for 49% of all-new cancer cases. Of the 570,000
new cancer cases in men, oral cancer (92,000), lung cancer (49,000), stomach cancer
(39,000), colorectal cancer (37,000), and oesophageal cancer (34,000) account for 45% of
cases. The report added that of the 587,000 new cancer cases in women, breast cancer
(162,500), cervical cancer (97,000), ovarian cancer (36,000), oral cancer (28,000), and
colorectal cancer (20,000) account for 60% of cases. The report noted that there is a clear
decreasing trend in the incidence rates of cervical cancer in most regions in India (annual
percentage change, -2.0% to -3.5%), with age-standardized incidence rates as low as 6 per
1,00,000 in women in Kerala. India accounts for about one fifth of the global burden of
cervical cancer, despite decreasing incidence rates in several regions of the country. Thus,
elimination of cervical cancer in India will have a major impact on global elimination of
the disease as a public health problem. Cervical cancer disproportionately affects women
with lower socio-economic status, who are at a considerable disadvantage in the
availability of and access to public health services for prevention and early detection, and
therefore this is an equity issue.

Shetty.R, &Vijayakumar. M. (2020). in an article named incidence and pattern of cancer

in India highlights that the incidence of cancer is on the rise in India as well as around the
globe. Earlier oral, breast, and cervical cancers constituted a major burden of cancer in
India. However, the recent world statistics suggest that the proportion of lung, colorectal,
breast, and prostate cancers is increasing. The Indian National Cancer Registry reports
provide robust data regarding the cancer incidence in India. Cancer incidence is
continuously increasing in India. Earlier studies have reported that oral, cervical, and breast
cancers constitute the common malignancies in India, comprising about 34% of all the
reported cases. Cancer treatment causes a significant burden on the healthcare delivery
system as the majority of patients present at later stages. This also causes a significant
economic strain on the patients, particularly those from the lower socio-economic
strata. The incidence and pattern of distribution of cancers across the country can provide
valuable insights to the policy makers and advocacy groups to improve the planning for
the prevention and early diagnosis of cancer. Moreover, it can help to appropriately allocate
resources towards cancer screening programs, based on the geographical distribution of
specific cancers.

Sofi, J. (2020). in an article named breast cancer in India point outs that Breast cancer
diagnosis is never easy; it is especially hard when the woman is in her 30’s and has just started
planning a future for herself and her family. One woman gets diagnosed with breast cancer
every 4 minutes in India, and one woman dies of breast cancer every 13 minutes, making it
the most prevalent cancer among Indian women. Women in India are generally diagnosed at
a later, more advanced stage with poor prognosis. About 1 in 28 women are expected to
develop breast cancer during their lifetime. By 2030, breast cancer will cause most deaths
among women in India than any other malady. An increase in weight, lack of exercise,
hormone replacement therapy, the combined oral contraceptive pill, stress, and probably late
work shifts are some factors that increase the risk of breast cancer. Almost 50 percent of breast
cancer patients first visit the doctor when they are in stage 3, and 15-20% of patients visit
when they are in phase 4. In one study, scientists estimated that 10-year survival rates for
women fell from 75 percent for stage 1 breast cancer patients to 5 percent for phase 4 patients.
In the United States, 90 percent of women with breast cancer survive five years; in India, only
66 percent survive.

India is still a patriarchal country, and while women are now in responsible positions and
earning for their families, it’s the men who are generally the head of the household. Even
educated professional women do not discuss private matters about their bodies with their
husbands, fathers, or brothers, so it’s essential to direct health messages towards men to
increase their awareness of and willingness to discuss the problem. Their understanding is
pivotal in enabling female family members to access medical help at the earliest stage.
Khandelwal, R. (2020). in an article called Breast cancer is undiagnosed in India states that
Breast cancer is the number one cancer among Indian women, with over 1.5 lakh new
breast cancer patients recorded in India in 2018. It accounts for 14 percent of all
cancers among women. Today, one in every 28 women (1 in 22 women in urban Indian, 1
in 60 women in rural India) is at risk of developing breast cancer in her lifetime. The
number of breast cancer cases reported each year is, unfortunately, rising at higher rates
than ever. Breast cancer accounts for more than 27% of all new cancer cases. There is an
increase in the trend of new cancer patients, and the age group of new patients coming
annually have gradually dropped from <55 years to under 40 years of age. n India on the
other hand, the survival rates are quite low due to high population and low awareness ratio.
One out of two women diagnosed with breast cancer die within the next five years which
attributes to 50% mortality rates. One of the biggest reasons for the high mortality rates is
a late diagnosis which is primarily due to lack of awareness and the absence of proper
breast cancer screening programme, diagnosis at advanced stage and unavailability of
appropriate medical facilities. Majority of breast cancers are diagnosed at a relatively
advanced stage. Many patients in the urban areas are diagnosed at stage two when the
lesions become palpable lumps, but in most cases from rural areas, these lesions are
diagnosed only after they transform to metastatic tumours.

While the exact causes of breast cancer are still unknown, several risk factors have been
identified through years of medical research. It is still unclear why some women who have
no risk factors can also develop breast cancer while some women who are at very high risk
never get affected. It is best to stay cautious and aware of warning signs, risk factors and
preventive measures. The risk factors for breast cancer include genetics and heredity,
sedentary lifestyle, late or no pregnancy, use of oral contraception, early start to
menstruation, late menopause, excessive intake of alcohol, smoking, increasing obesity
among youngsters, stress and poor dietary intake – these factors have been attributed to
increase in the incidences of breast cancer among the young Indian women.

Manimekalai, k., &veeramani, p. (2020). in a study infertility an alarming situation in

India highlights that Child bearing and rising of children are extremely important
endeavours in every Women’s life and are strongly related with the ultimate goals of
completeness, happiness and for family integration. It is widely recognized that human
existence reaches completeness through a child and satisfies the individual’s need for
reproduction. Unfortunately, human fertility is comparatively low than other species of
animal kingdom in the recent days. For women, motherhood is not only a foundation of
status and power; it is the only opportunity for women to ensure their marital security.
Weak marital ties did not affect men’s social identity, security or power. But on women
Psychosocial, social, emotional and physical consequences of infertility are harsher for
women than men. The problem of infertility is a raising concern in India and the reason
needs to be discovered. Limited information is available about the extent of infertility, its
social impact on Women, availability of treatment and treatment (infertility) seeking
behaviour of infertile women. Above all it is a costly affaire and the women those who are
undergoing this treatment physically suffer a lot. This study is attempted to gain knowledge
regarding the causes of infertility, the problems and the challenges of infertile women and
the extent of psycho-social and economic sufferings of infertile women. Keywords:
Infertility, Women. Due to modernisation and urbanisation young couples prefer a lifestyle
choices and weekend parties which is unhealthy, the processed food they take also
contribute to infertility, smoking, alcohol and recreational drugs or common among the
couples. Smoking is one of the worst practices as it reduces as the quality of eggs. Further,
number of women is smoking than before with regard to men they take supplements for
body building which is known to reduce the sperm count. Working women, they get
married very late, they are economically well of and career compels let them to delay child
bearing. When the age increases the quality of eggs decreases hence the changes of
pregnancy is also very minimum, they lead a corporate lifestyle.

Ramirez, P.T(2020). in a journal called cancer in uterus had highlighted that Most cancers
of the uterus begin in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) and are more precisely
termed endometrial cancer (carcinoma). In the United States, it is the most common
gynaecologic cancer and the fourth most common cancer among women. This cancer
usually develops after menopause, most often in women aged 50 to 60. Over 90% of
cases occur in women over 50. About 75 to 80% of endometrial cancers are
adenocarcinomas, which develop from gland cells. Fewer than 5% of cancers in the
uterus are sarcomas. Sarcomas develop from connective tissue and tend to be more
aggressive. Oestrogen promotes the growth of tissue and rapid cell division in the lining
of the uterus (endometrium). Progesterone helps balance the effects of oestrogen. Levels
of oestrogen are high during part of the menstrual cycle. Thus, having more menstrual
periods during a lifetime may increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Tamoxifen, a drug
used to treat breast cancer, blocks the effects of oestrogen in the breast, but it has the
same effects as oestrogen in the uterus. Thus, this drug may increase the risk of
endometrial cancer. In about 5% of women with endometrial cancer, heredity plays a
role. About half of endometrial cancers that involve heredity occur in women who have
or who have relatives who have a hereditary form of colon cancer called Lynch syndrome
(hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

S.k.s., &Gupta, j. (2020). in an article called socio-economic correlates and spatial

Heterogeneity in the prevalence of Asthma among young women in India point outs that
Asthma is one of the leading causes of disease burden when measured in terms of disability
adjusted life years, despite low prevalence of self-reported cases among young women.
This paper deals with the meso-scale correlates and spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence
of self-reported Asthma across 640 districts in India, the prevalence of Asthma was further
aggravated among women from the households without a separate room for kitchen, as
well as those using unclean fuel for cooking. The poor-rich ratio in the prevalence of
Asthma across various States/UTs in India depict inherent inequality. prevalence of
Asthma among women across 640 districts in the country. Secondly, it looks into the socio-
economic and behavioural factors affecting the prevalence of Asthma among women in
India. In view of these research questions, the major objectives of the paper are to
understand the key socio-economic, behavioural and ecological determinants of Asthma
among women aged 15–49 years in India and the spatial variations in its clustering.

