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StudentEdge
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A person who
never made a
mistake never
tried anything
new.
—Albert Einstein

A newspaper especially crafted for school going children

News, Hobbies, Education, Entertainment, Exposure, Personality Development, Competitions

Sunita Williams
Returns from
Space After an
Unexpected
Long Stay

SpaceX Crew Dragon Boeing Starliner Sunita Williams

unita Williams recently returned to Program. Boeing is one of the companies vacation — it’s tough! Sunita’s body had to
S Earth after a trip to space that
went longer than expected. Sunita
working with NASA on this initiative. deal with no gravity. No gravity makes
muscles and bones weaker over time. She
is a courageous astronaut. She went to the Commercial Crew Program which Sunita Williams was testing. Then exercised every day on special machines to
International Space Station (ISS) to test a Yuri Gagarin from the Soviet Union was there is SpaceX’s Crew Dragon. This stay fit. Scientists watched her closely to
new spacecraft called the Boeing Starliner. the first person to go into space in 1961. He spacecraft is already transporting see how her body handled it. This will help
But some issues with the Starliner meant returned safely. He used a parachute to exit astronauts to the ISS. It was even used to them plan longer trips, like to Mars.
she had to stay up there. Everyone’s excited his spaceship when he was just 7 kilometres bring Sunita and Butch back to Earth. Both
that she has returned home safely! above Earth. Since then, space agencies are like high-tech space taxis, but they’re Why Was This Mission
have been experimenting with different designed differently. Crew Dragon has been Important?
Why Sunita Went to spaceship designs to bring humans back to highly successful, while Starliner is still Even though the mission lasted longer
Space This Time Earth. After Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin preparing for more trips. than expected, it provided valuable
landed on the Moon, they returned in a information about space travel. Scientists
capsule that splashed down in the ocean. How Are New Crew Spacecraft learned more about how the human body
In 1981, NASA built space shuttles that Different From Older Ones? reacts to long space missions and how to
looked like aeroplanes. NASA used these Older spacecrafts, like the space fix spacecraft problems. This knowledge
space shuttles to bring astronauts back shuttles, were big and shaped like will help future astronauts travel safely to
from space. However, two tragic accidents aeroplanes with wings. They could carry space.
revealed the shuttles’ risks. One shuttle, lots of people and stuff but were super Sunita Williams’ journey was challenging,
Sunita Williams & Butch Wilmore
Challenger, crashed in 1986. Another, expensive and tricky to reuse. New ones, but she showed great courage and
Sunita Williams has been in space many Columbia, crashed in 2003. Seven like Starliner and Crew Dragon, are smaller dedication. Her mission will help improve
times. Her latest trip was all about testing astronauts died in each accident. Indian- and shaped like capsules. They land with space travel and inspire many young
a brand-new spaceship called the Boeing origin astronaut Kalpana Chawla died on parachutes — kind of like a gentle students to dream big and explore space!
Starliner. She and another astronaut Columbia in 2003. Moreover, these shuttles splashdown in the ocean or on land. They’re
named Butch Wilmore were sent to the also built to be reused. This saves money. Background Information
ISS. ISS is a giant science lab that orbits Crew Dragon costs around $200 million for
Earth. Their job was to make sure the new a mission. New spaceships use advanced Space station
spaceship could safely take people to computers to fly almost on their own. A space station is a large satellite
space and back. It’s like being a test driver where astronauts live and work for
for a new space car! How Long Was the Stay? long periods. The station orbits Earth
Space Shuttle Discovery
Sunita and Butch had to stay in space for and provides labs, food and air for
Why is Boeing Developing were costly to maintain. Each mission cost 286 days instead of the planned 8 days. astronauts. It is primarily used for
Spaceships? around $1.5 billion. Since 2003, NASA has While waiting, they helped with scientific conducting scientific experiments in
Boeing is a relied on Russia’s spaceships to send research and maintenance on the ISS. Sunita space.
company famous for astronauts to the ISS. Meanwhile, NASA conducted over 150 experiments and spent The International Space Station
making aeroplanes. It sought safer designs to better protect 900 hours working on space research. She (ISS) is a joint project between the
is now building a new people. So, they invited private companies also performed spacewalks. She spent a U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan and
spaceship to carry to build spacecraft to send astronauts to total of 62 hours and 6 minutes outside the Canada. China launched its space
astronauts to space. space and bring them back safely. ISS. This is a record for female astronauts. station, the Tiangong, in 2022. India
The United States’ space agency, the Two U.S. companies have successfully is also planning to build its own
National Aeronautics and Space built spacecraft under the Commercial Crew What Happens Due to space station, named the Bharatiya
Administration (NASA), wants more ways Program: SpaceX and Boeing. Two an Extended Stay? Antariksh Station (BAS), by 2035.
to reach the ISS. That is why NASA started spacecraft are being developed as part of Staying in space longer isn’t just an extra
a programme called the Commercial Crew this program. One is Boeing’s Starliner,
To subscribe StudentEdge call : 9513309917, 7042833117 or Visit www.studentedge.in
Books and Movies StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 02
The Adventures of Rusty Dosti
Author: Ruskin Bond he Adventures of Rusty is a
English, Hindi
Age: 10+ T wonderful book written by Ruskin
Bond. Bond is one of India’s most
Hindi
Age: 10+
Available on www.amazon.in loved authors. The book is about a boy
named Rusty who lives in a small town in Available on
India. He is curious, kind and always ready YouTube
for adventure.
The book is a collection of short stories f you enjoy heartwarming
about Rusty’s life. He meets many
interesting people, makes new friends and
I stories about friendship,
Dosti is a movie you
has fun and sometimes scary experiences. should watch! It is an old Hindi film
Some stories are funny and some are made in 1964, but the story is still
touching, but all of them are easy to read very special today. The movie is
and enjoy. about two boys — Ramu and
Rusty goes through many ups and Mohan. Ramu cannot walk properly, and Mohan cannot see. Even though life
downs as he grows up. He learns important is hard for them, they become best friends and help each other in every way.
lessons about friendship, family and Ramu plays the harmonica while Mohan sings songs. Together, they
courage. The book also describes nature earn money and face many challenges. No matter what happens, they
and small-town life in a beautiful way. never give up or leave each other’s side. Their friendship is full of love,
Ruskin Bond writes in a simple and trust and kindness.
friendly style, so young readers can easily The songs in the movie are very emotional and beautiful. You may even
understand and enjoy the stories. This feel like singing along! The story teaches us that true friends stay together in
book is perfect for children who enjoy happy and sad times.
adventure, nature and stories about Dosti won many awards. It is known as one of the best friendship movies
growing up. in Indian cinema. In 1977, the movie was made again in Malayalam and
Telugu with the name Sneham.

Worksheet : BM200 Worksheet : BM198

Use the correct word from the box to complete each sentence. Name any two songs from the film and describe the emotions they
(ménagerie, imprecation, incongruity, ablutions, crestfallen) convey.
1. Rusty noticed the __________ of the monkey tied to a feeding trough—it looked • Song 1: ...............................................................................................................................................
completely out of place.
2. Grandmother hurled an __________ at Toto after discovering her missing jam pots. • Emotion: ..........................................................................................................................................

3. Grandfather had a fascinating __________ of pets, including a python and a hornbill. • Song 2: ..............................................................................................................................................
4. Toto would get offended if someone laughed at him during his __________. • Emotion: ..........................................................................................................................................
5. Grandfather looked __________ when he couldn’t find the snake charmer in the bazaar.

Four Kids and It

You Are Born to Blossom
Authors: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ou Are Born to Blossom is an inspiring
and Arun K. Tiwari
English, Hindi Y and hopeful book written by former
President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
English
Age: 12+
Age: 10+ Kalam, along with Arun K. Tiwari. The book
Available on www.amazon.in encourages every reader to believe in their
potential and talents. It shows how each person Available on
is special and has the ability to do great things YouTube
if they follow their passion and work hard.
The authors focus on how education can our Kids and It is a fun
transform lives and how technology can help
create a better future. They focus especially on
F and magical movie for
children. It is about four
the internet. They also talk about the idea of kids who go on holiday to a beach
“spiritual connectivity” to help people grow in in England. There, they find a
both mind and heart. Spiritual connectivity is a strange and funny creature called
mix of science and inner strength. Psammead. Psammead can grant them one wish a day! But there’s a twist
The book also shares Kalam’s vision of — each wish only lasts until sunset, and things don’t always go as planned.
transforming India into a knowledge-based The kids wish for things like flying, being super rich or travelling through
society, where learning and creativity are valued time. But every wish leads to funny and surprising adventures. As they try to
the most. His ideas are simple, practical and fix the problems their wishes cause, the children learn to work together and
deeply motivating. understand each other better.
This book is a perfect read for students, The movie is full of adventure, magic and laughter. Psammead is voiced
teachers, and anyone who wants to bring by Michael Caine, and there’s also a silly villain played by Russell Brand. This
positive change in their lives and the world. It villain wants to capture Psammead.
teaches us to dream big, stay connected to our This is a great movie to watch with family or friends. It teaches good
roots and keep growing — just like how a lessons about teamwork, family, and being careful what you wish for.
flower blossoms.
Worksheet : BM199
Worksheet : BM201 The Psammead grants one wish per day.
• If you could ask for one wish just for today, what would it be
Dr. Kalam believed in the power of teachers. Write one quality you admire most in a and why?
teacher and why. Write 4–5 sentences.
Science StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 03
Study: Hunger Helped
Single Cells Become Parrots
Multicellular and Human
Class VIII+
The Cell
Speech:
A Special
Connection
Stentors form magine a bird that can say words! These birds love to talk. It makes
temporary colonies
I “Hello!”, repeat your name or
even sing a song. Sounds
them interesting for scientists to study.

amazing, right? Parrots are fascinating The Study

birds because they can copy human speech Scientists Michael Long and Zetian Yang
and sounds. But have you ever wondered from the USA studied the brains of four
how they do it? Scientists have found that budgerigars while the birds
parrots’ brains work in a special way, similar made sounds (chirruped).
to how human brains process speech. A The scientists used
new study looked at parrots called electrical devices to record
budgerigars to understand how they learn brain activity in these
magine a time 3.8 billion years In an experiment, scientists put stentors and repeat sounds. Budgerigars are also parrots. They found that
I ago. Earth was home to nothing
but tiny living things—so small
in a dish of pond water. Instead of staying
alone, they formed groups on the glass
known as parakeets.
Prof. Michael Long
certain brain cells respond
to different sounds. Some
you’d need a microscope to spot them! surface. Even though they didn’t physically Why Budgerigars? cells react to consonants,
These single-celled organisms were the attach to each other, they stayed close while others react to
first signs of life. They floated alone in a while feeding. When two stentors were vowels, high-pitched or
vast, watery world. Scientists have long near each other, their whirlpools became low-pitched sounds. This
scratched their heads and wondered how stronger. It helped them pull in more food. means certain brain cells
these little loners teamed up to create This also helped them eat faster and catch help budgies produce
Zetian Yang
bigger, more exciting things such as plants, bigger prey (the small organisms they eat). different types of sounds.
animals and even us. Now, an exciting new The weaker stentors benefitted even more Prof. Long compared this to a keyboard.
study says it might all come down to one because of this teamwork. Budgerigars
Just like a keyboard has different keys for
thing: hunger! different sounds, budgies have brain cells
Strange Feeding Patterns Budgerigars are small and colourful that help them produce various sounds.
Scientists found that stentors did not parrots from Australia. They are the only This is similar to how human speech works.
always stay together. They moved back animals known so far to have language-
and forth. They sometimes came closer and producing brain regions similar to those in Comparison with Other Birds
sometimes pulled away. Scientists called humans. They can learn many sounds, The scientists also studied zebra
this movement the “she loves me, she including human words. One budgie named finches. These are another type of bird.
loves me not” pattern. They also found that Puck held a world record for knowing 1,728 Unlike budgies, zebra finches can only
stentors often switched partners to get the learn a short song. They take a long time
best food supply (intake). to learn it and do not copy other sounds.
Their brains do not have the same speech
When Food Runs Out system as budgies. This means only some
Whirlpools created by Stentor
Even though group feeding helped the birds, like parrots, have a special way of
stentors eat more, they never became truly learning speech.
The Study multicellular. When food was less, the
Scientists from the Marine Biological colony broke apart. The stentors then Why is this important?
Laboratory, Massachusetts, USA studied searched alone for food. Scientists say Some people have trouble speaking
the Stentor. Stentor is a single-celled humans do the same. We share and help after a stroke. This condition is called
organism that lives in ponds and lakes. It is each other when food is plentiful, but when aphasia. By understanding how budgies
shaped like a trumpet and can grow up to 2 food is scarce, we compete (focusing on talk, doctors could find better treatments
millimetres long (about the size of a grain of our own survival). to help people with speech difficulties.
rice). Stentors feed by creating whirlpools Scientists think other birds, like
(spinning water movement) using their tiny, A New Theory of Evolution lyrebirds, may also have similar speech
hair-like structures called cilia to pull in tiny Stentors did not adopt multicellular life. abilities, but more research is needed.
food particles like bacteria. They formed groups with different
individuals. Prof. Shashank Shekhar says Power Words
this shows an early stage Consonant (n.) Sounds in words that are not vowels, such as B, D, K, M and T.
of evolution. He is the
lead author of the study. High-pitched (adj.) A sound that is sharp and squeaky, like a whistle or a bird chirping.
Over time, some Low-pitched (adj.) A sound that is deep and heavy, like a drum.
organisms may have taken A medical condition when the brain does not get enough blood, which
teamwork further. This Stroke (n.)
causes trouble in movement or speech.
means some single cells
might have stayed Prof. Shashank Vowel (n.) Sounds in words such as A, E, I, O and U, which make speech smooth.
together longer to survive Shekhar
better and then became multicellular life
forms. This could be how plants, animals Worksheet : SC109
and humans evolved. Draw your own talking parrot and give it a name.
• What kind of things does it love to say?
Worksheet : SC110 • Does it sing songs, tell jokes, or give weather reports?
Find five words related to the news article.
I O I W M N Q W A U S E
E U G V I M N F F S V G
Power Words I M L L C Z Q F C O I D
H I S O R Q D Z L C H G
The smallest living part of P N T D O Y D U H M J R
Cell (n.) a plant, animal or other
Q W L K S P T X Y K Z X
organisms
Z H U O C I L H R D M E
A tool that makes tiny F E F J O E V R L H H Z
Microscope
things look bigger so we
(n.) V U Y N P J L I I F D J
can see them clearly.
R O T N E T S L E H E S • My parrot’s name is: ..................................................................................................................................................
The slow change in living C H V M D C B S C A W V
Evolution • It loves to say: ..............................................................................................................................................................
things over a long time to
(n.) W F O J C Q P Z V F F F
help them survive.
Geography StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 04
First Private Mission successfully launched India’s first private
rocket, Vikram-S in November 2022.
• Agnikul Cosmos: It focuses on developing

