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(A Complete Book on Reasoning)

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Modern
Approach to

~ Contents ~

1 Series 2

2 Missing Value in Figure 14

3 Analogy 23

4 Coding Decoding 31

5 Odd One Out 44

6 Blood Relations 49

7 Directions 62

8 Ranking 72

9 Cubes & Dice 85

10 Logical Venn Diagram 99

11 Syllogisms 105

12 Mathematical Operations 119

13 Counting in Figure 132

14 Logical Reasoning 145

15 Non-Verbal Reasoning 172

Modern
Approach to
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
2

Series Modern
SERIES

01
Approach to
Series is a sequential order of letters, numbers or both  If still there is no inference then try the square
arranged in such a way that each term in the series is series and if the difference is too high it can be a
obtained according to some specific rules. These rules cube series.
can be based on mathematical operations, place of  Last but not the least, if the series is following a
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
letters in alphabetical order etc. vague pattern, then most likely it would be a
mixed series and test out the series with alternate
Number Series
In number series, basically there are two types of numbers.
questions. Example 1: What is the next number in the series
(a) Missing Term(s) (shown by a blank or a questions given:
mark) 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 17, ?
(b) Wrong Term (all the terms are present) a) 20 b) 23 c) 22 d) 18
Now, the set of given numbers in a series can be Solution: (b)
related with each other in many ways. The In the series given the difference between the first two
relationship in the numbers may be based on: terms of the series is 1; the difference between the
Consecutive Even / Odd numbers, Consecutive Prime second and the third term of the series is 2; the
numbers, Square / Cubes of numbers, Square / Cubes difference between the third and the forth term is 3
of numbers with some variations of Addition / and so on. Basically the difference between any pair
Subtraction of some numbers, of consecutive terms is one more than the difference
Sum/Product/Difference of proceeding numbers, between the first number of this pair and the number
Addition / Subtraction / Multiplication / Division by immediately preceding this number. As, the difference
some number. between 12 and 17 is 5, the next difference should be
6. Hence, the number after 17 is 17 + 6 = 23.
Approach for solving Number Series
Example 2: What is the next number in the series
The best way of approaching the number series given:
questions is to first observe the difference between the 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 7, 16, ?
consecutive terms. a) 25 b) 9 c) 20 d) 22
 If the difference is constant, then it must be a Solution: (b)
constant difference series. The given series comprises of two series at the odd
 If the difference is increasing or decreasing by a and even places as:
constant value, then it should be a series with a Series I: 1, 4, 9, 16, ….. (Squares of consecutive
constant increasing or decreasing value. numbers)
 If the series is not having a constant increasing or Series II: 3, 5, 7, ….. (Consecutive Odd numbers)
decreasing difference, then it may be a product The missing number is the next number of the Series
 series in which every term of the series gets (II) which is 9. So, the answer is (b).
multiplied or divided by some value. Example 3: What is the missing number in the series
given below?
0, 6, 24, 60, ?, 210
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
3

a) 012 b) 210 c) 201 d) 120 B 2 O 15

Solution: (d)
The series is 13 – 1 = 0, 23 – 2 = 6, 33 – 3 = 24, etc. C 3 P 16
The next number is 53 – 5 = 120. So, the answer is (d).
D 4 Q 17
Example 4: What is the missing number in the series
given below? E 5 R 18
99, 80, 63, ?, 35
F 6 S 19
a) 48 b) 84 c) 46 d) 64
Solution: (a) G 7 T 20
The series is 102 – 1, 92 – 1, 82 – 1, etc. The next
number is 72 – 1 = 48. So, the answer is (a). H 8 U 21
Example 5: What is the wrong number in the series I 9 V 22
given below?
1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 15, 19 J 10 W 23
a) 15 b) 7 c) 10 d) 4 K 11 X 24
Solution: (a)
In the series given, every number is 3 more than the L 12 Y 25
previous number like 1 + 3 = 4; 4 + 3 = 7; 7 + 3 = 10
M 13 Z 26
so on. So, there should be 16 in place of 15 as 13 + 3
= 16. So, the answer is (a). The Word EJOTY is very helpful in finding the
Letter Series position of the alphabet as:
The type of questions in the letter series is same as E J O T Y
that of the types in the number series where in the first
5 10 15 20 25
type we have to find the missing letter in the given
series and in the second type of questions we have to For Example, if we want to find the position of the
find the wrong letter in the given series. alphabet ‘S’, then as we know that ‘T’ is 20, so ‘S’ is
In letter series, the letters follow a definite order and 20 – 1 = 19. Also, we can find the position of an
the series can have constant, increasing or decreasing alphabet from the end by subtracting its value from
difference. They can be in natural order, in reverse 27. For Example, the position of D from the end is 27
order or combination of both. The letters may be – 4 = 23.
consecutive, skipped or repeated. The given series The pattern given below is very useful to solve many
may be single or may even comprise of two different types of questions in Alphabet Series, when we write
series merged at alternate positions. The position of the last 13 alphabets in front of the first 13 alphabets
the letter in the English Alphabet is considered to be of the English:
the value of the alphabet in questions on letter series. A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Also, when we are counting from A to Z, we again
start with A, i.e. we treat the letters as being cyclic in Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
nature. While attempting the letter series one should Example 6: What is the next letter in the series given:
know the value of each of the alphabet as: D, G, J, M, ?
Alphabet in natural series are: a) P b) Q c) R d) S
A 1 N 14 Solution: (a)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
4

The logic followed is: D + 3 = G ; G + 3 = J ; J + 3 = Example 9: What should come in the place of the
M; question mark in the series:
M + 3 = P. So, the answer is (a). 2E3, 3H5, 5L7, 7R11, 11X13, ?
Example 7: What is the next letter in the series given: a) 13B15 b) 13F17
A, Z, B, Y, C, ? c) 13D16 d) 13D17
a) D b) U c) X d) E Solution: (d)
Solution: (c) In the given series, the two numbers given in each of
There are two alternate series in the given series the term are two consecutive prime numbers, so the
Series 1 : A, B, C (Consecutive letters in natural required term should contain 13 and 17. The value of
series) the alphabet in each of the term is equal to the sum of
Series 2 : Z, Y, X (Consecutive letters in reverse the two numbers. For Example, E is 2 + 3 and H is 3 +
order) 5. So, 13 + 17 = 30 which is equal to D (as after Z
So, the next alphabet in the series is X. So, the answer again the series starts form (A). So, the answer is (d).
is (c). Example 10: What should come in place of question
Example 8: Which letter in the given series is wrong? mark?
J, M, P, T, V, Y DX, EY, FV, ?, HT, IU
a) J b) T c) P d) Y a) HV b) IX c) GW d) BZ
Solution: (b) Solution: (c)
The letters in the series are moved three steps forward First, third and fifth terms follow a sequence of +2 and
i.e. J + 3 = M, then M + 3 = P, P + 3 is S, So the letter –2 and second, fourth and sixth terms also follow a
‘S’ should be there in place of ‘T’. So, the answer is sequence of +2 and –2. So, the answer is (c).
(b). Pattern Series
Alphanumeric Series In these types of questions, the alphabets are used to
Alphanumeric series comprises of the combination of make a set of letters which are repeated. We have to
letters and numbers. In this type of series, the letters find the set of letters which will fit in the blanks in the
and the numbers may have a common given series in such a manner that one section of the
sequence/pattern or may have a separate series is further repeated in the same manner. It is
sequence/pattern. Let’s look at the following examples always better to proceed from the choices given by
to understand questions on Alphanumeric Series. inserting the letters given in the choices so as to obtain
Example 9: What should come in the place of the a sequence of a particular pattern.
question mark in the following series? Example 11: Which of the following groups of letters
3J, 6M, 12L, ?, 48N will complete the given series:
a) 24O b) 24K c) 24M d) 22O ba_b_aab_a _b
Solution: (a) a) abba b) baab c) abab d) baba
In the series given every number is the double of the Solution: (a)
previous number and the sequence of the letters is +3, The given series is of 12 alphabets that can be divided
–1 (3 steps forward and then one step backwards) into groups of 4 each, then ‘aab’ in the series indicates
which is repeated. So, the number in the missing term that ‘b’ in this series is preceded by two ‘a’, so the
is 24(double of 12) and the alphabet in the missing first and the last blank is filled by ‘a’. Now, the first
term should be 3 steps forward of L i.e. O. So, the set is formed i.e. ‘baab’ and this set will be repeated,
missing value is ‘24O’. So, the answer is (a). so the second and the third will be filled by ‘b’. So,
the answer is (a).
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
5

Exercise

Directions for questions 1 to 46: In the following 13. 37, 47, 58, ?, 79, 95
questions select the number from the given (A) 71 (B) 69
options for completing the given series. (C) 68 (D) 67
1. 2, 3, 6, 18, 108, ? 14. 98, 72, 14, ?
(A)1944 (B) 1658 (A) 8 (B) 6
(C) 648 (D) 1008 (C) 4 (D) 2
2. 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8, 7, 10, 9, ? 15. 69, 55, 26, 13, ?
(A) 14 (B) 10 (A) 3 (B) 6.5
(C) 12 (D) 11 (C) 13 (D) 4
3. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ? 16. 10, 26, 50, 82, 122, ?
(A)172 (B) 176 (A) 160 (B) 170
(C) 216 (D) 189 (C) 180 (D) 150
4. 80, 64, 48, 32, 16, ? 17. 4, 32, 288, ?, 31680
(A) 4 (B) 0 (A) 2880 (B) 25600
(C) 8 (D) 1 (C) 7420 (D) 10,000
5. 3, 8, 13, 24, 41, ? 18. 6, 9, 18, 45, 126, 369, ?
(A) 65 (B) 75 (A) 1059 (B) 1080
(C) 70 (D) 80 (C) 1098 (D) 1089
6. 0, 5, 22, 57, ?, 205 19. 4, 10, 22, 46, ?
(A) 198 (B) 116 (A) 56 (B) 66
(C) 172 (D) 92 (C) 76 (D) 94
7. 19200, 1920, 240, 40, 10, ? 20. 37, 29, ? , 19, 17
(A) 1 (B) 0 (A) 21 (B) 17
(C) 5 (D) 10 (C) 19 (D) 23
8. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ? 21. 56, 69, 86, 105, ?
(A) 11 (B) 13 (A) 126 (B) 128
(C) 15 (D) 9 (C) 130 (D) 132
9. 1890, 1890, 630, 126, 18, ? 22. 11, 17, 22, ?, 33, 39
(A) 6 (B) 9 (A) 30 (B) 27
(C) 2 (D) 3 (C) 26 (D) 28
10. 4, 2, 8, 16, 128, ? 23. 16, 24, 51, 115, ?, 456
(A) 562 (B) 1018 (A) 1140 (B) 340
(C) 2024 (D) 2048 (C) 240 (D) 250
11. 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 72, ? 24 14, 30, 66, 130, 230, ?
(A) 132 (B) 102 (A) 374 (B) 354
(C) 89 (D) 98 (C) 334 (D) 274
12. 7, 21, 35, 49, 63, ? 25. 6, 13, 28, 59, ?, 249
(A) 70 (B) 77 (A) 132 (B) 112
(C) 81 (D) 108 (C) 122 (D) 142
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
6

26. 7, 7, 14, 42, 168, ? 40. 11, 45, 182, 731, ?

(A) 840 (B) 740 (A) 2920 (B) 2924
(C) 820 (D) 880 (C) 2927 (D) 2928
27 14, 25, 47, ?, 124, 179 41. 3, 5, 9, 15, 25, 41, 67, ?
(A) 70 (B) 80 (A) 108 (B) 109
(C) 68 (D) 93 (C) 110 (D) 111
28. 46, 62, 84, 112, ?, 86 42. 1, 6, 15, ?, 45, 66, 91
(A) 156 (B) 146 (A) 25 (B) 26
(C) 138 (D) 166 (C) 27 (D) 28
29. 36, 52, 84, ?, 276, 532 43. 1, 2, 5, 12, 27, 58, 121, ?
(A) 146 (B) 152 (A) 246 (B) 247
(C) 148 (D) 158 (C) 248 (D) 249
30 39, 79, 238, 477, 1432, ? 44. 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, ?, 720
(A) 2965 (B) 3025 (A) 100 (B) 104
(C) 2865 (D) 3145 (C) 108 (D) 120
31. 9, 16, 13, 22, 17, 28, ?, 34 45. 9, 27, 31, 155, 161, 1127, ?
(A) 23 (B) 31 (A) 316 (B) 1135
(C) 21 (D) 32 (C) 1288 (D) 2254
32. 14, 14, 21, 42, 105, ? 46. 3, 7, 23, 95, ?
(A) 305 (B) 315 (A) 62 (B) 128
(C) 415 (D) 355 (C) 479 (D) 565
33. 36, 56, ?, 176, 336
(A) 86 (B) 96 Directions for questions 47 to 60: In the given series
find the number which is wrong.
(C) 106 (D) 94
34. 41, 54, 85, 98, 129, ? 47. 5, 25, 120, 625, 3125, 15625
(A) 142 (B) 152 (A) 15625 (B) 625
(C) 146 (D) 156 (C) 120 (D) 5
35. 11, 110, 990, 7920, ? 48. 4, 8, 11, 22, 18, 36, 24, 50
(A) 55480 (B) 55640 (A) 8 (B) 22
(C) 55440 (D) 44550 (C) 36 (D) 24
36. 16, 31, 61, 121, ? 49. 2, 4, 12, 24, 72, 142, 432
(A) 241 (B) 261 (A) 432 (B) 12
(C) 249 (D) 253 (C) 142 (D) 72
37. 46, 110, 121, 242, 484, ? 50. 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37
(A) 968 (B) 869 (A) 13 (B) 23
(C) 689 (D) 589 (C) 15 (D) 31
38. 4532, 2264, 1130, 563, ? 51. 5, 6, 11, 22, 42, 88, 176
(A) 281.5 (B) 279.5 (A) 5 (B) 42
(C) 284 (D) 282 (C) 176 (D) 11
39. 16, 17, 25, 34, 98, ? 52. 0, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, 10
(A) 133 (B) 123 (A) 6 (B) 0
(C) 143 (D) 135 (C) 1 (D) 10
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
7

53. 4, 5, 9, 14, 22, 37, 60 5. D, K, P, ?, B

(A) 5 (B) 9 (A) R (B) T
(C) 14 (D) 22 (C) W (D) Z
54. 215, 28, 63, 126, 7, 343 6. A, L, W, B, M, X, C, N, ?
(A) 215 (B) 28 (A) V (B) W
(C) 126 (D) 343 (C) Y (D) X
55. 1, 5, 5, 9, 7, 11, 11, 15, 12, 17 7. D, H, M, S, ?
(A) 11 (B) 15 (A) W (B) X
(C) 17 (D) 12 (C) Y (D) Z
56. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 22 8. KNQ, TWZ, CFI ?
(A) 22 (B) 8 (A) KOR (B) LOR
(C) 13 (D) 4 (C) MNQ (D) JLM
57. 4, 10, 22, 46, 96, 190, 382 9. XYZ, UVW, ?, OPQ
(A) 4 (B) 10 (A) RST (B) STU
(C) 96 (D) 382 (C) QRS (D) TUV
58. 6, 15, 35, 77, 165, 221 10. IOU, JKL, PQR ?
(A) 35 (B) 77 (A) UVW (B) XYZ
(C) 165 (D) 221 (C) TUV (D) VWX
59. 1, 3, 10, 21, 64, 129, 356, 777 11. EJO, TYD, INS, XCH, ?
(A) 21 (B) 129 (A) MRW (B) NRV
(C) 10 (D) 356 (C) MRV (D) NRW
60. 5, 27, 61, 122, 213, 340, 509 12. DQCP, EPEN, FOGL, GNIJ, ?
(A) 27 (B) 61 (A) HNLG (B) HLJG
(C) 122 (D) 509 (C) HOMI (D) HMKH
13. DFST, FSTD, STDF, ?
Letter Series: (A) TSFD (B) FDTS
Directions for questions 1 to 24: In the following (C) TDFS (D) SFDT
questions select the letter/letters from the given 14. JMC, CLT, KND, ?, LOE, GPX
options for completing the given series. (A) ENV (B) DMX
1. Z, A, Y, B, X, C, W, D, V, E ? (C) EOU (D) DRX
(A) UD (B) UC 15. Z, Y, X, U, T, S, P, O, N, K, ?, ?
(C) TR (D) UF (A) H, G (B) H, I
2. BD, DF, GI, KM, ? (C) I, H (D) J, I
(A) PR (B) NR 16. Z, Q, U, L, ?
(C) PQ (D) QS (A) Q (B) O
3. M, N, L, O, K, P, J, Q, I, R, H, S, ? (C) N (D) P
(A) TG (B) GT 17. a, b, n, c, d, o, e, f, p, ?, ?, ?
(C) FU (D) RH (A) g, h, i (B) g, h, j
4. E, O, I, S, M, W, Q, A, ? (C) g, h, q (D) j, k, l
(A) UE (B) TD 18. a, b, b, d, c, f, d, h, e, ?, ?
(C) VF (D) SC (A) e, f (B) f, g
(C) f, i (D) j, f
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
8

19. upi, ?, odp, mbq, iaw Directions for questions 1 to 15: Which of the
(A) rhj (B) shj following groups of letters will complete the
(C) sij (D) thk given series.
20. A13L, E22Q, I31V, M14A, ? 1. _acca_ccca_acccc_aaa
(A) Q23F (B) Q22E (A) ccaa (B) acca
(C) P24F (D) P21E (C) caac (D) caaa
21. 2B, 4C, 8E, 14H, ? 2. c_bbb_ _ abbbb_abbb_
(A) 20L (B) 22L (A) abccb (B) bacbb
(C) 21I (D) 16K (C) aabcb (D) abacb
22. 3F, 6G, 11I, 18L, ? 3. ac_cab_baca_aba_acac
(A) 27P (B) 21O (A) bcbb (B) aacb
(C) 27Q (D) 25N (C) babb (D) acbc
23. E5, K11, Q17, ? 4. abc_d_bc_d_b_dd
(A) X20 (B) Y24 (A) decdb (B) dadac
(C) V22 (D) W25 (C) cdabe (D) bacde
24. D2, I3, N6, S18, ? 5. aca_ac_ _a_ac
(A) V72 (B) W36 (A) babc (B) aaac
(C) Y90 (D) X108 (C) cacc (D) caca
6. ba_cb_b_bab_ ?
Directions for questions 25 to 30: In the given series (A) acbb (B) bcaa
find the letter/letters which is wrong. (C) cabb (D) bacc
25. A, E, H, O, U 7. a_bccb_ca_cca_baab_c
(A) U (B) O (A) accab (B) abcaa
(C) H (D) E (C) bacaa (D) ababc
26. C, H, M, S, W, B 8. c_baa_aca_cacab_acac_bca
(A) C (B) S (A) acbaa (B) cbaac
(C) B (D) W (C) bccab (D) bbcaa
27. Z, A, W, B, X, C 9. _bcc_ac_aabb_ab_cc
(A) D (B) C (A) bacab (B) abaca
(C) X (D) W (C) aabca (D) bcaca
28. AR, CT, FX, JF, PV 10. aa_bbb_ccaaab_bc_c
(A) CT (B) AR (A) abbc (B) acbc
(C) JF (D) PV (C) accb (D) cbac
29. LM, OS, RY, VE, XK 11. l_nnlm_nlmn_lmn_
(A) RY (B) VE (A) lmnn (B) nnml
(C) OS (D) LM (C) mlnm (D) mnnn
30. R20B, T26H, V36N, X44T, Z52Z 12. _yyx_xxyx_yxyx_y
(A) Z52Z (B) V36N (A) yxxy (B) xyxy
(C) T26H (D) R20B (C) yxyx (D) xyyx
13. _bcbc_caba_ _
Pattern Series (A) aabc (B) abac
(C) caab (D) baba
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
9