Singh, A., &Kumar, T. (2020).in an article Prevalence of risk factors of common non-
communicable diseases point outs that In India, due to high rates of urbanization and
economic improvement, there is a shift in disease spectrum from communicable to non-
communicable diseases. Non-communicable disease contributes to around 5.87 million
(60%) of all deaths in India. The level of exposure and vulnerability to non-communicable
diseases is more in women than men. The present study was done in a community setting
to identify the prevalence and distribution of risk factors for common non-communicable
diseases among young adult women.

Falck, S. (2019). in an article called How does diabetes affect women studies that Diabetes
is a chronic disease that impairs blood sugar regulation in the body. Both men and women
can develop diabetes, but some symptoms are more likely to affect women. Many of the
symptoms of diabetes are common to both men and women, but some features are specific
to women. Women with diabetes may be more likely to experience a yeast infection, or
thrush, in the mouth and vagina. Women with diabetes have a higher risk of a urinary tract
infection (UTI). In a 2015 review, 12.9 percent of women Trusted Source studied
developed a UTI within the first year of receiving a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Only 3.9
percent of men experienced one.

Budania, R. (2019).in an article named Diabetes in women warning signs that most ignore
highlights that One of the most common metabolic disorders that women suffer from
is diabetes. In diabetes, the body is unable to process or produce insulin. Insulin is
responsible for converting blood sugar to energy. High levels of sugar in the blood can lead
to complete organ failure. Anyone can get this disease irrespective of social strata, race,
gender and age. Since women react differently to diabetes because of different hormones
and how inflammation manifests itself in their bodies, their symptoms are slightly varied
from diabetic men. Since diabetes can cause damage to the nerves, different areas of the
body can get affected. Women may lose sensation in their legs, hands and their vaginal
areas thus leading to sexual dysfunction.

2.4LIFESTYLE DISEASES AMONG HOME MAKERS

Even today there is a major portion of women in India who are deprived of their basic
rights like education, are forced into marriage early on, are not allowed to work, but to
name a few of the hardships they face for being a woman. The picture is same not only in
India but many other developing countries. There are some startling facts about women
health in India that can give you a clear idea of how women in India are deprived of their
basic rights, needs, and their health scenario the primary answer to issues with women
health is the gender inequality 15 issue but then there are others which also include the
poor healthcare system of the country. Depending on the nutrient intake, nutritional
deficiency can manifest like protein energy malnutrition, night blindness, and iodine
deficiency disorders, anaemia, stunting, low Body Mass Index and low birth weight.
Improper nutritional intake is also responsible for diseases like coronary heart disease,
hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and cancer. The current situation
can be certainly worked upon, improved and brought under control. But it requires
immense amount of dedication and reforms in the Indian Healthcare system that need to
be implemented as well as monitored consistently. Simultaneously, there is also a need to
work on bringing awareness amongst the society about the gender equality and equal
opportunity in terms of education, health and work for women.

Balakrishnan,R (2020). speaks about A homemaker’s work never ends. In between

cleaning, cooking, mopping, taking care of the children, and sometimes care-giving for
elders, her life is an endless whirl of chores to complete and things and people to take care
of. Being a homemaker is a choice for some, and a necessity for many who do not have a
support system to fall back upon. These homemakers, apart from taking on an additional
workload of having a working spouse and children at home, also have the onus of keeping
their families positive and in good health as we face uncertainty. It’s important at this time
to ask family members for help and support. If the other family members are healthy and
fit, try to divide chores. Get the husband to help with teaching the kids, or washing clothes,
washing dishes, sweeping, mopping, or even cooking. Divide chores. Children can help
with cutting vegetables or washing dishes.

If your child is young, they can do fun supervised activities like watering the garden,
plucking spinach leaves from stems, etc. This is a time to do things together. If possible,
cook in bulk and freeze While many women may be homemakers out of choice, there are
many who have left plum jobs to take care of their families. Some have given up on their
careers to help their spouses move cities and follow their dreams; others stay to look after
the elderly. So, it’s heartening to note that the National Sample Survey’s Office (NSSO) is
all set to undertake a study to estimate the value of unpaid work, especially household
chores, by women. This is in fact, the first step towards registering India’s unpaid labour
force, a large part of which are homemakers. It’s also time to raise our voices against the
misogyny ruling the internet in the form of forwards denigrating women and the work they
do. Do not forward them, even for a laugh. Homemakers are our superheroes without capes.
Krishnanunni, Lakshmi. (2020). in her journal state that Housewives takes a leading role
in the family and society. Homemakers never compromise with the safety and health of
their families but they compromise on their health. She herself takes the central role to do
every household chore like preparing food, accompanying her children for various
activities, etc. Homemakers can hold multiple things within her arms and are judiciously
concerned more about her entire family. The family members don’t see the homemaker’s
darker picture, especially regarding her health and hence she places herself inside the knot
“ailments” and few common susceptible health issues faced by homemakers. are Sprain: If
you are one who falls among the neat freak loop, there is a higher chance for you to end up
with a sprain injury. Always, take care of yourself while you are shifting things from one
place to another, while mopping the floor, washing the rooms, carrying heavy groceries,
washing clothes, as there is an increased risk of losing your balance. Back Injuries: Back
injuries are another common cause of back pain. It can be caused due to the regular lifting
of heavy objects, making you put extra strain on your back muscles. It can end up leaving
you with inflammation and pain in the lower extremity. Musculoskeletal Pain: About 1.7
billion individuals worldwide suffer from Musculoskeletal disorder. It is commonly seen
in both developed and developing countries. It affects muscles, ligaments, joints, tendons,
supportive Housewives often take too many domestic roles. But, how to remain fit and
healthy and to keep all health ailments at the bay is a major challenging task. Eating food
at the right time, proper exercise and staying well hydrated can make your health and
overall health of your family.

Jain, A., & Jain, N. (2020). Lifestyle disease in women,7. States that lifestyle as a
socioeconomic status today. Women play multiple roles Sedentary schedule, stress, lack of
physical activity, sleep deprivation and unhealthy eating habits are the main cause for
metabolic imbalance which leads to this group of diseases. Therefore, life style disorders
are the disease that is not transmitted by another person, a vector, or the environment or it
is disease caused by how we live our life. Along with that there are certain other factors
such as heredity, age and gender which cannot be avoided or controlled. But the other
factors that can be avoided or controlled are drug abuse, tobacco smoking and alcohol
drinking. Work pressures lead them to eat more of junk food which leads to obesity.
Obesity does not just happen overnight; it develops gradually from poor diet and lifestyle
choices. For example - eating unhealthy food, fast food of high fat but not eating fruit,
vegetables and unrefined carbohydrates, such as whole meal bread and brown rice.

M, I., &S, Kavitha. (2020).in an article named Knowledge and awareness on risk factors
of Breast cancers among Homemakers Globally the major cause of cancer associated death
among women is breast cancer. Reports showed that all over world approximately 1.15
million women are affected by breast cancer. Lack of awareness and late diagnosis are the
prime reasons behind the raising mortality associated with breast cancer. Breast cancer is
becoming the principal cause of mortality worldwide and has greater impact in developing
countries. The aim of the present study is to access the knowledge and awareness on risk
factors of breast cancers among homemakers. About 150 participants were involved in the
study. Self-administered questionnaire of close ended questions was prepared related to
risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic modalities, prevention and treatment of breast cancer
and distributed among homemakers through online survey forms. In the present study about
62.7% were aware of risk factors of breast cancer and 37.3% were not aware. Regarding
the information source of breast cancer risk factors, most of the participants (43.3%)
responded to from school or college education. The majority of the participants (60.7%)
were aware that breast cancer is among the most prevailing cancers among women.
Regarding the risk factors of breast cancer, 36% responded to obesity,10% responded to
advanced age and 54% responded to family history of breast cancer. The majority of the
participants (56.7%) responded age as a major risk factor. In the present study, knowledge
and awareness on the breast cancer, risk factors among homemakers are moderate.