Lands on the Moon

and launching small satellite rockets. This
includes the Agnibaan rocket. It is
designed to carry payloads of up to 300
kg to a 700 km orbit.
• Pixxel: It specialises in making high-tech
satellites that take pictures of Earth.
• Bellatrix Aerospace: It works on rocket
engines and satellite technology.
These companies contribute to India’s
growing space industry. They help the
country achieve its ambitious space
Class VI+ exploration goals. The success of private
Space Exploration missions like Blue Ghost inspires similar
efforts worldwide. These companies,
irefly Aerospace has successfully What About Indian Private including those in India, are inspired to
F landed a spacecraft on the Moon. It
has become the first private firm to
Space Companies?
In India, private companies are also
explore the Moon, Mars and beyond.

achieve this. It is a Texas-based private allowed to participate in space exploration.

company in the USA. This is a major milestone Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan The Indian government encourages private Worksheet : GR108
for space exploration. Their lunar lander is Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). players to contribute to the space sector. Solve the puzzle using the words
called Blue Ghost. It touched down safely on While other private companies have Many initiatives like the Indian National marked green.
the Moon’s surface on Mar. 2, 2025. It landed attempted Moon missions, none succeeded. Space Promotion and Authorization Centre
in a place called Mare Crisium. For example, in February 2024, the Odysseus (IN–SPACe) promote this. It helps private
This mission is called the Blue Ghost lander by another private firm reached the companies collaborate with ISRO. They
Mission 1. It began on Jan. 15, 2025, aboard Moon. But it fell over and failed to operate. can also use ISRO’s facilities. Some
a Falcon 9 rocket. SpaceX owns this rocket. Firefly’s success marks a new chapter in notable private space companies in India
The spacecraft travelled 5 million km to the space exploration. It shows that private include the following:
Moon before landing. This marked a historic companies can play a key role alongside • Skyroot Aerospace: It develops low-cost
moment in space history. national space agencies. launch vehicles or rockets. Skyroot
Blue Ghost carried 10 scientific
instruments from the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA). These
were designed to study the Moon’s surface.
They were to measure the internal heat of
the Moon. They were also scheduled to
observe how solar energy affected the Moon.
The mission is expected to last about 14 ACROSS
Earth days. This equals one lunar day. After 3. A machine that orbits a planet and sends back
information.
this, the lander will stop working. This is 5. The path an object takes as it moves around
when darkness will fall over the landing site. a planet or star.
This achievement is especially significant DOWN
because only government space agencies 1. The important stuff a rocket carries, like
have managed successful lunar landings until instruments or satellites.
now. These include the Soviet space 2. A vehicle that flies into space using powerful
engines.
program, NASA, the China National Space 4. A spacecraft designed to land on a planet or
Administration (CNSA), the Indian Space the Moon.

World’s Oldest Meteorite

have formed hot water pools. These are
friendly environments for tiny life forms like
microbes. Hence, the discovery is important.
This big crash might have also helped

Crater Found in Australia

make cratons. They are the strong, ancient
pieces of land that continents like Asia or
Africa were built on.
What’s Next?
Scientists believe more ancient craters will
be found. Each discovery will help us learn
how life began on Earth. We can also learn
how our planet evolved.
Power Words
A strong hit or crash between
Impact (n.)
things
Meteorite
A space rock that falls to Earth
Class VI+ (n.)
Meteorite Impact Crater Shatter cone Pilbara Craton Solar The Sun and all the planets
system (n.) that revolve around it
cientists from Curtin University, special rocks called shatter cones. They look
S Australia, have found the world’s
oldest meteorite impact crater. It
like an upside-down badminton shuttlecock
without the top. These are unique patterns in
Worksheet : GR109
is in Pilbara, Western Australia. It is 3.5 billion rocks. They are created only when a meteorite If you had a sandbox and a few small
years old. This discovery helps us learn how hits the Earth with great force. The meteorite rocks, how could you demonstrate a
Earth changed in the past. We can also learn that created this crater likely hit the Earth at a "crater impact" to your classmates?
how life may have started. speed of more than 36,000 km per hour. This What would you need, and what would
formed a massive crater more than 100 km you be trying to show?
What is a Meteorite wide.
Impact Crater?
A meteorite impact crater is a large hole in Why is it Important?
the ground made by a space rock or meteorite. Before this, the oldest known crater was
It is made when a meteorite crashes into a 2.2 billion years old. It is also in Yarrabubba,
planet with great force. The impact is so Western Australia. But the new crater is
strong that it leaves a deep mark on the much older. It is 3.5 billion years old.
surface. Long ago, when the solar system Scientists believe life started on Earth at the
was just forming, meteorites hit planets and same time. These meteorite impacts could
moons very often. The Moon still has many have played a role in shaping the Earth’s
craters from that time. But on Earth, old How was it Found? surface. They could have even created
craters have been erased. This was done by The crater was found in the North Pole conditions suitable for life. For example, the
wind, rain and other natural changes. Dome. Scientists identified it by studying heat and energy from such impacts might
Art and Culture StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 05
Khajuraho Temples Complete Millennium Background Information
Khajuraho temples

with Dance Festival and World Record! The Khajuraho temples are a group of
ancient temples in Madhya Pradesh, India.
They were built by the Chandela kings.
Originally, there were 85 temples. But now,
only around 25 are still standing. The
Khajuraho temples are a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. They are known worldwide as
a symbol of India’s rich culture and art.
Indian Classical Dances
Indian classical dances are dance styles that
have been followed in India for a long time.
These dances are based on an old book
called the Natya Shastra. It was written by
an ancient sage named Bharata Muni. Some
famous classical dances are Bharatnatyam,
Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali, Sattriya,
he year 2025 is very special for everyone with their quick footwork. Manipuri and Mohiniyattam.
T Indian culture: the famous
Khajuraho temples in Madhya
Legendary dancer Meenakshi Seshadri
performed a moving Bharatanatyam piece
A New World Record!
The most exciting part of the festival was Power Words
Pradesh have turned 1,000 years old! These that honoured traditional temple dancing. when it received a Guinness World Record!
beautiful temples were built around the year Meenakshi is also from Maharashtra. On the evening of February 20, a big crowd Opportunity (n.) A chance or a good time.
1025. They are known all over the world for gathered in front of the glowing temples to Representative A person chosen to act or
their amazing stone carvings that show see this historic sight. (n.) speak for another or others.
stories of human life, love, and art. A total of 139 classical dancers performed
The Madhya Pradesh Tourism Board one after another in a relay style. This means
and Department of Culture organised they took turns to perform. The dancers Worksheet : AC108
the 2025 Khajuraho Dance Festival. They performed continuously for 24 hours, 9 Search five classical dances of India.
used this opportunity to promote the minutes and 26 seconds at the Aadivart
M D K C M N K N P W U E
Khajuraho temples to both Indian and Tribal Museum. The dance marathon started
international tourists. at 2:34 p.m. on February 19 and ended at I A I A P S A Y C X V U
2:43 p.m. on February 20. This set a new U B Y J T V H K Z V Y I
Khajuraho Dance Festival 2025 world record for the longest classical dance F D H T M H T R A U I C
Every year, a big dance festival is held in relay marathon!
X Z H J A M A U I D S A
front of the Khajuraho temples to celebrate The dancers performed different classical
India’s classical dance forms. In 2025, dance forms such as Kathak, Kuchipudi, F J G O D N K K U T Q S
this festival was even more special because Mohiniyattam and Odissi. Bharatanatyam O D I S S I T P A U M B
it marked the 1000th year since the was the final dance. A representative from Y D M Y I D I A Q L X X
temples were built and the 51st year of the Guinness World Records was there to
festival itself. The final performance was given by confirm the record. K J O D K H V F R S I Q
Dancers from all over India came to Radha and Raja Reddy. They are famous The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, M F D Z C I I K U A M V
Madhya Pradesh to perform classical Kuchipudi dancers from Delhi. Their graceful Dr. Mohan Yadav, proudly accepted the D R F U M O R T T Q H M
dances. Kathak dancers Piyush Raj and Sunil and energetic dance offered a fitting end to Guinness certificate and said, “We are proud U E K A M K B L O B N B
Sankara from Maharashtra impressed the evening. to carry forward India’s rich dance culture.”

Best Sound, and the second won Best Documentary

Oscars 2025 announced: Feature. “No Other Land” was also the first Palestinian
film to win an Academy Award. The song “El Mal” from
“Emilia Pérez” won Best Original Song.

Celebrating the Best in Film India did not win any awards at the 97th Academy
Awards. But the country’s entry for Best International
Feature Film was “Laapataa Ladies,” a Hindi film directed
by Kiran Rao.

Worksheet : AC109
Complete the puzzle using the words marked green.

