7.
Weight
Key Terms and Definitions – Chapter 3: Forces and ● Definition: The force of gravity acting on an
Motion object.
1. Newton’s First Law of Motion ● Equation:
● Definition: An object remains at rest, or in
uniform motion in a straight line, unless W = mg
acted upon by a net external force.
● Units: Newtons (N).
● Also Known As: The Law of Inertia.
8. Gravitational Field Strength (g)
2. Inertia ● Definition: The force per unit mass
● Definition: The resistance of an object to a experienced by a mass in a gravitational
change in its state of motion. field.
● Standard Value on Earth:
3. Force
● Definition: A push or pull exerted on an g = 9.8 \, \text{m/s}^2
object.
● Units: Newtons (N). 9. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
● Definition: For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
4. Net Force
● Definition: The vector sum of all forces
acting on an object. 10. Friction
● Definition: A force that opposes motion
between two surfaces in contact.
5. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
● Definition: The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting 11. Static Friction
on it and inversely proportional to its mass. ● Definition: The frictional force that prevents
two surfaces from sliding past each other.
● Equation:
F = ma
12. Kinetic Friction
● Definition: The frictional force that opposes
6. Mass the motion of two surfaces sliding past each
● Definition: The amount of matter in an other.
object.
● Units: Kilograms (kg).
13. Normal Force 20. Contact Force
● Definition: The support force exerted upon ● Definition: A force that acts on an object
an object in contact with a surface; acts through direct contact (e.g., friction, tension,
perpendicular to the surface. normal force).
14. Tension 21. Field Force
● Definition: The pulling force transmitted ● Definition: A force that acts over a distance
along a string, rope, cable, or similar object. without physical contact (e.g., gravity,
magnetic force).
15. Applied Force
● Definition: A force that is applied to an CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND MOTION
object by a person or another object. 1. Linear Motion
● Distance: The total path length covered
during motion.
16. Air Resistance
● Definition: A type of frictional force that ● Displacement: The change in position of an
acts upon objects as they travel through the object in a straight line from the starting
air. point.
● Speed: The rate of change of distance with
17. Free-Body Diagram (FBD) time. \text{Speed} =
\frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}
● Definition: A diagram showing all the forces
acting on a single object.
● Velocity: The rate of change of displacement
with time. \text{Velocity} =
18. Equilibrium \frac{\text{Displacement}}{\text{Time}}
● Definition: A state in which the net force on
● Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity
an object is zero, resulting in no
with time. a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}
acceleration.
● Uniform motion: Motion at a constant
velocity.
19. Acceleration
● Definition: The rate of change of velocity of ● Non-uniform motion: Motion with changing
an object. velocity.
● Equation: ● Average speed: Total distance divided by
total time.
a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}
\bar{v} = \frac{d}{t}
● Instantaneous speed: Speed at a specific ● Static equilibrium: The object is at rest.
instant.
● Dynamic equilibrium: The object is moving
● Scalar quantity: A quantity with magnitude at constant velocity.
only (e.g., speed, distance).
● Balanced forces: Forces that are equal in
● Vector quantity: A quantity with both magnitude and opposite in direction; no
magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, change in motion.
displacement).
● Unbalanced forces: Forces that cause a
2. Newton’s Laws of Motion change in motion.
● First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest
or in uniform motion unless acted on by a 5. Friction
net external force. ● Friction: A force that resists relative motion
between two surfaces in contact.
● Second Law: The acceleration of an object
is proportional to the net force acting on it ● Static friction: The friction force that must
and inversely proportional to its mass. be overcome to start motion.
F = ma ● Kinetic friction: The friction force opposing
motion once an object is already moving.
● Third Law: For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction. ● Coefficient of friction (μ): A constant that
represents the frictional properties of two
3. Free Body Diagrams (FBDs) surfaces.
● Free Body Diagram: A diagram showing all
the forces acting on an object. f = \mu N
● Normal force: The perpendicular force 6. Forces in Fluids
exerted by a surface on an object. ● Buoyant force: An upward force exerted by
a fluid on an immersed object.
● Applied force: A force applied to an object
by a person or another object. ● Viscous force: A resistive force that acts
opposite to the direction of flow in a fluid.