14. _ _ aba_ _ ba_ab 15. ab_ _baa_ _ab_

(A) abbba (B) abbab (A) aaaaa (B) aabaa
(C) baabb (D) bbaba (C) aabab (D) baabb

Solution

1.(A) Each term in the series except the first two = 16 × 128 = 2048
terms, is the product of the preceding two 11.(D) The pattern is 12 × 2, 22 × 2, 32 × 2, .....
terms. So, the missing term So, the missing term = 72 × 2 = 98.
= 108 × 18 = 1944 12.(B) The pattern is 7 × 1, 7 × 3, 7 × 5, .....
2.(C) The given sequence is combination of two So, the missing term = 7 × 11 = 77.
series. 13.(A) The sum of digits of the number is added
Series I: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,... to the number to obtain the next number.
Series II: 4, 6, 8, 10,... So, the missing term = 58 + 13 = 71.
So, the missing term = 12 14.(C) The number is the product of the digits of
3.(C) The sequence in the series is cube of the number preceding it. So, the missing
numbers. So, the missing term = 63 = 216. term = 1 × 4 = 4.
4.(B) The numbers in the series are decreasing 15.(D) The number is the sum of the product of
with the difference of 16 at each step. So, the digits of the number preceding it and
the missing term = 16 – 16 = 0. one. So, the missing term = (1 × 3) + 1
5.(C) Each term in the series except the first two =4
terms, is the sum of the preceding two 16.(B) The pattern is 32 + 1, 52 + 1, 72 + 1, .....
terms and natural number increasing by 1 So, the missing term is 132 + 1 = 170.
at each step. So, the missing term = 24 + 17.(A) The pattern is × 8, × 9, × 10, .....
41 + 5 = 70. So, the missing term = 288 × 10 = 2880.
6.(B) The Pattern is 13 – 1, 23 – 3, 33 – 5, 43 – 7, 18.(C) The pattern is +3, + 32, + 33, + 34, ....
...... . So, the missing term = 53 – 9 = 116. So, the missing term = 369 + 36 = 1098.
7.(C) The Pattern is ÷ 10, ÷ 8, ÷ 6, ÷ 4, ..... . So, 19.(D) The pattern is (× 2, + 2), (× 2, + 2),
the missing term = 10 ÷ 2 = 5 So, the missing term = 46 × 2 + 2 = 94.
8.(B) Each term in the series except the first 20.(D) The pattern is – 8, – 6, – 4, – 2, .....
two terms, is the sum of the preceding So, the missing term = 29 – 6 = 23.
two terms. So, the missing term = 5 + 8 = 21.(B) The difference is + 13, + 17, + 19, + 23.
13. So, the missing term is 105 + 23 = 128
9.(C) The pattern is ÷ 1, ÷ 3, ÷ 5, ÷ 7, ..... . So, 22.(D) The pattern is + 6, + 5, + 6, + 5. So,
the missing term missing term is 22 + 6 = 28
= 18 ÷ 9 = 2. 23.(C) The pattern is + 23, + 33, + 43, + 53... . So,
10.(D) Each term in the series except the first two the missing term is 115 + 53 = 240
terms, is the product of the preceding 24.(A) The pattern is + 42, + 62, + 82, + 102. So,
two terms. So, the missing term the missing term is 230 + 144 = 374
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
10

25.(C) The pattern is ×2 + 1, ×2 + 2, ×2 + 3, ×2 + 43.(C) The pattern is (1 × 2) + 0, (2 × 2) + 1, (5 ×

4, ×2 + 5. So, the missing term is 122 2) + 2, ....
26.(A) The pattern is ×1, ×2, ×3, ×4, ×5. So, the So, the missing term = (121 × 2) + 6 =
missing term is 168 × 5 = 840 248.
27.(B) The pattern is + 11, + 22, + 33, + 44... . 44.(D) The pattern is × 1, × 2, × 3, × 4, ..... . So,
So, the missing term is 80 the missing term
28.(B) The pattern is + 16, + 22, + 28, + 34, + = 24 × 5 = 120
40.... 45.(B) The pattern is × 3, + 4, × 5, + 6, .... . So,
29.(C) The pattern is + 16, + 32, + 64, + 128, + the term = 1127 + 8
256... . = 1135
30.(C) The pattern is ×2 + 1, ×3 + 1, ×2 + 1, ×3 + 46.(C) The pattern is × 2 + 1, × 3 + 2, × 4 + 3, ....
1... . So, the missing term is 2865 . So, the missing term = 95 × 5 + 4 = 479.
31.(C) There are two series: 47.(C) The numbers in the series are multiplied
Series I: 16, 22, 28, 34 by 5 to get the next number. Therefore,
(following +6, +6, +6, ...) 125 in place of 120.
Series II: 9, 13, 17, 21 48.(D) The given series is a combination of 2
(following +4, +4, +4, ...) series:
32.(B) The pattern is ×1; ×1.5; ×2; ×2.5; ×3; So, (i) 4, 11, 18, 24 and in first series, there is
the missing term is 315 a common difference of +7 and (ii) 8, 22,
33.(B) The pattern is + 20, + 40, + 80, + 160 36, 40 common difference of +14.
34.(A) The pattern is + 13, + 31, + 13, + 31. So, Therefore, in first series 24 should be
missing term is 129 + 13 = 142 replaced with 25.
35.(C) The pattern is ×10, ×9, ×8, ×7. So, the 49.(C) The given series is combination of two
missing number is 7920 × 7 = 55440 series.
36.(A) The pattern is + 15, + 30, + 60, + 120. So, Series I: 2, 12, 72, 432, ...
the missing term is 121 + 120 = 241 (following × 6)
37.(A) The pattern is 46 + 64 ; 110 + 011 ; 121 + Series II: 4, 24, 144, ...
121 ; 242 + 242. So, the missing term is (following × 6)
484 + 484 = 968 Therefore, 144 in place of 142.
38.(B) The pattern is ÷ 2 – 2 ; ÷ 2 – 2 ; ÷ 2 –2... . 50.(C) The series comprises of prime numbers in
So, the missing number is (563 ÷ 2) – 2 = increasing order. Therefore, remove 15
279.5 from the series.
39.(B) The pattern is + 12, + 23, + 32, + 43... . So, 51.(B) The numbers in the series are the sum of
the missing term is 123 all the numbers preceding them.
40.(D) The pattern is ×4 + 1, ×4 + 2, ×4 + 3, ×4 Therefore, 44 in place of 42.
+ 4. 52.(D) The given series is combination of two
41.(B) The difference between the numbers in series.
this series is the sum of the two previous Series I: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ...
difference except the first two terms. So, (following +2)
the missing term = 67 + 42 = 109. Series II: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
42.(D) The pattern is + 5, + 9, + 13, + 17, ..... (following × 2)
So, the missing term = 15 + 13 = 28. Therefore, 16 in place of 10.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
11

53.(D) Each term in the series is obtained by the Letter Series

sum of two preceding terms except first 1.(D) The sequence is combination of two
two terms. Therefore, 23 in place of 22. series.
54.(D) The given series is combination of two Series I: Z, Y, X, W, ...
series (follows –1 pattern)
Series I: 215, 63, 7, ... Series II: A, B, C, D ,...
(63 – 1, 43 – 1, 23 – 1, ....) (follows +1 pattern)
Series II: 28, 126, 344, ... So, missing term is UF.
(33 + 1, 53 + 1, 73 + 1, ....) 2.(A) The pattern for both the alphabets is +2, +
Therefore, 344 in place of 343. 3, +4, + 5, ... .
55.(D) The given series is combination of two 3.(B) The sequence is combination of two
series series.
Series I: 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, ... Series I: M, L, K, J, ...
(following + 4, + 2, ...) (follows –1 pattern)
Series II: 5, 9, 11, 15, ... Series II: N, O, P, Q, ...
(following + 4, + 2, ...) (follows +1 pattern)
Therefore, 13 in place of 12. So, missing term is GT.
56.(A) The given series is combination of two 4.(A) The sequence is combination of two
series. In each series the next number is series.
sum of preceding two terms. Series I: E, I, M, Q, ...
Series I: 2, 4, 6, 10, ... (follows +4 pattern)
Series II: 3, 5, 8, 13, ... Series II: O, S, W, A, ...
Therefore, 21 in place of 22 . (follows +4 pattern)
57.(C) The correct pattern is So, missing term is UE.
+6, +12, +24, +48, +96, .... 5.(C) The pattern is
Therefore, 94 in place of 96.
58.(C) Each term in the series is product of two
consecutive prime number. i.e. (2 × 3), (3
× 5), (5 × 7), .... So, missing term is W.
Therefore, 143 in place of 165. 6.(C) The sequence is combination of three
59.(D) The correct pattern is × 2 + 1, × 3 + 1, × 2 series.
+ 1, × 3 + 1, .... Series I: A, B, C, ...
Therefore, 388 in place of 356. Series II: L, M, N, ...
60.(A) The given series is a triangular pattern Series III: W, X, Y, ...
series So, missing term is Y.
5 27 61 122 213 340 509 7.(D) The pattern is
22 34 61 91 127 169
12 27 30 36 42
So, missing term is Z.
15 3 6 6
8.(B) The pattern is K, N, Q, T, W, ... (follows
Therefore, 24 in place of 27.
+3 pattern)
So, missing term is LOR.
9.(A) The sequence is combination of 3 series.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
12

Series I: X, U, R, O, ... (follows –3) Series III: T, V, X, ... (follows +2)

Series II: Y, V, S, P, ... (follows –3) So, missing term is ENV.
Series III: Z, W, T, Q, ...(follows –3) 15.(D) The pattern is:
So, missing term is RST. –1, –1, –1, –3, –1, –1, –1, –3, ...
10.(D) The letter in the series are arranged in this So, missing term is J, I.
way 16.(D) The pattern is:

So, missing term is VWX. So, missing term is P.

11.(A) The sequence is combination of two 17.(C) The given sequence is combination of two
series. series.
Series I: EJO, INS Series I: A, B, C, D, E, F, ...
Series II: TYD, XCH Series II: N, O, P, ...
These two series internally follow this So, missing term is G, H, Q.
pattern 18.(D) The given sequence is combination of two
series
Series I: A, B, C, D, E, ... (follow +1)
Similarly, TYD is related to XCH Series II: B, D, F, H, ... (follow +2)
So, missing term is MRW. So, missing term is J, F.
12.(D) The sequence is combination of four 19.(B) The given sequence is combination of 3
series. series
Series I: D, E, F, G, ... (follows +1) Series I:
Series II: Q, P, O, N, ... (follows –1)
Series III: C, E, G, I, ... (follows +2)
Series IV: P, N, L, J, ... (follows –2)
So, missing term is HMKH. Series II:
13.(C) The first letter in each is shifted to the last
letter in next group. So, missing term is
TDFS.
14.(A) The sequence is combination of two series Series III:
Series I: JMC, KND, LOE
Series II: CLT, ?, GPX
These two series internally follow three
series respectively. So, missing term is SHJ.
The pattern for Series I is 20.(A) The pattern of left letter series is +4, + 4,
Series I: J, K, L, ... (follows +1) ...
Series II: M, N, O, ... (follows +1) The pattern of right letter series is +5, + 5,
Series III: C, D, E, ... (follows +1) ...
The pattern for Series II is The middle number is the sum of their
Series I: C, E, G, ... (follows +2) place value.
Series II: L, N, P, ... (follows +2) 21.(B) The pattern of number series is +2, +4,
+6, +8, ...
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
13

The pattern of letter series is II. R + 2 = T + 4 = X + 8 = F + 16 = V

So, the wrong term is PV.
29.(B) There are two patterns :
So, the missing term is 22L. I. L + 3 = O + 3 = R + 3 = U + 3 = X
22.(A) The pattern of number series is +3, +5, II. M + 6 = S + 6 = Y + 6 = E + 6 = K
+7, +9,... So, the wrong term is VE.
The pattern of letter series is: 30.(C) There are two patterns:
I. R + 2 = T + 2 = V + 2 = X + 2 = Z
II. B + 6 = H + 6 = N + 6 = T + 6 = Z
So, the missing term is 27P.
and the number obtained is the sum of the
23.(C) The series comprises of random letters
place values.
and number indicate the position of the
So, the wrong term is T26H.
letter in alphabet series. So, the missing
term is V22.
Pattern Series
24.(D) Each term in number series is product of
1.(D) The series is: c, a, cc, aa, ccc, aaa, cccc,
preceding two terms except the first two
aaaa.
terms
2.(A) The series is: cabbbb, cabbbb, cabbbb.
The pattern of letter series is D, I, N, S, ...
3.(B) The series is: acac, abab, acac, abab, acac.
(follows +5). So, the missing term is
4.(B) The series is: abcdd, abcdd, abcdd.
X108.
5.(C) The series is: ac, ac, ac, ac, ac, ac
25.(C) The series is made with vowels only.
6.(D) The series is: babc, babc, babc
Therefore, I in place of H.
7.(D) The series is: aabcc, bbcaa, ccabb, aabcc
26.(B) The correct pattern is C, H, M, R, W, B,
8.(A) The series is: cabaac, acabca, cabaac,
... (follow +5)
acabca
Therefore, R in place of S.
9.(A) The series is: bbccaa, ccaabb, aabbcc.
27.(D) The given sequence is combination of two
10.(B) The series is: aaa, bbb, ccc, aaa, bbb, ccc.
series.
11.(D) The series is: lmnn, lmnn, lmnn, lmnn.
Series I: A, B, C, ... (follows +1)
12.(D) The series is: xyyx, yxxy, xyyx, yxxy.
Series II: Z, Y, X, ... (follows –1)
13.(A) The series is: abc, bca, cab, abc.
Therefore, Y in place of W.
14.(B) The series is: ab, ab, ab, ab, ab, ab.
28.(D) There are two patterns:
15(B) The series is: aba, aba, aba, aba
I. A + 2 = C + 3 = F + 4 = J + 5 = O
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
14

Modern
Missing Value in Figure
Missing Value in Figure 02
Approach to
In these types of questions, numbers/alphabets are
inserted in a figure following a certain pattern/series. J C G
We have to identify the pattern and then find the P L D
missing value. for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET? and otherO Exams E
Example 1: Find the value which will come in the
place of ? in the figure below. a) S b) M c) X d) T
Solution: (d)
1st row: J = C + G ; 10 = 3 + 7
2nd row: P = L + D ; 16 = 12 + 4
3rd row: T = O + E ; 20 = 15 + 5
So, the answer is (d).
a) 44 b) 41 c) 40 d) 39 Example 4: Find the missing term which will come in
the place of ‘?’ in the figure below?
Solution: (d)
In the figure above the numbers are following the
following pattern:
(3 × 2) – 1 = 5, then (5 × 2) – 2 = 8, then (8 × 2) – 3 =
13, then
(13 × 2) – 4 = 22 and then (22 × 2) – 5 = 39. So, the
answer is (d). a) J b) H c) S d) 9
Example 2: Find the value which will come in the Solution: (b)
place of ‘X’ in the figure below? Difference of place values of letters is 4.
Let us see,
T = 20, P = 16  20 – 16 = 4
F = 6, B = 2  6 – 2 = 4
Z = 26, V = 22  26 – 22 = 4
a) 36 b) 25 c) 24 d) 9 Similarly, L = 12, H = 8  12 – 8 = 4
Solution: (a) Clearly, ? = H
In the figure given, the sum of the square root of the So, the answer is (b).
values in the outer square is equal to the value in the
middle square.
i.e 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 = 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 18
So, 9 + 64 + 1 + X = 3 + 8 + 1 + X = 18
So, X = 36. So, the answer is (a).
Example 3: Find the missing term which will come in
the place of ‘?’ in the table below?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
15

Exercise

Directions for questions 1 to 50: In each question (A) 240 (B) 195
given below which one number can be placed at (C) 84 (D) 168
the sign of interrogation (?). 6.
1.

(A) 36 (B) 117

(C) 52 (D) 26
(A) 18 (B) 27 7.
(C) 24 (D) 9
2.

(A) 65 (B) 120

(C) 116 (D) 192
8.

(A) 68 (B) 70
(C) 66 (D) 64
3. (A) 425
(B) 184
(C) 241
(D) 210
9.
(A) 7 (B) –12
(C) 12 (D) 9
4.
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 20
(D) 14
10.
(A) 8 (B) 11
(C) 7 (D) 9 14 9 4
5.
12 7 2

10 5 0

16 11 ?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
16

(A) 9 (B) 6 (A) 72 (B) 68

(C) 3 (D) 7 (C) 82 (D) 96
11. 17.
42 21 22

78 ? 84
(A) 69 (B) 49
162 18 99
(C) 50 (D) 60
12. (A) 12 (B) 13
(C) 60 (D) 72
18.

(A) 21 (B) 25
(C) 50 (D) 60
13.
51 11 61 (A) 960 (B) 628
(C) 830 (D) 492
64 30 32 19.
35 ? 43
(A) 25 (B) 27
(C) 32 (D) 37 (A) 18
14. (B) 10
(C) 36
(D) 24
20.

(A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 9
15.
(A) 5
27 22 50 (B) 4
(C) 2
13 12 26
(D) 1
9 2 ? 21.

(A) 12 (B) 39
(C) 18 (D) 24
16.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
17

(A) 11 (B) 5 27.

(C) 9 (D) 13
22.

(A) 2250 (B) 8100

(C) 11036 (D) 1216
28.
(A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 9 (D) 13
23.

(A) 25 (B) 12
(C) 36 (D) 0
29.
(A) 3 (B) 8
(C) 10 (D) 14
24.

(A) 21 (B) 25
(C) 50 (D) 60
30.

(A) 64 (B) 92
(C) 120 (D) 146
25.
(A) 13 (B) 15
(C) 36 (D) 16
31.