P
R
D O
he 97th Academy Awards, also called the Oscars, performance in “The Brutalist.” Zoe Saldaña won the Best
T were held on March 2, 2025, in Los Angeles, USA.
The event celebrated the best movies and actors
Supporting Actress award for “Emilia Pérez.” She became
the first American of Dominican origin to win this award.
I
R
D
U
from the year 2024. Kieran Culkin won Best Supporting Actor for “A Real Pain.”
The movie “Anora” won the most awards. It took home The Best Animated Feature Film award went to “Flow.” E C
five Oscars. These included Best Picture (given to producers It is a Latvian film. This was the first time a Latvian film won
Alex Coco, Samantha Quan and Sean Baker), Best Director an Oscar. Brazil’s “I’m Still Here” won the Best International
S C R E E N P L A Y
(Sean Baker), Best Actress (Mikey Madison), Best Original Feature Film award. This was also the country’s first Oscar T R I
Screenplay (Sean Baker) and Best Film Editing (Sean in this category.
Baker). Baker made history by winning four Oscars for a “Wicked” won awards for Best Costume Design and O C
single film in one night. “Anora” tells the story of Ani, a Best Production Design. Paul Tazewell became the first R E D I T I
young woman who marries a rich Russian man. But their Black male designer to win an Oscar for costume design
N G
happy love story faces problems when his powerful family (“Wicked”). U
tries to interfere. This leads to challenges and surprises. Other winners included “Dune: Part Two” and “No Other
Adrien Brody won the Best Actor award for his Land.” The first won awards for Best Visual Effects and R
E
ACROSS
3. The written script of a film, which includes the story,
dialogue and scene directions.
5. The process of cutting and arranging film scenes to
create the final movie.
DOWN
1. A person who helps plan and pay for a movie and ensures
everything runs smoothly.
2. A person who is in charge of making the movie.
Mikey Madison Adrien Brody 4. A film that people watch for entertainment.
Sean Baker (Best Actress) (Best Actor)
HISTORY StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 06
Which Came First: The Stone tools. Finestone also went to do research in Kenya. She found
that early humans often cut food near places where sharp
stones were found. This means they could have picked up

Tool or the Idea to Make One? these naturally sharp stones (naturaliths) to help them cut
meat or plants. Using these stones would have been easier
than using just their hands and teeth.
Once early humans began using naturaliths, they
understood the importance of these stones. Researchers
believe that when naturaliths were not available in certain
areas, early humans attempted to create their own. So, they
began making their own sharp tools instead of spending time
searching for the perfect rock. This helped them always have
sharp tools. They also made the tools better than nature
provided by hitting stones together to create sharp edges.
This process is called “knapping.”
This new idea changes the way scientists think about
stone tools. Instead of suddenly discovering them, early
humans may have slowly learnt from nature and then started
making their own tools.
Eren says this new idea is the best explanation so far for
how early humans began making stone tools. But this theory
needs to be tested more. This discovery gives us a new way
Class VI+ of looking at human history and how stone technology
started. It reminds us that nature has always been an
Stone Tools important teacher for humans.
ong, long ago, early humans did not have knives or They were sharp enough to cut meat and plants!
L scissors. So how did they cut meat or plants? That
has been a big puzzle for scientists. Did humans What is the Evidence?
Power Words
Proof or clues that help us understand
first learn to make tools? Or did they first learn to cut meat Many scientists had thought about this idea before. But Evidence (n.)
if something is true
using sharp stones they found lying around? they could not find enough naturaliths, so they dropped the
A possible explanation of something
A new study by scientists Dr. Emma Finestone, Dr. idea. However, new research shows that these sharp stones Theory (n.)
which is accepted by most scientists
Michelle Bebber and Dr. Metin Eren gives us the answer. might be much more common than they once believed.
They say that millions of years ago, early humans did not The researchers travelled to different places around the
begin by making tools. Instead, they likely used sharp rocks world and looked at many scientific studies. They found that Worksheet : HT107
they found in nature. These rocks were called nature produces many sharp rocks. For example,
naturaliths. They were formed when other stones Bebber went to a place in Oman where many sharp Give some alternative explanations of how humans
broke apart in rivers or when large animals like rocks were available. This suggests that early might have learned to make tools.
elephants stepped on them. And guess what? humans likely had easy access to these natural
When animals like lions, tigers, etc. used their
sharp claws to cut meat, humans understood
that they also needed sharp tools, for cutting
meat. They also observed tha there were some
rocks as sharp as claws and the bigger rocks
could be fine grained, by weathering.

Odisha’s Buddhist History celadon pottery. This is a type of ceramic from

China. But it is not enough to confirm trade
links with China.

Uncovered in Ratnagiri
The ASI team will continue digging for
several more months to find more clues about
Ratnagiri’s past. The giant Buddha heads,
ancient inscriptions and hundreds of stupas
make this site one of the most important
Buddhist centres in India.
Power Words
Excavation
Digging up or uncovering
(n.)
Class VI+ Greyware
A type of pottery that looks
grey because it was baked in a
Buddhism (n.)
special way using less air
or the past few months, a team have made the following incredible discoveries: • stone tablets with “Kutila” Sanskrit A person or group that goes into
F of 50 archaeologists from the
Archaeological Survey of India
• three giant Buddha heads with beautiful
carvings from the 8th century;
inscriptions, a cursive-style Sanskrit script;
• sculptures of Buddhist gods and
Invader
(n.)
another place without
permission, usually to take it
has been hard at work in Ratnagiri, Odisha. • hundreds of small stupas, some with goddesses and over or cause trouble
They are uncovering hidden treasures. ancient writings; • ancient greyware and redware pottery A dome-shaped structure; a
Stupa (n.)
These treasures show how important this with beautiful geometric patterns. Buddhist shrine
place was for Buddhism and Buddhist
history in ancient times. The Mystery of the Buddha Heads
This is the first major excavation in The most exciting discovery is the three Worksheet : HT108
Ratnagiri in 60 years. Ratnagiri is also giant Buddha heads found at the site. These Find five words related to the news article.
called Ratnagiri Mahavihara. It is one of heads have long earlobes and finely carved
the largest Buddhist sites in Odisha. It was curls. They show Buddha in deep thought. I Q D O D W Q U H N
once an important place for learning, Interestingly, the noses of these statues E N E X O D G H O U
meditation and Buddhist teachings. are still intact. In the past, invaders often
W Z V F T F B I Z W
Earlier, archaeologists had found two damaged the noses of sculptures to show
monasteries, a large stupa and many power and disrespect. J Q Y A Y U T K D A
sculptures in Ratnagiri. Now, they have S X T P D A H V G U
found a large shrine. This shows that Did Ratnagiri Have Links
there is still much more to learn about to Other Countries? T K X D V E Y D Y Y
Ratnagiri’s past. Historians believe many Buddhist sites in U G H A W N R E V Q
India were supported by traders from
What have the P A C K Z Y G K S J
Southeast Asia. But archaeologists have not
Archaeologists Found? yet found strong proof of international trade A X G R E Y W A R E
The excavation started in December in Ratnagiri. E U H M T K J U T R
2024. In just a few months, researchers “Kutila” Sanskrit inscriptions The only possible clue is a few pieces of
Life Skills StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 07

Perspective:
The Power of
Seeing the
Bigger Picture

ne sunny morning, two ants, Anu mood. You think they’re being rude. But change how you think. Even exploring a
O and Avi, were walking on a
painting. But they didn’t know it
maybe they had a rough morning or lost
their pencil. When you look at their side
new neighbourhood in your city can help
you see things differently.
was a painting. of the story, you’re seeing the bigger • Question Your Beliefs
Anu looked at the red colour under her picture. And then you understand them Sometimes, we believe things without
feet and said, “Wow! I’m walking on a better. You will no longer feel like they thinking much. The next time you’re
tomato!” are being rude. upset, ask yourself: “Will this still matter
Avi shook his head. “No way! I’m • It Helps Solve Problems in a month or a year?” “What can I learn
walking on a red balloon.” Imagine you’re building a LEGO castle, from this?” Many problems feel big now
They started arguing. Just then, a but one wall keeps falling. Instead of but can get smaller over time.
butterfly flew by and said, “You’re both getting upset, you step back and look at
wrong. You’re walking on a painting of a the whole castle. You may see that the A Real-Life Example
circus!” wall is weak because the base isn’t Imagine your team loses a game. You
Anu and Avi were confused. So, the strong. By seeing the bigger picture, feel sad. Maybe, you feel a little mad too.
butterfly lifted them high into the air. From you can fix the problem. But when you step back, you realise
above, they finally saw the full picture. It • It Helps Us Be Kind • you had fun playing;
was a colourful circus with tents, balloons, If someone makes a mistake, you might • you learnt how you can do better next
fruits, animals and more. feel angry. But when you think, time and
“Everyone makes mistakes. Maybe • you and your teammates tried your best.
they’re just having a tough day,” you Now, instead of just thinking about
become kind. Seeing the bigger picture • Zoom Out in Your Mind losing, you’re thinking about growing.
helps us be more patient. When something upsets you, take a That’s the bigger picture!
• It Makes Us Smarter deep breath and imagine zooming out
When we learn something new in school like you are the camera in a movie. Look What If We All Saw
it helps to ask, “Why did this happen?” at the whole day, not just one bad the Bigger Picture?
or “What else was going on?” These moment. Often, things aren’t as bad as Imagine that everyone tried to
questions make learning easier. Great they seem. understand each other a little more, listened
thinkers always look at the bigger picture. • Talk to Others more and stayed kind even when things
Sometimes, the best way to see a new were hard. What a peaceful world it would
How to Practice Seeing perspective is to hear someone else’s. be! There would be fewer wars. Fights
the Bigger Picture Talk to your parents, teachers or friends. would end faster. Friendships would grow
It’s not always easy to step back and Ask them how they see a situation. You stronger. That’s the power of perspective!
see the whole story. But with practice, might be surprised by their different So, next time you’re confused, upset or
anyone can learn. Here are some fun ways views! even super happy, try looking at the bigger
to build your “perspective power”: • Listen Actively picture. Like the ants in the painting, you
• Ask “Why?” When someone is talking, really listen to might discover something amazing you
If something doesn’t make sense, don’t what they’re saying. Don’t just wait for didn’t see before. The world looks so much
They both laughed. “We were so just accept it. Instead, ask “why.” “Why your turn to speak. Ask questions to better when we open our eyes wide and
focused on our tiny spots that we didn’t see did my friend act that way?” “Why did I understand their point of view better. our hearts even wider!
the whole picture!” feel so upset?” “Why did the teacher The more you listen, the better you’ll
That’s the magic of perspective. give extra homework?” see things from different perspectives.
Asking questions opens your mind to • Read Widely
Worksheet : ME053
What Does “Perspective” Mean? new ideas. Books, articles and stories from different What would happen if people only
The word perspective refers to the way • Switch Places in Your Imagination cultures and backgrounds can open your saw things from their own
we look at things. It’s like wearing special Try seeing the world from someone mind. They expose you to new ideas. perspective and never listened to
glasses that can change how we see a else’s eyes. What does life look like to They help you understand how others others?
situation. Sometimes, we focus too much your pet cat? Your bus driver? Your see the world. The more you read, the
on one small detail and forget about teacher? more open-minded you become!
everything else around it. Writing stories or drawing comic strips • Travel and Explore
For example, have you ever seen a from different characters’ points of view If you can, travel to different places.
close-up picture of an ant? It might look like is a fun way to practice this! Seeing new cultures and lifestyles can
a scary alien! But when you zoom out, it’s
just a tiny creature walking on the ground,
minding its own business.
Life works the same way. If you look
only at one moment, one problem or one
feeling, things can seem confusing or
upsetting. But when you zoom out,
everything starts to make more sense.
Why Seeing the Bigger
Picture is Important
• It Helps Us Understand Others
Sometimes, a friend might be in a bad
Polity StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 08
Government Announces Sahkar Training and Support for Drivers
This taxi service is part of the government’s mission

Taxi Service for Fairer Rides Sahkar Se Samriddhi. This means prosperity through
cooperation. The government will set up a national cooperative
university. This university will train people in cooperative
businesses. It will teach them to manage and benefit from
Sahkar. This will help drivers succeed.
Launch Plan and Growth
The exact launch time for the new service hasn’t been
announced yet. Sahkar will first do a test run in a few cities.
After that, it will work for other cities in India. A similar service
already runs in West Bengal. It is called Yatri Sathi. It was
launched by the state government in Kolkata. Later, it
expanded to cities like Siliguri, Asansol and Durgapur. Sahkar
Class VII+ is expected to offer a fair and nationwide taxi service that will
Union Home Minister Amit Shah Role of Government benefit both drivers and customers.

he Indian government is starting a new take `40 as commission. This leaves the
Power Words

T taxi service. It is called Sahkar. This

service will be like the popular apps Ola
driver with only `60. The drivers feel they
earn less. They also face long waits in traffic.
Commission
(n.)
A payment someone gets for helping to
sell something.
and Uber. Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced This cuts their earnings and raises fuel costs. Affordable Something that doesn’t cost too much;
this in Parliament. There is a great idea behind this new Moreover, many passengers have also complained (adj.) most people can pay for it.
taxi service. It is about helping taxi drivers and passengers. about the Ola and Uber apps. They feel that the pricing in
these apps is unfair. Some reports say that these apps show
The Problem different prices if different phones are used for booking. It is Worksheet : PL105
Many taxi drivers are unhappy with private companies said that people who book using an iPhone have to pay more
such as Ola and Uber. This is because these private companies than those using an Android phone. The government asked Can you come up with a fun jingle (a short song) to
take a large share of their earnings. When drivers who work these companies to explain this. But they denied the claims. advertise 'Sahkar' taxis?
for Ola and Uber get bookings from these apps, they have to
pay up to 40% of the booking amount as a commission. For The Solution
example, if a driver earns `100 for a ride, Ola or Uber would The Sahkar taxi service aims to solve these problems. The
taxi service will use a cooperative model. This means that
taxi drivers can form groups. By working together, they can
manage the service and keep all their money. They will not
have to pay commissions. It means drivers will be owners.
This way, they will receive direct benefits. This service will
include bike taxis, auto-rickshaws and car taxis. It will also
offer fair prices for passengers. Drivers and passengers will
have a safe, fair and affordable ride with clear pricing.

