Lecture 1
EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas
Dr. Muhammad Anis Chaudhary
EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas
• Credit Hours: 3-1
• Course Book:
– Matthew N. O. Sadiku, “Elements of Electromagnetics”, Seventh Edition
Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s Equations
• Stationary Charges produce electrostatic fields
• Charges moving with uniform velocity produce magnetostatic fields
• Accelerated charges produce electromagnetic fields or waves
Maxwell’s Equation for Static Electric and Magnetic Fields
EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 1 Page 1 of 10
Time Varying EM Fields
• Time Varying fields involve other dynamic effects that cannot be explained by static rela-
tions
• Faraday’s Law (Transformers, Motors, Generators)
– Time varying magnetic fields generate electric fields
• Displacement Current (Capacitance Current)
– Time varying electric fields produce magnetic fields
Generalized Forms of Maxwell’s Equations
Electromagnetic Waves
• Changing Magnetic Field produce a change in Electric Field
• Changing Electric Field produce a change in Magnetic Field
• Result is the Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
Wave Phenomenon
• Requires two forms of energy
• Time rate of change of one must lead to a change of the other.
• Example: Sound Waves
– Loud Speaker leads to an initial pressure variation in air (potential energy) in one
location
– Which causes a motion of air molecules (kinetic energy) that varies both in time and
space
– This builds up excess pressure at another position and the effect continues.
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Electromagnetic Waves
• Changing H at one position generates a change of E in both time and space.
• Subsequent change of E produces a change of H and so on.
• In terms of energy, the energy interchanges between electric and magnetic types as the
wave propagates.
Applications of EM waves
• Telecommunication
• Radar
• Wireless Power Transmission
Applications of EM waves
• These applications are possible only because of our ability to
– Generate (beyond the scope of this course)
– Guide (Transmission lines and waveguides)
– Radiate and Receive (Antennas)
– Detect (beyond the scope of this course)
• Electromagnetic waves
– Electromagnetic Wave propagation in different types of dielectric (free space, lossy,
lossless) and conductors
Maxwell’s Equations, Force Law and Constitutive Relations
• Govern all electromagnetic phenomenon in the range of frequencies from zero though the
highest frequency radio waves.
– Can explain some phenomenon at light frequencies as well
• Force Law or Lorentz Force Equation
– F̄ = Q (Ē + ū × B̄) Force Law
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Maxwell’s Equations, Force Law and Constitutive Relations
• Constitutive Relations
– D̄ = ε Ē = εr ε0 Ē
* ε0 is the permittivity of free space
* εr is the dielectric constant or relative permittivity of the dielectric
– B̄ = µ H̄ = µr µ0 H̄
* µ0 is the permeability of free space
* µr is the relative permeability of the material
– J¯ = σ Ē + ρv ū
* σ Ē is the conduction current
* ρv ū is the convection current
Maxwell’s Equations, Force Law and Constitutive Relations
Time Harmonic Fields
Time Harmonic Fields
Time Harmonic Fields
• Varies sinusoidally with time
• Have practical application/significance
• Can be extended to any arbitrary waveform through Fourier analysis
• Assuming vector Ā (x, y, z,t) has time harmonic variations,
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• Ā (x, y, z,t) = Re Ās (x, y, z) e jωt
– where
– Ās (x, y, z) or Ās is the phasor for vector Ā
Time Harmonic Fields
Derivative w.r.t. time
h i
• ∂∂tĀ = ∂t Re Ās e jωt = Re Ās ∂t e jωt
∂
∂
– as Ās is not a function of t
∂ Ā
= Re jω Ās e jωt
• =⇒ ∂t
∂ Ā
• thus, ∂t ←→ jω Ās
Time Harmonic Fields
Integration w.r.t time
´ ´ h jωt i
• Ā∂t = Re Ās e jωt ∂t = Re Āsjω
e
– as Ās is not a function of t
´ Ās
• thus, Ā∂t ←→ jω
Time-Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations
• The field quantities
– Ē(x, y, z,t)
– D̄(x, y, z,t)
– H̄(x, y, z,t)
– B̄(x, y, z,t)
¯ y, z,t)
– J(x,
– ρv (x, y, z,t)
• And their derivatives can be expressed in phasor form to have the time-harmonic Maxwell’s
equations.
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Time-Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations
Time-Harmonic Fields
Example:
• For Ā = A0 cos (ωt − β x) ây , write the phasor form of A
Time-Harmonic Fields
Example:
• For B̄ = B1 sin (ωt − β x) ây , B̄s =?
– Note: sin α = cos(α–90o )
Time-Harmonic Fields
Practice Exercise 9.6
• If P̄ = 2 sin (10t + x − π/4) ây and Q̄s = e jx (âx − âz ) sin πy, determine the phasor form of
P̄ and the instantaneous form of Q̄s .
Time-Harmonic Fields
Example 9.8
• In a source-free medium characterized by σ = 0 , µ = µ0 , ε = ε0 and Ē = 20 sin 108t − β z ây
V/m.
– Calculate β and H̄.
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Waves in general
Waves in general
Waves in general
• For Source free (ρs = 0,J = 0) medium, one dimensional Scalar wave equation can be
given as
•
∂ 2 Ē 2
2∂ E
− u =0
∂t 2 ∂ z2
– Where u is the wave velocity
• If we assume time harmonic dependance e jωt
2
– j2 ω 2 Es − u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0
Waves in general
2
• j2 ω 2 Es − u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0
2
• −ω 2 Es − u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0
2
• ω 2 Es + u2 ∂∂ zE2s = 0
– divide both sides by u2
∂ 2 Es
• ∂ z2
+ β 2 Es = 0 ∵ β = ω
u
• =⇒ Es = Ae− jβ z + Be+ jβ z
– m2 + β 2 = 0 , m = ± jβ
Waves in general
• E = Re Es e jωt
h i
• E = Re Ae− jβ z e jωt + Be+ jβ z e jωt
• E = A cos (ωt − β z) + B cos (ωt + β z)
• E = E+ + E−
• E + = A cos (ωt − β z) , Positive z travel
• E − = B cos (ωt + β z) , Negative z travel
• ω = angular frequency
• β = Phase Constant
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Waves in general
• Now for simplicity we choose,
– E = A sin (ωt–β z), sin has a zero crossing at t = 0, z = 0
• E is a function of both time t and space variable z
• λ is called wavelength as the wave takes distance λ to repeat itself
• T is called time period as the wave takes time T to repeat itself
Waves in general
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• As distance = speed x time
• As it takes time T for the wave to travel distance λ at speed u, we have
• λ = uT where T = 1/ f −→ u = f λ
• Using ω = 2π f , β = ω/u , T = 1/ f = 2π/ω
• We have β = 2π/λ
Waves in general
Example 10.1
• The electric field in free space is given by Ē = 50 cos 108t + β x ây V/m
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• (a.) Find the direction of wave propagation
• (b.) Calculate β and the time it takes to travel a distance of λ /2.
• (c.) Sketch the wave at t = 0, T4 , and T2 .
• Figures in this lecture are from
– Sadiku MN. Elements of electromagnetics
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