(A) 40 (B) 32
(C) 45 (D) 41
26. (A) 240 (B) 230
(C) 232 (D) 251
32.
24 144 384
(A) 229 (B) 234 6 36 ?
(C) 312 (D) 246
2 12 32

1 6 16
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
18

(A) 85 (B) 80 4 ? 126

(C) 96 (D) 91
(A) 6 (B) 8
33.
(C) 7 (D) 12
1 1/2 3/2 38.
2 2/3 8/3 8 2 3 154

3 ? 19/5 6 ? 4 202
(A) 1/2 (B) 2/3 5 9 6 383
(C) 3/4 (D) 4/5
(A) 49 (B) 64
34.
(C) 7 (D) 9
7 4 9 39.
14 8 ? 5 1 3 648

28 16 36 6 9 4 1640

56 32 72 4 ? 5 1229
(A) 81 (B) 27 (A) 6 (B) 7
(C) 16 (D) 18 (C) 9 (D) 11
35. 40.
9 5 6 11 9 4 13

5 7 ? 7 12 7 2

3 4 5 13 17 16 29

135 140 150 157 177 ? 381

(A) 4 (B) 5 (A) 68 (B) 88
(C) 8 (D) 10 (C) 78 (D) 58
36. 41.
9 11 13 5 8 5

3 4 7 6 11 16

3 4 ? 7 14 ?

81 176 455 228 1265 750

(A) 3 (B) 5 (A) 11 (B) 9
(C) 7 (D) 9 (C) 6 (D) 7
37. 42.
6 9 275 14 8 ?

3 6 8 10 13 16
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
19

16 14 8 (A) 14 (B) 19
(C) 17 (D) 13
172 132 160 47.
(A) 9 (B) 7 13 63 34
(C) 8 (D) 6
43. 44 99 77

14 8 10 192 88 198 154

16 9 13 261 176 ? 605

14 11 17 ? (A) 1089 (B) 1189

(C) 1079 (D) 1069
(A) 371 (B) 441
48.
(C) 341 (D) 431
44. 16 8 9 249

4 6 3 18 23 26 19 4919

6 4 2 168 11 ? 8 278

11 8 10 855 (A) 12 (B) 15

(C) 16 (D) 13
16 9 ? 1878 49.
(A) 19 (B) 17 11 6 19 684
(C) 16 (D) 18
45. ? 13 4 136

11 10 11 23 11 7 287

374 120 286 (A) 17 (B) 13

(C) 15 (D) 11
16 9 ? 50.
18 3 17 15 12 16
(A) 19 (B) 9 9 8 ?
(C) 17 (D) 18
46. 18 17 3

12 16 21 177 148 97

4 9 13 (A) 23 (B) 27
(C) 29 (D) 31
11 ? 4

564 1908 1128

 Modern Approach to Reasoning
20

Solution

1.(D) The series is 6561 = 81 × 81, 81 = 9 × 9, 9 12.(B) Square of the number at the bottom is
= 3 × 3. equal to the product of the two numbers at
2.(B) The series is 7 × 2 + 2 = 16, then 16 × 2 + the top i.e. 62 = 4 × 9 and 122 = 9 × 6 ; So,
2 = 34, then 34 × 2 + 2 = 70, then 70 × 2 202 = 16 × x  x = 25.
+ 2 = 142, So the missing value is 70. 13.(B) The sum of the products of the digits of
3.(B) Here, 2 × 5 × 3 = 30, 5 × –1 × 1 = –5. In numbers in the first and third column is
the similar way 4 × –1 × 3 = –12. the number in the second column.
4.(C) By adding the numbers in the upper (5 × 1) + (6 × 1) = 11;
quadrants we get the number in the lower (6 × 4) + (3 × 2) = 30
right quadrant. So the answer should be 4 So, (3 × 5) + (4 × 3) = 27.
+ 3 = 7. 14.(D) The sum of the numbers on the right and
5.(B) The series in the figure is as follows: at the center when subtracted from the
(2 + 6 + 2 + 3)2 – 1 = 132 – 1 = 168 number on the left gives the number at the
(3 + 5 + 1 + 2)2 – 1 = 112 – 1 = 120 bottom i.e. 93 – (27 + 63) = 3 ; So, 67 –
(2 + 3 + 5 + 4)2 – 1 = 142 – 1 = 195 (16 + 42) = 9.
So, the missing value is 195. 15. (A) The sum of the numbers in the first and
6. (A) The series is 5 × 4 = 20, 3 × 8 = 24, so 9 × the second column plus 1 is the number in
4 = 36. the third column. So, 9 + 2 + 1 = 12.
7.(B) The number inside the circle is the sum of 16.(B) The number at the bottom is obtained by
the other four numbers. subtracting the sum of two numbers in the
So, the answer is 25 + 50 + 34 + 11 = central grid line from the square of the
120. number on the top.
8.(B) The number at the bottom is the i.e. 72 – (2 + 7) = 40 ; 52 – (8 + 3) = 14 ;
difference of the squares of two numbers So, 92 – (7 + 6) = 68.
at the top, i.e.162 – 72 = 207. So, 252 – 212 17.(B) The number in the centre is obtained by
= 184. multiplying the number on the left by 2
9.(D) The sum of the two numbers on the top and then dividing the product by the sum
when divided by 2 gives the third number. of the digits of the number on the right.
i.e. i.e. (42 × 2) ÷ (2 + 2) = 21 ;
5 + 21 = 26/2 = 13 ; (162 × 2) ÷ (9 + 9) = 18
So, 24 + 4 = 28/2 = 14. So, (78 × 2) ÷ (8 + 4) = 13.
10.(B) The number in the second and the third 18.(C) The number in the center is the product of
column are 5 less than the number in 1st all the four numbers minus 10.
and 2nd column respectively. So, 16 – 5 = i.e. 3 × 5 × 2 × 6 – 10 = 170 ;
11 and 11 – 5 = 6. So, 10 × 6 × 7 × 2 – 10 = 830.
11. (A) The sum of all the three numbers in each 19.(D) The number inside the circle is the
line of any figure is same. product of the difference of two numbers
i.e. 59 + 80 + 20 = 40 + 80 + 39 above and difference of two numbers
So, 80 + 10 + ? = 159 ; ? = 69. below.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
21

i.e. (5 – 3)(12 – 9) = 6; So, (18 – 10)(17 – 4; G + 3 i.e. 7 + 3 = 10 and G × 3 i.e. 7 ×

14) = 24. 3 = 21. The number in the right section of
20.(B) H is the 8th letter of english alphabet the inner triangle is the sum of the outer
series. By taking the sum of numbers numbers minus G i.e. (4 + 10 + 21) – 7 =
placed vertically outside the circle +8; 35 – 7 = 28
multiplying it by the number on the right; letter ‘P’ is 16th in order of english
then subtracting from the product of the alphabet, so
number on the left, gives the number 16 – 4 = 12, 16 + 4 = 20; 16 × 4 = 64
inside. and (12 + 20 + 64) –16 = 96 – 16 = 80
i.e. 4 + 8 + 4 = 16; 16 × 5 = 80 ; Similarly , letter ‘T’ is 20th in the order of
80 – 10 = 70 english alphabet,
As C is 3rd in order, so, 20 – 5 = 15 ; 20 + 5 = 25 ;
2 + 3 + 5 = 10; 10 × 3 = 30 ;30 – 4 = 26 20 × 5 = 100 and
So, 8 + 10 + 6 = 24; 24 × ? ; (15 + 25 + 100) – 20 = 140 – 20 = 120
(24 × ?) – 6 = 90 25. (A) It can be shown as:
So, (24?) = 96. (15 – 3) + 15 = 27 ; (31 – 6) + 31 = 56
Hence, ? = 96/24 = 4 So, now by looking at the options,
21.(C) W – T = 23 – 20 = 3 (40 – 9) + 40 = 71.
S – D = 19 – 4 = 15 26.(B) It can be shown as:
T – J = 20 – 10 = 10 13 × 17 = 221 ; 12 × 19 = 228 ;
P – G = 16 – 7 = 9 13 × 18 = 234.
22.(B) As M is 13th in the order of english 27.(B) The figure at bottom is obtained by
alphabet, so the pattern goes like this. squaring the product of upper figure. It
13 × 2 = (9 × 5) – 19 and B is 2nd in can be shown as:
english alphabet, (4 × 3)2 = 144 ; (11 × 9)2 = 9801 ; (15 ×
2 × 9 = (11 × 2) – 4 6)2 = 8100.
As E is 5 in the order of english alphabet, 28.(C) Figure at bottom is product of the two
so 5 × ? = (3 × 7) – 6 ; numbers at top as:
5 × ? = 15 ; ? = 3. 5 × 4 = 20 ; 8 × 8 = 64 ;
23.(C) As ‘r’ is 18 in the order of english So, 6 × 6 = 36.
alphabet, then 29.(B) Figure at bottom is square root of the
(28 × 23) + 18 = 173 + 489 product of the two numbers at top as:
letter ‘c’ is 3rd in the order of english 4 × 9 = 36 so 36 = 6 ;
alphabet 9 × 16 = 144 so 144 = 12
(54 × 15) + 3 = 342 + 471 Hence, 16 × ? = 20
Similarly, letter ‘d’ is 4 in the order of = [(20) × (20)] = 400 ;
english alphabet 400 ÷ 16 = 25.
(1 × 11) + 4 = 5 + ? ; 30.(B) The centre figure is obtained as the
11 + 4 = 5 + ? ; ? = 10. difference of the product of upper values
24.(C) Letter ‘G’ is 7th in the order of english and lower values as:
alphabet. Starting from left section of the (5 × 6) – (3 × 8) = 6 ;
big triangle the order is G – 3 i.e. 7 – 3 = (10 × 4) – (2 × 7) = 26
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
22

So, (9 × 7) – (6 × 8) = 15. 513 + 135 = 648 ; 694 + 946 = 1640.

31.(B) The value in centre is equal to sum of all 40.(C) The pattern is:
the numbers as: In first column:
17 + 52 + 8 + 12 = 89 ; 24 + 61 + 49 + 33 (11 × 13) + (7 × 2) = 157;
= 167 (9 × 17) + (12 × 2) = 177
So, 61 + 121 + 15 + 33 = 230. 41.(B) The pattern is:
32.(C) It can be shown as: In the first column = (5 × 6 × 7) + (5 + 6
r1 ÷ 4 = r2 ; r2 ÷ 3 = r3 ; r3 ÷ 2 = r 4 + 7) = 228 ;
So, 24 ÷ 4 = 6 ; 144 ÷ 4 = 36 (8 × 11 × 14) + (8 + 11 + 14) = 1265.
6 ÷ 3 = 2 ; 36 ÷ 3 = 12 42. (A) The pattern is:
2 ÷ 2 = 1 ; 12 ÷ 2 = 6 In first column: (14 × 10) + (16 × 2)
Similarly, 384 ÷ 4 = 96 ; 96 ÷ 3 = 32 = 172 ; (8 × 13) + (14 × 2) = 132.
; 32 ÷ 2 = 16. 43.(C) The pattern is:
33.(D) C3 is sum of C1 + C2 as: In the row: (14 + 10) × 8 = 192
1 + (1/2) = 3/2 ; 2 + (2/3) = 8/3 In second row: (16 + 13) × 9 = 261
So, 3 + ? = 19/5 ; 44.(B) The pattern is:
So, (19/5) – 3 = 4/5 In first row: (42 + 62 + 32) × 3 = 183 ; (62
34.(D) It can be shown as: + 42 + 22) × 3 = 168
C1 + (1/2)C2 = C3 45.(B) The pattern is;
As, 7 + (1/2) × 4 = 9 ; In the first column:
28 + (1/2) × 16 = 36 (16 + 18) × 11 = 374 ;
56 + (1/2) × 32 = 72 ; (9 + 3) × 10 = 120.
So, 14 + (1/2) × 8 = 18 46.(D) The pattern is:
35.(B) It can be shown as: In the first column:
R4 = R1 × R 2 × R3 (12 × 4 × 11) + 36 = 564 ;
As, 9 × 5 × 3 = 135 ; 5 × 7 × 4 = 140 (21 × 13 × 4) + 36 = 1128
6 × ? × 5 = 150 ; 150 ÷ 30 = 5 47. (A) The pattern is:
36.(B) It can be shown as: In first column: 13 + 31 = 44 ;
R4 = R 1 × R 2 × R3 44 + 44 = 88 ; 88 + 88 = 176 ;
So, 9 × 3 × 3 = 81 ; 11 × 4 × 4 = 176 34 + 43 = 77; 77 + 77 = 154 ;
13 × 7 × ? = 455 ; So, 455 ÷ 91 = 5 154 + 451 = 605.
37. (A) The pattern is: 48.(C) In first row:
6 + 9 = 15 – 1 = 14  (2 + 7 + 5 = 14) (16 + 8)/9 = 249 ;(23 + 26)/19 = 4919
3 + 6 = 9 – 1 = 8  (8) 49. (A) The pattern is:
4 + 6 = 10 – 1 = 9 (1 + 2 + 6 = 9) In first row: (11 + 6 + 19) × 19 = 684
38.(C) The pattern is: (23 + 11 + 7) × 7 = 287.
(82 + 22 + 32) = 77 50.(B) The pattern is:
So, 77 + 77 = 154 ; In first column:
(52 + 92 + 62) = 142 (18 × 9) + 15 = 177 ;
So, 142 + 241 = 383 (17 × 8) + 12 = 148
39.(B) In first row,
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
23

Analogy Modern
Analogy
03
Approach to
Word Analogy

Analogy means “Similarity” or “Similar

Tailor :
Relationship”. In questions based on analogy, a
Sewing
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CETWorker
and other Exams
particular relationship is given and one has to identify
–
another similar relationship from the options provided. Tools used by
Machine

Questions on analogy test studentʼs overall 5 Tool Surgeon : various

relationship Forceps technicians.
knowledge, reasoning ability and the power to think
concisely and clearly.
Writer : Pen
Word Analogy
The aim of word analogy is to test the candidate's
ability to discover the relationship between the
question pair and then to find the required pair of Pen : Paper
words which is most similar to the given relationship. Tools used on
the object
Tool –
(knife cuts the
Below is the list of probable relationship found in 6 Object
Saw : Wood meat; starter
analogy questions: relationship
starts the
Type of Knife : Meat motor)
Examples Explanation
relationship
Starter :
Slim : Stout Motor
Antonyms Poor : Rich Opposite(Antonym)
1.
relationship Never : in meaning.
Always Car : Wheel Wheel is part
of a car; coil
Slim : Thin Whole-part,
Synonyms Similar(Synonym) is a part of
2. Kind : 7 Part-whole
relationship in meaning motor; soldier
Benevolent relationship Coils : Motor
is a part of a
regiment.
Germ : The second word is Soldier :
Cause and
Disease a reaction that Regiment
3. Effect
Insult : occurs due to the
relationship
Humiliation first.
Nip : Crush Same
Author : Book Degree of
Worker – Carpenter : Creator of an article meanings but
8 difference
difference in
4. Article Chair and the article relationship
Admiration : degree only.
relationship Cobbler : created.
Love
Shoe
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
24

Pulp : Paper

Different
Biological / Flag : Nation symbols
Botanical Symbolic
14 defining
Cow : classification. relationship
different
Classification Mammal There can
9 Stars : Rank relationship.
relationship also be
chemical/ Father :
physical Blood / Mother
classification. Blood
15 family
Brother : Relations.
relationship
Sister
Lizard :
Reptile Skin :
Dermatologist
Axe : Wood
Contains
Specialist
Scissors : Bone : specialist and
First term 16 and Subject
Cloth Orthopedist his area of
Functional described the relationship
10 specialization.
relationship function of
General : the second. Heart :
Command Cardiologist

Man : Delhi : Red

Woman fort
Red Fort is in
Gender Male : Biological Delhi; Taj
11
relationship Female genders Place Mahal is in
17 Agra : Taj
relationship Agra; Bikaner
Bull : Cow Mahal
is in
Rajasthan.
Morning : Rajasthan :
Time Evening Different Bikaner
12 sequence times of the
relationship days.
Day : Night

Clock is
associated
Flour is used Time : Clock with time.
to bake bread,
Finished Flour : Bread Similarly,
Grapes is Association
product and 18 barometer is
13 used to make relationship
raw material associated
wine and Pulp
relationship with
is used to
measurement
make paper.
of pressure.
Barometer :
Grape : Wine
Pressure
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
25

Car : Driving
Sand Paper : Sand paper is
Abrasion used for
Purpose To solve Word Analogy questions first establish the
19 abrasion and
relationship
oil for relationship between the given pair, before looking at
Oil : lubrication. the answer choices. After you have found the
Lubrication relationship, look at the answer choices to find a
similar relationship amongst them. Let’s see the
Boy : Man examples below:
Age Stages of
20 Directions for examples 1 and 2: Which option
relationship development.
Calf : Cow makes the best comparison?
Example 1: Foot is to leg as hand is to .............
a) Elbow b) Tow c) Finger d) Arm
Examples Solution: (d)
Black : Coal used while
Comparative A foot is attached to a leg, a hand is attached to an
21 making
relationship arm.
comparison of
colours, etc. Example 2: Bark is to tree as scales are to...........
a) Gill b) Elephant c) Fish d) Skiing
Red : Blood
Solution: (c)
Bark is the outer protective cover of the trunk of a
Lion :
Carnivorous tree, scales are the outer protective layer of fish.
Habit Food Habit Directions for examples 3 to 7: In each of these
22
relationship relationship. questions, a related pair of two words is given. Select
Cow :
Herbivorous the option that expresses the relationship that is most
similar to the given pair.
Kilogram : Example 3: Composer : Song : : ? : ?
Gram Different a) Building : Architect b) Poem : Poet
Quantitative
23 units of
relationship c) Writer : Book d) Chair : Carpenter
Litre : measurement.
Millilitre Solution: (c)
The primary relationship between the given pair of
Big : Small items Composer : Song is that the composer creates or
It can also be
Qualitative classified composes a song. The same relationship exists in
24 choice (c) where a writer creates a Book.
relationship under
Transparent : antonyms. Note: Also, the sequence of items in the answer
Opaque
choices contain a person and the article he creates or
produces. In the question pair Composer : Song, the
Relationship person comes first, followed by the article he creates.
Chair : Sitting of the article Therefore, in the correct answer choice, the person
Utility
25 to the purpose must come first followed by the article he creates. It
relationship
for which is it is, therefore, necessary to compare the sequence of
used.
Pen : Writing items in the question pair with answers that may
match the primary relationship.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
26

