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Basic Computer Organization with
Digital Concepts
• Basic Computer Organization
• Digital Introductory
• Basic Logic Gates
Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies
Basic Computer Organization
Lesson Outlines
1) Five Basic Functions of a Computer System
2) Basic Organization of a Computer System
3) The System Concept
Lesson Objectives
1) To provide an overview of computer systems
2) To familiarize with the operation units of a computer system
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
1. Five Basic Functions Performed by a Computer System
1. Inputting The process of entering data and instructions into a computer
system.
2. Storing The process of saving data and instructions to make them
readily available for initial or additional processing as and when
required.
3. Processing The process of performing arithmetic operations, or logical
operations on data to convert them into useful information.
4. Outputting The process of producing useful information or results for a
user, such as printed report or visual display.
5. Controlling Directing the manner and sequence in which the above
operations are performed
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
2. Basic Organization of a Computer System
Storage unit
Secondary
Input storage Output
Program and data Information (Results)
unit Primary unit
storage
Control Indicates flow of
Unit instructions and data
Arithmetic
Indicates the control
Logic Unit
exercised by the control
Central Processing Unit (CPU) unit
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
Input Unit Output Unit
An input unit performs following functions: An output unit performs following functions:
1. Accept instructions and data from outside 1. Accept the produced results (coded form).
world (keyboard, scanner, etc.).
2. Converts these coded results to human
2. Converts them in computer acceptable
acceptable (readable) form. Units called
form via input interfaces.
output interfaces accomplish this task.
3. Supplies the converted instructions and
3. It supplies the converted results to the
data to the storage unit for storage and
outside world (monitor, printer, etc.).
further processing.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
Storage Unit
A storage unit holds (stores):
1. The data and instructions required for processing (received from input units).
2. Intermediate results of processing.
3. Final results of processing, before the system releases them to an output unit.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
Storage Unit
Two types of storage:
Primary Storage Secondary Storage
- Stores currently working instructions - Also known as auxiliary storage and it
and data, intermediate results, and stores program instructions, data, and
recently produced results. information for later processing.
- Can access in fast speed.
- Slow.
- Volatile (it loses the information as
the system switches off or resets). - Non-Volatile.
- Limited storage capacity and - High storage capacity and cheaper than
expensive. primary storage
- E.g. main memory or RAM… - E.g. hard disk, memory stick…
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• A computer performs all calculations and comparison (decision-making)
operations in the ALU.
• E.g. add, subtract, multiply, divide, less than, equal to, and greater than.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
Control Unit (CU)
• It does not perform any actual processing of job, but acts as the central nervous
system for others components of the computer system.
Or
• Control Unit (CU) of a computer system manages and coordinates the operations
of all other components of the computer system.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of a computer system are
together knows as the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
• It is the brain of a computer system.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Basic Computer Organization
3. The System Concept
• A system is a group of integrated parts having a common purpose of achieving
some objective(s).
• A computer is often refer to as a system because it consists of integrated
components (input unit, output unit, storage unit, and CPU) that work together to
perform the steps called for in a program.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Summary
• Five basic functions in all computer systems.
• Basic components of a computer system.
• Input interfaces and output interfaces.
• Two types of storage unit.
• Central Processing unit.
• The system concept.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Textbook:
• Computer Fundamentals, Pradeep K. Sinha, Priti Sinha, Sixth Edition.
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
Thank You
For your attention
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Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies 14