Singh, A. (2020). highlights in the article named Housewives a risk group account for
78.5% of cancer cases among women Bad food habits, stress and lack of exercise to be
blamed, say experts; among men, govt employees were the most likely to develop the
disease staggering 78.5% of the women in Chandigarh who developed cancer were
housewives, the population-based cancer registry (PBCR) for the years 2015 and 2016 has
revealed. The registry further reveals that one in every 8th woman and one in every 9th
man in Chandigarh is at risk of developing cancer. In the years 2015 and 2016, PBCR
registered 1,800 cancer cases, of which 907 were males and 893 were females. The age-
adjusted incidence rate for males is 96.6 per 1,00,000 population and for females, it is 100.9
per 1,00,000 population. The cumulative risk for the age group 0-74 years in males is
11.6% (1 in 9 men is at risk of developing cancer) and in females, it is 12.2% (1 in 8 females
is at risk of developing cancer),” the report states. Of the 893 female cancer patients, 706
were housewives while 111 (12.4%) were government employees, the registry data shows.
Among the men, government employees formed 42.3% of the total 907 cases. Among
women, breast cancer is the leading site, which is due to bad food habits, restricted activity,
and high-stress levels. Most of the cases we receive at PGIMER are in the advanced stages
because women do not screen themselves regularly. Regular exercise and low stress levels
can decrease the incidence of cancer. The type of cancers in Chandigarh are mostly found
in affluent societies which are linked to bad lifestyle,” said Dr Pankaj Malhotra.

Bhattacharya, S. (2019). In the changing global socio-economic and epidemiological

landscapes, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are affecting the health and wellbeing of
populations. The burden is worse among people in low- and middle-income countries with
more than 32 million deaths attributable to NCDs each year. This scenario can be explained
through the concept of collateral damage, where intentional actions often lead to adverse
consequences alongside the primary outcomes. Thus, NCDs can be viewed as collateral
damage of unplanned urbanization, rapid globalization, fast pace of life etc., In addition, a
lack of appropriate public health approaches has aggravated the situation. It is essential to
build a collaborative approach engaging public health agencies to ensure that the
developmental initiatives are without the threat of collateral damages and are people-
friendly. This will help in reducing the burden of NCDs in primary care settings.

Shabo, Bansi. (2019).in her article proposes that Overweight and obesity are the most
prevalent nutritional disorders in developed and developing countries due to rapid
urbanization. Presently, the incidence of overweight, obesity and their related co-
morbidities is increasing rapidly in India. Obesity itself is not an acutely lethal disease, but
is a significant risk factor associated with a range of serious non-communicable diseases.
Obesity is a major player responsible for increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus,
hypertension, cancer and lipid disorders. This has been a century of great revolution and
change. In the 21 st century, changes were noted not only in the science and technology but
also in the life-style of people. Changes in the life-style made life easier and marked the
beginning of certain chronic ailments such as obesity, cardiovascular disorders, endocrine
disorders and osteoarthritis. Obesity has emerged as the most prevalent serious public
health problem. It is a complex disorder, which is a detrimental to good health and well-
being.

Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in prosperous communities and is the
result of an incorrect energy balance leading to an increased storage of energy, mainly as
fat. It is the most common nutritional disorder among the higher socio-economic group in
developing and developed countries. Obesity is becoming most prevalence health problem
world-wide in most of the populations, affecting children, adolescents, adults and specially
housewives (HWs) or women. Obesity develops over time and, once it develops, is difficult
to treat. The excess of fat in men tends to accumulate in the upper abdomen. In women, the
favoured sites for the accumulation of fat are the hips, thighs and buttocks. of the fat at
site is to be considered a predominant factor for metabolic disorders of obesity.

However, the overall incidence of obesity was found to be higher among women than
men.
The world-wide obesity problem can be viewed as a consequence of the substantial social,
cultural and economic problems now observed in developing and newly industrialised
countries. In India, the increased levels of obesity are primarily associated with the
transformation from rural to urban life-style. However, it is evident that this phenomenon
is more profound among the urban populations in comparison to the rural ones. Regardless
of its cause, obesity may be associated with a variety of risks. Obesity causes or exacerbates
many health problems, both independently and in association with other diseases. It is
related to the risk for developing heart diseases, non-insulin dependent diabetes and
cancer. It also creates an enormous psychological burden on individuals. Thus, obesity is
associated with a significant Obesity is a multi-factorial phenomena and associates with
age, sex, economic status, marital status, smoking, physical activity, education, ethnicity,
levels of leisure time, parity, family history of obesity, alcohol consumption and dietary
habits. In compare to men, such determinant factors of obesity were frequently
accumulated in women; the findings of many studies have shown that the incidence and
the prevalence of obesity in women is higher in many countries compared to men and
surprisingly the ratio is higher by 10-15% in women than in men. Number of studies
revealed that the prevalence of obesity is higher in women compared to men and it's
associated with socio-economic status and life-style.

(Indian express 2019). in a study addresses that Housewives are at an increased risk of
suffering from heart disease and strokes as compared to women who go to work, a new
study has shown. And experts blame the more sedentary lifestyles of ladies who stay at
home, as they are more likely to smoke, be less educated, drink more, be overweight and
suffer from depression all contributory factors. One theory suggests that women with more
roles, for example, family and employee roles, may have a better health profile than women
with fewer roles, although the strength of this association may vary as the result of different
levels of job demands and job control. Because of the fact that many women assume
multiple roles as homemakers, primary caretakers for children and elderly parents, in
addition to being employed outside of the home, the investigation of the health-
employment relationship among women is complex.

Bhuyan, K.C. (2019). in his article Factors responsible for non-communicable the author
highlights those non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are medical conditions which last for
longer duration generally with slow progression. The disease is non-infectious and non-
transmissible but is a chronic one with a power to create health hazard of different types if
it starts once in the body of human being. There are four main types of NCDs and these are
cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases
(like chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes, kidney diseases,
osteoporosis. Diabetes is a component of NCDs and NCDs are the major health burden in
both developed and developing countries [5]. There were many studies about the global,
regional and national burden of diseases especially the NCDs and death due to these
diseases [5,8- 10]. More than 36 million people die annually from NCDs and this figure is
63% of all annual deaths [11,12]. This total death includes 14 million people who die too
young before the age 70 years. More than 9 million of all deaths attributed to NCDs occur
before the age 60 years and 80% of all NCDs deaths occur in low- and middle-income
countries [13]. Like many low-income countries Bangladesh is in the midst of an
epidemiologic transition where the burden of disease is shifting from profile dominated by
infectious diseases, under-nutrition and conditions of childbirth to one increasingly
characterized by NCDs [12]. The NCDs are responsible for half of annual mortality (51%)
and almost half of the burden of disease (41%)

Sharma, Neetu Chandra (2018).in an article states that Eating habits of Indians,
especially women, are not healthy as around 10% of them consume fried foods daily and
36% weekly, according to the National Family Health Survey Over half of all Indians,
especially women, eat an unbalanced diet devoid of fresh fruits, green vegetables, pulses,
meat and milk products that are needed to lead a healthy life, A well-balanced diet is one
that contains enough proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Obesity is a
condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an
adverse effect on health. There are many reasons why a person becomes obese, and in
case of homemakers, the main cause of obesity can be their sleeping habits, or the type
of food they eat regularly, or lack of physical exercises. There are many risk factors of
obesity which the homemakers should be aware of to reduce the chances of obesity and
keep their lives healthy. The aim of the study was to create awareness on risk factors of
obesity among homemakers. Obesity is directly linked to a number of different illnesses,
including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, gallstones and gastro-oesophageal reflux
diseases and as well as psychological and psychiatric abnormalities.

G, Rajiv (2018).in a report speaks about Obesity is the latest threat among Keralites which
has increased the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD). Now, Kerala holds the
second spot for obesity in the country, right next to Punjab. Also, in Kerala obese women
outnumbered obese men. A study conducted by Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science
Studies found that 44% women in Kerala are obese and among them 71% have abdominal
obesity.

Nehal, Shah (2018).in a journal states that Women are the most integral entities of any
societies of any country world over Just like her overall development and growth decides
the future of that country similarly her living conditions, health and social status reflects
the mentality and health of that society. According to sexual division of labour in family,
men are considered as the breadwinners, whereas women should be responsible for
housework’s. Traditional roles of women have changed, to some extent, by beginning of
the industrial revolution, so they spend most of their time doing outdoor activities instead
of doing just housework.

Mishra, Dr. Venkatesh, (2018). in an article state that People think that a homemaker
has all the time in the world to do whatever she wants and hence, has more than enough
time to devote to her fitness. Sadly, in the real world, a homemaker has the least time to
devote to herself. The day she decides to go to the gym will probably be the day, something
comes up at home that takes a higher priority. Get rid of junk food: The tendency to snack
between meals is highest when you are at home. Hence, get rid of them completely. Instead,
stock fruits and try making your own version of healthy snacks. Even chips made at home
are healthier than their processed variants. Look for short workouts: Often, homemakers
do not find the time to go for a long walk or join an exercise class. Many women take up
gym subscriptions but hardly go to the gym. If you do not have the time for a long workout,
try small 5–10-minute workouts in the middle of your day. These workouts help burn a
large number of calories in a short time. Drink plenty of water: Start the day by filling a
few bottles and tell yourself that you have to finish them by the end of the day. Drinking
water keeps you hydrated and satiated thus reducing the urge to snack. This also helps flush
toxins out of your body. Don’t skip breakfast: In feeding everyone else, do not forget to
have breakfast yourself. If you do not have time to sit down to this meal, make yourself a
quick smoothie for an on-the-go breakfast. Breakfast gives you the energy to get through
the day and helps start up your metabolism. Do not eat food made for your children: Many
mothers find themselves munching on their children’s food while they make it or finishing
up their children’s food. These are unwanted calories. If you have a habit of eating your
child’s food while you make it, try keeping something healthier easily accessible so that
you can change your habit. Get a good night’s sleep: The body needs sleep to repair
muscles and regenerate cells. Aim for at least 8 hours of sleep a day. This also helps boost
your mental and emotional health. The easiest way to improve the quality of our sleep is
by banning electronics from your bedroom. National Institute of Nutrition in India recently
released a report on its foundation day, in which it was revealed that your gender will define
whether or not are you at risk of suffering from hypertension. It was mentioned in the report
that 31% men and 26% women in urban localities of India suffer from hypertension.