Example 4: Editor : Magazine : : ? : ? missing value may not be the fourth, it can also be any
a) Novel : Writer b) Building : Mason of the other three.
c) Shoe : Cobbler d) Director : Film Typical relationship between the numbers in the given
Solution: (d) pair can be:
The editor works on the magazine to bring it into the 1. One number can be the multiple of the other.
shape for the presentation by viewers. The director 2. One number can be the square or the square root
works on the film to make it ready for release to the of the other.
viewers. Here is the relationship of associations. Also, 3. One number can be the cube or the cube root of
in other choices, the sequence is not matching the the other.
question pair. 4. The two numbers can be consecutive, even, odd,
Example 5: Tedious : Boring : : ? : ? prime etc.
a) Poor : Poverty 5. The two numbers are such that they are obtained
b) Incongruous : Consistent by adding/subtracting a certain value to the square
c) Boor : Idol or the cubes of the two related numbers.
d) Indefatigable : Untiring There can be many more combinations that one can
Solution: (d) think of.
Tedious is the synonym for Boring and Indefatigable Let’s take a few examples and understand number
is a synonym for Untiring. analogies better.
Example 6: Light : Candle : : ? : ? Directions for examples 8 to 11: In the following
a) Exercise : Strength b) Dieting : Overweight examples find the missing number from the given
c) Power : Battery d) Heat : Coil options such that the third and the fourth number
Solution: (c) follow the same relationship as shared between the
A candle is a source of light as a battery is a source of first two numbers.
power. Example 8: 11 : 13 : : 23 : ?
Example 7: Operation Theatre : Surgery : : ? : ? a) 29 b) 27 c) 31 d) 37
a) Judge : Lawyer b) Doctor : Disease Solution: (a)
c) Settlement : Client d) Court : Litigation 13 is the just next prime number after 11, in the same
Solution: (d) relationship 29 is the just next prime number after 23.
Operation theatre is a place where surgery is Example 9: 12 : 20 : : 34 : ?
performed and court is a place for litigation. a) 40 b) 42 c) 44 d) 36
Solution: (b)
Number Analogy The logic is 12 + 8 = 20 ; 34 + 8 = 42
Example 10: 14 : 41 : : 32 : ?
In questions on number Analogy, a number pair, that a) 52 b) 41 c) 23 d) 42
has certain relationship between them is given. The Solution: (c)
number pair is followed by a third number. The The pattern is: xy : yx
student is expected to identify the relationship as 14 – 41 and 32 – 23
between the pair given and find out the fourth number Example 11: 16 : 256 : : 8 : ?
such that the relationship between the third and the a) 64 b) 126 c) 512 d) 729
fourth is similar to the relationship that exist between Solution: (a)
the first and the second numbers. In some cases the The pattern is: 16 : 162 ; 8 : 82 = 64
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
27

Directions for example 12: In the given example, a Directions for examples 13 to 15: In the following
related pair of two numbers is given. Select the option examples find the missing number from the given
that expresses the relationship that is most similar to options such that the third and the fourth number
the given pair. follow the same relationship as shared between the
Example 12: 43 : 33 : : ? : ? first two numbers.
a) 57 : 46 b) 64 : 54 c) 85 : 90 d) 13 : 22 Example 13: ZA : YB : : XC : ?
Solution: (b) a) YZ b) NM c) BC d) WD
The pattern is: 43 – 10 = 33 ; 64 – 10 = 54 Solution: (d)
Letter Analogy Each pair contains a letter each from backward
In questions on Letter Analogy, a pair of letters, that sequence (Z-A) and forward sequence (A-Z)
has certain relationship between them is given. The following the natural alphabetical sequence. So, the
letter(s) is followed by a second letter(s). The student missing term is WD.
is expected to identify the relationship between the Example 14: AD : BE : : CF : ?
pair given and find out the fourth letter(s) such that a) DE b) EC c) DG d) FG
the relationship between the third and the fourth is Solution: (c)
similar to the relationship that exist between the first Two letters are missing in the sequence A(bc)D,
and the second letters. In some case the missing value B(cd)E, and C(de)F. So, the missing term is D(ef)G.
may not be the fourth, it can also be any of the other Example 15: ABCD : WXYZ : : EFGH : ?
three. a) STUV b) STOU c) STUE d) TSUV
The questions in this topic are similar to the questions Solution: (a)
on Word Analogy. Here the questions are based on the The first term in the question pair consists of four
relationship between two groups of letter(s)(instead of letters in forward sequence (A-Z) and the second term
two words as in the case of Word Analogy questions). consists of four letter from the end of the alphabetic
Let’s look at some examples and understand number order and the sequence remains forward in both cases
analogies better. (A to Z). So the missing term is STUV.

Exercise

Word Analogy

Direction for questions 1 to 15: In the questions 3. Bee : Hive : : ? : ?

given below establish the relationship between (A) Hen : Den (B) Lion : Sty
the two words. Then from the given options (C) Dog : Kennel (D) Bus : Hangar
select one which has the same relationship as of 4. Jupiter : Planet : : ? : ?
the given two words. (A) Earth : Orbit (B) Saturn : Sun
1. Haemoglobin : Iron : : Chlorophyll : ? (C) Cosmos : Star (D) Moon : Satellite
(A) Copper (B) Magnesium 5. Cosmology : Universe : : ? : ?
(C) Cobalt (D) Calcium (A) Ethics : Morals
2. Duck : Quack : : ? : ? (B) Pathologist : Discipline
(A) Dog : Growl (B) Sparrow : Peck (C) Plasma : Fossils
(C) Snake : Creep (D) Camel : Desert (D) Nerves : Impulse
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
28

6. Kathak is related to Uttar Pradesh in the same 1. 6 : 222 : : 7 : ?

way as Odissi is related to .......... (A) 210 (B) 336
(A) Assam (B) Gujarat (C) 343 (D) 350
(C) Odisha (D) Maharashtra 2. 18 : 27 : : 22 : ?
7. Italy : Rome : : ? : ? (A) 42 (B) 39
(A) Paris : Moscow (C) 33 (D) 54
(B) Moscow : Bahrain 3. 1/7 : 1/14 : : 1/9 : ?
(C) Spain : Madrid (A) 1/88 (B) 1/80
(D) Chicago : New York (C) 1/81 (D) 1/18
8. Atom : Electron : : ? : ? 4. 357 : 73 : : ? : ?
(A) Sun : Earth (B) Milkyway : Pluto (A) 429 : 94 (B) 201 : 21
(C) Sputnik: Satellite (D) Neutron : Proton (C) 138 : 38 (D) 93 : 39
9. Explosion : Debris : : ? : ? 5. 25 : 125 : : 36 : ?
(A) Plague : Rats (B) Fire : Ashes (A) 180 (B) 206
(C) Crash : Sorrows (D) Death : Rebirth (C) 216 (D) 318
10. Cerebrum : Brain : : ? : ? 6. 26 : 5 : : 65 : ?
(A) Aorta : Hand (A) 6 (B) 7
(B) Ligament : Blood (C) 8 (D) 9
(C) Ventricle : Heart 7. 12 : 144 : : ? : ?
(D) Country : Universe (A) 22 : 464 (B) 20 : 400
11. Wimbledon Trophy : Tennis : :Walker’s Cup : ? (C) 15 : 135 (D) 10 : 140
(A) Hockey (B) Wrestling 8. 16 : 49 : : ? : ?
(C) Golf (D) Polo (A) 18 : 54 (B) 17 : 50
12. Air : Atmosphere : : Water : ? (C) 19 : 58 (D) 21 : 53
(A) Hydrosphere (B) Ecosphere 9. 19 : 10 : : 46 : ?
(C) Biosphere (D) Stratosphere (A) 11 (B) 10
13. Steel : Alloy : : Zinc : ? (C) 2 (D) 24
(A) Metal (B) Non-metal 10. 511 : 733 : : ? : ?
(C) Halogen (D) Salt (A) 637 : 859 (B) 134 : 245
14. Psychology is to Emotions as Philosophy is to (C) 169 : 381 (D) 441 : 660
..........
(A) Research (B) Knowledge Letter Analogy:
(C) Scholar d) Wisdom Directions for questions 1 to 15: In the questions
15. Mammals is to Man as Aves is to ............ given below one term is missing. Based on the
(A) Aeroplane (B) Birds relationship of the two given words find the
(C) Pigeons (D) Fruit missing term from the given options.
1. TSR : FED : : WVU: ?
Number Analogy: (A) CAB (B) MLK
Directions for questions 1 to 10: In the following (C) PQS (D) GFH
questions select the number from the given 2. RUX : TRP : : BEH : ?
options which follows the same relationship as (A) SQN (B) QON
shared between the first two numbers. (C) QOM (D) QNL
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
29

3. LJH : KKI : : CIA : ? (A) JHFD (B) IGFD

(A) BJB (B) DHB (C) IGED (D) JHED
(C) BJC (D) BBJ 10. PNLJ : IGEC : : USQO : ?
4. FIK : JGO : : DFR : ? (A) HJLN (B) LNJH
(A) BIO (B) HDV (C) NLJH (D) JHNL
(C) GCU (D) FLP 11. FILM : ADGH : : MILK : ?
5. ACE : FGH : : LNP : ? (A) ADGF (B) HDGE
(A) QRS (B) PQR (C) HDGF (D) HEGF
(C) QST (D) MOQ 12. DBRG : ECSH : : NTUJ : ?
6. ODRS : OSRD : : PAGJ : ? (A) OVWL (B) OWVM
(A) PJGA (B) PJAG (C) OUWN (D) OUVK
(C) PGJA (D) PGAJ 13. NATION : ANITNO : : HUNGRY : ?
7. BYDW : FVHT : : GQIO : ? (A) HNUGRY (B) UNHGYR
(A) JLNP (B) QSTR (C) YRNGUH (D) UHGNYR
(C) KMOL (D) KNML 14. ? : ALKLO : : WOULD : TLRIA
8. UCFH : VEIL : : RXDJ : ? (A) BLOCK (B) BARGE
(A) RYFM (B) TAHO (C) CONES (D) DONOR
(C) SZNG (D) SZGN 15. BUCKET : ACTVBDJLDFSU : : BONUS : ?
9. FHJL : VTRP : : MOQS : ? (A) ACMNMOTVRT (B) SUNOBDRTTV
(C) ACNPMOTVRT (D) ACMNMOTURT

Solution
Word Analogy

1.(B) Second is the chief constituent of the first. 11.(C) Wimbledon Trophy is associated with the
2.(A) As the sound of duck is a quack, so that of game of tennis. Similarly, Walker’s cup is
dog is growl. associated with the game of golf.
3.(C) Bees live in hive, dog lives in kennel. 12.(A) Second constitutes the first.
4.(D) Jupiter is a planet, moon is a satellite. 13.(A) Steel is an alloy, and zinc is a metal.
5.(A) Cosmology is the study of universe, ethics 14.(D) Psychology is the study of emotions as
is the study of morals. philosophy is of wisdom.
6.(C) Kathak is a dance form of Uttar Pradesh 15.(B) Species of man is mammals and that of
and Odissi of Odisha. birds is aves.
7.(C) Rome is the capital of Italy, Madrid is the
capital of Spain. Number Analogy
8.(D) The first constitutes of the second. 1.(D) The relationship between the numbers is
9.(B) Result of explosion is debris, result of fire
is ashes.
10.(C) Cerebrum is a part of brain, ventricle is the
part of heart.
2.(C) In the given set, the numbers are multiple
of 9 and in the second set, multiple of 11.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
30

steps to obtain the corresponding letters of

second group.
5.(A) The first, second and third letters of the
first group are moved by five, four and
3.(D) The first fraction is multiplied by half to
three steps forward respectively to obtain
obtain the second fraction.
the corresponding letters of second group.
6.(A) Out of the four letters of the first group,
first letter is fixed at its place while the
other three letters are written in reverse
4.(A) The central digit of first number is left out order.
and the corner digits are written in reverse 7.(D) The first, second, third and fourth letters
order to get the second number. of the first group are moved by +4, –3, +4
5.(C) The first number is square of number and and –3 steps respectively to obtain the
second is the cube of the same number. corresponding letters of the second group.
6.(C) The relationship between the number is 8.(D) The first, second, third and fourth letters
of the first group moved by +1, +2, +3
and +4 steps forward to obtain the
corresponding letters of the second group.
7.(B) The relationship between the number is 9.(A) The letters in the first set are two steps
forward while the letters in the second
group are two step backward i.e.

8.(C) The pattern is: x : 3x + 1

10.(C) Each letter of the first group moved by –7
9.(B) The pattern is: AB : A + B
steps to obtain the corresponding letters of
10.(A) The pattern is addition of 2 in each digit
the second group.
of the given number.
11.(C) Each letter of the first group is moved five
steps backward to obtain the
Letter Analogy
corresponding letter of the second group.
1.(B) The letters are consecutive and written in
12.(D) Each letter of the first group is moved by
reverse order.
one step forward to obtain the
2.(C) Each letter of the first group is moving
corresponding letters of the second group.
three steps forward while for second
13.(D) The first group is divided into sections of
group letters are moving two steps
two letters and the letters are reversed to
backward.
obtain the second group.
3.(A) The first, second and third letters of the
14.(D) Each letter of the first group is moved
first group are moved by –1, +1 and +1
three step backward to obtain the
steps respectively to obtain the
corresponding letter of the second group.
corresponding letters of the second group.
15.(C) Each letter of the first group is replaced
4.(B) The first, second and third letters of the
by two letters - one that comes after it and
first group are moved by +4, –2, and +4
one that comes before it, in the second
group.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
31

Coding Decoding Modern

CODING DECODING

04
Approach to
The term coding-decoding primarily relates with a Example 2: If CEJQ is coded as XVQJ, then BDIP
message sent in secretive form which cannot be will be coded as:
understood by others easily. Coding, therefore means a) WURQ b) YWRK c) WUIP d) YWPI
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
rule or method used to hide the actual meaning of a Solution: (b)
word or group of words and decoding means the The first 13 letters of the alphabet are coded by the 13
method of making out the actual message that is letters of the alphabet in reverse, i.e.
disguised in a particular method of a code. In A B C D E F G H I J K L M
questions of this topic various types of codes can be
used. Let us understand each one in detail. Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
Letter to Letter/Number Hence, B = Y, D = W, I = R and K = P or P = K
In these types of questions, you are required to Therefore, B D I P will be coded as Y W R K.
decipher a given code by applying some rule (which Example 3: If MAILED is coded as NBJMFE, then
you have to determine from the example given in the how will you code the word ACTED?
question) and then either encode another code or a) BDUFE b) BDUFD
decode a code given in the question. c) BDUDF d) CDUFE
Generally in such questions, each letter of a word is Solution: (a)
replaced by another letter which may be some places Here, each letter stands for the next letter in the
behind on ahead in alphabetical series or may be sequence. A becomes B, B becomes C, D becomes E,
replaced by any random letter. Apart from and so on. Therefore, ACTED become B D U F E. So,
replacement of letters, sometimes rearrangement of the answer is (a).
letters is also done. Sometimes, letters are also Example 4: In a certain code ‘DELHI’ is written as
replaced by numbers. The numbers might be based on ‘CDKGH’, ‘MADRAS’ as ‘LZCQZR’, how will
the place value of the letters replaced or may be even PATNA be coded then?
random. a) OZTMZ b) OZSMZ
Example 1: If SPTFA stands for BLADE, how will c) QBUMB d) OZTZM
you code BALE? Solution: (b)
a) STPA b) SPTE c) APTA d) AATA The first letter is coded as the letter previous to it, i.e.
Solution: (a) D = C, F = E, B = A and keeping circular coding
BLADE has been coded as SPTFA. You will see that continuity of alphabet, after Z again A will come and
all letters in the word BALE, which have to be so on. So, PATNA will become OZSMZ. Hence the
coded are also there in the word BLADE. Hence all answer is (b).
that needs to be done is to choose the relevant code Example 5: If MILD is coded as NKOH, then GATE
letters from the code word SPTFA. Thus B becomes will be coded as:
S, A becomes T, L becomes P, and E becomes A. a) HDVQ b) HCWI c) IBUP d) HDUR
Therefore, BALE will be coded as STPA. So, the Solution: (b)
answer is (a)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
32

Here, letters are coded by skipping letters in the code D = 3, O = 6, E = 2, S = 1. Therefore, DOES
alphabetical order, i.e., M = N (no skipping) ; I = (j) K = 3621. So, the answer is (c).
(letters in brackets are the ones skipped) ; L = (mn) O Example 9: How will you code ACCOMMODATE if
; D = (efg) H S and V are coded as 8 and 5 respectively?
The skipping pattern is -1, -2 and -3 Therefore, GATE a) 26-24-24-12-14-14-12-23-26-7-22
will be coded as follows : G = H; A = (b) C; T = (uv) b) 26-24-24-12-14-14-23-26-22-2-26
W; E = (fgh) I c) 2-25-25-12-14-14-23-26-22-27-7-22
Hence, GATE will be coded as HCWI. d) 26-24-12-14-23-21-26-22-7-22-26
Example 6: If TSEREVE and NOITACUDE stands Solution: (a)
for EVEREST and EDUCATION respectively, then Letters are numbered in backward sequence, i.e. A =
how will you code RED FORT? 26, B = 25, C = 24 ..... X = 3, Y = 2 and Z = 1. So, the
a) REDFORT b) TROFDAR answer is 26-24-24-12-14-14-12-23-26-7-22. So, the
c) TROFDAD d) TROFDER answer is (a).
Solution: (d) Example 10: Driver = 7, Pedestrian = 11, then
The code is the reverse of the given word. The answer Accident = ?
is obviously TROFDER which is the reversed form of a) 8 b) 10 c) 9 d) 11
RED FORT. So, the answer is (d). Solution: (a)
Example 7: If ‘FRANCE’ is coded as ‘NCEFRA’ and Count the number of letters in a word and add one to
‘CANADA’ is coded as ‘ADACAN’, then how will get the coded number. So, the answer is (a).
you code ‘MEDICINE’? Example 11: If ‘ELTM’ is coded as ‘50’, then find the
a) CNIEMEDI b) CINEDEMI code for ‘YZNP’?
c) CINEMEDI d) CINEDEIM a) 100 b) 89 c) 191 d) 81
Solution: (c) Solution: (d)
The first half part is transferred after the second half The given code will be the addition of the position of
part. The codding is made as follow: letters in forward alphabetical order. Let us see:
E = 5, T = 20, L = 12, M = 13
5 + 20 + 12 + 13 = 50
Therefore, Y = 25, Z = 26, N = 14, P = 16
25 + 26 + 14 + 16 = 81
Similarly, So, the answer is (d).
Example 12: If ‘ADHI’ is coded as ‘1489’, then find
the code for ‘GIEC’?
a) 7953 b) 7935 c) 7593 d) 7945
So, the code of MEDICINE will be coded as Solution: (a)
CINEMEDI. A, D, H and I have been replaced by their positions in
So, the answer is (c). forward alphabetical sequence. GIEC will be coded in
Example 8: If LODES is coded as 46321, then how the same way. Let us see,
will you code the word DOES? A = 1, D = 4, H = 8, I = 9
a) 1234 b) 4321 c) 3621 d) 3261 Therefore, G = 7, I = 9, E = 5, C = 3. So, the answer is
Solution: (c) (a).
Here, you will observe that all the letters of DOES are Word to Word
included in the letters of LODES, for which you have
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
33