Delimitation Debate: Concerns of Southern States

Class VIII+
The Parliament

ndia will soon go through a It is called the Delimitation Commission. do delimitation until 2001. This way, states What Needs To Be Done?
I process called delimitation. This
has sparked a debate all over
The first delimitation happened in 1952. This
was done using the population data from
working hard to control their population
wouldn’t lose seats. In 2001, this was
The delimitation issue is important. It
affects fair representation for states in the
India. Southern states such as Tamil 1951. At that time, India had about 36 crore extended to 2026. Indian Parliament. The government needs
Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala people. The commission decided to have Now, 2026 is near. Many states are wor- to find a balanced way to solve this. They
and Telangana are especially concerned 494 MPs in the Lok Sabha. This meant each ried that their number of seats might go must ensure equal opportunities for all
about this process. They fear losing MP represented about 7 lakh people. down. states in India.
political power. Let’s find out what this
means. We will look into why it is a matter Delimitation After the First One Why Are Southern States Worried? Power Words
of concern. India counts its population every 10 Southern states have followed family A count of all the people
years. So, delimitation was supposed to planning well. They have had fewer children Census (n.)
living in a country.
What Is Delimitation? happen every 10 years too. In 1961, the during these years. These states include A group of people given
India decides how many seats there population grew to about 44 crores. So, the Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Telangana. But the job to do something
should be in the Lok Sabha based on the number of Lok Sabha seats was increased northern states such as Uttar Pradesh and Commission
important, like studying a
population. The Constitution says that to 522. In 1973, it went up again to 543. Bihar are far behind. More babies are still (n.)
problem or making
after every census, the number of seats In the 1970s, India was worried about being born there. decisions.
and their areas should be changed. This the fast-growing population. So, the gov- Because of this, an MP from Tamil Nadu
way, each member of parliament repre- ernment encouraged family planning. This now represents about 22 lakh people. But
sents almost the same number of people. meant asking people to have fewer chil- an MP from Uttar Pradesh represents Worksheet : PL106
This process is called delimitation. dren. around 30 lakh people.
Unscramble the words to find the
A special team is set up to do this job. In 1976, the government decided not to If delimitation happens in 2026, northern
magic words.
states may get more seats in the Lok
Sabha. But southern states may get fewer
seats. This means less political power for
southern states. This could change how
decisions about development, money and
laws are made in the country.
Leaders from southern states say that
states that controlled their population
should be rewarded. They must not be pun-
ished. They want the government to look at
things like development and population
control. Just the total number of people
must not be looked at when deciding how
many seats each state gets.
Motivators StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 09
Purnima Devi Barman:
Meet 2025’s Indian Time’s
Woman of the Year
Award Citation

Vinod Kumar
Shukla Wins 2024
Jnanpith Award
urnima Devi Barman has been started with a few women. But now it has
P honoured in Time Magazine’s
Women of the Year 2025 list. She
grown into a strong group of 10,000 women.
They are working to save the birds and
is an Indian biologist and wildlife spread awareness.
conservationist. She is the only Indian inod Kumar Shukla is an into different languages. These include
among 12 inspiring women chosen from
around the world. She saved the endangered
A Life for Nature
Due to Barman’s efforts, the population of
V 88-year-old famous Hindi writer.
He is from Chhattisgarh.
English, Italian and German. His works
have inspired many readers and writers.
greater adjutant stork. the greater adjutant stork has increased Recently, he made history. He became He believes that writing is an art that
significantly and it is no longer endangered. the first person from his state to win the grows with practice and confidence.
Who is Barman? Jnanpith Award. It is India’s highest and The Jnanpith Award recognises his
Barman is from Assam. Barman studied oldest literary award. lifelong contribution to Hindi
Zoology. She earned her master’s degree in Shukla was born in literature. It comes with a
ecology and wildlife biology from Gauhati 1937 in Rajnandgaon, cash prize of `11 lakh. The
University. Chhattisgarh. He started winners get a citation and a
Barman’s journey in wildlife conservation his writing career with statue of Saraswati, the
started in 2007. It began when she saw a poetry. He published his goddess of learning. Shukla
tree being cut down. This tree had a nest of first book of poems, expressed his happiness and
greater adjutant storks. Seeing this “Lagbhag Jai Hind,” in gratitude for this recognition.
destruction, she felt a strong need to protect Apart from this, Barman has worked as a 1971. Later, he wrote He said he was happy but
these rare birds. This moment changed her senior wildlife biologist at Aaranyak. It is a novels, short stories and also felt sad. He said, “I
life. It inspired her to work towards saving well-known wildlife group in India. She is the poems. His work talked want to write more, but life
the greater adjutant stork. director of Women in Nature Network India. about the lives of ordinary is short. I don’t know if I can
She is also a member of the IUCN Stork, Ibis people. His writing is write everything I want.”
and Spoonbill Specialist Group. Her known for its simplicity The Jnanpith Award is
dedication to wildlife conservation has and beauty. His books presented by Bharatiya
earned her many awards. often show the struggles Jnanpith. It is a non-
• In 2017, she won the Nari Shakti Puraskar. and dreams of common governmental organisation.
It is India’s highest civilian award for people. He uses easy The award was started in
women. She received the award from language to express 1965. It is given to Indian
former President Ram Nath Kovind. deep feelings and writers for their contributions
• In the same year, she received the Whitley thoughts. Thus, his work to literature. The writing can
The greater adjutant stork is a large and Award. It is also called the Green Oscar. is relatable to many be in any of the 22 Indian
rare bird. It is found mainly in India and She won it for her efforts in wildlife readers. This makes his languages recognised by the
Cambodia. It is known for its bald head, long conservation. writing style unique. One Indian Constitution. English
beak and large pouch under its throat. These Being included in Time’s Women of the of his famous books is has also been included since
birds are scavengers. It means they eat Year 2025 is a great achievement. It has “Naukar Ki Kameez” 2013. Shukla is the 12th
dead animals and waste. This helps keep the brought global attention to India’s wildlife (the servant’s shirt). It Hindi writer to win this
environment clean. conservation efforts. was made into a film of award. He is also the 59th
Once, they were found in large numbers in Barman’s story teaches us that protecting the same name. The director was Mani author, overall, to win this award. His
Assam. But their population declined nature is everyone’s responsibility. It shows Kaul. Another book is “Deewar Mein Ek achievement brings pride to
drastically by the year 2000. This happened that even small efforts can bring great change! Khidki Rehti Thi” (a window lived in a Chhattisgarh. It also highlights the
due to habitat destruction and the loss of wall). It earned him the Sahitya Akademi state’s rich literary culture.
nesting trees. Award in 1999. Shukla’s work teaches us the power of
Worksheet : MT111 Shukla has been writing for more than storytelling. It will continue to inspire
Solve the puzzle using the words 50 years. His books have been translated people for many years.
marked green.
Power Words
A special note or message
Citation
that praises someone for
(n.)
doing something great.
A special prize given to
Literary
writers for their excellent
The Hargilla Army: Award (n.)
books or stories
Women Saving Birds
Barman started a special movement called Literature Written works like
the Hargilla Army. Hargilla is the Assamese (n.) stories, poems and plays
name for the greater adjutant stork. The
army aimed to save this rare bird. Barman Background Information
gathered local women and encouraged them
Sahitya Akademi Award Worksheet : MT112
to protect the birds and their habitats. It
The Sahitya Akademi Award is Unscramble the words to find the
Background Information given each year for outstanding magic word.
books in 24 Indian languages. It is
Time Magazine’s ACROSS
presented by the Sahitya Akademi.
Women of the Year 4. At risk of disappearing or dying out
5. An expert or student of the branch of science It is India’s National Academy of
It is a special recognition given to related to living organisms Letters. In contrast, the Jnanpith
inspirational women from around the DOWN Award is given to one writer for
world. It recognises them for making 1. A bird or an animal that feeds on dead animals their lifetime contribution to
2. The natural home or environment of a plant or
a big impact in different fields. They animal
literature. While both are
can be scientists, leaders, activists, 3. A person who acts for the protection of the prestigious, the Jnanpith is more
artists or innovators. environment exclusive. It honours an author’s
overall literary achievement.
Environment StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 10
India’s First Dolphin
Survey Finds 6,324
Gangetic Dolphins!
Class VIII+
Air Pollution

World Air Quality Report 2024:

India Ranks Fifth in Air Pollution
ndia is the fifth most air-polluted
I country in the world. This is
based on the World Air Quality
Class VII+ Report 2024. The report presents air
Wildlife Conservation pollution data from more than 40,000 air
quality monitoring stations. These stations
ndia has completed its first South Asian river dolphins. They are are spread across 8,954 cities in 138
I survey of river dolphins. The
survey found 6,324 Gangetic
freshwater dolphins. They live in the Ganga
and Brahmaputra. These dolphins are
countries, regions and territories. It was
released by a Swiss company called IQAir.
air quality standards. These countries
were Australia, the Bahamas,
dolphins living in the Ganga and different from the dolphins found in the ocean: Barbados, Estonia, Grenada, Iceland
Brahmaputra rivers. Three dolphins were • Sadly, they are blind from birth due to the What is Air Pollution? and New Zealand. This means their air
also found in Punjab’s Beas River. muddy water. Nature has evolved them Air pollution happens when harmful tiny is clean and safe to breathe.
this way. To survive in such waters, they particles mix with the air we breathe. • The report says that 13 out of the 20
use echolocation - sending out sound These include dust, smoke or chemicals. most polluted cities in the world are in
waves - to find food and navigate (move One of the most dangerous pollutants is India. One of them is Byrnihat. It is an
around). PM2.5. It stands for particulate matter 2.5. industrial town in Meghalaya and is the
• They live in freshwater rivers, not the It refers to dust, smoke or liquid particles in most polluted city in the world. It is
salty ocean water. the air smaller than 2.5 micrometres. This followed by cities like Delhi, Faridabad,
• They swim on their sides because of their is about 30 times smaller than human hair. New Delhi, Gurugram, Greater Noida
special bone structure. These tiny particles can go deep into our and Noida. They come second, seventh,
• They are endangered because of lungs. They can even enter our blood and ninth, 13th, 16th and 20th, respectively.
pollution, loss of habitat and fishing nets. cause serious health problems. Some of • Mayagüez in Puerto Rico was the
them are lung diseases, heart issues, cleanest city in 2024.
Which States have the strokes and even cancer.
Most Dolphins? Why is India’s Air so Polluted?
States Dolphins India’s air pollution comes from many
Uttar Pradesh 2,397 sources. Some of them are smoke from
vehicles and factories, burning of crops and
The survey took place between 2021 Bihar 2,220 garbage, dust from construction work and
and 2023. It covered a large area of 8,406 West Bengal 815 weather conditions that trap pollutants. All
km across the Ganga and Brahmaputra. Assam 635 these mix together, making the air dirty
Scientists also studied a 101-km stretch of Jharkhand 162 and harmful to breathe. They are worse in
the Beas. Rajasthan and Madhya crowded cities with less wind or rain.
The Wildlife Institute of India led this 95 The World Health Organization says
Pradesh combined Take Away
study. State forest departments of Punjab, that annual average concentrations of
Punjab 3
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand and PM2.5 should not be more than 5 µg/m3 Air pollution makes people sick. It also
Rajasthan helped with the study. Groups like The Gangetic dolphin is India’s national in an area. It also reports that air pollution shortens lives and harms the Earth.
the World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Trust of aquatic animal. But it is in danger. The causes the early death of 7 million people Countries must work together to reduce it
India were also part of the study. survey helps scientists count dolphins. They every year. and protect nature for the future.
can also see where they live. This can Experts say Bangladesh and Pakistan
What did the Survey Find? protect them from pollution and fishing. The Key Findings from the Report may seem more polluted than India. This
• The Ganga and its tributaries have 5,689 survey also supports Project Dolphin. This • A total of 126 out of 138 countries and is because they mostly check city air. India
Gangetic dolphins. project began in 2020 to save dolphins and regions exceeded the WHO’s annual checks both cities and villages. Village air
• The Brahmaputra and its tributaries have aims to keep rivers clean. PM2.5 guideline value of 5 µg/m3. is usually cleaner.
635 dolphins. • The top five polluted countries are Polluted air can move across borders.
• The total estimated dolphin population Chad, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the So, all countries must join hands to fight
ranges between 5,977 and 6,688 in Democratic Republic of the Congo and air pollution together.
these rivers. India. India’s ranks slightly improved
• The Ganga mainstream has 3,275 from third in 2023.
dolphins, the highest number in India. • Only seven countries met the WHO’s Worksheet : EE109
• The Ganga’s tributaries have 2,414 The monthly PM2.5 concentrations
dolphins. in a city are given in the table below.
Calculate the annual average
What are Gangetic Dolphins? concentration of PM2.5.
The Gangetic dolphins are also called PM2.5 concentration
Month
(µg/m³)
Power Words January 5
Endangered (adj.) In danger of disappearing forever February 4
Mainstream (n.) The main flow or channel of a river. March 4
Background Information
Stretch (n.) A part or section of a river April 5
Survey (n.) A study to collect information about something World Health Organization May 5
Tributary (n.) A river or stream that flows into a larger river or main river It is an international June 3
group that works to July 3
keep people healthy. It helps fight
Worksheet : EE108 diseases, gives health advice and August 3
supports doctors and hospitals September 5
Do you know about these national symbols of our country? worldwide. October 6
India’s National Reptile November 7
Power Words December 8
India’s National Heritage Animal
Harmful things in the air,
National Bird of India Pollutant
water or land that can make
(n.)
National Animal of India people sick.
A medical condition where
National Tree of India Stroke
the brain does not get enough
(n.)
blood, causing damage.
STREAM StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 11
Smart Fourth-Grade Students anything was wrong until he was already
driving the children to school.
The students care deeply about Peter.