Sudhakaran,p(2017).lifestyle changes and job oriented and job-oriented concerns have

resulted in a spike in gynaecological problems among women in Kerala, "In the urban
environment, our lifestyle has changed and there is less physical activity which has caused
an increase in women. “Today ‘s women are more concerned about their career and this
job-oriented approach has also affected their health. Cases of endometriosis in which the
tissue that lines the inside of the uterus grows outside the uterus, has gone up considerably
as are the cases of polycystic ovary. Another major cause of concern is gestational diabetes
high blood sugar during pregnancy. Thiruvananthapuram: In Kerala, women who suffer
from diabetes get less care and medical assistance when compared to men. This despite
women having three times higher risk of having heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure and
cancers than men. Staying healthy is on everyone’s mind these days and contrary to popular
opinion, in today’s fast paced world, even housewives live life at breakneck speed.
Coalescing health and fitness into a housewife’s lifestyle is difficult as her role is far
trickier than it is thought to be. It is essential that housewives must take care of their well-
being as their bodies also undergo many physical changes with age. With slowing
metabolism, weight gain begins to make itself known in subtle ways, slowly and surely.
Stress and lifestyle related diseases also begin to raise concerns on overall health of women
who neglect exercise.

Houston, B, K (2017). in an article addresses that more marital dissatisfaction for

homemakers but not for women employed outside the home. Greater underutilization of
skills for both groups of women was associated with more self-reported tension and poorer
quality of marital relations but was not associated with health problems. Less reported
tension was associated with greater overall social support for homemakers and greater
social support from supervisors for women employed outside the home. Better quality of
marital relationships was associated with greater overall social support for homemakers
and greater social support from husbands and relatives/friends for women employed
outside the home. For women employed outside the home, social support from supervisors
and co-workers were found to moderate some of the relations between job stress and
measures of psychosocial strain. Social support for homemakers, however, evidenced no
moderating effects for relations involving job stress. Possibly because of low mean number
and small variability in number of children in these samples, no direct relations or
moderating effects were found for number of children for either group of women. India has
considerable population of women who are homemakers, most of them suffer from
sedentary life style. Inactivity, stress, improper diet pattern due to which they suffer from
poor physiological or psychological health. Stress, responsibilities, lack of motivation and
time for herself makes her more vulnerable to lots of health and fitness issues. By
motivating them to think of themselves as important and vital for families. Mentoring them
of adopting simple physical activities, exercise and diet can help them to lead a healthier
personal and happy family life. Walking on the lawn, mowing the lawn, playing with
children, dancing to music are some fitness tips for women which are easy to adhere to

Dhanuja, V, A (2017). in an article states that Breast cancer rates are rising both in the
developed and the developing world, probably due to increase in life expectancy,
increasing urbanization and adoption of western lifestyles. Incidence of breast cancer is
reported to be increasing in India and it has become the most common cancer among
women. Kerala and its capital city Thiruvananthapuram are also following the same
pattern. Early detection and treatment of breast cancer is highly beneficial as it leads to
increased survival rates and better quality of life to the patient. By identifying the risk
factors and through regular and proper screening practices, we can detect the high-risk
population for this disease and contribute to its prevention and early treatment. to study the
prevalence of known risk factors of breast cancer among women aged 20 years and above
in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. 2. To describe the breast cancer screening practices
prevalent in the study population and to find out the proportion of high-risk individuals
using breast cancer risk calculator.

A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2000 women hailing
from Thiruvananthapuram. General population was invited through mass media to attend
breast cancer screening camps. 2000 women aged more than 20 years who attended the
camps and gave informed consent were included in the study. Data were collected from 40
participants each from 50 camps out of a total of 150 screening camps. A semi structured
pro forma was used to collect the data regarding the sociodemographic profile, the various
known risk factors of breast cancer according to research literature and breast cancer
screening methods undergone. Descriptive statistics was done using SPSS version 16.
Results are expressed in proportions with 95% confidence interval, wherever
appropriate. The mean age of the study population was 45.67 years. Majority of the women
82.5% had never undergone any sort of breast cancer screening. Clinical breast
examination alone was undergone by 9.8%. Breast cancer risk calculator showed that 65%
of the women screened had normal risk, 22.2% had moderate risk and 12.9% had high
risk. Increased prevalence of major known risk factors of breast cancer like positive family
history, low breast-feeding duration, late age at menopause, are found. Also, the prevalence
of modifiable risk factors like obesity and low physical activity are high. Majority of the
study participants have never undergone any breast cancer screening. Breast cancer risk
calculator showed a fairly high prevalence of study participants in high risk and moderate
risk category and therefore women need to be motivated to undergo regular screening.

Pathak, A., &Shirodkar’s. (2017). in an article coronary artery disease in women speaks
about Women, in comparison with men, tend to have a better risk factor profile at younger
ages, whereas the opposite is true at older ages. Although most risk factors for CAD are
similar in men and women, gender differences have been documented, particularly for
diabetes, central obesity and dyslipidaemia. Among Indian women, the presence of
hypertension, diabetes, low levels of high-density lipoprotein and high levels of total
cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein are correlated with CAD. Compared with
whites, Indian men and women have a lower prevalence of hypertension,
hypercholesterolemia, obesity and smoking, but a higher prevalence of high TG, low HDL,
glucose intolerance and central obesity. Prevalence of most risk factors is lower in rural
than in urban India with exception of smoking/tobacco use (Tobacco Paradox).

CAD in women continues to be a major public health problem that represents a leading
cause of death and disability. Women have varied presentation of coronary artery disease.
They can present as asymptomatic with borderline positive non-invasive testing. They can
also present as frank myocardial infarction. Age distribution of coronary artery disease
amongst women showed that elderly women are more affected, this can be secondary to
post-menopausal status. This fact denotes the role of oestrogen and other female
reproductive hormones with occurrence of coronary artery disease. Today oestrogen as a
protective factor for coronary artery disease, wide spread study with multiple parameters
is recommended. Various risk factors including smoking and family history of premature
CAD is noted in our study. Women have varied presentation of coronary artery disease
from single vessel disease to multi vessel disease. Characteristics of coronary lesion also
vary widely amongst women.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problems. It is a
science of various tools and techniques to be followed for collecting and analysing the data,
information and material for the solution of problems identified for investigation. It is
necessary to plan a study and know the research methods and techniques. Depending upon
the research problem, different research methods, tools and techniques can be used. One
can define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a
specific topic.

According to Busha a research is systematic quest for knowledge that is characterized by

discipline inquiry. Efficient and effective approach to expand knowledge is the conduct of
special planned and structured investigations a process known as research. (Chandra 2002).

3.2 TITLE OF THE STUDY

“A Study among home makers on life style diseases.”
3.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
People think that a homemaker has all the time to do whatever they want and hence has
more than enough time to devote to her fitness. But in reality, a homemaker has the least
time to devote herself. The day she decides to go to gym will probably be the day,
something comes up at home that takes a higher priority. Women mainly homemakers
consider their household chores as an exercise and they are not willing to do another
physical exercise compared to men, and this may lead to lifestyle diseases such as Diabetes,
obesity, Hypertension, increased cholesterol level etc. obesity is the latest trend among
Keralites which has increased the prevalence of life style diseases.

A woman is known as multi-faceted and plays some vital roles in our society, as a home
maker, as a wife, as a mother, as a daughter in law she spends in very less or no time to
think about herself. she works 24 /7 without any pay. They are women’s who spend much
more time on household chores. They may not be conscious about them on physical,
mental, emotional wellbeing. Home makers may lack awareness on healthy diet and the
importance of physical activity.

3.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Homemakers or house wives are the main strong pillar of the family, there health is an
important factor, there is a necessary need to make them completely aware about the
lifestyle diseases. And to generate awareness on the importance of leading a healthy life
style. In the current scenario with the rapid economic developing and increasing
westernization of lifestyle the rate of lifestyle diseases is in a high rate. Unhealthy diet and
lifestyle are major factors for these types of non-communicable diseases. Compared to
olden days every home maker makes there house hold chores easy by helping aids like
washing machine and grinder, rest of the time they are spending their time for their husband
and children. Even though they seem always busy by doing their household chores they
are even not more awareness or they don’t pay any strict attention in their own health.