● Friction: A force that opposes motion
between two surfaces in contact. ● Drag: A force that opposes an object’s
motion through a fluid (air or water
● Tension: A pulling force transmitted by a resistance).
string, cable, or rope.
4. Equilibrium CHAPTER 4: CIRCULAR MOTION AND
● Equilibrium: A state where the net force and GRAVITATION
net torque on an object are zero. 1. Uniform Circular Motion
● Uniform circular motion: Motion in a circle
with constant speed. v = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}
● Centripetal acceleration: Acceleration
directed toward the center of the circle. CHAPTER 5: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
1. Work
a_c = \frac{v^2}{r} ● Work (W): The transfer of energy when a
force causes displacement.
● Centripetal force: Net force directed toward
the center that causes circular motion. W = Fd \cos \theta
F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r} ● Positive work: Force and displacement are
in the same direction.
● Period (T): Time taken to complete one full
circle. ● Negative work: Force and displacement are
in opposite directions.
T = \frac{1}{f}
● Zero work: Displacement is zero or
● Frequency (f): Number of revolutions per perpendicular to force.
second.
2. Energy
f = \frac{1}{T} ● Energy: The capacity to do work.
● Tangential speed: The linear speed along the ● Kinetic energy (KE): Energy of motion.
circular path.
KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2
v = \frac{2\pi r}{T}
● Potential energy (PE): Stored energy due to
2. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation position.
● Gravitational force: The attractive force
between two masses. PE = mgh
F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} ● Mechanical energy: The sum of kinetic and
potential energy.
● Gravitational field strength (g): The force
per unit mass in a gravitational field. ● Elastic potential energy: Energy stored in
stretched or compressed objects.
g = \frac{F}{m}
PE_{elastic} = \frac{1}{2}kx^2
● Satellite motion: The curved path of a
satellite around a planet due to gravity 3. Conservation of Energy
providing centripetal force. ● Law of conservation of energy: Energy
cannot be created or destroyed, only
● Orbital velocity: The velocity required to transformed.
keep a satellite in orbit.
● Mechanical energy conservation (in absence J = \Delta p = F \Delta t
of friction):
● Impulse-Momentum Theorem:
KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f
F \Delta t = m \Delta v
4. Power
● Power (P): The rate at which work is done ● Impulse unit: Newton-second (N·s) or
or energy is transferred. kg·m/s.
P = \frac{W}{t} 3. Collisions
● Elastic collision: Both momentum and
● Watt (W): SI unit of power; 1 W = 1 J/s. kinetic energy are conserved.
● Efficiency: The ratio of useful energy output ● Inelastic collision: Momentum is conserved,
to total energy input. but kinetic energy is not.
\text{Efficiency} = \frac{\text{useful ● Perfectly inelastic collision: The colliding
output}}{\text{input}} \times 100\% objects stick together after the collision.
● Explosion: An event where one object
Great! Here’s the complete and organized list of key breaks into multiple parts, conserving
terms and definitions for: momentum.
CHAPTER 6: MOMENTUM, COLLISIONS, AND 4. Recoil and Explosions
IMPULSE ● Recoil: Backward motion of an object (e.g.,
1. Linear Momentum a gun) after firing a projectile, due to
● Momentum (p): The quantity of motion an conservation of momentum.
object has; a product of mass and velocity.
● Explosion (momentum perspective): The
p = mv total momentum before the explosion (often
zero) is equal to the vector sum of all
● Vector quantity: Momentum has both momenta afterward.
magnitude and direction.
5. Systems and External Forces
● Conservation of momentum: In a closed, ● Isolated system: A system with no net
isolated system, the total momentum before external forces, allowing for momentum
a collision equals the total momentum after. conservation.
\sum p_{initial} = \sum p_{final} ● Non-isolated system: External forces act,
possibly changing the total momentum.
2. Impulse
● Impulse (J): The change in momentum of an 6. Center of Mass
object. ● Center of mass: The point representing the
average position of mass in a system. For a
uniform object, it’s at the geometric center.
● In a closed system, the center of mass moves
with constant velocity if no net external
force acts.