Prevent School Bus Mishap

They made cards to wish him a fast recovery.
Lucy wrote, “You’re the best bus driver ever.
I’m praying that you’re getting better.” Their
school principal, Jill
Bjorge, praised Lucy
and Kabe for their quick
thinking and leadership.
She said Lucy is a
natural leader and that
she was proud of all the
students for handling
the situation so well. Principal Jill Bjorge
She was thankful that their school teaches
leadership skills. They helped Lucy and Kabe
respond bravely.
This event shows how brave and responsible
children can be in emergency situations. Lucy’s
and Kabe’s actions helped keep their
classmates safe and get help for their bus
driver. Their story is an example of leadership,
teamwork and quick thinking. It proves that
Brainerd High School. This was very unusual. even children can make a big difference.
Lucy said to the driver, “Peter, you missed
Power Words
the stop.” But Peter shook his head and
kept driving. To transport people or goods
Lucy understood that something was Airlift (v.) by aircraft, especially in
seriously wrong, so she used the bus radio to emergencies.
call for help. The driver was acting strange, so Being a good leader and
Leadership
she said, “Bus 64 needs help.” Soon, the helping others work together
(n.)
driver stopped the bus and told the students to reach a goal.
Kabe Storey (left) & Lucy Marshall (right) to get off. But he went on alone. This left 35
ecently, two brave young school children on the road.
R students in the USA became heroes
when their bus driver had a medical
The students were scared, and many
started crying. Kabe stepped up and told
Worksheet : IN099
What would you do if you see someone
emergency. The incident happened in everyone, “It will be ok, it will be ok.” He breaking traffic rules while driving a
Brainerd city in Minnesota state with 74-year- wanted his classmates to relax. Soon, the school bus?
old driver Peter Lodermeier. police arrived to help. They also located the
One morning, fourth-grade student Lucy bus driver five miles away in serious condition.
Marshall got on the bus. She noticed that He could not speak properly and was airlifted
the bus driver looked unwell. Peter’s ear to a hospital for treatment.
was red and looked like dried blood. Another Police later said that Peter had fallen and
fourth-grade student, Kabe Storey, became hit his head right before his shift to drive that
worried when the bus missed a stop near school bus started. However, he didn’t realise

Cards By Students

Young Indian Student Earns Over

1.5 Lakh Rupees Using AI Technology
is even stronger.” This story shows that with creativity, the
right tools and a bit of hard work, children can accomplish
extraordinary things, no matter their age. It is a reminder that
technology can be helpful in achieving big dreams!

Background Information
Reddit
It is a website where people talk about things they like,
like games, books or animals. It has groups called
“subreddits” for each topic. You can ask questions, share
stories or look at fun pictures. People can give a thumbs
up or thumbs down to posts to show if they like them.

remarkable story has emerged from India about a total of 1.5 lakh rupees. Interestingly, he spent only 2,500
A 10th-grade student who earned more than 1.5 lakh
rupees in just two months by creating websites with
rupees on the AI tool. This makes his achievement even more
impressive.
Worksheet : IN098
Do you think AI can help you in your studies or
the help of artificial intelligence. This inspiring tale was shared To find customers, Musk reached out to local shops, spoke
hobbies? How?
on Reddit by the owner of an AI company. It has captured the to friends at school and shared his work on online groups. The
attention of many people online. owner of the AI company was
This student is not a computer amazed to discover that such a
programmer but a creative and young student was behind this
curious young individual. He has been success. He said, “This proves
nicknamed “Musk” by the company that AI does not take away jobs
owner. The student used an AI tool — it can help young people create
designed to build websites easily. This was like assembling a opportunities if they are resourceful.”
digital puzzle. Musk created simple websites for small In India, people often use a term called “jugaad.” Jugaad
businesses in his community. He charged between 20,000 means solving problems in clever ways. Musk’s story is a
and 25,000 rupees per website. In two months, he wonderful example of this skill. The company owner noted,
successfully made eight websites. This meant he earned a “AI is powerful, but the determination of young minds in India
LIFESTYLE StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 12
Depression in Teenagers:

Kynurenine
Pathway
What Science Says

Power Words

cientists have found that more women suffer from Each group had 25 boys and 25 girls. Scientists tested Neuro- = related to brain or nerves

S depression than men, but they do not fully

understand why. The difference starts during the
their blood to check the levels of the good and harmful
chemicals in the kynurenine pathway. They followed these
Protective = keeping safe or guarding
Neuroprotective Refers to something that helps protect
teenage years. Depression is a mental health disorder. It teens for three years to see how their depression levels (adj.) the nervous system — especially the
makes people feel very sad for a long time. Around 280 changed over time. brain and spinal cord — from injury or
million people worldwide have depression. A new study damage.
explores why teenage girls may feel more depressed than The Results Toxic = poisonous or harmful
boys. Researchers at King’s College London focused on a The study found that teenagers with a higher risk of Neurotoxic (adj.) Refers to something that damages the
process in the brain called the kynurenine pathway to depression had lower levels of kynurenic acid (a good nervous system.
investigate this difference. chemical). This was more common in girls. It means that A series of steps that is followed to make
teenage girls may have weaker protection for their brain cells. Pathway (n.)
The Kynurenine Pathway and the Brain something happen in the body or brain.
This, in turn, makes them more likely to get depressed.
The kynurenine pathway helps the body break down an The study also found that depressed teenagers
important nutrient called tryptophan. This nutrient is found had higher levels of inflammation in their bodies. Worksheet : LS111
in many foods. The process produces two types of Inflammation occurs when the body fights
chemical substances. The first type includes infection, stress, or illness. Increased Fill in the Blanks.
neuroprotective (good) chemicals such as kynurenic inflammation created more harmful chemicals 1. A chemical called __________ acid protects brain
acid. These chemicals protect brain cells. The second in the kynurenine pathway. This worsens cells and keeps them healthy.
type consists of neurotoxic (bad) chemicals, such depression. 2. More __________ than boys are likely to feel
as quinolinic acid. These chemicals harm brain cells. depressed as teenagers.
If the brain has more bad chemicals, a person may Why is this Important? 3. When the body has more __________, it can make
feel more depressed. The study suggests that measuring harmful chemicals that worsen depression.
these chemicals can help locate teenagers 4. __________ means feeling very sad and low for a
The Study on Teenagers at risk of long-term depression, especially long time.
Researchers studied 150 teenagers from girls. This could help doctors choose the
Brazil, aged 14 to 16. They divided the best way to treat depression. It could 5. A __________ chemical helps keep the brain safe
participants into three groups. The first had be through medication, diet, or from harm.
teens with a low risk of depression. The second exercise. If depression is depression inflammation
had teens with a high risk of depression. Finally, addressed early, teenagers can
neuroprotective girls kynurenic
the third had those who already had depression. lead happier lives.

New Study Finds Learning for found that older adults who played puzzles,
chess or card games had an 11% lower risk of
dementia. Another study in Japan discovered

Life Keeps Your Brain Strong that reading and doing math daily reduced
the risk of dementia by 19%.
Keep Learning
This study proves that learning should
never stop! Ageing does not always mean
losing brain power. In fact, lifelong learning
helps people stay mentally active.
No matter how old you are, keep learning,
reading and solving problems. This will help
your brain stay young and strong!
Power Words
Ageing (n.) The process of growing old.
Declined (v.) To decrease or reduce.
any people believe that as they These skills were the strongest in people Dementia A mental condition where
M grow older, their memory and
thinking skills naturally weaken.
aged around 46. After that, they declined
slowly but remained better than those of
Why Do Some People
Stay Mentally Sharp?
(n.) there is loss of memory.

However, a new study shows that reading, young adults in their early 20s. The study found that people who regularly
writing and math skills do not weaken with Math skills improved until age 41 but read, write or use math in daily life kept their Worksheet : LS110
age. Instead, they can remain strong if declined faster than reading skills after that. brains active. White-collar workers (office If you were a business owner and read
people continue using them daily. Even in Women’s mathematical skills declined faster employees) had less skill loss because their this news, what would you do in your
their 60s, those who keep learning can keep than men’s as they got older. jobs required them to read reports, write company to help your team stay
their minds sharp! Interestingly, some people did not lose documents and do calculations regularly. mentally sharp?
their skills at all. In fact, they kept improving It’s not about education or salary. The
What Did the Research Find? even in their 60s! main reason was how often people used
Scientists from Germany and the United these skills in their jobs. On the other hand,
States studied how reading, writing and those who stopped reading, writing and
mathematical skills change with age. They solving math problems started to lose their
studied 3,200 adults from ages 16 to 65 who abilities as early as their mid-30s.
were tested with a survey every three and a
half years. How to Help the Brain & Keep
it Active for Longer
The survey found that: Some other studies have also found that
Reading and writing skills improved the playing games and learning new things help
most in people during their 20s and 30s. the brain stay sharp. A 2023 study in Australia
SPORTS StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 13
Special Olympics: Indian
Athletes Bring Home
33 Medals From Italy