Homemakers may always believe that they are doing several household chores in their
home and they think that there is no need for extra physical exercises, but in reality, these
household chores cannot be always considered as exercise. It may don’t burn enough fat
from home maker’s body. This in turn make them obesity and other health diseases.
3.5 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
Study among home makers on life style diseases.

3.6 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1) To study the socio demographic features of women respondents.

2) To study the awareness of respondents about importance of healthy life style.
3) To study the understanding of home makers on life style diseases.
4) To know the common lifestyle diseases and healthy lifestyle among women
respondents

3.7 CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

HEALTH: - Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO,1948)

LIFESTYLE: - Lifestyle is the interests, opinions, behaviours, and behavioural

orientations of an individual, group, or culture. (Sociology)

LIFESTYLE DISEASES: - A disease associated with the way a person or group

of people lives. (Medicine net, 2017)

HEALTHY LIFE STYLE: -A healthy lifestyle is a way of living that lowers the
risk of being seriously ill or dying early.

HOUSEWIFE: Housewife as a sociological category has been analysed from the

point of women’s wife, mother (Sociology)

3.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

HEALTH: Health can be termed as a condition in which an individual enjoys
overall wellbeing of the body and mind. And free from illness or injuries and able
to live a life with potential.

LIFESTYLE: Life style is the daily way or condition than a individual go

through, it can be said as the pattern of life in the daily basis.

LIFESTYLE DISEASES: Diseases that occurs due to unhealthy life patterns

and unhealthy way of eating etc.

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE: Healthy life style means a healthy way of living

where an individual having healthy diet patterns, adequate physical exercises. Etc
in short there will be an order for life.

HOUSE MAKER: Home maker can be said as a woman who is responsible to

do the household chores every day.

3.9 PILOT STUDY

Pilot study was conducted by the researcher by discussing with professors.

Researcher has also read many articles from various journals articles related in
order to evaluate feasibility, time cost, adverse, events and affect size in an
appropriate sample size and improve upon the study design prior to performance of
full sale research.

3.10 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures guiding
researcher to collect their data and analysis for their research. The most common
research designs that the researchers always use is exploratory, descriptive and
causal. In the present study, descriptive research design is used as a purpose of the
study to obtain and analyse the data
Descriptive research is typically more formal and structured than Exploratory
research (Malhotra, 2005). It is based on large, representative samples and the data
obtained are subjected to quantitative analysis. The findings from this research are
used as input into managerial decision making. In this study, descriptive study is
undertaken in order to ascertain and describe the characteristics of the problem.

3.11 UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY

Universe of the study is the total home makers in the Malayattor Neeleeswaram
grama
panchayat.

3.12 GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF STUDY

15 th ward of Malayattor Neeleeswaram panchayath.

3.13 INCLUSION EXCLUSION CRITERIA

All the home makers in the 15th ward of Malayattor Neeleeswaram panchayat are
included in the study.

EXCLUSION

All other working women are excluded in the study.

3.14 SAMPLE DESIGN

For the selection of the respondent’s researcher has adopted Probability sampling
design and random sampling method. In Probability sampling method every
member of the Population has a chance of being selected. Random
sampling ensures that results obtained from the sample should approximate what
would have been obtained if the entire population had been measured. The
simplest random sample allows all the units in the population to have an equal
chance of being selected.

3.15 SAMPLING SIZE

Research is conducted with 60 home makers in the 15th ward of Malayattor

Neeleeswaram

3.16SAMPLE UNIT

Single home maker of 15th ward of Malayattor Neeleeswaram panchayat.

3.17METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Both primary and secondary methods are used for data collection. Researcher used
questionnaire as the primary method. Secondary method of data collection through
journals, books, magazines, articles and websites.

3.18 TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION

The researcher has collected data from the respondent using self-prepared
questionnaire. The questions were prepared according to particular objectives of
the study. Total numbers of questions are forty-one in questionnaire.

3.19PRE-TEST

Pre-test was conducted with 5 respondents to check the feasibility of the prepared
interview schedule. The researcher has omitted some questions as it was not
favourable to the respondents and added more questions according to the
respondents after the pre-test.

3.20DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

SPSS is used for analysing and interpreting data. It is a statistical package for the
social science IBM (SPSS). It predicts the outcome of any experiment or activity
with confidence. The collected data were coded and entered with options and it is
analysed through statistical package for social science. MS excel was used to Create
charts and graphs out of the complied data. This data was classified into tables and
from that output research made the analysis and there after interpretation about the
research

3.21CHAPTERIZATION

CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION

The first chapter is introduction where an overview of the topic is highlighted.

CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The second chapter review of literature consists of the major reviews about the
topis, it is a narrative review from books, scholarly articles, journals, newspaper
etc.

CHAPTER3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3 includes research methodology in this chapter includes title of the study,
statement of the problem, significance of the study, general objectives, specific
objectives, conceptual definition, operational definition, pilot study, inclusion
criteria, exclusion criteria, geographical area of the study, research design, universe,
sampling technique, sampling size, sampling unit, method of data collection,
pretest, data analysis and interpretation, limitation of the study and chaptalization.
CHAPTER 4 – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter comprised of the results or findings on the collected data collected
and analyzed.

CHAPTER 5 -FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

In this chapter it includes the findings, recommendations and suggestions etc.

3.22ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Research keep confidentiality in the data only use for educational purpose.
Do not harm any one
Researcher will only assess relevant components for the research.
Informed consent

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is among home makers and to their awareness on lifestyle diseases and
importance of a healthy life style. Other working women are not included in the
study. Study had only limited to homemakers in the 15th ward of Malayattor
Neeleeswaram panchayat.

CONCLUSION

In this chapter deals with the research methodology of the study. In which how the
study has been conducted, what all methods will have been used and the
significance of the study is also highlighted. The study will be conducted among
the home makers of 15th ward of Malayattor Neeleeswaram panchayat.
 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data analysis is a process of assigning meaning to collected data, analyzing significance

and determination of findings and conclusions. Data analysis helps in finding conclusions
and results with the help of scientific methods. Significance of data analysis is to provide
suitable findings for proper results and conclusions. It is important and exciting step in the
process of research. Here, the analysis is done through SPSS and graphs and tables are used
to present the data.

SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Options Frequency Percent

30-35 20 33.3

36-40 24 40.0
 41-45 16 26.7

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.1

The above table shows the age of the respondents. From this table it is understood that 40%
of the respondents belong to the age group of 36-40, one third of the respondents (33.3%)
belong to the age group of 30-35, and little more than one fourth of the respondents (26.7%)
belong to the age group of 41-45.
And from this analysis it is clear that less than half of the respondents belong to the age
group of 36-40 and least of the respondents belong to the age group of 41-45.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

Options Frequency Percent

lower primary education 2 3.3
Upper primary education 6 10.0

Higher secondary education 34 56.7

graduate 9 15.0

Postgraduate 9 15.0

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.2

The above table the educational qualification of the respondents, more than half of the
respondents (56.7%) have Higher Secondary education,15% of the respondents have
graduation and post-graduation respectively, 10% of the respondents have upper primary
education and 3.3% of the respondents have lower primary education.

From this analysis it is understood that only 15% of the respondents have post-graduation
and little more than half of the respondents have High secondary Education only.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE SPOUSE

Options Frequency Percent

upper primary education 9 15.0
Higher secondary education 32 53.3

Graduate 13 21.7

Post graduate 6 10.0

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.3

The table shows the education qualification the spouse more than half of them (53.3%)
have Higher Secondary Education, little less than one fourth (21.7) of the spouse have
Graduation and 15% of them have upper primary education and 10% of the respondents
have post-graduation.

From this table it is studied that majority of the spouse have the educational qualification
of Higher Secondary and only 10% of the respondents have post-graduation.

MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

 FIGURE 4.1

The above chart denotes the marital status of the respondents from this it is understood
that Zen percentage (100%) of the respondents are married.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THE CHILDREN

 FIGURE 4.2

This figure depicts the educational status of children of the respondents. Here one third of
the children (33.33%) have upper primary education, little less than one third of the
children (30.00%) have graduation, 20% of the children have lower primary education,
11.67% of the children have High school education and 5.00% of the children have post-
graduation.
From the analysis it is understood that majority of the children (33.33%) have the
educational qualification of upper primary and only 5.00% of the children were post
graduated.

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE PRACTICE

 PHYSICAL HEALTH STATUS

FIGURE 4.3

The above chart denotes the physical health status of the respondents. The data shows more
than half of the respondents (56.67%) are completely healthy and 43.33% of the
respondents have some common diseases.
From this analysis it is clear that majority of the women respondents are completely healthy
and 43.33% of the respondents were suffering from some common diseases they mentioned
common diseases like sugar, pressure, cholesterol.

MENTAL HEALTH STATUS

FIGURE 4.4

The above diagram shows the mental health status of the respondents. More than majority
of the respondents (70.00%) were completely healthy and little less than one third of the
respondents (30.00%) had cured from the mental problems.