In these type of questions, particular words are a common word is picked up. The common code word
assigned code names which are further coded. The will represent that word. Similarly by picking all other
questions of this type may appear meaningless but the possible combinations, the entire message can be
codes should not be confused with the basic property decoded and the code for individual words can be
of reality. found easily.
Example 13: If ‘black’ is called ‘pink’, ‘pink’ is called Example 14: In a certain code system ‘rbm std bro
‘blue’, ’blue’ is called ‘brown’, ‘brown’ is called pus’ means ‘the cat is beautiful’, ‘tnh pus dim std’
‘orange’, ‘orange’ is called ‘violet’, ‘ violet’ is called means ‘the dog is brown’, ‘pus dim bro pus cus’
‘red’ and ‘red’ is called ‘black’, what is the colour of means ‘the dog has the cat’. What is the code for
blood? ʻhasʼ?
a) black b) brown a) std b) dim c) bro d) cus
c) pink d) orange Solution: (d)
Solution: (a) In the third statement , the code ‘pus’ occurs twice and
As the colour of blood is red and red is called black in the word ‘the’ also occurs twice, So, ‘the’ means
the given coded language. So, the colour of blood is ‘pus’. Now in the first and the third statement, the
black in the given coded language. So, the answer is common word ‘pus’ stands for ‘the’. So, the other
(a). common word ‘bro’ stands for the other common
Note: In the above question, first find the answer in word ‘cat’. Similarly in the second and the third
English and then the code of that word. statement the common word ‘dim’ stands for the
Word to Code/Number common word ‘dog’. Thus in the third statement the
In these types of questions, a message is given in the remaining code- word which is ‘cus’ stands for ‘has’.
coded language and the code for a particular word is So, the answer is (d).
asked. To find such codes, any two messages bearing

Exercise

Letter to Letter/Number

1. If ʻCHAIRʼ is coded as ʻFKDLUʼ, then 4. In a certain code language, ʻPROFESSIONʼ is

ʻRAIDʼ is coded as: written as ʻEFORPNOISSʼ. In the same code
(A) ULGD (B) ULKG ʻDICTIONARYʼ will be written as:
(C) ULDG (D) UDLG (A) URAMPOTCID (B) ITCIDYRANO
2. If ʻCONDEMNʼ is coded as ʻCNODMENʼ, (C) ITCIDYRNAO (D) ITCDIYARNO
then ʻTEACHERʼ is coded as: 5. If ʻJUNEʼ is coded as ʻNXPFʼ, then how will
(A) TEACHER (B) TAEECHR ʻSTAYʼ be coded?
(C) TCAEEHR (D) TAECEHR (A) WWCZ (B) WVCZ
3. In a certain code language, ʻCOMEʼ is written (C) WWDB (D) VWZC
as ʻXLNVʼ and ʻABLEʼ as ʻZYOVʼ. How 6. If ʻEARTHQUAKEʼ is coded as
will ʻMOLLYʼ be written in that code? ʻMOGPENJOSMʼ, then ʻEQUATEʼ will be
(A) NLOBO (B) NLBOO coded as:
(C) LNOOB (D) NLOOB (A) MENOPM (B) MENOMP
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
34

(C) MJOGPM (D) MNJOPM 15. In a certain code language, ʻSPORADICʼ is

7. If in a certain code language, ʻJOSEPHʼ is coded as ʻQNORDJEBʼ, then in the same
coded as ʻFKOALDʼ, then ʻGEORGEʼ will be language how is TROUBLES coded?
coded in the same way as: (A) RPUOTFCM (B) RPOUTFCM
(A) CBJNCA (B) CANKCA (C) RPOUTFMC (D) RPUOFTMC
(C) CAKNCA (D) CAKCNA 16. In a certain code language, ʻPROVIDEʼ is
8. If ‘w’ is coded as ‘a’, ‘s’ as ‘r’ and ‘r’ as ‘w’, coded as ʻPSQUFEJʼ, then in the same
how will ‘answer’ be written? language how is ʻPRETENDʼcoded?
(A) wnsaes (B) anraew (A) FSQUEOF (B) QSFSFOE
(C) anrwas (D) wnraes (C) QSFSEOF (D) FSQSEOF
9. If ‘FIRE’ is coded for a secret message to be 17. In a certain code language, ʻCOMPUTEʼ is
teleprinted as ‘E H Q D’, how is the reply coded as ʻFSVONNDʼ, then in the same
‘DONE’ to be relayed? language how is ʻDISTURBʼ coded?
(A) DMOE (B) CNMD (A) CSVSTHER (B) CQVSHTE
(C) DLNC (D) DNPE (C) CQVTSHE (D) CSVTSHE
10. ‘N P W F’ is a secret code for “MOVE”. You 18. In a certain code language, ʻCOMPUTERʼ is
have to telex the reply DIFFICULT using a coded as ʻLNBVQSFUʼ, then in the same
code based on the scheme used to code language how is ʻBULKHEADʼ coded?
MOVE? (A) MVCILEBF (B) KTAILEBF
(A) EJGGJDVMU (B) FKHHKEWNV (C) MTAGJEBF (D) KTAGJEBF
(C) EJGGJEVMU (D) EJCCJDVMU 19. In a certain code language, ʻPARTICLEʼ is
11. In a certain code language, ʻMARCHʼ is coded as ʻUSBQFMDJʼ, then in the same
coded as ʻOCTEJʼ, then how is ʻRETURNʼ is language how is ʻDOCUMENTʼ coded?
written in the same code? (A) VDEPUONF (B) VDPENFUQ
(A) TFUVSM (B) QGSTQM (C) VDPENFUQ (D) VDPEUOFN
(C) TGVWTP (D) TGRVSO 20. In a certain code language, ʻCOURTʼ is coded
12. If ʻOVERʼ is coded as ʻQYIWʼ and ʻUPʼ as as ʻDPVSUʼ, then in the same language how
ʻWSʼ, then ʻSTARʼ is coded as: is ʻBRAINʼ coded?
(A) UWEV (B) UWDV (A) CSBJO (B) AQZHM
(C) UVBS (D) UWEW (C) DTCKP (D) CTBKO
13. In a certain code language, ‘SOLID’ is written 21. If ʻOUTʼ is coded as ʻ152120ʼ, then ʻINʼ will
as ‘WPSLPIMFHA’, then what does the code be coded as:
‘ATEXXQIBVO’ refer to? (A) 1015 (B) 819
(A) WATER (B) WATRE (C) 1813 (D) 914
(C) WTAER (D) WAETR 22. If ʻ341782ʼ denotes ʻMONKEYʼ and ʻ0596ʼ
14. In a certain code language, ʻWHENʼ is coded denotes ʻRAGSʼ, then ʻ75195044ʼ will
as ʻVGFOʼ, then in the same language how is denote.
ʻPOLICEʼ coded? (A) KANGAROO (B) PALMANTT
(A) ONKHBD (B) ONKJDF (C) HANGAMEE (D) KARNAGOO
(C) OPKJBF (D) QPMHBD 23. In a certain code language, ʻLOCATEʼ is
written as ʻ981265ʼ and ʻSPARKʼ as ʻ47230ʼ,
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
35

ʻCASKETʼ will be coded in the same manner smaller letter have been placed in jumbled up
as: form. You have to decode the language and
(A) 124056 (B) 210465 choose the alternative which is equal to the
(C) 164025 (D) 124506 letter asked in the question.
24. In a certain code language, ʻDAZEʼ is written Column I Column II
as ʻ41265ʼ. How will ʻBOYʼ be written in the
same code? DESIGN uklbjz
(A) 41425 (B) 5120
INFORM cbxkqy
(C) 21525 (D) 359
25. ʻFRANKʼ is coded as ʻ63210ʼ, ʻAFTERʼ as MOTHER ygzwxc
ʻ29463ʼ, ʻMUFFETʼ as ʻ36694ʼ. What is the
RIGHTS bjucgw
code for ‘F’?
(A) 9 (B) 3 TAILOR wcpybv
(C) 6 (D) 1
26. In a certain code language, ʻDELHIʼ is coded GARDEN vzcjik
as ʻ73541ʼ, and ʻCALCUTTAʼ is coded as
ʻ82589662ʼ, then in the same language how is 32. What is the code for the letter F?
ʻCALICUTʼ coded? (A) i (B) b
(A) 5279431 (B) 5978213 (C) q (D) g
(C) 8251896 (D) 8543691 33. What is the code for the letter N?
27. If A = 1, AND = 19, then BAT = ? (A) u (B) k
(A) 22 (B) 23 (C) c (D) g
(C) 21 (D) 20 34. What is the code for the letter G?
28. If C = 3, CEP = 24, then HUX = ? (A) i (B) p
(A) 47 (B) 49 (C) b (D) j
(C) 57 (D) 53 35. What is the code for the letter S?
29. If E = 5, EMPIRE = 66, then REPAIR = ? (A) z (B) w
(A) 67 (B) 66 (C) u (D) x
(C) 76 (D) 77 36. What is the code for the letter O?
30. If M = 13, MAT = 34, then FAT = ? (A) y (B) k
(A) 24 (B) 25 (C) v (D) c
(C) 48 (D) 27
31. If P = 16, TAP = 37, then CUP = ? Directions for questions 37 to 41: Below in
(A) 40 (B) 38 Column I are given some words and in
(C) 36 (D) 39 Column II are given their equivalent codes.
The letter in column II are jumbled up.
Directions for questions 32 to 36: Read the Decode the language and select the correct
following information to answer the questions code for the words given in each question.
that follow. In the following questions, two
Column I Column II
Columns (I) and (II) have been given. In
Column (I), few words are given and in REAL uhkc
Column (II), their codes have been given
using a particular rule. The order of the IDEA kluq
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
36

SELF kzxh (A) VKIRD (B) VKIDR

(C) VJIDR (D) VIKRD
LOAD uhjl 47. If in a certain code language, ‘PARENT’ is
written as ‘BDFGJK’ and ‘CHILDREN’ is
FINAL zupqh
written as ‘MOXQUFGJ’, then how will
37. SALINE 'REPRINT' be written in that language?
(A) zxhpqk (B) pqhkux (A) FGBFXGD (B) BGBFXJK
(C) uzqhkz (D) xukhqz (C) FGBUXJK (D) FGBFXJK
38. ARND 48. If the word ‘TABLECLOTH’ is coded as
(A) qchz (B) qupc ‘XEMRANRIXT’, how can ‘HOTEL’ be
(C) ucpl (D) uchz coded?
39. ADORN (A) RIXAT (B) TIXAR
(A) uljcp (B) cljpx (C) TAXIR (D) RAXIT
(C) uhlzk (D) jzlup 49. If the word ‘EARTH’ is written as ‘QPMZS’
40. NOISE in a coded form, how can ‘HEART’ be written
(A) xkqcjp (B) ujlzh in the same coding language?
(C) pjqxk (D) qhuxk (A) SQPZM (B) SQMPZ
41. ORDINAL (C) SPQZM (D) SQPMZ
(A) khuqclj (B) ujqhzkx 50. In a certain code language, ‘CURATIVE‘ is
(C) jklqpuh (D) pqchlju written as ‘BSVDDUHS’. How
42. If in a certain code language, ‘STEAMING’ is to be written in the same
‘TEMPERATURE’ is written as code language?
‘BZQDYXVBNXZ’, then how will ‘RAMP’ (A) BFUTFMHL (B) TUFBFMHL
be written i that language? (C) BFUTLHMF (D) BFUTHOJN
(A) XQVD (B) XDVQ 51. If in a certain code language, ‘IPL’ is written
(C) XVDQ (D) XVQD as ‘81256144’, then how will ‘BUT’ be
43. If ‘MUSICAL’ is written as ‘KWQKACJ’, written in that language?
then how can ‘SPRINKLE’ be written? (A) 4441400 (B) 222591
(A) UOTGPINC (B) QRPJKNKH (C) 592225 (D) 529522
(C) QRPKLMJG (D) UOTKLMJH 52. If in a certain language, ‘JNU’ is written as
44. If in a certain code language, ‘PRIYA’ is ‘101714132106’, then how will ‘PUSA’ be
written as ‘BALVU’. then how will ‘NIGHT’ written int that language?
be written in that language? (A) 1611210619080126
(A) UJJMS (B) UJJSM (B) 1611210619080162
(C) UJJMT (D) UMJJS (C) 1611210619086201
45. In a certain code language, ‘NONE’ is written (D) 1161216019080126
as ‘LQLG’, then how will ‘LAMB’ be written 53. If in a certain code language, ‘TOMATO’ is
in that code? written as ‘264126’, ‘NET’ is written as ‘522’,
(A) JCKD (B) JCDK then how will ‘TRACTOR’ be written in that
(C) JDCK (D) JDKC language?
46. In a certain code, ‘MOUSE’ is written as (A) 2813269 (B) 2913269
‘PRUQC’. How is ‘SHIFT’ written in that (C) 2193269 (D) 2913296
same code?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
37

54. If ‘REASON’ is coded as 5 and ‘BELIEVED’ ‘shirts’ are called ‘pants’, ‘pants’ are called
as 7, what is the code number for ‘hats’, ‘hats’ are called ‘watches’, ‘watches’
‘GOVERNMENT’? are called ‘umbrellas’. Then which instrument
(A) 10 (B) 6 is used to see the time?
(C) 9 (D) 8 (A) watches (B) socks
55. If ‘FLARE’ is coded as 21, 15, 26, 9, 22, then (C) flotters (D) umbrellas
how would ‘BREIF’ be coded in the same 6. In a certain coded language, ‘cat’ is called
language? ‘dog’, ‘dog’ is called ‘mongoose’, ‘mongoose’
(A) 25, 9, 22, 21, 18 (B) 5, 37, 11, 19, 13 is called ‘pigeon’, ‘pigeon’ is called ‘snake’
(C) 13, 19, 11, 37, 5 (D) 25, 9, 22, 18, 21 and ‘snake’ is called an ‘elephant’, which is
not reared as pet?
Word to Word (A) dog (B) snake
1. In a certain coded language, ‘cook’ is called (C) mongoose (D) pigeon
‘butler’, ‘butler’ is called ‘manager’, 7. In a certain coded language, ‘finger’ is called
‘manager’ is called ‘teacher’, ‘teacher’ is ‘toe’, ‘toe’ is called ‘foot’, ‘foot’ is called
called ‘clerk’, ‘clerk’ is called ‘officer’. Then ‘thumb’, ‘thumb’ is called ‘ankle’, ‘ankle’ is
who teaches in a class? called ‘palm’ and ‘palm’ is called ‘knee’, then
(A) teacher (B) clerk where are anklets worn?
(C) manager (D) butler (A) foot (B) toe
2. In a certain coded language, ‘eye’ is called (C) ankle (D) palm
‘hand’, ‘hand’ is called ‘ear’, ‘ear’ is called 8. In a certain coded language, ‘white’ is called
‘nose’, ‘nose’ is called ‘tongue’, ‘tongue’ is ‘blue’, ‘blue’ is called ‘red’, ‘red’ is called
called ‘face’. Then with which of the ‘yellow’, ‘yellow’ is called ‘green’, ‘green’ is
following a person hear? called ‘black’, ‘black’ is called ‘violet’,
(A) nose (B) face ‘violet’ is called ‘orange’, what would be the
(C) ear (D) hand color of the human blood?
3. In a certain coded language, ‘diamond’ is (A) red (B) blue
called ‘gold’, ‘gold’ is called ‘silver’, ‘silver’ (C) black (D) yellow
is called ‘ruby’ and ‘ruby’ is called ‘emerald’, 9. In a certain coded language, ‘orange’ is called
then what will be used to celebrate 50 years? ‘butter’, ‘butter’ is called ‘soap’, ‘soap’ is
(A) gold (B) diamond called ‘ink’, ‘ink’ is called ‘honey’, and
(C) silver (D) ruby ‘honey’ is called ‘orange’, which of the
4. In a certain coded language, ‘book’ is called following is used for washing the clothes?
‘pencil’, ‘pencil’ is called ‘pen’, ‘pen’ is (A) honey (B) butter
called ‘nib’, ‘nib’ is called ‘ink’, ‘ink’ is (C) orange (D) ink
called ‘pot’, ‘pot’ is called ‘eraser’. Then what 10. In a certain coded language, ‘blue’ means
is used to fill a fountain pen? ‘green’, ‘green’ means ‘white’, ‘white’ means
(A) ink (B) eraser ‘yellow’, ‘yellow’ means ‘black’, ‘black’
(C) pot (D) nib means ‘red’, ‘red’ means ‘brown’ then what is
5. In a certain coded language, ‘shoe’ is called the color of milk?
‘slippers’, ‘slippers’ are called ‘flotters’, (A) yellow (B) white
‘flotter’ are called ‘socks’, ‘socks’ are ‘shirts’, (C) red (D) brown
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
38

Word to Code/Number (A) A only (B) C only

1. In a certain code ‘gri chri’ means ‘brand new’, (C) D only (D) B or C only
‘gyp twoh’ means ‘very old’, ‘ gri bur twoh’
means ‘ old and new’ and ‘chri deh twoh’ Directions for questions 7 to 11: Answer the
menas ‘old brand car’. Which of the following questions on the basis of the information
codes means ‘new car’? given below.
(A) chri gri (B) gri deh In a certain language ‘had to look’ is coded as
(C) deh gyp (D) twoh deh ‘ti re zi’, ‘look for me’ is coded as ‘di re ha’
2. In the certain code language, (1) ‘Io ni hie and ‘for help’ is coded as ‘di na’.
pun’ stands for ‘he is drinking coke’ ; (2) ‘hol 7. Which of the following will have ‘ha di na re’
ful gui pun’ stands for ‘she is eating food; and as its code?
(3) ‘ne ful ni lo’ stands for drinking coke and (A) had to help for
food; Which of the following words is the (B) help me look for
code for ‘he’? (C) to look help for
(A) hie (B) Io (D) had look help me
(C) pun (D) ni 8. What is the code for ‘look’?
3. In a certain code ‘7 8 6’ means ‘bring me (A) di (B) re
apple’, ‘9 5 8’ means ‘peel green apple’ and (C) ti (D) zi
‘6 4 5’ means ‘bring green fruit’. Which of the 9. What is the code for ‘had to help’?
following is the code for ‘me’? (A) zi re na (B) na ti di
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) di ha na (D) zi ti na
(C) 7 (D) Can’t say 10. What is the code for ‘had’?
4. In a certain language ‘good and bad’ is coded (A) di (B) ti or re
as ‘725’, ‘one and all’ is coded as ‘932’ and (C) ti (D) zi or ti
‘this all good’ is coded as ‘954’ then in the 11. ‘na’ is the code of :
same language what is the code of ‘one’? (A) help (B) to
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) for (D) me
(C) 2 (D) 7
Directions for questions 12 to 16: Answer the
Directions for questions 5 and 6: In a certain code questions on the basis of the information
language, given below.
(A) ‘pit na som’ means ‘bring me water’ In a certain language ‘461’ is coded as ‘where
(B) ‘na jo tod’ means ‘water is life’ are you’, ‘169’ is coded as ‘you are good’ and
(C) ‘tub od pit’ means ‘give me toy’. ‘869’ is coded as ‘flowers are good’.
(D) ‘jo lin kot’ means ‘life and death’. 12. What is the code of ‘you’?
5. Which of the following represents ‘is’ in that (A) 6 (B) 1
language? (C) 8 (D) 6 or 4
(A) jo (B) na 13. What is the code of ‘good’?
(C) tod (D) lin (A) 4 (B) 1
6. To find out the answer to the above question, (C) 6 (D) 9
which of the following statements can be 14. What is the code of ‘where are good flowers’?
dispensed with? (A) 4698 (B) 4168
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
39

(C) 1698 (D) None of these 17. Which of the following groups of minimum
15. What is the code of ‘are you good’? statements are necessary to find the code
(A) 614 (B) 169 number of ‘better’?
(C) 694 (D) 681 (A) A and B (B) D and E
16. ‘89’ is code of: (C) C and E (D) B and E
(A) good flower (B) are good 18. Which numeral means ‘and’?
(C) you flower (D) None of these (A) 6 (B) 9
(C) 3 (D) 7
Directions for question 17 to 20: Answer the 19. Which numeral is used for ‘go’?
question on the basis of the information given (A) 9 (B) 5
below. (C) 7 (D) Can’t say
In a certain code language, ‘159’ is coded as 20. What will be the code for ‘come here’?
‘you better go’, ‘167’ is coded as ‘better come (A) 9, 6 (B) 7, 6
here’, ‘567’ is coded as ‘you come here’, (C) 7, 5 (D) 1, 9
‘156’ is coded as ‘better you here’ and ‘379’
is coded as ‘come and go’.