Indian Team The Army Tops the Khelo

India Medal Tally Again
Moly - the official
mascot of the Games
ndia did very well at the Special won eight gold, eighteen silver and seven
I Olympics World Winter Games
2025. Indian athletes won 33
bronze medals in total.
In snowshoeing, they won 10 medals.
medals in total. The event took place from Vasu Tiwari, Shalini Chauhan and Tanya won
March 8 to 15, 2025, in Turin, Italy. silver medals in the 25-m race. Jahangir won
bronze in the same race. In alpine skiing,
What Is the Special Olympics? they won 10 medals. Radha Devi, Nirmala
The Special Olympics World Games are Devi and Abhishek Kumar won silver
international sports events. medals. Snowboarding
They are held for persons brought six medals, and
with intellectual disabilities. short track speed skating
Athletes from around the added four medals. Cross- he Khelo India Winter Games 2025 silvers and five bronzes. A young star made
world come together for
this event. Here, they show
country skiing earned two
medals. Akriti won a bronze
T are officially over now. The Army is
topper again! This year, the games
history at the event. Nayana Sri Talluri, a
15-year-old from Telangana, won three gold
their talents in different in the 100 m event of this started on January 23 in Leh, Ladakh. It was medals in speed skating. This included the
sports. The games are held every two sport. The Indian women’s team won a the fifth year of this exciting event. The first gold of the games in the women’s 500 m
years. They switch between summer and bronze medal in floorball. event is organised by the Indian short track. Aanchal Thakur was another
winter. The World Winter Games feature Mallika Nadda is the president of Special government’s Khelo India program. This champion at the games. She won gold in
winter sports. These include skiing, Olympics Bharat. She praised the athletes year’s games were split into two parts. The alpine skiing events in Gulmarg.
snowboarding and ice skating. for their hard work and dedication. She also first took place in Ladakh from January 23 to The medal table showed tough
thanked their families and coaches for their 27. The second took place in Jammu and competition! Himachal Pradesh came second
support. Nadda said these medals show the Kashmir from March 9 to 12. with six golds. Ladakh came third with four.
athletes’ strong willpower. It also showed Teams like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu also
the help they received from the Special won medals. It was a thrilling contest.
Olympics Bharat community. The first phase in Ladakh saw icy action at
This victory is a proud moment for the Nawang Dorjay Stobdan Sports Complex
India. It inspires people to support athletes and Guphuk Pond. Later, athletes hit the
with special needs. The medals show the slopes of Gulmarg in Jammu and Kashmir.
hard work, teamwork and courage of They took part in skiing, snowboarding and
Indian athletes. more. The Army won last year’s games too.
They proved that they are winter sports
India’s Strong Performance champs! Since 2020, the Khelo India Winter
This year, 102 countries participated in Games have brought kids and teens together
the Special Olympics. There were more than to celebrate sports and teamwork and have
1,500 athletes from these countries. They fun in the snow!
played eight different winter sports. Some
of these were skiing, snowboarding and ice
skating. The Indian team’s performance
made the country proud. Indian athletes
Power Words
Alpine Skiing (n.) Sliding down snowy mountains on skis while using poles for balance. More than 400 athletes from 19 teams
joined the fun. These athletes came from
Cross Country different states, union territories and
Skiing long distances on flat or hilly snow-covered land.
Skiing (n.) institutions. They competed in six winter
A fast-paced indoor sport like hockey that is played with a plastic ball sports, such as ice hockey, ice skating and
Floorball (n.) skiing. In this event, every medal won by an
and lightweight sticks.
athlete added points to their team’s total.
Short Track Speed
Racing on ice in a small oval track while wearing special skates. The team with the most gold medals would
Skating (n.)
win the title!
Snowboarding (n.) Riding a single wide board down snowy slopes, like surfing on snow. The Indian Army shone brightly. The team
topped the medal tally with seven golds, four
Snowshoeing (n.)
Walking on snow using special shoes that spread the weight to Worksheet : SP102
avoid sinking. Background Information Unscramble the words to find the
Khelo India Program magic words.
Worksheet : SP101
It is a program started by the Indian
Why is it important to have a special Olympics for people with intellectual disabilities? government. It aims to help children
and young people play more sports
and stay fit. It finds talented kids and
helps them with training, money and
places to play. Competitions like Khelo
India Youth Games, Khelo India
University Games, Khelo India Winter
Games and Khelo India Para Games
are held under it.
States News StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 14
Madhya Pradesh: Odisha: Mass Nesting of Olive Ridley Turtles Assam: First Indian State
Vulture Numbers Soar A new report says that the number to Launch a Satellite
of Olive Ridley turtles in India is
growing. These turtles are small
and travel long distances in the
ocean. Every year between
November and April, they come to
lay their eggs on Odisha’s beaches
like Gahirmatha, Rushikulya and
Madhya Pradesh is now called the “Vulture the Devi River mouth. Scientists studied turtle data from 2008 to 2024. They saw Assam is planning to launch its own satellite,
State” because it has the most vultures in that the population of turtles is going up. This is because people are working to “ASSAMSAT.” It hopes to become the first
India. The number of vultures in the state has protect the turtles and stop fishing methods that harm them. But there is one Indian state to do so. This satellite will help
grown by 19% in one year. Now, there are problem. The sand’s temperature decides whether a baby turtle will be a boy or in farming, disaster management and the
about 12,981 vultures. Vultures are important girl. Hotter sand means more girl turtles. Because of climate change, the sand is state’s border security. It will also provide
because they are scavengers. Scavengers getting hotter, so there are fewer boy turtles. This could be a problem in the future. more accurate weather updates to help
eat dead animals and stop diseases from We need to keep protecting Olive Ridley turtles so they stay safe and healthy. farmers and protect people from floods. The
spreading. Earlier, a medicine called diclofenac Capital: Bhubaneswar Chief Minister: Sh. Mohan Charan Majhi government can also use it to monitor land,
was being used in cattle. When vultures ate water and forests and build roads and
these dead cattle, they became sick. houses. This project is getting help from the
Conservation efforts like banning this drug Indian Space Research Organisation. It
and protecting vulture habitats have helped encourages students by involving them in
their population grow. This is good news for satellite-building activities. With this
nature. Madhya Pradesh is home to seven satellite, Assam can offer better services to
vulture species. This includes rare ones such its people. It can also improve people’s lives.
as the Indian, white-rumped and red-headed Capital: Chief Minister:
Dispur Sh. Himanta Biswa Sarma
vultures. More vultures mean a healthier and
cleaner environment for everyone.
Capital: Bhopal Chief Minister: Sh. Mohan Yadav Meghalaya: Shillong
to Host NECTAR’s
Maharashtra: Old New Campus
Navy Ship to Be Sunk
in Arabian Sea for
Tourism and Marine Life

Union Minister Jitendra Singh laid the

foundation for North East Centre for
Technology Application and Reach’s
permanent campus in Shillong, Meghalaya.
INS Guldar was a big Navy ship. It helped NECTAR started in 2014. It uses technology
protect India for almost 40 years. It was built to help the development of Northeast India
in Poland and started operating in 1985. After in fields like science, technology and
many years of service, it was discontinued in agriculture. Singh called it a big step for
January 2024. Now, the ship will be gently NECTAR. He praised its work in drone
sunk into the sea near Sindhudurg in Kerala: Nayanamritham 2.0 Brings technology, flood studies and saffron
Maharashtra. Once the ship is sunk, sea
animals can make it their home. It will
Better Eye Care to All farming. He wants the Northeast to become
India’s next saffron hub after Kashmir. The
become an artificial reef. This will make it a ​ erala has launched the eye
K new campus aims to improve the lives of
fun place for scuba diving and an exciting check-up programme people in the region. It will also promote
spot for tourists. Scuba diving is a fun Nayanamritham 2.0 after the growth through innovative ideas and
activity in which people go deep underwater success of Nayanamritham technology.
to explore the ocean. They wear an oxygen 1.0. It is the world’s first Capital: Chief Minister:
Shillong Sh. Conrad Sangma
tank that helps them breathe. Before sinking, government programme that
the ship will be cleaned to make sure it does uses artificial intelligence
not hurt the ocean. This plan will help protect to detect serious eye West Bengal:
sea animals, bring more tourists and give
people nearby new jobs. It is a cool way to
diseases at an early stage. The programme uses AI-powered machines from the
Remidio company for eye tests. It checks for diseases like diabetic retinopathy,
Darjeeling Gets
mix fun and care for nature! glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. These diseases can cause India’s 1st “Frozen Zoo”
Capital: Mumbai Chief Minister: Sh. Devendra Fadnavis blindness if not treated. If problems are found, doctors will decide whether patients
need more care. The programme is available in community health centres, taluk
Andhra Pradesh: Music hospitals and district hospitals. This will help people, especially in villages. With this
programme, Kerala aims to protect people’s eyesight.
Legend Garimella Capital: Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) Chief Minister: Sh. Pinarayi Vijayan

Balakrishna Prasad
Passes Away Power Words
Artificial Darjeeling Zoo has made India’s first frozen
Technology that makes computers think and learn like humans
intelligence (n.) zoo! The zoo is also called Padmaja Naidu
Marine (adj.) Anything related to the sea or ocean Himalayan Zoological Park. A frozen zoo is a
special place that helps save animals by
A long line of rocks, plants and sea creatures. just below or above
Reef (n.) preserving parts of them. Scientists collect
the surface of the sea
tiny bits from animals. These include cells
and DNA, which is like a code of life inside
Identify these scavengers and write their names.

Famous singer Garimella Balakrishna Prasad all living things. The zoo keeps these parts
has died at the age of 76. He was born in 1948 very cold. They do this using liquid nitrogen
in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. He was at -196 °C. That is colder than the coldest
Worksheet : SN054

known for his beautiful devotional songs and freezer! This frozen zoo keeps the DNA of
contributions to Carnatic music. Devotional rare animals like red pandas, Himalayan
songs praise God or express deep faith and black bears, snow leopards and gorals. If
spirituality. Some of his famous songs are the population of these animals becomes
“Vachenu Alamelumanga” and “Jagadapu very low, scientists can use the saved DNA
Chanavula.” Prime Minister Shri Narendra to bring them back. It is kind of like Jurassic
Modi expressed his sadness at the news. He Park. But instead of dinosaurs, we are
called Prasad a talented musician who touched saving animals that are alive today and in
many hearts. Prasad’s work helped preserve danger because of hunting and losing their
India’s rich musical culture. His death is a big homes. This way, we can protect them for
loss to the world of devotional music. the future!
Capital: Chief Minister: Capital: Chief Minister:
Amaravati Sh. N. Chandrababu Naidu Kolkata Ms. Mamata Banerjee
World News StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 15
Canada: Mark Carney is Finland: Finland Remains the Armenia: Armenia and
the New Prime Minister Happiest Country in the World Azerbaijan Move Towards
Mark Carney is now According to the World Happiness Peace Agreement
Canada’s 24th Prime Report 2025, Finland continues to
Minister. He took be the happiest country in the
over from Justin world out of 147 countries. It has
Trudeau. He was been number one for eight years.
Prime Minister for Countries like Denmark, Iceland,
almost 10 years. Sweden and the Netherlands
Carney had worked as follow Finland in the top 5. Finnish
the head of the Bank people are happy because of
of Canada and the trust, social support, kindness,
Bank of England. He strong community bonds, good
became Prime public services and a close
Minister at a time connection with nature. India has
when U.S. President Donald Trump is being tough on moved up to 118th place from
Canada. The U.S. has made Canadian goods more 126th last year. But it is still
expensive by adding extra taxes. Trump even said behind neighbouring countries like Nepal (92nd) and Pakistan (109th). What
Canada should become part of the U.S. Carney wants to is even more surprising is that India ranks lower than war-affected nations like
make Canada’s economy stronger and solve trade Palestine (108th) and Ukraine (111th). Afghanistan remains the unhappiest Armenia and Azerbaijan have been fighting over
problems with the U.S. Even though he is new to country. The report shows that happiness is not only about money but also an area called Nagorno-Karabakh for more than
politics, he also wants to protect Canada and build good about connections, sharing meals and having someone to rely on. This report 30 years. Many people lost their lives and homes
ties with European countries. helps countries understand what makes people happy. because of this fight. Nagorno-Karabakh is a hilly
Capital: Ottawa Currency : Canadian Dollar Capital: Helsinki Currency : Euro area. Here, most people are of Armenian origin,
but it is within Azerbaijan. A long time ago, when
the Soviet Union was breaking apart, the people
in Nagorno-Karabakh wanted to have their own
country, with help from Armenia. This started a
big war. They stopped fighting in 1994. But they
continued to argue about whom the land belongs
to. Now, both countries have talked and made a
peace deal. This deal could help them become
friends and open their borders again.
Capital: Yerevan Currency : Armenian Dram