From this diagram it is studied that 30.00% of the respondents were suffered from mental
problems and now it cured.
 EMOTIONAL HEALTH STATUS

FIGURE 4.5

The above diagram shows the emotional health of the respondents. From this diagram it is
understood that more than half of the respondents (53.33%) had good emotional health,
43.33%of the respondents had very good emotional health and 3.33% of the respondents
had bad emotional stability.
From this analysis it is clearly understood that more than half of the respondents had good
emotional stability and only 3.33% of the respondents had bad emotional stability.
LAST VISIT TO THE HOSPITAL FOR MEDICAL CHECKUP

FIGURE 4.6

The bar diagram implies the last visit to the hospital for medical check-up. From this
figure it is understood that more than half of the respondents (58.33%) had visited the
hospital within one month, little less than one fourth of the respondents (23.33%) had
visited the hospital within a year and 18.33% of the respondents had visited the hospital
within six months.

Therefore, from the analysis it is clear that more than half of the respondents had visited
the hospital within one month and it is can be interpreted that the respondents were suffered
from some common diseases hence they had visited the hospital within one month.
 MEDITATION

FIGURE 4.7

The above diagram shows the meditation level of the respondents. According to the
figure it is understood that majority of the respondents (60.00%) had never do meditation,
little more than one fourth of the respondents (26.67%) sometimes do meditation, 13.33%
of the respondents starts to meditate but goes without continuity.
 EXERCISE PATTERN

Options Frequency Percent

Sometimes 3 5.0

Never 41 68.3

Will start but goes without continuity 16 26.7

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.4

The table shows the exercise pattern of the women respondents. From this table it is
understood that little more than majority (68.3%) of the respondents had never do exercise
daily, little more than one fourth of the respondents (26.7%) will start to do exercise but
goes without continuity and 5.0% of the respondents had sometimes do exercise.

Therefore, it is clear that little more than majority of respondents don’t exercise every day.
The respondents mentioned that the cause behind the lack of exercise were due lack of time
for homemakers they might be busy with their household chores and looking after their
children, lack of motivation, they might be not interested to do exercise alone.
Garg, S., & Kutty, V. (2019).” Do I need exercise?” A qualitative study on factors
affecting leisure-time physical activity in India. In this study states that physical activity
can reduce the risk of premature mortality from various chronic illnesses like diabetes and
cardiovascular diseases and in addition to contributing a number of other health benefits.
 WALKING PATTERN

Options Frequency Percent

Often 12 20.0

Sometimes 11 18.3

Never 36 60.0

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.5
The above table shows that majority of the respondents (60.0%) had never go for
walking,20.0% of the respondents had often go for walking and 18.3% of the respondents
sometimes had gone for walking, hence from this analysis it is understood that majority of
the respondents had gone for walking on the daily basis.

M Smith, F. (2020). The health benefits of walking in this article the author speaks about
the health benefits of going for a walk everyday more benefit of walking include a lower
risk of experiencing diabetes, high blood pressure and heart diseases strokes and obesity.
Walking can most definitely improve our mood; modern living often sees a lot of stresses
in both the workplace and at home. Walking is crucial in helping us to overcome these
pressures.
 EATING PATTERN OF THE RESPONDENTS

DIET PATTERN

Options Frequency Percent

Regularly 38 63.3

Often 18 30.0

Never 4 6.7

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.6
The table indicates the diet pattern of the respondents. table shows that more than
majority of respondents (63.3%) regularly had a balanced diet. Little less than one third
of respondents (30.0%) often have a balanced diet and 6.7% of respondents never had a
balanced diet.
From this table it understood that majority of the respondents follow a balanced diet, only
6.7% of the respondents don’t follow a balanced diet. it is assumed that the reason behind
that they were never following a balanced diet may be because lack of awareness on the
importance of balanced diet.

N. (2019). Importance of balanced diet in a healthy lifestyle. in his study say that A
healthy lifestyle can be attained by maintaining a balanced diet and keeping into
consideration to meet all the essential nutrients required by the body. A proper meal plan
helps to attain ideal body weight and reduce the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes,
cardiovascular and other types of cancer.
FOOD CONSUMPTION TIME

Options Frequency Percent

Regularly 22 36.7

Often 33 55.0

Never 5 8.3

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.7
The table shows that more than half of the respondents (55.0%) often ate food within the
correct time, little more than one third of the respondents (36.7%) regularly ate food within
the correct time and 8.3% of the respondents had never ate food within the correct time.

Therefore, it is understood that more than half of the respondents had ate their food often
at the correct time. 8.3% of women respondents don’t eat food at the correct time.

Waxman, D. (2020). The importance of eating on time, highlights the importance of

eating food on time. when we eat at the proper time our metabolism becomes more active.
When we eat between meals our metabolism stagnates.
 FRUIT IN DIET

Options Frequency Percent

Regularly 7 11.7

Often 39 65.0

Sometimes 14 23.3

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.8
This table indicates that whether the respondents eat at least a fruit in day. more than
majority of the respondents (65.0%) of the respondents often ate at least one fruit in a day,
little less than one fourth of the respondents (23.3%) of the respondents sometimes eat at
least a fruit in a day, and 11.7% of the respondents regularly ate at least o e fruit in a day.
From this table it is clearly understood that more than majority of the respondents often ate
at least a fruit in a day.
Barrie, L. (2020). in an article named “Ordinary fruits with amazing health benefits”
speaks about the importance of having fruit in the diet. Fancy superfruits like guava,
mangosteen, acai, and goji tout sky-high levels of antioxidants and vitamins. all fruits
promote health and provide a variety of essential nutrients, such as fibre, antioxidants,
vitamins, and minerals, making them worth building into our daily diets,
 LEAFY VEGETABLES IN DIET

FIGURE 4.8

The above chart depicts whether the respondents include leafy vegetables in their diet, from
the figure it is clear that little more than one third of the respondents (35%) often include
leafy vegetables in their diet and one fourth of the respondents (25%) sometimes includes
leafy vegetables in their diet.

Dolson, L. (2020). In an article “Health benefits of leafy vegetables” highlights the

importance of including leafy vegetables in the diet pattern. Dark green vegetables deliver
a bonanza of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients. Dark green leafy vegetables are
among the most nutritious. Dark green veggies are a rich source of minerals including iron,
calcium, potassium, and magnesium. They also provide important vitamins, including
vitamins K, C, E, and many of the B vitamins.
 HOURS OF SLEEP IN A DAY

FIGURE 4.9
The above diagram depicts the sleeping pattern or sleeping hours of the respondents from
this figure it is observed that half of the respondents (50.00%) had eight hours of sleep,
little less than half of the respondents (45.00%) had seven hours of sleep and 5.00% of the
respondents had six hours of sleep during night. Therefore, from this analysis it is clearly
understood that half of the respondents had eight hours of sleep only 5.00% of the
respondents had six hours of sleep.
 LITRES OF WATER DRINK

Options Frequency Percent

one - two 1 1.7

Two-Three 38 63.3

Three-Four 20 33.3

Four-Five 1 1.7

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.9

The above table shows how many litres of water does the respondents drink per day.
According to the table it is studied that little more than majority of the respondents (63.3%)
of them drink two to three litres of water per day, one third of the respondents (33.3%) of
them drink three to four litres of water per day, and 1.7 % of the respondents drink one to
two and four to five litres of water respectively.
Hence it is understood that little more than majority of the respondents drink two to three
litres of water per day and only 1.7% of the respondents drink one to two and four to five
litres of water respectively.
 FISH AND MEAT IN DIET

Options Frequency Percent

Regularly 1 1.7

Often 36 60.0

Sometimes 23 38.3

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.10

The table indicates how many of the respondent’s include fish and meat in their diet plan,
On the basis of this table it is observed that majority of the respondents (60.0%) often
included fish and meat in their diet plan, more than one third of the respondents (38.3%)
sometimes includes fish and meat in their eating pattern, and 1.7% of the respondents
regularly includes fish and meat in their diet.

Therefore, according to the analysis, it is clear that majority of the respondents includes
fish and meat in their diet plan and only 1.7% of the respondents regularly includes fish
and meat in their diet plan.
 LEGUMES IN DIET

Options Frequency Percent

Regularly 26 43.3

Often 16 26.7

Sometimes 18 30.0

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.11

The table shows how many of the respondents includes legumes in their diet. From this
table it is understood that less than half of the respondents (43.3%) regularly included
legumes in their diet, less than one third of the respondents (30.0%) sometimes includes
legumes in their diet, and little more than one fourth of the respondents (26.7%) includes
legumes in their eating pattern.

Therefore, from this analysis it is understood that 43.3% of the respondents regularly
includes legumes in their diet and only 26.7 % of the respondents often includes legumes
in their diet.
 FAST FOOD CONSUMPTION

FIGURE 4.10
The above figure shows whether the respondents eat fast food, from the diagram it is
studied that more than one third of the respondents (38.33%) of the respondents often ate
fast food, little less than one third of the respondents (31.67%) sometimes ate fast food,
and 30.00% of the respondents had never have the habit of eating fast food.
Stoddard, G. (2021). In an article called “Serious side effects of eating fast food.
Highlights fast food is highly processed and contains large amounts of
carbohydrates, added sugar, unhealthy fats, and sodium. These foods are almost always
high in calories while offering little in the way of nutrition. And when fast food frequently
replaces nutritious whole foods in your diet, it can lead to all sorts of bad health outcomes.
Derailing your weight loss goals is just one.

