PARADIGM
Name – Bidyut Mondal
Roll No. 16300321008
Subject –Object Oriented Programming
Sem- 6th, Year- 3rd
Evolution of Programming Paradigm
The data model introduced in the last section shows that several tasks in the development of scientific
application inherently require different programming paradigms by definition to model the underlying
issues best.
In scientific computing there is a multitude of software tools available which provide methods and
libraries for the solution of very specific problems. It is clear that such tools impose restrictions in
various ways. The quest for highly reusable software components is still ongoing and demands different
programming paradigms for an efficient realization.
A software component is reusable if it can be used beyond its initial use within a single application or
group of applications without modification. The programming paradigms which are most widely used and
implemented by various programming languages are:
Imperative programming
Object-oriented programming (OO)
Functional programming (FP)
Generic programming (GP)
Meta-programming (MP)
Structure Versus Object Oriented
Programming
The main difference between structured and object oriented programming is:
★ The structured programming allows developing a program using a set of
modules or functions
★ while the object oriented programming allows constructing a program using a
set of objects and their interactions.
Structured Programming Object Oriented Programming
Introduction of Object Oriented
Programming
As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs refers to languages that use objects in
programming. Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding,
polymorphism, etc in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions that
operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function.
OOPs Concepts:
Class
Objects
Data Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Dynamic Binding
Message Passing
Objects
It is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents the real-life
entities. An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory
is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is
allocated. An object has an identity, state, and behavior. Each object contains
data and code to manipulate the data. Objects can interact without having to
know details of each other’s data or code, it is sufficient to know the type of
message accepted and type of response returned by the objects.
For example “Dog” is a real-life Object, which has some characteristics like
color, Breed, Bark, Sleep, and Eats.
Class
A class is a user-defined data type. It consists of data members and member
functions, which can be accessed and used by creating an instance of that class.
It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of
one type. A class is like a blueprint for an object.
Data Abstraction
Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important features of object-
oriented programming. Data abstraction refers to providing only essential
information about the data to the outside world, hiding the background details or
implementation. Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man
only knows that pressing the accelerators will increase the speed of the car or
applying brakes will stop the car, but he does not know about how on pressing
the accelerator the speed is increasing, he does not know about the inner
mechanism of the car or the implementation of the accelerator, brakes, etc in
the car. This is what abstraction is.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the
mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates. In
Encapsulation, the variables or data of a class are hidden from any other class
and can be accessed only through any member function of their class in which
they are declared. As in encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other
classes, so it is also known as data-hiding.
Polymorphism
The word polymorphism means having many forms. In simple words, we can
define polymorphism as the ability of a message to be displayed in more than one
form. For example, A person at the same time can have different characteristics.
Like a man at the same time is a father, a husband, an employee. So the same
person posses different behavior in different situations. This is called
polymorphism