Japan: Masaki Kashiwara

Wins 2025 Abel Prize

Japanese mathematician Masaki Kashiwara has

won the 2025 Abel Prize. It is one of the world’s
Austria: Günter Blöschl Wins Mauritius: Prime Minister top awards in mathematics. He was honoured for
his groundbreaking work in understanding
2025 Stockholm Water Prize Modi Visits Mauritius for patterns in maths and solving complex equations.
National Day Celebrations He did this using a method called algebraic
analysis. He also made important discoveries in
how shapes and numbers behave. This has
helped scientists in many areas. Kashiwara is the
first Japanese person to win this award. The Abel
Prize is awarded every year by the King of
Norway. It is named after the Norwegian
mathematician Niels Henrik Abel and recognises
brilliant mathematicians who transform our
understanding of the world through numbers and
logic. Since there is no Nobel Prize for
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi recently visited Mauritius for two mathematics, the Abel Prize is often considered
days. He was the chief guest at its National Day celebrations on Mar. the Nobel equivalent for mathematicians.
12, 2025. During the visit, he met leaders, interacted with the Indian Capital: Tokyo Currency : Yen
community and prayed at the Ganga Talao. The Ganga Talao is a sacred
lake. He also mixed the sacred waters of the Ganges in the Ganga
Talao. He had taken that from the Prayagraj Mahakumbh. Mauritius Mongolia: Claws Like
honoured him with the “Grand Commander of the Order of the Star Scissors! Weird Dinosaur
and Key of the Indian Ocean.” This is the country’s highest national
award. Many people in Mauritius are of Indian origin. Their ancestors Found in Mongolia
were brought there as workers during the British rule. So, they share
Professor Günter Blöschl is an Austrian hydrologist (a many traditions with Indians. They celebrate festivals like Diwali and
scientist who studies water). Recently, he won the 2025 Holi. Their food is also similar to Indian food. People in Mauritius also
Stockholm Water Prize. This prize is often called the “Nobel speak Hindi, Bhojpuri and other Indian languages. Bollywood movies
Prize for water research.” Blöschl studies floods and water and Indian music are very popular there.
management. His work explains how climate change and Capital: Port Louis Currency : Mauritian Rupee
human activities like farming and deforestation affect floods.
He also helped improve methods to control water resources.
His research is very important. It will protect people and the Worksheet : WN055 Scientists have discovered a new dinosaur,
environment from flood risks. Blöschl will get the award from Duonychus tsogtbaatari, in Mongolia’s Gobi
King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. The ceremony will take How do you think India can become the world’s happiest Desert. This strange-looking dinosaur had two
place during World Water Week in August. country? giant claws—nearly a foot long—making it
Capital: Vienna Currency : Euro resemble a sloth, giraffe, and Edward
Scissorhands (a movie character with scissor
hands) mashed together. This dinosaur stood
Power Words
about 10 feet tall, likely had feathers, and ate
Groundbreaking Something very new and important plants. It wasn’t dangerous, but it could defend
(adj.) that has never been done before itself with its sharp claws. The discovery is
A large country that existed from 1922 exciting because it shows how many different
Soviet Union to 1991 that later broke into 15 countries and unusual dinosaurs once lived on Earth
(n.) like Russia, Ukraine, Estonia and millions of years ago.
Uzbekistan. Capital: Ulaanbaatar Currency : Mongolian Tugrik
Computer StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 16

Meet Manus,
GAIA Performance
The General AI Assistant benchmark (GAIA)
is a test designed to measure how well AI
systems, like chatbots or AI agents, perform a

China’s variety of real-world tasks. It evaluates how

helpful, reliable and intelligent these AI agents
are in everyday situations. These situations can
involve answering questions, solving problems,

Revolutionary
reasoning or having natural conversations.
Manus has shown impressive results on the
GAIA benchmark. It has achieved a score of
around 86.5%. In comparison, another AI

AI Agent
agent called DeepResearch by OpenAI scored
only 74.3%.
One of Manus’ advantages is its cost. AI
agents need a lot of computing power and
Manus Co-founder Yichao "Peak" Ji they act like helpers who can complete tasks electricity to complete tasks. Right now, Manus
given by their user or “master.” costs about $2 per task. This is roughly 10
rtificial Intelligence is a times cheaper than DeepResearch.
A technology that helps machines
do things that usually need
China’s Manus
Manus is created by a Chinese start-up
Manus is an exciting new idea. But many
people are upset and uncertain about its
human thinking. This can be solving called Monica. It’s a fully autonomous AI capabilities because only a few are allowed to
problems or understanding language. It’s agent. The name “Manus” comes from the use it till now.
helping make life easier and smarter every Latin words Mens et Manus. These words
day. A Chinese company recently launched mean “Mind and Hand.” This name shows Power Words
an AI agent called Manus. This has been That’s why companies are now creating that Manus can think intelligently and take Something that can work or
getting a lot of attention because it can do smarter tools called AI agents. These AI action. Manus can perform many tasks on Autonomous
act on its own, without
many tasks on its own. It could change agents can work more independently. This its own. These include booking hotels, (adj.)
needing help
how we use technology. way, they can handle complex tasks for hours. ordering food, buying houses, creating Podcast (n.) A digital audio show
They can also give better, more complete podcasts, writing computer code, studying
What is an AI Agent? results. They are called “agents” because data and even designing websites. You
Many people use AI chatbots like don’t need to watch Manus work. Just give Worksheet : CS107
ChatGPT, Claude and DeepSeek to help it a task, and it will handle everything in the
with everyday tasks. These can be writing background. Once it’s done, Manus will Design your own AI Agent!
letters, coming up with ideas or creating share the results with you. Give it a name: .............................................................
images. But these chatbots can’t work for What can it do? (List 3 tasks):
long hours on complicated tasks without 1. ............................................................................................
human help.
For example, we can’t ask ChatGPT to 2. ............................................................................................
read all the news about pollution in Indian 3. ............................................................................................
cities and create a full action plan by itself. Manus vs OpenAI Deep Research

Andrew Barto and Richard

include self-driving cars, robots, AI systems like Google’s
AlphaGo and even chatbots like ChatGPT. All these systems
follow the principles of RL.

Sutton Win the Turing Award

In 1998, they wrote a book
called “Reinforcement
Learning: An Introduction.”
This book is still widely used
by students and researchers.
It explains their ideas and
methods in detail and has
inspired many people to
explore this exciting field.
Thanks to Barto and
Sutton, RL is now an important
part of AI. Their work has
attracted a lot of money from
companies and investors. This
helped AI grow. They have
ndrew Barto and Richard Sutton are brilliant make better decisions through trial and error. The computer also inspired many new
A computer scientists. Recently, they won the
prestigious Turing Award. This award is the highest
takes actions and gets rewards or penalties in the form of
scores. Over time, the computer learns the best way to
researchers. Even as AI grows
more, their ideas will remain
honour in computer science. It is often called the “Nobel Prize complete a task. This is similar to how people learn from important. They say that AI is powerful. But they also warn us
of Computing” and comes with a $1 million prize. They experience. This method allows AI systems to adapt and that it must be carefully tested and responsibly used. Their
received this award for their groundbreaking work in improve over time. research will continue to inspire future scientists.
reinforcement learning (RL).
Their Contributions Power Words
What is Reinforcement Barto (aged 76) and Sutton (aged 67) started working on
Learning? Having big goals or ideas that may be
RL in the late 1970s. Back then, not many people believed in Ambitious (adj.)
difficult to achieve
RL is a type of artificial their ideas. They thought their ideas were too ambitious. But
intelligence technique. Here, Barto and Sutton believed that machines could learn from Groundbreaking Something very new and important that
computers learn to make decisions their experiences just like humans. They created the basic (n.) changes the way things are done
by trying things out and seeing math and rules for RL.
what happens. Imagine teaching a One of their early experiments involved teaching a Worksheet : CS108
dog to fetch a ball. When the dog machine to balance a pole on a moving cart. This might
brings the ball back, you give it a sound simple. But it was a big step in showing how RL could Have you ever learned something through trial and
treat. This is almost how RL work in real-world situations.Over time, their techniques error, similar to reinforcement learning? Briefly
The book: “Reinforcement
works. It guides computers to Learning: An Introduction.” became essential for many AI applications. Some of these describe.
Money Matters StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 17
World Bank Report: India Needs
to Grow Fast to Become Rich

IRCTC and IRFC Get Navratna

Status: What Does it Mean he World Bank has recently What can be Done?
T published a new report on the
Indian economy. It is titled
To achieve this growth, the report
suggests the following four important steps:
he Indian government has given companies. These companies get more Becoming a High-Income Economy in a • Invest more money in development:
T Navratna status to two big
railway companies. They are the
independence to make business
decisions. They do not have to wait for
Generation. It explains how India can
become a rich country by 2047. This is an
Consider a farmer growing apples in
Himachal Pradesh. But the roads are
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism approval from the government. important goal for India. The year marks 100 bad, so he cannot sell them on time.
Corporation and the Indian Railway The government divides public sector years of India’s freedom. Good roads, railways and airports help
Finance Corporation. This announcement enterprises into three categories. This is businesses grow.
was made on Mar. 3, 2025, by the done based on their performance: What is a High-Income • Create more and better jobs: Education
Department of Public Enterprises. They Maharatna : This is given to the Economy? and skills training help people find good
are the 25th and 26th Indian companies strongest and biggest companies. They jobs and create new ideas. Encouraging
to receive this special status. have the highest level of independence. new businesses or startups creates more
Examples are Oil and Natural Gas jobs. This strengthens the economy.
Corporation (ONGC), National Thermal • Use better technology and trade more:
Power Corporation (NTPC), Indian Oil How can farmers make more money?
Corporation, Bharat Heavy Electricals They can use smart machines and sell
Limited (BHEL), and Coal India Limited. products to other countries. This will also
Navratna : This is given to companies bring in more money to India.
that are growing fast. They are just below • Help all states grow together: Some
What are IRCTC and IRFC? the Maharatna level. Examples are Bharat states are rich. But others are poor.
Both IRCTC and IRFC play important Electronics Limited, Hindustan Poorer states need better roads, schools
roles in Indian Railways. Aeronautics Limited and Power Finance An economy is how a country manages and hospitals. The government should
IRCTC : It manages online train ticket Corporation. its resources. This includes money, help weaker states. Similarly, richer
booking in India. It operates the IRCTC Miniratna : This is given to smaller businesses and goods. In a high-income states should focus on business growth.
website and mobile application. Millions PSUs. They are profitable but have fewer economy, people usually earn more money. This way, everyone can grow together.
of people use this website daily to book powers. Examples are the Airports The World Bank says that in 2023, a country
railway tickets. It also offers catering Authority of India and Ircon International. is called high-income if the average income A Note of Caution
services on trains and at railway stations. per person in a year is more than $14,005 or The World Bank released another report
It also manages railway tourism. This How will the Navratna Status Help? about `12 lakhs. Countries like the United in August 2024. It is titled World
includes special trains for religious tours, Navratna status offers many benefits. States and Germany are Development Report 2024:
hill stations and other travel experiences. IRCTC and IRFC can now invest up to examples of high-income The Middle-Income Trap.
IRFC : It raises money to fund railway `1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth in economies. But in 2023, The report has bad news for
projects. These include new train lines, a project. India’s average income was India and other middle-
station upgrades and modern coaches. These companies can grow operations only $2,540 or `2.17 lakhs per income countries. It says
It helps arrange loans and investments quickly. They can also have more partners person per year. Therefore, they may never become
to support railway development. It tries and start new business projects more India is classified as a lower- high-income economies if
not to take funds directly from the easily. middle-income country. they continue growing at
government. They can sign agreements with the current rate. That report
technology companies. They can publish How Can India also suggests many
What is Navratna Status? more ads and launch new services quickly. Grow Faster? measures to avoid the
The Navratna status is a special status They do not need the government’s To become a rich country, middle-income trap. The
given by the Indian government. It is permission to do any of this. This will help India’s economy must grow current report is focused
given to strong and successful government them grow faster. very fast. Economic growth is entirely on India. It outlines
when a country produces strategies to achieve high
more goods and services than growth and reach the 2047
it did the year before. If a toy target. Let us work together
factory in India makes 1,000 toys this year with determination to achieve this
and 1,500 toys next year, that is growth. So, ambitious goal.
the factory experiences a 50 percent growth
in toy production. If more factories make Background Information
more products, people get jobs. They earn
money, making the country richer. Right World Bank
now, India’s economy is growing at 6.3 The World Bank is
percent per year. To become a high-income an international
country, India must grow at 7.8 percent per organisation. It
year for the next 22 years. With economic helps countries grow by giving them
Worksheet : MM109 growth, people will earn more money. money, advice and support for projects
Solve the puzzle using the words marked green. Everyone will have better opportunities. like schools, roads and hospitals.
This includes food, homes and healthcare.
ACROSS
1. Providing food and drink at a social
event or other gatherings Worksheet : MM110
3. To control the functioning of a
process or system In an imaginary island country, there are five residents with incomes of $18,000,
5. The process of giving money for $15,000, $12,000, $11,000, and $20,000. What is the average income in the
profit country? According to the World Bank, would this country be considered a high-
6. To raise something to a higher income country?
standard

DOWN
2. A business or company
4. The total value of everything a
person or company owns (assets)
minus what they owe (liabilities)
Open Page StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 18
Ash Greninja
"You wrote it.
We liked it!"