AMOUNT OF OIL WHILE COOKING

FIGURE 4.11

The above bar diagram shows how many of the respondents prefer to add more oil while
cooking the food. Based on the figure it is understood that more than half of the respondents
(58.33%) sometimes add more oil while cooking the food, little less than one third of the
respondents (36.67%) often adds more oil while cooking the food, and only 5.00% of the
respondents never adds more oil while cooking the food.
 PREVIOUS DAY FOOD CONSUMPTION

FIGURE 4.12

The above diagram shows whether the respondents use the previous day food by heating
it, according to the figure it is understood that little less than half of the respondents
(48.33%) often use previous day food items by heating it, 28.33% of the respondents had
never using previous day food items by heating it and little less than one fourth of the
respondents (23.33%) were sometimes using previous day food items by heating it.
 CLEAN AND HEALTHY DIET

FIGURE 4.13

Above chart depicts where the respondents are following clean and healthy diet. According
the diagram it is understood that more than majority of the respondents (63.33%) were
following a clean and healthy diet pattern, 31.67% of the respondents were often follows a
clean and healthy diet and 5.00% of women respondents were sometimes following a clean
and healthy diet
.
Hence it is clear that little more than majority of the respondents were following a clean
and healthy diet where only 5.00% of the women respondents do not follows a clean and
healthy diet.
 REUSE THE SAME COOKING OIL

FIGURE 4.14

The bar diagram points out whether the respondents are reusing the same cooking oil again
and again. From the figure it is understood that more than half of the respondents (56.67%)
often reuse the same cooking oil, more than one fourth of the respondents (28.33%) had
sometimes reuse the same cooking oil,13.33% of the respondents had never reuse the same
cooking oil and only 1.67% of the respondents regularly reuse the same cooking oil.

Deshmukh, R. (2020). The effect of repeatedly cooking oils on health and wealth of a
country in this article the author highlights that cooking oil is the first and most
fundamental fixing which is utilized in cooking. Using repeated frying oil is a regular
procedure in the kitchen of household, roadside stall, hotels, and restaurants in order to
lower the production cost or raise the profit margin at a professional level. But people
ignore the impact of using repeated frying/heating oil on health for making for short time
profit/saving money. The consumption of the food prepared from repeated frying/cooking
oil can make ill to a human being for the long run. The repeating the heating or frying
induce the physical and chemical changes which are not good for human consumption.

AMOUNT OF SALT&SUGAR IN THE DIET

FIGURE 4.15

The above bar diagram shows whether the respondents control the amount of salt and
sugar in the diet. From the diagram it is clearly understood that more than majority of the
respondents (70.00%) had don’t control the amount of salt and sugar in their diet, less
than one third of the respondents (30.00%) had sometime s control the amount of using
salt and sugar in their diet.

SOFT DRINKS CONSUMPTION

FIGURE 4.16

Above diagram shows the whether the respondents drink too much soft drinks. Based on
the figure it can be say that 40.00% of the respondents often drink soft drinks, little less
than one third of the respondents (35.00%) had sometimes drink too much soft drinks and
one fourth of the respondents (25.00%) had never drink too much soft drinks.

COMMON LIFESTYLE DISEASES AMONG THE RESPONDENTS

CHEST PAIN OR HIGH HEART RATE

FIGURE 4.17
The above pie chart points out whether the respondents had felt any chest pain or high heart
rate. According to the figure it can be analysed that half of the respondents (50.00%) of
them had experienced chest pain or high heart rate for sometimes, 28.33% of the
respondents had often experienced chest pain and high heart rate, less than one fourth of
the respondents (21.67%) had never experienced chest pain and high heart rate.
 SHORT OF BREATH

FIGURE 4.18

From the above pie diagram, it is understood that more than half of the respondents
(58.33%) had sometimes felt short of breath, less than one third of the respondents
(30.00%) had never felt any short of breath,10.00% of the respondents often experienced
short of breath and 1.67% of the respondents regularly felt short of breath.
Therefore, from this analysis it is clearly understood that more than half of the respondents
had sometimes experience short of breath, only 1.67% of the respondents regularly
experienced short of breath.

DIZZINESS WHILE DOING SMALL TASKS

FIGURE 4.19
The above pie chart shows whether the women respondents experienced any dizziness
while doing small tasks, according to this diagram it is understood that one third of the
respondents (33.33%) often felt dizziness while doing small tasks, less than one third of
the respondents (31.67%) sometimes experienced dizziness while doing small
tasks,30.00% of the respondents had never felt dizziness while doing small tasks, and
5.00% of the respondents regularly felt dizziness when doing small tasks.

NECKPAIN, ABDOMINALPAIN OR BACKPAIN

FIGURE 4.20
The above pie chart shows whether the respondents felt neck pain, abdominal or backpain
According to this figure it is understood that more than one third of the respondents
(35.00%) had never felt neck pain, abdominal or backpain, one third of the respondents
(33.33%) had often experienced neck pain, abdominal or backpain, less than one fourth of
the respondents (21.67%) had sometimes felt abdominal or backpain and only 10.00% of
the respondents regularly experience neck pain, abdominal or backpain.
 BREAST CHECKUP

FIGURE 4.21
The above pie chart shows whether the respondents examined their breast. According to
the figure it is understood that zen percentage (100%) of the respondents had don’t
experienced their breast.
 SWELLING NEAR THE COLLAR BONE OR ARMPIT

Options Frequency Percent

Often 9 15.0

Sometimes 19 31.7

Never 32 53.3

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.12
The above table depicts whether the respondents had experienced swelling near the collar
bone or armpit. From the table it is clearly understood that little less than one third of the
respondents (32%) had never experienced swelling near the collar bone or armpit, 19 % of
the respondents had sometimes felt swelling near the collar bone or armpit and only 9% of
the respondents often experienced swelling near the collar bone or armpit.
 DIFFERENCE FELT IN THE BREAST

Options Frequency Percent

Often 7 11.7

Sometimes 22 36.7

Never 31 51.7

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.13
The above table shows whether the respondents felt any differences in their breast.
According to the table it is understood that little less than one third of the respondents
(31%) had never felt any differences in their breast, less than one fourth of the respondents
(22%) had sometimes experienced differences in their breast and only 7% of the
respondents had often experience difference in their breast.
 ABNORMAL BLEEDING AND DISCHARGE

Options Frequency Percent

Often 1 1.7

Sometimes 25 41.7

Never 34 56.7

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.14
The above table shows that whether the respondents had experienced any abnormal
bleeding and discharge. Based on the table it is understood that little more than one third
of the respondents (34%) had never experienced abnormal bleeding and discharge, one
fourth of the respondents (25%) had sometimes experienced abnormal bleeding and
discharge and only 1% of the respondents had experienced abnormal bleeding and
discharge.
 PAIN IN THE PELVIC AREA

Options Frequency Percent

Often 11 18.3

Sometimes 49 81.7

Total 60 100.0

TABLE 4.15
The above table shows whether the respondents experience pain in the pelvic area, in this
table it indicates that little less than half of the respondents (49%) had sometimes
experienced pain in the pelvic area, and only 11% of the respondents often experienced
pain in the pelvic area.
 FATIGUE AND CONSTANT TIREDNESS

FIGURE 4.22

The above bar diagram shows whether the respondents experience fatigue and constant
tiredness. From this figure it is understood that more than half of the respondents (51.67%)
had sometimes experienced fatigue and constant tiredness, 40.00% of the respondents had
never felt experience fatigue and constant tiredness and only 8.33% of the respondents
often experienced fatigue and constant tiredness.
BLURRED VISION AND OCCASSIONAL URINARY INCONTINENCE

FIGURE 4.23
The above bar diagram depicts whether the respondents had experienced blurred vision and
occasional urinary incontinence. From the diagram it is understood that more than half of
the respondents (51.67%) had sometimes experienced blurred vision and occasional
urinary incontinence and less than half of the respondents (43.33%) had never experienced
blurred vision and occasional urinary incontinence and 5.00% of the respondents often
experienced blurred vision and occasional urinary incontinence.
 URINARYTRACT INFECTION OR YEAST INFECTION

FIGURE 4.24

The above bar chart depicts whether the respondents had experienced urinary tract or Yeast
infection. From the response of the respondents, it is analysed that little less than half of
the respondents (48.33%) had sometimes experienced urinary tract infection or yeast
infection,43.33% of the respondents had never experienced urinary tract infection or yeast
infection, only 8.33% of the respondents often experienced urinary tract infection or yeast
infection.
 URINATE WITH PAIN

FIGURE 4.25
The above bar chart shows whether the respondents urinate with pain from the figure it is
understood that more than half of the respondents (51.67%) had sometimes urinate with
pain,41.67% of the respondents had never urinate with pain, and only 6.67% of the
respondents often urinate with pain.
 URINATING CONSTANTLY

FIGURE 4.26

The bar chart shows the whether the respondents feel like urinating constantly. Based on
the figure it can be analysed that more than half of the respondents (53.33%) had felt like
urinating constantly ,41.67% of the respondents had never felt like urinating constantly and
only 5.00% of the respondents had often felt like urinating constantly.
 CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

 CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

The data collected has been processed and analyzed systematically and a brief summary of
the important findings of the present study are presented in this chapter. Moreover, the
implications of the present study, and suggestions for future exploration in this area of
research are also discussed. The study was conducted among 60 home makers who comes
under the age group of 30 to 45 in the 15th ward of malayattor Neeleeswaram panchayat.

