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Paper 2
Section A
Answer all question
(Worksheet-Research Methods)
1. Describe what is meant by ‘order effects’, using any examples.
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2. Explain what is meant by the ‘aim’ of a study, using an example.
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3. (a) Explain what is meant by a ‘repeated measures design’.
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(b) Suggest one advantage of using a repeated measures design, using any example.
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4. (a) Define what is meant by the ‘mean’.
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(b) Describe how a mean is calculated.
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5. Kaleem is planning to investigate sleep and dreaming. He needs to find participants.
(a) Outline one sampling technique that Kaleem could use to find a representative sample.
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(b) Suggest two features of the participants that Kaleem should consider to make his sample
representative.
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(c) Explain why one of the features you suggested in part (b) would be important in Kaleem’s
study.
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© UCLES 2018 9990/21/M/J/18 [Turn over
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6. Penny is using cats and parrots in her experiment. Penny houses each animal alone and only gives
them their daily food every evening. Her independent variable is the species. She thinks that parrots
will share food because they are social animals whereas cats live on their own. To test this, two animals
of the same species are put together with a small bowl of food every afternoon.
a. Penny’s dependent variable is whether the animals share the food.
Suggest how she could operationalise this dependent variable.
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b. Explain why the timing for the animals’ daily feed is a potential ethical issue.
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c. Explain why the housing of the parrots was less ethical than the housing of the cats.
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d. Penny has decided that she will be a covert observer.
Suggest why she chose to be a covert observer in her study.
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© UCLES 2018 9990/21/M/J/18 [Turn over
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e. Write an operationalised non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis for Penny’s experiment.
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7. Hanif is investigating helping behaviour in animals. As part of his experiment, two chimpanzees are
put together but it is possible that they might hurt each other, for example, by fighting rather than
helping.
a. Explain how one ethical guideline, which relates to animals, is relevant to this study.
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b. Hanif is the only observer and wants to find out whether his recording of fighting behaviour is
reliable over time.
Explain what Hanif should do to measure his reliability.
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c. Explain why Hanif may be more objective if he collects quantitative data rather than qualitative
data.
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© UCLES 2018 9990/21/M/J/18 [Turn over
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8. Kieran is planning a self-report study about dream content, to find out whether people feel happier during
the day if they have had pleasant dreams the night before. He is considering using either a structured
questionnaire or an unstructured interview.
a. Suggest two closed questions that Kieran could ask in a structured questionnaire.
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b. Explain one advantage of using closed questions.
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c. Outline what is meant by an ‘unstructured interview’.
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d. Suggest one open question that Kieran could ask during an unstructured interview.
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e. Explain one advantage of using open questions.
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