Solution
Letter to Letter/Number

1.(D) The code is obtained by adding ‘3’ in 6.(D) The alphabet in word E Q U A T E are
the place value of the letter in the given taken from the given word E A R T H
word. Q U A K E. Tally the letters from the
2.(D) In this word, the second & third letters coded word to get the answer code.
interchange their places & fifth & sixth E A R T H Q U A K E =letters
letters also interchange their places. M O G P E N J O S M = codes
Other letters remains in their respective E Q U A T E = Letters to be coded.
position. Therefore, Teacher is coded as M N J O P M  Answer codes.
TAECEHR. 7.(C) The code is obtained by subtracting ‘4’
3.(D) The code is obtained by replacing the in the place value of the letter in the
letters of given words by their opposite given word.
letters. 8.(B) Answer is coded as:a n r a e w
4.(B) The word is divided into two equal 9.(B) The code is obtained by subtracting ‘1’
parts & the letters of each part are in the place value of the letter in the
written backward. given word.
Therefore, DICTIONARY is coded as 10.(A) The code is obtained by adding ‘1’ in the
ITCIDYRANO. place value of the letter in the given
5.(A) The code is obtained by moving the word.
letters +4, +3, +2, +1, steps.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
40

11.(C) The code is obtained by adding ‘2’ in the

place value of the letter in the given
word.
12.(D) The code is obtained by moving the
letters +2,+3, +4, +5, steps. 18.(B)
13.(A) Here, each letter is coded with two
different letters. It can be shown as:

Similarly,
Now, code is given, so process will be
reversed, hence:

19.(D)
14.(B) The code is obtained by moving the first
half part of the word are step backward
and remaining half part of the word one
step forward.
15.(C) It can be shown as: Similarly,

20.(A) The code is obtained by adding ‘1’ in the

place value of the letter in the given
word.
16.(D) It can be shown as: 21.(D) The code is the place value of each
alphabet in its natural alphabetical
series.
22.(A) The number represent letters & to find
the answer, select the representative
letters.
3 4 1 7 8 2  Codes
17.(B) M O N K E Y  Letters
0 5 9 6 Codes
R A G S  Letters
7 5 1 9 5 0 4 4  Codes
K A N G A R O O  Answer letters
Similarly, 23.(A) The letters are coded by numbers to find
the answer code, select the
representative numbers.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
41

L O C A T E  Letters its code has letter q, which is not

9 8 1 2 6 5  Codes contained by any other code. Hence, F
S P A R K  Letters stand for q.
4 7 2 3 0  Codes 33.(B) In statement (i) and (ii), common letters
C A S K E T  Letters are I and N and common codes are b
and k. Therefore, it is clear that IN
1 2 4 0 5 6  Codes
stand for bk but not necessarily in the
24.(C) The letters of the word are coded by the
same order. From statement (vi), it is
number representing their position in
clear that the word has letter N and
the natural series.
code k is given for it. Hence, code for N
Therefore, BOY  21525 Position
is k.
of letters in natural series.
34.(D) Code for G is j.
25.(C) Code for F is 6. ‘F’ is common in all the
35.(C) From statement (i) and (iv), it is clear
words & so is the number ‘6’.
that SIG = ubj. From statement (i), we
26.(C) The letters are coded by numbers to find
have already found that l = b.
the answer code, select the
Therefore, SG = uj. Now, from
representative numbers.
statement (vi), G = j, therefore S = u.
D E L H I  Letters
36.(A) From statement (iii) and (v), it is clear
7 3 5 4 1  Codes
that TOR = ywc. From statement (ii),
and C A L C U T T A  Letters
Or = yc. From statement (vi), R = c.
8 2 5 8 9 6 6 2  Codes Hence, O = y.
 C A L I C U T  Letters Solutions for 37 to 41:
8 2 5 1 8 9 6  Codes Here if we compare all the 5 terms than
27.(B) It can be shown as: we will be able to set code of each
A = 1 ; A + N + D = 1 + 14 + 4 = 19 capital letter as:
So, B + A + T = 2 + 1 + 20 = 23 From (1, 2, 3) E is common = k
28.(D) It can be shown as: From (1, 2, 4) A is common = u
C = 3 ; C + E + P = 3 + 5 + 16 = 24 From (1, 3) L is common = h
H + U + X = 8 + 21 + 24 = 53 From (1) R = c
29.(A) It can be shown as: From (3, 5) F is common = z
E = 5; E + M + P + I + R + E = 5 + 13 + From (2, 5) I is common = q
16 + 9 + 18 + 5 = 66 From (5) N = p
So, R + E + P + A + I + R = 18 + 5 + 16 From (2, 4) D is common = l
+ 1 + 9 + 18 = 67 From (4) O = j
30.(D) It can be shown as: From (3) S = x
M = 13 ; M + A + T = 13 + 1 + 20 = 34 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c) 41. (d)
So, F + A + T = 6 + 1 + 20 = 27 42.(D) In the word TEMPERATURE, the
31.(A) It can be shown as: codes are: T–B ; E–Z ; M – Q .... So,
P = 16 ; T + A + P = 20 + 1 + 16 = 37 the code for RAMP is XVQD
So, C + U + P = 3 + 21 + 16 = 40 43.(C) The pattern is – 2 and + 2 in alternate
32.(C) In the statement (ii), it is clear that the letters of the given word to obtain the
word has letter F in it, which is not
contained by any other word. Similarly,
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
42

letters of the corresponding word, 54.(C) The pattern is that the numerical code is
starting with – 2 in M. obtained by subtracting one from the
44.(A) The pattern is addition of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 in number of letters in the given word.
the consecutive letters of the given 55.(D) The pattern is that the letters of the
word and then the obtained letters are given word are replaced by the place
reversed to get the corresponding values of the opposite letters of the
letters. given word.
45.(A) The pattern is – 2 and + 2 in the
alternate letters of the given word, Word to Word
starting with N, to obtain the 1.(B) Teacher teaches in class and code for
corresponding letters. teacher is ‘clerk’.
46.(B) The pattern is + 3 in the place values of 2.(A) Person hears by ear and code for ear is
first two letters, – 2 in the place values ‘nose’.
of last two letters and the middle letters 3.(C) 50 years are celebrated as Golden
remains same. Jubilee and code for Gold is ‘silver’.
47.(D) From the two codes given in the 4.(C) Ink is used to fill a fountain pen and
questions we can identify the pattern as code for ink is ‘pot’.
:P–B;A–D;R–F;E–G;N–J; 5.(D) Watch is used to see the time and code
T – K. for watch is ‘umbrellas’.
48.(B) In the given word, the codes are as : T – 6.(D) Mongoose are rarely found as pet and
X;A–E;B–M;L–R;E–A;C– code for mongoose is pigeon.
N ; L – R... . 7.(D) Anklets are worn on ankles and code
49.(D) In the given word the codes are as E – for ankles is ‘palm’.
Q ; A – P ; R – M ; T – Z.... 8.(D) Human blood is red in colour and code
50.(A) First of all the given word is divided into for red is ‘yellow’.
two parts of four words in the same 9.(D) Soap is used to wash clothes and code
order. There is a pattern of + 1 in the for soap is ‘ink’.
first group of four letters, then the 10.(A) Milk is white and code of white is
obtained letters are reversed and there is ‘yellow’.
a pattern of – 1 in the second group of
four letters, then the obtained letters are Word to Code/Number
reversed. 1.(B)
51.(A) The pattern is obtained by squaring the
Code Sentence
place values of the letters of the given
word. gri chri – brand new
52.(A) The pattern is that the letters of the
gyp twoh – very old
given word are replaced by the place
values of the letter and its opposite gri bur twoh – old and new
letter too.
53.(B) The pattern is that the letters of the chri deh twoh – old brand car
given word are replaced by the digit The word ‘new’ is present in 1st and 3rd
sum of their respective place values. sentences and so is the code ‘gri’. The
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
43

word ‘car’ is only in the 4th sentence Solutions for (5 and 6):
and code ‘deh’ is not repeated in any Code Sentence
other sentence.
2.(A) Pit na som – bring me water
Code Sentence na jo tod – water is life
lo ni hie pun – he is drinking coke tub od pit – give me toy
hol ful gui pun – she is eating food jo lin kot – life and death
ne ful ni lo – drinking coke and food 5.(C) The word ‘is’ is in sentence ‘B’ only.
The word ‘water’ is repeated in
In the 1st and 2nd sentences, the code
Sentence ‘A’ and so is the code ‘na’.
‘pun’ for ‘is’ is repeated but the word
The word ‘life’ is repeated in sentence
‘he’ is not. In the 1st and 3rd sentences,
‘D’ and so the code is ‘jo’. The only
the codes ‘ni’ and ‘lo’ are repeated. So,
code remaining is ‘tod’ which stands
the code ‘hie’ stands for ‘he’.
for ‘is’.
3.(C)
6.(B)
Code Sentence Solutions for questions (7 to 11):
786 – bring me apple If compare all three codes we will see
from 1st and 2nd  look = ‘re’
958 – peel green apple From 2nd and 3rd  for = ‘di’
645 – bring green fruit help = ‘na’ ; so, me = ‘ha’ ; look = ‘re’
7.(B) So, ‘na din na re’ is code for ‘help me
The word ‘me’ is in 1st sentence only.
look for’.
The word ‘bring’ is common in 1st and
8.(B) Look = ‘re’
3rd sentences and so is the code 6. The
9.(D) had to help = ‘zi ti na’
word ‘apple’ is common in 1st and 2nd
10.(D) Either zi or ti.
sentences and so is the code 8. Only
11.(A) ‘na’ is code of ‘help’.
word remaining is ‘me’ and its code is
Solutions for questions (12 to 16):
7.
By comparing all the sentences are = 6,
4.(B) From 1st and 2nd statements: and = 2
you = 1, where = 4, good = 9, flowers =
From 1st and 3rd statement:
8.
good = 5
12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a)
From 2nd and 3rd statement:
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)
All = 9; So, one is = 3
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
44

Odd One Out Modern

ODD ONE OUT

05
Approach to
It is the process of grouping various objects on the a) Water b) Sun
basis of their common properties like shape, size, c) Gasoline d) Cement
category, colour, trait, etc. and finding the odd object Solution: (d)
from the group. for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
The others can all be used as sources of producing
ODD ONE OUT - Words energy.
These questions test your ability to observe Example 4:
differences and similarities among various items. Odd a) Nickel b) Tin
one out test, consists of four or five terms or words. c) Steel d) Iron
Of the given terms, one is different from the others. In Solution: (c)
other words, except one item or term, all others have The others are simple metals. Steel is an alloy
some sort of similarity. You have to identify the item (combination of two or more metals).
that is different from the rest, or is the odd one out. ODD ONE OUT - Number
There are several basic relationship that could exist In this type, we have to choose an odd number from
between words. Many of the relations are similar to the given options i.e., the number which does not
the relations that we have done in Word Analogy. follow a rule which others do. The number may
Some of the most basic relationships are as follows. belong to any of the set i.e. they may be odd, even ,
1. Relationship based on meaning prime, rational, integers, squares, cubes etc.
2. Inter-relationship of words Directions for examples 5 to 7: In each of the
3. Word - consistency relationship following questions, there are four options. Three
4. Word formation relationship Numbers, in these options, are alike in certain manner.
5. Functional relationship Only one number does not fit in. Choose the one
Directions for examples 1 to 4: Select from the which is different from the rest.
following words, the word that does not belong to the Example 5:
group or is different from the rest of the three words. a) 11 b) 21 c) 17 d) 19
Example 1: Solution: (b)
a) Artist b) Golfer All other numbers except 21 are prime numbers.
c) Play d) Dancer Example 6:
Solution: (c) a) 124 b) 235 c) 789 d) 510
All the others are performers. Solution: (d)
Example 2: Digits in each group is in increasing order from left to
a) Dictionary b) Biography right, whereas in (d) they are in decreasing order.
c) Atlas d) Directory Example 7:
Solution: (b) a) 6 b) 18 c) 12 d) 7
All the others are reference books. A biography is a Solution: (d)
narrative. All other numbers are divisible by 3, except 7.
Example 3:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
45

ODD ONE OUT - LETTER Example 9:

Here you are given letters of alphabet in groups or a) AZ b) BY
individual letters. You have to identify the letters or c) CX d) DU
group of letters that is different from the other given Solution: (d)
terms. This may include: Each pair consists of one letter from the beginning and
1. Relationship based on the position of letters one letter from the end, except in option (d).
2. Small and capital letter relationship Example 10:
3. Vowel and consonant relationship a) W b) X
4. Repetition and skipping pattern relationship c) B d) T
5. Letter formation relationship Solution: (c)
Directions for examples 8 to 11: In each of the All letter are formed by straight lines, except B, which
following questions, letter/group of letters are given. has a straight line and two curves.
While four of them have some similarity one is Example 11:
different from the rest. Find the odd one out. a) BD b) CE
Example 8: c) DF d) FG
a) Ace b) Fgh Solution: (d)
c) Kmo d) Oqs In all, second letter is two more than the first letter. In
Solution: (b) option (d), this relationship does not exist.
Each group has one capital letter and two small letters
and in between each letter, one letter is skipped, e.g.
A(b)c(d)e and so on, except in option (b).

Exercise

Word
Direction for questions 1 to 10: In each of the (C) Pluto (D) Mars
following questions, four words are alike in 8. (A) Cone (B) Circle
some manner. Spot the odd one out. (C) Triangle (D) Rectangle
1. (A) Knee (B) Shoulder 9. (A) Football (B) Volley ball
(C) Ankle (D) Palm (C) Cricket (D) Chess
2. (A) Tree (B) Leaf 10. (A) Violet (B) Blue
(C) Bush (D) Herb (C) Green (D) White
3. (A) Spinach (B) Potato
(C) Carrot (D) Ginger Direction for questions 11 to 15: In the following
4. (A) Lower limb (B) Cheek questions select the pair which is different
(C) Heart (D) Lung from the other three.
5. (A) Sulphur (B) Phosphorus 11. (A) Hangar : Aeroplane(B) Dock : Ship
(C) Lead (D) Carbon (C) Kernel : Dog (D) Sty : Pig
6. (A) Ear (B) Heart 12. (A) Hard : Soft (B) Long : High
(C) Kidney (D) Tongue (C) Sweet : Sour (D) Pointed : Blunt
7. (A) Venus (B) Moon 13. (A) Stale : Fresh (B) Truth : Lie
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
46

(C) Slow : Sluggish (D) Teach : Learn Letter:

14 (A) Sahara : Africa (B) Thar : India Direction for questions 1 to 10: Three of the
(C) Kalahari : America (D) Gobi : Mongolia following four in each questions are alike in a
15. (A) Mulder : Proteins (B) Curie : Radium certain way and so form a group. Select the
(C) Becquerel : Radioactivity group of Letters that does not belong to that
(D) Einstein : Television group.
1. (A) BDFH (B) FHJL
Number: (C) RTVX (D) UVWX
Direction for questions 1 to 5: In each of the 2. (A) FEJC (B) WVYT
following questions, there are four options. (C) KJMH (D) QPSN
Three Numbers, in these options, are alike in 3. (A) DFH (B) MOQ
certain manner. Only one number does not fit (C) UWY (D) INO
in. Choose the one which is different from the 4. (A) FJOU (B) EINT
rest. (C) JNRX (D) AEJP
1. (A) 616 (B) 252 5. (A) TPLH (B) SOKG
(C) 311 (D) 707 (C) ZVRN (D) UQMJ
2. (A) 3215 (B) 9309 6. (A) TSR (B) LKJ
(C) 4721 (D) 2850 (C) PQO (D) HGF
3. (A)129 (B) 130 7. (A) KNOS (B) QTUY
(C) 131 (D) 132 (C) DFGJ (D) BEFJ
4. (A) 1948 (B) 2401 8. (A) SSTO (B) OOTU
(C) 966 (D) 1449 (C) TTOU (D) USTO
5. (A) 3223 (B) 4554 9. (A) DFHEG (B) TWXUV
(C) 6116 (D) 9887 (C) OQSPR (D) JLNKM
10. (A) BDGI (B) JLOQ
Direction for questions 6 to 10: Which of the (C) ZADF (D) RTWY
following pair of numbers is different from
the other three pairs? Direction for questions 11 to 15: In the following
6. (A) 1975, 1579 (B) 3152, 5321 questions, which of the following pair of
(C) 4283, 8432 (D) 7319, 9731 letters is different from the other three?
7. (A) 17, 37 (B) 8, 13 11. (A) JM – KL (B) QP – RS
(C) 5, 13 (D) 23, 7 (C) EH – FG (D) MP – NO
8. (A) 80, 9 (B) 64, 8 12. (A) DXD – XDX (B) KUK – UKU
(C) 36, 6 (D) 49, 7 (C) FHF – EHE (D) RSR – SRS
9. (A) 22, 3 (B) 28, 4 13. (A) JuM – jUm (B) iLo – Ilo
(C) 36, 5 (D) 43, 6 (C) PSa – psA (D) ZeX – zEx
10. (A) (52, 142) (B) (54, 126) 14. (A) POT – TOP (B) TAN – ANT
(C) (56, 168) (D) (58, 184) (C) BIN – NIB (D) DUB – BUD
15. (A) AE – OL (B) UI – OE
(C) IO – UE (D) EA – OU
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
47

