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The document outlines the basics of network commands in Linux, including their functions and syntax. Key commands discussed include ifconfig, ping, traceroute, netstat, and dig, among others, which are essential for network configuration and troubleshooting. The document also includes practice questions to reinforce understanding of these commands.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views4 pages

Wa0000.

The document outlines the basics of network commands in Linux, including their functions and syntax. Key commands discussed include ifconfig, ping, traceroute, netstat, and dig, among others, which are essential for network configuration and troubleshooting. The document also includes practice questions to reinforce understanding of these commands.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Program 1 : FAMILIARISATION OF

NETWORK COMMANDS
AIM :
To get started with basics of network configurations,files and
networking commands in Linux.

THEORY :

Linux Networking Commands

1. ifconfig
• Linux ifconfig stands for interface configurator
• It is one of the most basic commands used in network inspection.
• ifconfig is used to initialise an interface, configure it with an IP
address, and enable or disable it.
• It is also used to display the route and the network Interface.
• Basic information displayed upon using ifconfig are:
◦ IP address
◦ MAC address
◦ MTU(Maximum Transmission Unit)
• Syntax: ifconfig [...OPTIONS] [INTERFACE]
• To install: sudo apt-get install net-tools ifconfig -s

2. Ip
• This is the latest and updated version of ifconfig command

3. Ping
• It is used to test the connectivity of a network considered
• ping stands for Packet INternet Groper
• Ping works by sending one or more ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol) Echo Request packages to a specified destination IP on the
network and waits for a reply
• It keeps executing until it is interrupted (Use Ctrl+C Key to interrupt
the execution)
• When the destination receives the package, it responds with an ICMP
echo reply.
• With the ping command, we can determine whether a remote
destination IP is active or inactive
• We can also find the round-trip delay in communicating with the
destination and check whether there is a packet loss
Syntax: ping [OPTIONS] DESTINATION

4. Traceroute
• Linux traceroute is one of the most useful commands in networking
which is used to troubleshoot the network
• Detects the delay and determines the pathway to the target
• It basically helps in the following ways:
◦ Provides the names and identifies every device on the path
◦ Follows the route to the destination
◦ Determines where the network latency comes from and reports it
Syntax: traceroute [options] host_Address [pathlength]

5. tracepath
• Linux tracepath is similar to traceroute command
• It is used to detect network delays
• It doesn't require root privileges
• It is installed in Ubuntu by default
• It traces the route to the specified destination and identifies each hop
in it
• If your network is weak, it recognizes the point where the network is
weak
Syntax: tracepath [-n] [-b] [-l pktlen] [-m max] [-port] destination

6. netstat
• Linux netstat command refers to the network statistics
• It provides statistical figures about different interfaces which include
open sockets, routing tables, and connection information
Syntax: netstat -at : To list all tcp ports

7. ss
• Linux ss command is the replacement for netstat command
• Regarded as a much faster and more informative command than
netstat
• The faster response of ss is possible as it fetches all the information
from within the kernel userspace
• This command gives information about all TCP, UDP, and UNIX
socket connections
• Use -t, -u, -x in the command respectively to show TCP/UDP or UNIX
sockets
• Combine each of these with "a" to show the connected and listening
sockets
Syntax: ss <options>

8. dig
• Linux dig command stands for Domain Information Groper
• This command is used in DNS lookup to query the DNS name server
• It is also used to troubleshoot DNS related issues
• It is mainly used to verify DNS mappings, MX Records, host
addresses, and all other DNS records for a better understanding of
the DNS topography
• This command is an improvised version of nslookup command
Syntax: dig [server] [name] [type]
[server] – The hostname or IP address the query is directed to
[name] – The DNS (Domain Name Server) of the server to query
[type] – The type of DNS record to retrieve. By default (or if left
blank), dig uses the A record type
9.
10. nslookup
• Linux nslookup is also a command used for DNS related queries
• It is the older version of dig
• nslookup (Name Server Lookup) is a useful command for getting
information from DNS server
• It is a network administration tool for querying the Domain Name
System(DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or any
other specific DNS record.
• It is also used to troubleshoot DNS related problems
Syntax: nslookup [option]

11. route
• Linux route command displays and manipulates the routing table
existing for your system
• A router is basically used to find the best way to send the packets
across to a destination
Syntax: route -n

12. host
• Linux host command displays the domain name for a given IP address
and IP address for a given hostname
• It is also used to fetch DNS lookup for DNS related query
Syntax:
host [-aCdlriTWV] [-c class] [-N ndots] [-t type] [-W
time][-R number] [-m flag] hostname [server]

13. arp
• Linux arp command stands for Address Resolution Protocol
• It is used to view and add content to the kernel's ARP table
• All the systems maintain a table of IP addresses and their
corresponding MAC addresses. This table is called the ARP Lookup
table
• When a destination is requested to connect through IP address, your
router will check for the MAC address in this table. If it is cached, the
table will not be used
• By default, arp displays the hostnames
Syntax: arp [-v] [-i if] [-H type] -a [hostname]

14. iwconfig
• Linux iwconfig is used to configure the wireless network interface
• It is used to set and view the basic WI-FI details like SSID and
encryption

15. hostname
• Linux hostname is the simple command used to view and set the
hostname
of a system

16. curl & wget


• Linux curl and wget commands are used in downloading files from
the internet through CLI
• The curl command has to be used with the option "O" to fetch the file,
while the wget command is used directly

17. tcpdump
• Linux tcpdump command is the most used command in network
analysis among other Linux network commands
• It captures the traffic that is passing through the network interface
and displays it
• This kind of access to the packet will be crucial when troubleshooting
the Network

18. iftop
• Linux iftop command is used in traffic monitoring

19. whois
• Linux whois command is used to fetch all the information related to a
website
• You can get all the information about a website including the
registration
and the owner information

20. mtr
• ethtool is a networking utility on Linux
• It is used to configure Ethernet devices on Linux

Practice Questions

1. View the configuration, including addresses of your computers’


network interfaces
Ans: ifconfig
2. Test the network connectivity between your computer and several
other computers
Ans: ping
3. View the active TCP connections in the computer after visiting a
Website
Ans: netstat -at
4. Find the hardware/MAC address of another computer in the
network using ARP
Ans: arp -a

RESULT : Familiarisation of network commands successfully completed.

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