5.1 FINDINGS ON SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

• Less than half of the respondents (40%) belong to the age group of 36-40.
• More than half of the respondents (56.7%) have Higher Secondary education.
• More than half of the spouse of the respondents (53.3%) have Higher Secondary
Education.
• Zen percentage (100%) of the respondents are married.
• one third of the children (33.33%) have upper primary education.

5.2 FINDINGS ON HEALTHY LIFESTYLE PRACTICE

• More than half of the respondents (56.67%) are completely healthy.

• More than majority of the respondents (70.00%) were mentally healthy.
• More than half of the respondents (53.33%) had good emotional health.
• More than half of the respondents (58.33%) had visited the hospital within one month.
• Majority of the respondents (60.00%) had never done meditation.
• Little more than majority (68.3%) of the respondents had never do exercise daily.
• Majority of the respondents (60.0%) had never gone for walking.
• Half of the respondents (50.00%) had eight hours of sleep
 5.3 FINDINGS ON DIET AND NUTRITION

• More than majority of respondents (63.3%) regularly had a balanced diet.

• More than half of the respondents (55.0%) often ate food within the correct time.
• More than majority of the respondents (65.0%) often ate at least one fruit in a day.
• Little more than one third of the respondents (35%) often include leafy vegetables in
their diet.
• Little more than majority of the respondents (63.3%) of them drink two to three litres
of water per day.
• Majority of the respondents (60.0%) often included fish and meat in their diet plan.
• Less than half of the respondents (43.3%) regularly included legumes in their diet.
• More than one third of the respondents (38.33%) of the respondents often ate fast
food.
• More than half of the respondents (58.33%) sometimes add more oil while cooking
the food.
• Little less than half of the respondents (48.33%) often use previous day food items by
heating.
• More than majority of the respondents (63.33%) were following a clean and healthy
diet pattern.
• More than half of the respondents (56.67%) often reuse the same cooking oil.
• More than majority of the respondents (70.00%) had don’t control the amount of salt
and sugar in their diet.
• 40.00% of the respondents often drink soft drinks.

5.4 FINDINGS ON COMMON LIFESTYLE DISEASES AMONG

RESPONDENTS

• Half of the respondents (50.00%) of them had experienced chest pain or high heart rate
for sometimes.
• Half of the respondents (58.33%) had sometimes felt short of breath.
• One third of the respondents (33.33%) often felt dizziness while doing small tasks.
• More than one third of the respondents (35.00%) had never felt neck pain, abdominal
or backpain.

• Zen percentage (100%) of the respondents had don’t experienced their breast.
• One third of the respondents (32%) had never experienced swelling near the collar bone
or armpit.
• Little less than one third of the respondents (31%) had never felt any differences in
their breast.
• Little more than one third of the respondents (34%) had never experienced abnormal
bleeding and discharge.
• Little less than half of the respondents (49%) had sometimes experienced pain in the
pelvic area.
• More than half of the respondents (51.67%) had sometimes experienced fatigue and
constant tiredness.
• More than half of the respondents (51.67%) had sometimes experienced blurred vision
and occasional urinary incontinence.
• Less than half of the respondents (48.33%) had sometimes experienced urinary tract
infection or yeast infection.
• More than half of the respondents (51.67%) had sometimes urinated with pain
• More than half of the respondents (53.33%) had felt like urinating constantly.

5.5 SUGGESTIONS TO HOMEMAKERS

• In order to have a healthy life it is very much significant to follow good life style
practices.
• Physical exercises play a relevant role in staying healthy especially reducing the risk
of heart disease and stroke in women. Reducing high blood pressure, and maintain
 healthy blood pressure and helping to manage a good weight balance and reducing the
risk of obesity
• The importance of mediation is very much significant in the present scenario,
meditation can give a sense of calm, peace and balance that can benefit both the
emotional wellbeing and overall health.
• Walking is a good way to improve the overall health, if a brisk walking is added in the
daily routine, it is beneficial to burn calories, strengthen the heart, eases joint pain,
helps to boosts immune function and all-over adequate walking in a day is beneficial
• Proper medical checkups can help find potential health issues before they become a
problem. Early detections give the best chances for the right treatment quickly,
avoiding any complications.
• Consuming meals on a regular schedule can help keep the digestive system better
Missing a meal can have adverse effects on the body metabolism, affect mood and daily
performance.
• Excess calories from fast food meals can cause weight gain. This may lead toward
obesity. obesity increases risk for respiratory problems including shortness of breath.
• Adding more oil while cooking produce high blood pressure, heart diseases so it should
be controlled add only appropriate amount of oil while cooking.
• Eating previous day food by heating it and consuming it in the next day on daily basis
should be avoided because chemical change in food due to heating often leads to food
poisoning and food borne diseases.
• Reusing the same cooking oil should be avoided because it may lead to many health
issues like heart diseases, obesity etc.
• There should be a control in adding sugar and salt in the food items because adding
more salt and sugar can leads to heart disease, like heart failure, heart attacks and
strokes
5.6 SUGGESTIONS TO FAMILY MEMBERS

• Promote healthy eating in your home.

• Try to use low fat dairy products.
• Avoid the usage of electronic devices such as phone while eating food.
• Help your mothers in the household jobs and spend time with them.
• Promote mothers to do physical exercises like walking etc.

5.7 SUGGESTIONS TO THE GOVERNMENT

• Government should restrict unhealthy food marketing to people.

• Local government can provide leadership, such as providing improved access to
healthy foods in lower income areas.
• Developing the infrastructure necessary for obesity prevention policies and programs
to be implemented and evaluated at the local level, and communicating the importance
of healthy eating and obesity prevention to people.
• Local governments have a role to play in both increasing access to healthy foods and
reducing access to unhealthy foods.
• Government can provide public area for public gym for homemakers to reduce obesity.

5.8 SUGGESTIONS FOR SOCIAL WORKERS

• Facilitate free medical checkups for the home makers.

• Give awareness classes for the homemakers on the importance of physical exercises
and healthy lifestyle.
• Social Workers can act as mental supporters because a strong mental support can be
helpful for the homemakers in order to get rid from their stress.

5.9 CONCLUSION

As we all know Health is wealth and the health is the most important factor that every
individual should need to thrive in the world. Without proper health we cannot perform
better in the life. Good health is an important enabler of positive family and community
life, proper health is central to human happiness and wellbeing that makes an important
contribution to prosperity and wealth. Hence for achieving a good health it is very much
relevant to practice healthy lifestyle patterns.
A healthy lifestyle is one which helps to keep and improve people’s health and wellbeing.
Living a healthy lifestyle can prevent chronic diseases and long-term illness, increases the
longevity. Its slowdowns the ageing process and helps the older person to stay strong and
healthy. An individual with a healthy lifestyle feels more energetic which means more
opportunity in a day-to-day living. Helps in accomplishing a healthy body which in turn
elevates hormone level in the body that regulators the mood.

By enduring daily physical activities it helps not only in improving the state and condition
of our body but state of mind as well, this can benefit the mental state of mind by improving
confidence and make feel overall better. Regular exercises and physical activities promote
strong muscles and bones, it improves respiratory, cardiovascular health and overall health.
Staying active can also maintain a healthy weight. Hence it is very much important to do
daily exercises and maintain physical fitness. Today most of the home makers have a smart
phone, or at least any of the family member have a smart phone and they can go in search
of simple and at the same time beneficial healthy exercises, which helps the women to
become physically fit and healthy.

People think that a home maker have many times whatever she wants and hence more time
to devote to her fitness. But in reality, a homemaker has least time to devote to her fitness
the day she decides to go the gym will probably the day, something comes up at higher
priority. And in the other hand in the modern scenario most of the homemakers have
working aids like washing machine, mixer and grinder which reduces their physical
activity. In the olden day’s women were healthy and active because they have done more
physical activities and healthy eating patterns which reduces the risk of diseases in them.

In the present scenario even the homemakers who were in their homes are not properly
doing physical activities even short exercises, meditation or brisk walking etc. The reason
they all saying is the lack of time, they are doing their household chores with the helping
aids like washing machine, mixer etc. which don’t help them to reduces their unwanted fat.
So, it is very much significant to do physical exercises, medication or at least a brisk
walking in order to staying healthy and active and to reduce the risk of illness. Homemakers
are the most important pillar for every Home so the health of the homemakers are very
important and only a healthy body can ensure a healthy mind.
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