Solution
Word
1.(D) All others are joints in human body. 8.(A) All other numbers are perfect squares.
2.(B) All others are types of vegetation. 9.(B) In all other numbers multiply second
3.(A) All others are grown underground number by 7 then add 1 to get the first
vegetables. number.
10.(C) In all other pairs, sum of the digits of
4.(C) All others are two in number in the
both the numbers is the same.
human body.
5.(C) All others are non-metallic elements. Letter
6.(A) All others are internal organs. 1.(D) In each group, the sequence of alphabet,
irrespective of the case, is +2. Only in
7.(B) All others are planets.
option (d) the sequence is in natural
8.(A) All others are 2D geometrical figures.
order (+1).
9.(D) All except Chess are outdoor games.
2.(A) In all other groups, first and third letters
10.(D) All except White are colours of the as well as fourth and second letters are
rainbow. alternative.
11.(C) Resting place of dog is kennel. 3.(D) In all other groups, the difference is of
12.(B) The words in all other pairs are +2 except option (d).
antonyms of each other. 4.(C) In all other groups, the number of
13.(C) In all other pairs, the two words are letters skipped between two consecutive
antonyms of each other. letters increases by one from left to
14.(C) In all other pairs, first is the name of a right.
desert which is situated in the country 5.(D) In all other groups, each of the first
denoted by the second. three letters is four steps ahead of the
15.(D) In all other pairs, first is the name of the next letter.
scientist who discovered the second. 6.(C) The sequence of alphabet in each group
is in reverse order. Only option (c) has
Number
sequence in disturbed order.
1.(C) In other numbers, the first and last 7.(C) The sequence in all other groups is +3,
digits are same. +1, +4. In option (c) the sequence is
2.(B) In other numbers, no digit is repeated. disturbed.
3.(C) 131 is a prime number. 8.(D) In all other groups, one letter occurs
4.(A) Other numbers are divisible by 7. twice.
5.(D) In all other numbers the first two digits 9.(B) In each group; the alphabet at positions-
are written backwards to get the last first, fourth, second, fifth and third,
two digits. form a natural sequence.
6.(B) In all other pairs, the first number when In option (b) the alphabet at positions
divided by the second leaves 1 as first, fourth, fifth, second and third,
remainder. form the natural sequence.
7.(D) In all other pairs, both numbers are in 10.(C) In all other groups, the first and second
increasing order. as well as the third and fourth letters are
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
48

alternate, and the third letter is three 13.(B) In all other groups only the vowel is in
steps ahead of the second letter. lower case in the first part and in
11.(B) In all other groups the two letters on the second part the case is reversed.
right fit between the two letters on the 14.(B) In all other groups the letter in the first
left. part are written backwards in the
12.(C) In all other groups the single letter in second part.
first part is repeated in the second and All other pairs have only vowels.
15.(A)
vice versa.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
49

Blood Relations Modern

BLOOD RELATION

06
Approach to
In this topic, questions are asked on various blood 8. Mother’s/Father’s brother : Uncle
relations given in a complex form. Basically two types 9. Mother’s/Father’s sister : Aunt
of questions are asked from this topic. To excel at 10. Husband’s/Wife’s sister : Sister-in-law
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
these questions one should have good knowledge of 11. Husband’s or Wife’s brother : Brother-in-law
various types of blood relations, for example the word 12. Son’s wife : Daughter-in-law
spouse means either husband or wife. Some of the 13. Daughter’s husband : Son-in-law
important relationships and different stages are given 14. Brother’s/sister’s son : Nephew
below: 15. Brother’s/ sister’s daughter : Niece
1st GRAND (Grandfather, Grandmother, 16. Uncle or Aunt’s son or daughter : Cousin
Stage PARENTS Grand uncle, Grand aunt) 17. Sister’s husband : Brother-in-law
18. Brother’s wife : Sister-in-law
2nd PARENTS & IN- (Father, Mother, Uncle, Aunt,
While solving the questions of blood relations it is
Stage LAWS Father-in-law, Mother-in-law)
always advisible to convert the given information into
SIBLINGS, (Brother, Sister, Cousin, Wife, a family tree. While drawing family tree, the
3rd
SPOUSE & IN- Husband, Brother-in-law, following standard notations are to be used:
Stage
LAWS Sister-in-law)
 females
(Son, Daughter, Niece,
4th CHILDREN &
Nephew, Son-in-law,  males
Stage IN-LAWS
Daughter-in-law)
 husband-wife
5th GRAND  brother-brother / brother-sister / sister-sister
(Grandson , Granddaughter)
Stage CHILDREN
 father/mother - son/daughter
When gender is unknown. There is no shape denoted
For the easy understanding of candidates a few main
to it.
relations are given. These will prove to be very useful
in solving questions on blood relations.
Example 1: A’s father’s wife’s mother is C, whose
1. Grandfather’s/Grandmother’s son : Father or
only child is D. How is D related to A’s brother?
Uncle
a) Mother b) Aunt
2. Grandfather’s/Grandmother’s only son : Father
c) Sister d) Grandmother
3. Mother’s/Father’s mother : Grandmother
Solution:
4. Mother’s/Father’s father : Grandfather
5. Grandfather’s/Grandmother’s only daughter-in-
law : Mother
6. Mother’s/Father’s son : Brother
7. Mother’s/Father’s daughter : Sister
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
50

A’s father wife is A’s mother. A’s mother’s mother is a) Uncle b) Father
C whose only child is D. Hence, D is the mother of A. c) Brother d) Grandfather
Similarly, D is the mother of A’s brother. So, the
answer is (a). Solution:

Example 2: Pointing to a photograph Ramesh said,

“she is the sister of my father’s mother’s only child’s
son.” How is the person in the photograph related to
Ramesh?
a) Sister b) Aunt P @ Q # R * S means P is the mother of Q, Q is the
c) Mother d) Cousin daughter of R and R is the father of S. P is the mother
of Q and Q is the daughter of R means R is the father
Solution: of Q and S. Hence R is the father of Q. So, the answer
is (b).

Example 5: If P @ Q means P is the brother of Q, P 

Q means P is the mother of Q and P  Q means P is
the sister of Q, then which of the following would
mean A is the uncle of B.
a) A  P Q B
My father’s mother’s only child is my father. My b) A  B @ P
father’s son’s sister is in the photograph. Hence, she is c) A @ P  B
Ramesh’s sister. So, the answer is (a).
d) A  P  B

Example 3: Pointing to a man in a photograph, a

Solution: A is the uncle of B means A is the brother
woman said, “The father of his brother is the only son
of the mother of B. According to the given
of my grandfather.” How is the woman related to the
expressions, it must be A @ P  B. So, the answer is
man in the photograph?
(c).
a) Mother b) Aunt c) Daughter d) Sister

Directions for examples 6 to 10: Read the following

Solution: From the information, it is clear that the
information carefully and answer the questions that
only son of woman’s grandfather is the father of the
follows.
woman and the father of the man’s brother is the
father of the man. Combining these two information
In family, there are 10 members. G and N are married
together a single information emerges i.e. the man’s
couple while K is the husband of X. In this family,
father is the woman’s father. Hence, woman is the
there are four housewives and four working husbands
sister of the man in the photograph. The answer is (d).
while other members are non-working. The husband
in the last generation is a doctor and the husband of S
Example 4: A @ B means A is the mother of B, A *
is a teacher. L is a married woman but her husband is
B means A is the father of B, A $ B means A is the
not P. Q and K are associated with the profession of
son of B, A # B means A is the daughter of B. If P @
engineer and accountant but K is not an accountant. Q
Q # R * S, then how is R related to Q?
is the son of P. P is the brother of T and both have a
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
51

sister C. N is the daughter of L and X is the mother of

P.
Example 6: The family consists of how many
generation?
a) 6 b) 1 c) 4 d) 2

Example 7: Who is the husband of S?

a) T b) T c) L d) P
Example 8: Who is the housewife in the third
generation?
a) L b) P c) N d) X

Example 9: How is K related to N?

a) Grandmother b) Father Solution 6: (c)
c) Uncle d) Great grand father Clear from the family tree.
Solution 7: (d)
Example 10: Which of the following statement is not Clear from the family tree.
true? Solution 8: (a)
a) Husband of X is engineer. Housewife in the third generation is L who is the wife
b) Second generation members are S, P, T and C. of Q.
c) The number of female members in the family is 5. Solution 9: (d)
d) Accountant and his wife belong to the 4th N is the daughter of Q; Q is the son of P while P is the
generation. son of K. Hence, K is the great grandfather of N.
Solution 10: (d)
Solutions for examples 6 to 10: It is clear from the family three that the accountant Q
and his wife L belong to the third generation.

Exercise

1. A lady said, “The person standing there is my daughter”. What relation did the boy bear to
grandfather’s only son’s daughter”. How is the man?
the lady related to the standing person? (A) Father (B) Son
(A) Sister (B) Mother (C) Brother (D) Son-in-law
(C) Aunt (D) Cousin 4. Pointing to a man, a lady said, “His brother’s
2. Mayank said, “My mother is the sister of father is my grandfather’s only son. How is
Rajat’s brother.” What is Rajat’s relation with the lady related to the man?
Mayank? (A) Mother (B) Sister
(A) Cousin (B) Maternal Uncle (C) Daughter (D) Aunt
(C) Uncle (D) Brother-in-law 5. If Amit’s father is Billoo’s father’s only son
3. A man introduced the boy coming with him as and Billoo has neither a brother nor a
“He is son of the father of my wife’s daughter, what is the relationship between
Amit and Billoo?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
52

(A) Uncle-Nephew (B) Father-Daughter 13. Is ‘C’ mother of ‘D’ ? To find out the answer
(C) Father-Son (D) Cousins which of the following information given in
6. Pointing to a man, a woman said, “He is the the statements ‘I’ and ‘II’ is/are sufficient ?
only son of my mother’s mother”. How is the I. B has two children of which D is one.
woman related to the man? II. D’s sister is daughter of C.
(A) Aunt (B) Daughter (A) Both I and II together are needed
(C) Niece (D) Sister (B) Both I and II together are not sufficient
7. Pointing to a woman in the photograph a man (C) Only I is sufficient
said, “She is the daughter of my (D) Only II is sufficient
grandmother’s only son. How is the woman 14. A is B’s brother. A is C’s brother. To find out
related to the man? how B is related to C, which of the following
(A) Mother (B) Daughter is the minimum further information necessary,
(C) Sister (D) Sister-in-law is any.
8. Pointing to Suman, Amit said, “He is my I. C’s gender
sister’s only brother’s son”. How is Suman II. B’s gender
related to Amit? (A) Only I is necessary
(A) Grandson (B) Son (B) Only II is necessary
(C) Nephew (D) Can’t say (C) Either I or II is necessary
9. Sandeep’s mother is the only daughter of (D) Both I and II are needed
Rekha’s father. How is Rekha’s husband 15. Is D brother of F? To find out the answer
related to Sandeep? which of the following information given in
(A) Uncle (B) Brother the statements A and B is/are sufficient ?
(C) Father (D) Grandfather A.B has two sons of which F is one.
10. Pointing towards a person in a photograph, B.D’s mother is married to B.
Aruna said, “He is the only son of the father (A) Both A and B together are needed
of my sister’s brother”. How is that person (B) Both A and B together are not sufficient
related to Aruna? (C) Only A is sufficient
(A) Mother (B) Maternal Uncle (D) Only B is sufficient
(C) Father (D) Brother 16. Introducing a man, a woman said, “His
11. Pointing to a photograph a lady tells Mohan, mother is the only daughter of my father.”
“I am the only daughter of this lady and her How is the man related to the woman?
son is your maternal uncle.” How is the (A) Son (B) Uncle
speaker related to Mohan’s father? (C) Husband (D) Brother
(A) Wife (B) Sister-in-law 17. Introducing a lady, a man said that her
(C) Either of the two mother’s husband’s sister is my mother. What
(D) Neither of the two is the man’s relationship with the lady?
12. A is the mother of B. B’s father C has three (A) Cousin (B) Nephew
children. Based on this information, state (C) Father (D) Data insufficient
which of the following statements is definitely 18. If Neha says, “Amrita’s father Raj is the only
true? son of my father-in-law Mahesh,” then how
(A) C has three daughters (B) C has three sons Bindu, who is the sister of Amrita is related to
(C) B is male child (D) None of these Mahesh?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
53

(A) Granddaughter (B) Wife 26. Who is the cousin of T?

(C) Niece (D) Daughter-in-law (A) R (B) Q
19. Pointing to a woman in a photograph, Vijay (C) W (D) S
said, “She is the daughter of the father of the
sister of my brother”. How is that lady in Directions for questions 27 to 31: Read the
photograph related to Vijay? following information carefully and answer
(A) Daughter (B) Wife the questions given below.
(C) Mother (D) Sister Radha and Minnilal have two children Simmi
20. Poonam said to her friend, “Yesterday I and Divya, Divya is married to Anuj who is
attended the birthday party of the son of the the son of Madhu and Jabbar. Resham is
only son-in-law of my mother’s mother.” How daughter of Anuj. Kiran who is Anuj’s sister
is Poonam related to the man, whose birthday is married to Subodh and has two sons Tarun
party she attended? and Aman. Tarun is grandson of Madhu and
(A) Cousin (B) Son Jabbar.
(C) Brother (D) Father 27. What is the relationship between Aman and
21. Pointing to boy, Aruna said to Pushpa, “The Resham?
mother of his father is the wife of your (A) Uncle-Niece (B) Father-Daughter
grandfather (Mother’s father)”. How is (C) Husband-Wife (D) Cousins
Pushpa related to that boy? 28. How is Subodh related to Jabbar?
(A) Sister (B) Niece (A) Son-in-law (B) Son
(C) Wife (D) Cousin-Sister (C) Brother (D) Father-in-law
29. How is Resham related to Kiran?
Directions for questions 22 to 26: Read the (A) Niece (B) Daughter
following information carefully and answer (C) Mother (D) Aunti
the questions given below. 30. How is Kiran related to Divya?
P is the father of R, but R is not his son. T is (A) Aunt (B) Grandmother
the daughter of R. U is the spouse of P. Q is (C) Sister-in-law (D) Sister
the brother of R. S is the son of Q. V is the 31. Which of the following statements is
spouse of Q. W is the father of V. definitely true?
22. Who is the Grandmother of S? (A) Aman is the son of Simmi
(A) W (B) P (B) Madhu is the mother-in-law of Subodh
(C) R (D) U (C) Resham is the cousin of Kiran
23. Who is the son of U? (D) All the three are true.
(A) Q (B) R 32. If S – T means ‘S’ is the wife of ‘T’, S + T
(C) T (D) S means ‘S’ is the daughter of ‘T’ and S ÷ T
24. Who is the father-in-law of Q? means ‘S’ is the son of ‘T’. What will M + J ÷
(A) R (B) P K mean?
(C) T (D) W (A) ‘K’ is the father of ‘M’
25. Who is the sister-in-law of R? (B) ‘M’ is the grand-daughter of K
(A) S (B) V (C) ‘J’ is wife of ‘K’
(C) U (D) T (D) ‘K’ and ‘M’ are brothers
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
54

33. A × B means ‘A’ is the mother of ‘B’, A ÷ B (C) A or B (D) Only B

means ‘A’ is the son of ‘B’, A – B means ‘A’
is the sister of ‘B’, which of the following Directions for questions 39 and 40: Read the
means ‘P’ is the nephew of ‘Q’? following information carefully and answer
(A) P ÷ R – Q (B) Q ÷ R – P the questions given below.
(C) Q × R + P (D) P × R – Q I. ‘P + Q’ means ‘P is the mother of ‘Q’.
34. If A + B means ‘A’ is the brother of ‘B’, A × II. ‘P ÷ Q’ means ‘P is the father of ‘Q’.
B means ‘A’ is the mother of ‘B’ and A ÷ B III. ‘P – Q’ means ‘P is the Sister of Q’.
means ‘A’ is the sister of ‘B’, which of the 39. Which of the following represents ‘M’ is the
following would mean ‘P’ is the uncle of ‘S’? daughter of ‘R’?
(A) P ÷ S × R (B) Q ÷ S × P (A) R ÷ M + N (B) R + N ÷ M
(C) P + R × S (D) Data inadequate (C) R– M ÷ N (D) None
35. If M + N means ‘M’ is the brother of ‘N’, 40. To find the answer to the above question,
M – N means ‘M’ is the sister of ‘N’, which of the statements can be dispensed
M × N means ‘M’ is the mother of ‘N’ and with?
M ÷ N means ‘M’ is the father of ‘N’. (A) Only A (B) B or C
Which of the following would mean ‘E’ is the (C) A or B (D) Only C
paternal Aunt of ‘F’? 41. A woman introduces a man as the son of the
(A) E – G ÷ F (B) E + G × F brother of her mother. How is the man related
(C) E × F – G (D) F × G + E to the woman?
36. If A ÷ B means ‘A’ is the father of ‘B’, A × B (A) Nephew (B) son
means ‘A’ is the mother of ‘B’, A + B means (C) Cousin (D) Uncle
‘A’ is the sister of ‘B’ and A – B means ‘A’ is 42. A man said to a lady, “Your mother’s
the grandfather of ‘B’, which of the following husband’s sister is my aunt.” How is the lady
would mean ‘M’ is the grandson of ‘N’ ? related to the man?
(A) M – O + N (B) N × O ÷ M (A) Daughter (B) Grand daughter
(C) M + N × O (D) None of these (C) Mother (D) Sister
43. Pointing to Ketan, Namrata said, “He is the
Directions for questions 37 and 38: Read the son of my father’s only son.” How is Ketan’s
following information carefully and answer mother related to Namrata?
the questions given below. (A) Daughter (B) Aunt
I. ‘P + Q’ means ‘P is the brother of Q’. (C) Sister (D) Sister-in-law
II.‘P × Q’ means ‘P is the father of Q’ 44. Mahendra, introducing a girl in a party, said,
III.‘P ÷ Q’ means ‘P is the mother of Q’. ‘she is the wife of the grand son of my
37. Which of the following would mean ‘R’ is the mother’. How is Mahendra related to the girl?
son of ‘M’? (A) Husband (B) Father-in-law
(A) M + R × S (B) M × S ÷ R (C) Grandfather (D) Father
(C) M ÷ R × S (D) M × S × R 45. How is Rajendra’s mother’s husband’s
38. To arrive at the answer to the above question, mother’s granddaughter related to Rajendra?
which of the statements can be dispensed (A) Aunt (B) Sister
with? (C) Daughter (D) Canʼt say
(A) Only A (B) B or C
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
55