Mishita Mohanty Vihaan R Abhishek Parikh

Class: VII, Narayana eTechno School, Class: VII, Capitol Public Class: VII, The New Tulip International
JP Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka School, Bengaluru, Karnataka School, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Anaya Raghav
Class: VIII, KV Gole Market, New Delhi

The Unicorn
And Her Friends
Kairavi Sachan
Class: II, Birla Public School,
Devang Dwivedi Doha, Qatar
Class: VII, Study Hall Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Once upon a time, there was a
Unicorn. The Unicorn never lied.
She had three friends- Narwhal, Baby
Dolphin and Big Dolphin. Narwhal was
Unicorn’s favourite friend.
One day, the Narwhal saw the Unicorn
going out of the water and screamed,
“Why are you going out of the Ocean?”
“I live there”, said the Unicorn.
The Narwhal gasped. She ran to the
other friends-Big Dolphin and Baby
Dolphin and told them everything.
The others gasped too and thought,
“If she doesn’t live in the ocean, she
Hemsai Gurrala must be a land-dweller”.
Class: VI, St. Joseph Chaminade Academy, “Of course! That makes sense”, said
Bengaluru, Karnataka the Narwhal.
“We should ask her everything,
tomorrow,” they screamed together.
The next day, they asked her
everything. She told them why they
YoshitaK Yosh never saw more Unicorns and she told
Class: VI, Delhi Public School, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana them that there is a drink called Rainbow
Fizz-jo.
The next day, they asked her if she
could get Rainbow Fizz-jo for them.
She said, “Noooo” within a second!
She added, “I could make a different
drink called Fizz-yo for you”.
They said, “Yes”. So, she made it
Ritika Gupta and gave them some.
Class: IX, Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Bangalore, They really loved it and said, “Thank
Karnataka, Bengaluru you.”
Then they said, “Can you give us
water tanks?”
“Yes! I can”, said the Unicorn. Then,
she made some water tanks with magic.
And then they asked, “Can you take
us to land?”
The Unicorn said, “Don’t call it land”.
“It is Unnaya”.
They all went to Unnaya and had fun
Madhavi Wadkar before returning to the ocean.
Class: V, New English Medium School, Pune, Maharashtra

Riya Maheshwari
Class: VIII, St. Conrad & Inter College,
Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Venkata Karthikeya Seetha

Class: VI, Meru International School, Sanjana J Anushka S Ritika Gupta
Hyderabad, Telangana Class: X, Green Dot International School, Class: V, Green Dot International School, Class: IX, Chinmaya Vidyalaya,
Bengaluru, Karnataka Bengaluru, Karnataka Bengaluru, Karnataka
Test Your Knowledge StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 19
1. How does reinforcement learning work in computers? 11. What are naturaliths? 22. What does delimitation mean in a country like India?
(a) By trying actions and learning from rewards or (a) Tools made in factories (a) Drawing maps for travel routes
penalties. (b) Sharp stones made by early humans (b) Changing the names of states
(b) With help from humans who label objects neatly. (c) Naturally broken sharp stones used as tools (c) Redrawing boundaries of constituencies for elections
(c) By copying the work of other computers. (d) Rocks found only in museums (d) Dividing the country into time zones
(d) By following a fixed set of rules without change.
12. In which of the following rivers are you most likely to 23. Why is the government launching the Sahkar taxi
2. What made the Firefly mission a historic achievement find the Gangetic dolphins? service?
in space exploration? (a) Krishna (b) Godavari (a) To compete with Ola and Uber using better technology
(a) It was the first private rocket launch. (c) Brahmaputra (d) Cauvery (b) To help private taxi companies grow faster
(b) It was the first private mission to successfully land (c) To give drivers ownership and ensure fair pricing for
on the Moon. 13. What does PM2.5 refer to in the context of air passengers
(c) It was the first private mission to successfully land pollution? (d) To stop people from using smartphones to book rides
on Mars. (a) Large pieces of dust easily seen by the naked eye
(d) It was the first mission to go beyond the solar (b) A kind of clean air molecule 24. What is the Special Olympics?
system. (a) A sports event for professional athletes from around
(c) A water vapour cloud
the world
(d) Tiny particles in the air that can harm our lungs
3. Which option best describes what a greater adjutant (b) A national-level event for school and college
stork is? students only
14. Why is it beneficial to keep learning new things
(a) A mammal (b) A bird (c) An international event for athletes with intellectual
(c) A reptile (d) A fish throughout life? disabilities
(a) It guarantees you never forget anything. (d) A global sports festival celebrating traditional village
4. Which of the following best describes the difference (b) It helps keep your brain strong and your thinking games
between a lander and a rover in space missions? skills sharp.
(a) A lander is designed to take off from the surface, (c) It makes you physically stronger. 25. What is the primary aim of the Khelo India initiative?
while a rover remains on the ground. (d) It stops you from needing any rest or sleep. (a) To encourage sports participation and nurture young
(b) A lander remains stationary after landing, whereas a talent in India
rover moves and explores the surface. 15. How does the kynurenine pathway relate to teenage (b) To build large sports complexes solely for
(c) A lander is used only for space photography, while a depression? international competitions
rover is used for collecting samples. (a) It has no effect on mood or brain chemistry. (c) To integrate sports activities only with academic
(d) A lander is always larger than a rover. (b) It involves breaking down certain molecules that can subjects and studies
influence mood. (d) To focus exclusively on elite training for professional
5. What causes the formation of shatter cones in rocks (c) It only affects digestion and has no connection to the athletes
at ancient meteorite impact sites? brain.
(a) Intense shock waves and high-pressure impacts (d) It is a pathway that solely controls physical growth 26. You are at home and notice your father suddenly
(b) Prolonged volcanic eruptions on plains in teenagers. looks unwell and cannot speak properly. What should
(c) Gradual erosion over time in coastal areas you do?
(d) Slow tectonic movements creating fold mountains 16. What is a stupa in Buddhism? (a) Wait and see if he gets better on his own
(a) A type of ancient weapon (b) Call a friend to ask what to do
6. Who built the Khajuraho Temples? (b) A place where monks cook food (c) Stay calm and immediately call a trusted adult or
(a) Chandela Kings (b) Chalukya Kings (c) A dome-shaped structure for meditation and keeping emergency number for help
(c) Chola Kings (d) Maratha Kings relics (d) Run out of the house and hope someone else notices
(d) A place where monks live, learn, and meditate
7. Who presents Oscar Awards? 27. How can studying budgies help humans?
(a) The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 17. What is a Frozen Zoo? (a) It can teach humans how to talk to animals
USA (a) A zoo made entirely of ice and snow (b) It can help doctors treat people with speech
(b) The British Academy of Film and Television Arts, UK (b) A place where frozen animals are displayed problems like aphasia
(c) The Film and Television Institute of India (c) A storage center for cells of rare and endangered (c) It can make budgies better singers
(d) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and animals (d) It can stop birds from copying human speech
Cultural Organization (d) A zoo that keeps animals in very cold enclosures
28. Why did stentors form groups while feeding?
8. Why is it important to see the bigger picture in (a) To look more colorful in the pond
18. What is special about Olive Ridley Turtle nesting?
everyday life? (b) To avoid predators that hunted single cells
(a) They lay eggs in small groups on rocky cliffs
(a) It helps you find the mistakes of others so they can’t (c) To create stronger whirlpools and pull in more food
(b) They lay eggs only during the night in deep forests
blame you. together
(c) Thousands of turtles nest together on sandy beaches (d) To compete with each other for food
(b) It allows you to understand the broader context and
make better decisions at the same time
(c) It guarantees immediate success in every situation. (d) They nest alone in freshwater rivers far from the sea 29. How are new crew spacecraft like Starliner and Crew
(d) It encourages you to rely solely on other people’s Dragon different from older space shuttles?
viewpoints. 19. What is one important connection between India and (a) They are larger and shaped like planes
Mauritius? (b) They land using wheels on runways
9. You are travelling with your friends and family (a) India ruled Mauritius in ancient times (c) They are smaller, capsule-shaped, and reuse-friendly
through a wetland and you notice a large flock of (b) Both countries were discovered by the same (d) They carry more people and equipment
greater adjutant storks. In which state are you most explorer
likely to be? (c) Many people in Mauritius have Indian ancestry 30. What is one challenge astronauts face during a long
(a) Assam (b) Tamil Nadu (d) India and Mauritius share a common border stay in space?
(c) Gujarat (d) Kerala (a) Too much gravity pulling them down
20. Which is the happiest country in the world? (b) Weak muscles and bones due to lack of gravity
10. With which of the following famous authors do you (a) USA (b) Japan (c) No sunlight inside the spacecraft
associate the book Naukar Ki Kameez? (c) Finland (d) Sweden (d) Carrying heavy items in space
(a) Ram Naresh Tripathi
(b) Shrilal Shukla 21. For which subject is the Abel Prize awarded? 31. Who was the first person to travel into space?
(c) Vinod Kumar Shukla (a) Physics (b) Chemistry (a) Neil Armstrong (b) Rakesh Sharma
(d) Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’ (c) Mathematics (d) Biology (c) Yuri Gagarin (d) Buzz Aldrin

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Competitions and Scholarships StudentEdge • APRIL 2025 www.studentedge.in 20
Student Podcast The Foyle Young Poets
Contest of the Year Award 2025 India’s got
• Organised By: The New York
Times, USA
• Eligibility: 13 to 19 years
• Task: Create a podcast on any
• Organised By: The Poetry Society,
London
• Eligibility: 11 to 17 years
• Rules: Submit original poems on any
Edge Stars
Winners of February 2025 Month
topic that interests you, in any theme or subject. Poems must be
style you choose—whether original, unpublished, and written in
it’s an interview with an expert, a casual chat with a English (though a few words in another First Prize
friend, a news-style report, a fictional story, or language are allowed), must not exceed 40 lines in length,
Venkata Karthikeya Seetha
something totally unique that you dream up. and each entrant can submit as many poems as they like.
Class: VI
• Rules: Each podcast must be between 3 to 5 minutes Entries must be submitted by the young poet themselves. Meru International School,
in length and must be entirely original work created by • Prizes: The top 15 winners get a special mentoring package with Hyderabad, Telangana
the student or student team. Podcasts must be in feedback on their writing. All 100 winners get a free year’s youth
English, and each student may submit only one entry, membership to The Poetry Society and a bag of books. The Poetry 186
either individually or as part of a group. Society also supports winners with chances to publish, perform, Stars
• Last Date: 14 May, 2025 grow as writers, and even apply for a paid internship later on.
• More details and Registration: • Last Date: 31 July, 2025
https://tinyurl.com/mvvdhx9r • More details and Registration: https://tinyurl.com/35skmnhv
Second Prize
John Locke Essay Sketch for Survival Advait Singh

Competition Junior 2025

Class: IX
Little Scholars, Kashipur,
Uttarakhand
• Organised By: John Locke Institute, UK
• Eligibility: (a) Junior: Up to 15 years of age, (b) Senior: 185
Up to 19 years of age Stars
• Task: Students need to write an essay on a thought-
provoking question from one of seven subjects:
Philosophy, Politics, Economics, History, Psychology,
Theology, or Law. Questions for each subject category Third Prize
have been written on the website.
• Prizes: (a) The first-place winner in each subject Ritika Gupta
category and the Junior category will get a $5,000 Class: IX
scholarship to attend a John Locke Institute program. Chinmaya Vidyalaya,
(b) The second-place winner will receive a $2,000 Bengaluru, Karnataka
scholarship. (c) The third-place winner will receive a
$1,000 scholarship. • Organised By: Explorers Against Extinction, UK 184
Stars
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of consolation prize winners.

Image of the Year can be portrayed within its habitat or individually.

• Prizes: Sketch for Survival Junior Artist of the Year will be
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• Last Date: 18 May, 2025 Delhi 110028 Third Prize : Rs 3,000
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Naraina, Delhi 110028 published at HOUSE NO. 101, B-1-2 FF, ANSAL BUILDING COMMERCIAL COMPLEX, DR. MUKHERJEE NAGAR, DELHI-110009 Editor: Ashvani Kumar