46. A man and a woman are sitting in a waiting 52. How many male players are there?
room. Man’s mother-in law and woman’s (A) One (B) Three
mother-in-law are mother and daughter (C) Four (D) Five
respectively. How is that man in the waiting 53. How many female players are there?
room is related to that woman? (A) One (B) Two
(A) grandfather-in-law (B) Father-in-law (C) Three (D) Four
(C) data Inadequate (D) None of these 54. How is D related to A?
47. A boy goes to see a movie and finds a man (A) uncle (D) Sister
who is his relative. The man is the husband of (C) Niece (D) Cousin
the sister of his mother. How is the man
related to the boy Directions questions 55 to 57: Read the following
(A) Nephew (B) Uncle information carefully and answer the
(C) Brother (D) None of these questions given below.
48. Looking at a portrait of a man, Harendra said, ‘P × Q’ means ‘P is the father of Q’.
“His mother is the wife of my father’s son. ‘P – Q’ means ‘P is the sister of Q’.
Brothers and sisters I have none.” At whose ‘P + Q’ means ‘P is the mother of Q’.
portrait was Harendra looking? ‘P ÷ Q’ means ‘P is the brother of Q’.
(A) His nephew (B) His cousin 55. In the expression B + D × M ÷ N, how is M
(C) His uncle (D) His son related to B?
49. Pointing towards a girl, a professor said, “She (A) Granddaughter
is only daughter of the only son of the wife of (B) Son
the father-in-law of my wife.” How is the girl (C) Grandson
related with the professor? (D) Granddaughter or Grandson
(A) Daughter-in-law (B) Daughter 56. Which of the following represents ‘J is son of
(C) Niece (D) None of these F’?
50. Introducing Shaan, Nada said, “his brother’s (A) J ÷ R – T × F (D) J + R – T × F
father is the only son of my grandfather.” (C) J ÷ M – N × F (D) None of these
How is Nada related to Shaan? 57. Which of the following represent ‘R’ is niece
(A) Daughter (B) Sister of M’?
(C) Mother (D) Niece (A) M ÷ K × T – R (B) M – J + R – N
(C) R – M × T ÷ W (D) Canʼt say
Directions questions 51 to 54: Read the following
information carefully and answer the Directions questions 58 to 60: Read the following
questions given below. information carefully and answer the
There are six children playing football, questions given below.
namely A, B, C, D, E and F. A and E are A family consists of six members P, Q, R, X,
brothers. F is the sister of E. C is the only son Y and Z. Q is the son of R but R is not the
of A’s uncle. B and D are the daughters of the mother of Q. P and R are married couple. Y is
sister of C’s father. the brother of R. X is the daughter of P and Z
51. How is C related to F? is the brother of P.
(A) Cousin (B) Brother 58. Who is the brother-in-law of R?
(C) Son (D) Uncle (A) P (B) Z
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
56

(C) Y (D) X (C) Three (D) four

59. How many female members are there in the 60. Which of these is a pair of brothers?
family? (A) P and X (B) P and Z
(A) One (B) Two (C) Q and X (D) R and Y

Solution

1.(A) 4.(B)

Man’s brother’s father is also the lady’s

Lady’s grandfather’s son is lady’s father as he is the only son of lady’s
father and father’s daughter will only be grandfather. So, the lady is man’s sister.
lady’s sister. 5.(C) The relationship chart based on
2.(B) Problem is:

Mayank’s mother is the sister of Rajat’s

brother. So Rajat is also the brother of
Mayank’s mother. Relation of the
brother with his sister’s child is Amit’s father is Billoo’s father’s only
maternal. So Rajat is Mayank’s son means Billoo is the only son in
maternal uncle. question also, he is the father of Amit.
The relationship chart based on It must be noted that Billoo has no
3.(B)
problem is: brother which means he is single and
also, when he has no daughter, Amit is
his only son.
6.(C)

‘Father of the man’s wife’s daughter’s

is the man himself and the boy in
question is the man’s son.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
57

The man is the brother of the woman’s

mother. So, the woman is man’s niece.
7.(C)

The lady who is speaking is the only

daughter of the lady in photograph. The
son of the lady in photograph is the
‘My grandmother’s only son is the
brother of lady who is speaking. If the
father of the man, and ‘daughter of my
brother of the lady speaker is the
grandmother’s only son is the sister of
maternal uncle of Mohan, then the lady
the man.
speaker is the mother of Mohan, and so
8.(B)
she is also the wife of Mohan’s father.
12.(D) From the given statements ‘A’ and ‘C’
are the mother and father of ‘B’ and
two more children. None of the given
options can be true.
My sister’s only brother is Amit himself
13.(B)
and ‘Sister’s only brother’s son’ is the
son of Amit i.e., Suman is the son of
Amit.
9.(C)

Through both the statements suggest

that ‘B’ and ‘C’ are the parents of the
two children; it cannot be said for
certain that ‘C’ is the mother of ‘D’ as
the sex of ‘B’ and ‘C’ is not given.
Sandeep’s mother is Rekha so Rekha’s
14.(B)
husband is Sandeep’s father.
10.(D)
Only gender of ‘B’ is necessary to find
how ‘B’ is related to ‘C’.
15.(B)

‘The only son of the father of my

sister’s brother’s is the brother himself.
Aruna’s sister’s brother is also the Both the statements are not sufficient to
brother of Aruna. know that ‘D’ is the brother of ‘F’. D
11.(A) could be a female.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
58

16.(A)

Poonam’s mother’s mother son-in-law

‘Only daughter of my father’ is the
is Poonam’s father. So, Poonam
woman herself and ‘His mother’ means
attended the birthday party of her
the man’s mother. So, the man is the
brother.
son of the woman.
The relationship chart based on 21.(D)
17.(A)
problem :

As the children of brother and sister are

cousins, so are the man and the lady.
Lady is the daughter of brother of Pushpa’s mother and the boy’s father
man’s mother and man is the son of are brother and sister. So, Pushpa will
brother’s sister. be cousin sister of that boy.
18.(A)
Solutions for questions (22 to 26): The relationship
chart based on given statements is:

Amrita’s father is Neha’s husband since

Mahesh is father of Raj who is father
Amrita and Bindu. So Bindu is grand-
daughter of Mahesh. 22.(D) ‘P’ is the father of ‘R’ and ‘Q’ is the
19.(D) The lady will be the sister of Vijay brother of ‘R’. So, ‘Q’ is the son of ‘P’.
since the father of the lady is also the ‘U’ is the wife of ‘P’ and so the mother
father of Vijay. of ‘Q’. ‘S’ is the son of ‘Q’ and Q’s
20.(C) mother ‘U’ is the grandmother of ‘S’.
23.(A) ‘P’ is the father of ‘R’ and ‘Q’ is the
brother of ‘R’ so ‘Q’ is the son of ‘P’.
‘U’ is the wife of ‘P’, so ‘Q’ is the son
of ‘U’.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
59

24.(D) ‘W’ is the father of ‘V’ and ‘V’ is the

wife of ‘Q’. So, ‘W’ is the father-in-law
of ‘Q’.
25.(B) ‘Q’ is the brother of ‘R’ and ‘V’ is the
wife of ‘Q’. So, ‘V’ is the sister-in-law
of ‘R’.
26.(D) ‘R’ and ‘Q’ are sister and brother
respectively. ‘T’ is the daughter of ‘R’
and ‘S’ is the son of ‘Q’. So, ‘S’ is the M + J means ‘M’ is the daughter of ‘J’.
cousin of ‘T’. J ÷ K means ‘J’ is the son of ‘K’.
Solutions for questions (27 to 31): The 33.(A)
relationship chart based on given
statements is:

P ÷ R means ‘P’ is the son of ‘R’ and R

÷ Q means ‘R’ is the sister of ‘Q’.
34.(C)
27.(D) As seen in the chart, Kiran is Anuj’s
sister. Aman is Kiran’s son and Resham
is Anuj’s daughter. So Aman and
Resham are children of Sister (Kiran)
P + R means ‘P’ is the brother of ‘R’
and brother (Anuj) respectively, hence,
and R × S means ‘R’ is the mother of
they are cousins.
‘S’.
28.(A) Subodh is husband of Kiran who is the
35.(A)
daughter of Madhu and Jabbar. So,
husband of Jabbar’s daughter will be
Jabbar’s son-in-law.
29.(A) Resham is daughter of Divya and Anuj.
Kiran is sister of Anuj and aunt of
E – G means ‘E’ is the sister of ‘G’ and
Resham. So, Resham is the niece of
G ÷ F means ‘G’ is the father of F.
Kiran.
36.(D)
30.(C) Divya is wife of Anuj and Kiran is
37.(C)
sister of Anuj. Brother’s wife is a sister-
in-law and so is the relation of Kiran
with Divya.
31.(B) Kiran is the daughter of Madhu and
wife of Subodh. So, Madhu is the
Mother-in-law of her daughter Kiran’s
husband Subodh.
32.(B)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
60

M ÷ R means ‘M’ is the mother of ‘R’ 45.(D)

and R × S means ‘R’ is the father of
‘S’.
38.(A) Information of a brother’s relationship
was not needed.
39.(A)

R ÷ M means ‘R’ is the father of ‘M’

and M + N means ‘M’ is the mother of
‘N’.
40.(D) Information of a sister’s relationship
was not needed. 46.(B)
41.(C)

42.(D)
47.(B)

43.(D)
48.(D)

44.(B) 49.(B)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
61

50.(B)

56.(D) :
Solutions for questions 51 to 54: 57.(B)

58.(B)
51. (A) 52.(B) 53.(C) 54.(D)
55.(C)

59.(B) 60.(D)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
62

Directions Modern
DIRECTIONS

07
Approach to
The questions of directions typically involve a Example 1: Ram travels a distance of 5 m towards
person/vehicle/item moving certain distances in the East from his house, he then travels a distance of
some specific directions as mentioned in the 8 m towards the North and then travels a distance of
question. for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
4 m towards the East and finally 12 m towards
The questions might be related to the finding the North. What is his vertical distance from his house?
final direction with respect to the initial direction, a) 9 b) 15
finding the distance between the initial and final c) 20 d) None of these
points or sometimes might be based on finding both Solution: (c)
the final direction and distance. Sometimes certain
problems might also be based on the rotations.
To solve questions of directions it is advisable to
convert the given information into a diagram. If the
diagram reflects all the information given in the
question, then finding the answer becomes very
easy.
To solve these types of problems, one should be
aware of the directions which are given below:
Let A and B be the initial and final positions of Ram.
The vertical distance covered by the person = (8 +
12) m = 20m. So, the answer is (c).
Example 2: Shyam starts from his house and travels
6 m towards the west, he then travelled 4 m towards
his left and then travels 8 m towards West and 3 m
towards South. Finally he turns right and travels 5 m.
Suppose a person walks x metres in the horizontal What is the total horizontal and vertical distance he
direction and y metres in the vertical direction as has travelled from his house?
shown in the figure. a) 19 m b) 26 m c) 7 m d) 25 m
Solution: (b)

Then the shortest distance between A and C is AC

 x2  y2
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
63

Let A and B be the initial and final positions of So, AE

 122  3
2
144  
9 153
Shyam. The horizontal distance travelled by the So, the answer is (c).
person Example 5: Starting from his house Nishit traveled
= (6 + 8 + 5) m = 19 m and vertical distance (3 + 4) 10m towards West, then turns towards the right and
m = 7 m. So, the answer is (b). travels 10 m. He then travels 25 m East followed by
Example 3: Raj Kumar travels 6 m towards the East, 50 m towards the South to reach his college what is
he then turns right and travels 8 m. What is the the straight line distance between his house and the
distance between the initial and final positions of Raj college?
Kumar? a) 55 b) 60
a) 14 b) 10
c) 5 73 d) None of these
c) 12 d) None of these
Solution: (c)
Solution: (b)
Let A and F be the house and college of Nishit

Let A and B be the initial and final Positions of Raj

Kumar. The distance between A and B.
(AC)2  (BC)2  (6)2  (8)2  100 m  10 m
AE = (CD – CG) = (CD – AB) = (25 – 10) = 15 m
Example 4: Starting from his house. Nitesh travels a
EF = (DF – DE) = (DF – BC) = (50 – 10) = 40 m
distance of 8 m towards the North, he then turns left
Distance between A 
and F (AE)2  (EF)2
and travels a distance of 6 m, then travels 5 m South
and Finally he travels 6 m towards the West to reach (AF)  (15)2  (40)2  225  1600  1825  5 73
his office. What is the minimum distance between So, the answer is (c).
his house and the office? Example 6: One morning after sunrise, Sita and Gita
a) 15 b) 25 were standing at Shivaji Crossing in Mumbai with
c) 153 d) None of these their back towards each other. Sita’s shadow fell
Solution: (c) exactly towards right hand side. Which direction was
Gita facing?
a) East b) West c) North d) South
Solution: (c)

Minimum distance is always the straight line

distance which in the given case is AE. To find the
value of EA we require the values of AF and FE. AF
= (AB – FB) = (8 – 5) = 3
FE = ( FD + DE)= (6 + 6) =12
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
64

So, the answer is (c). Hence, the resultant sum is (–) 45°, so we will move
Example 7: A girl was going towards West, then she 45° anti-clockwise from over initial position i.e.
turned left, then turned 90° in clockwise direction. In south, so, we are finally in South-East direction.
which direction was she going now? Example 9: A man is facing west. He turns 45° in
a) East b) West the clockwise direction, another 180° in the same
c) North d) None of these direction and then 270° in the anti-clockwise
Solution: (b) direction. Which direction is he facing now?
a) South b) North-West
c) West d) South-West
Solution: (d)
We are having three rotations to add; 45° clockwise,
So, the answer is (b). 180° clockwise and 270° anti-clockwise
Example 8: A girl is facing South. She turns 60° in Required sum = (+) 45° + (+) 180° + (–) 270° = (–)
the clockwise direction and then turns 105° in the 45°
anti-clockwise direction. In which direction now she Our initial direction was West so after rotating 45°
is facing? anti-clockwise, our final direction will be South-
a) South-East b) East West
c) North-East d) South-West Example 10: Nimisha started walking towards south
Solution: (a) to reach her school which is 5 km away. From there
Whenever we have to rotate a many times in she turns 180° in clockwise and then 45° in anti-
clockwise and anti-clockwise directions, then we clockwise direction. Which direction is she facing
will use the approach discussed below. now from her school?
We will add all the rotations in clockwise directions a) South b) North
and subtract all the rotations in the anti-clockwise c) South-East d) North-West
directions. Solution: (d)
The resultant calculation will be our final rotation, Nimisha is walking towards south, so she is facing
depending upon its nature. If it is negative we will south
rotate anticlockwise, otherwise we will rotate Now, we have to add two rotations i.e. 180°
clockwise. clockwise and 45° anti-clockwise.
In this example, So, required sum = (+) 180° + (–) 45° = (+) 135°
(+) 60° + (–) 105° = – 45° So, she will rotate 135° clockwise, final direction is
North-West.

Exercise

1. Amar started from point A and walked 10 km (C) West (D) North
East to point B then turned to North and 2. A girl leaves from her home. She first walks
walked 3 km to point C and then turned West 30 metres in North-West direction and then 30
and walked 12 km to point D, then again metres in South-West direction. Next, she
turned South and walked 3 km to point E. In walks 30 metres in South-East direction.
which direction is he from his starting point? Finally, she turns towards her house. In which
(A) East (B) South direction is she moving?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
65

(A) S-E (B) S-W If M faces towards West, then who faces
(C) N-E (D) N-W towards South?
3. A man walks northwards. After a while he (A) O (B) N
turns towards his right and little further to his (C) P (D) Data inadequate
left. Finally, after walking a distance of one 9. A man walks 30 metres towards South. Then,
kilometre he turns to his left again. In which turning of his right he walks 30 metres. Then,
direction is he moving now? turning to his left he walks 20 metres. Again
(A) North (B) South he turns to his left and walks 30 metres. How
(C) East (D) West far is he from his initial position?
4. From a point Shalu starts walking towards (A) 30 m (B) 20 m
North and after walking 20 metres, she turns (C) 50 m (D) 60 m
to her right and walks 10 metres, then she 10. A man walks towards north from his house
turns right again and walks 20 m. Then she and covers 16 km and then turns left and
turns to her left and walks 10 m and finally travels 8 km. He turns left again and after
turns to her left and walks 20 m. In which travelling 32 km, again turns left and stops
direction is she with reference to the starting after travelling 8 km. How far is he from his
point? house?
(A) North (B) South (A) 14 km (B) 22 km
(C) East (D) North-East (C) 8 km (D) 16 km
5. From a point Mohit starts walking towards 11. A walks 10 metres in front and 10 metres to
South and after walking 2 km, he turns to his the right. Then every time turning to his left,
left and walks 3 km, then he turns to his left he walks 5, 15 and 15 metres respectively.
again and walks 2 km. Finally he turns to his How far is he from his starting point?
right and walks 1 km. In which direction is he (A) 5 m (B) 10 m
now with reference to the starting point? (C) 15 m (D) 20 m
(A) North (B) East 12. Gautam was facing North. He walked 40 m
(C) North-East (D) South-East and turned left to cover 20 m. He again
6. X is to the southwest of Y, L is to the east of turned left and walked 40 m. How far is he
X and southeast of Y and M is to the north of from his original position?
L in line with XY. In which direction of Y is (A) 20 m (B) 40 m
M located? (C) 60 m (D) 80 m
(A) South (B) North 13. Shally travelled 9 km to the west, then turned
(C) Southwest (D) Northeast right and travelled 7 km, then turned left and
7. Neeta starting from point X and walked travelled 8 km, then turned back and travelled
straight 5 km west, then turned left and 11 km, then turned right and travelled 7 km.
walked 2 km and again turned left and walked How far is he from the starting point?
straight 7 km. In which direction is she from (A) 3 km (B) 6 km
X? (C) 7 km (D) 9 km
(A) NE (B) SW 14. Inspector Jatin travelled from his police
(C) SE (D) NW station for 400 metres. He then turned left and
8. Four friends M, N, O and P are playing cards. travelled 500 metres straight after which he
M and N are partners. P faces towards North. turned left again and travelled for 400 metres
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
66

straight. He then turned right and walked for he completes another 30 metres. Then again
another 600 metres straight. How far is he turning to his left he walks for 20 metres. He
from the Police post? then turns to his left and walks for 30 metres.
(A) 1.0 km (B) 1.1 km How far is he from his initial position?
(C) 1.4 km d) 1.8 km (A) 50 m (B) 30 m
15. I walked 20 m towards east from a point ‘S’ (C) 10 m (D) 60 m
and then turned right and walked another 20 20. Vandana drove her car for 30 km North. Then
m. Now I turned to my left and walked 10 m she turned left and drove for 40 km. She then
and turning to my right I walked another 10 turned left again and drove yet another 30 km.
m. Finally I turned to my right and walked 30 Again she turned left and drove her car 50 km.
m to reach a point ‘F’. What is the shortest How far do you think she actually drove her
straight distance between points ‘S’ and ‘F’? car from the initial position?
(A) 20 m (B) 25 m (A) 10 km (B) 50 km
(C) 30 m (D) 40 m (C) 30 km (D) None of these
16. Reeta drives to North of her place to stay at A 21. Shalloo ran 20 m to the east, then he turned
and finds after travelling 25 km that she has left and walked from 15 m, then turned right
driven in the wrong direction. She then turns and went 25 m and then turned right again and
to the right and travels 2 km and then again went 15 m. How far was Shalloo from the
turns right and drives straight another 25 km. starting point?
How much distance she has now to cover to (A) 45 m (B) 35 m
go back to the point from where she started? (C) 25 m (D) 15 m
(A) 25 km (B) 2 km 22. From a point ‘S’ Rohan walked 30 metres to
(C) 4 km (D) 50 km the north, then after turning to his right
17. Ramna travels 10 km North turns left and walked 30 metres. He again turned to his right
travels 4 km and then again turns right and and walked another 50 metres and finally
covers another 5 km. He then turns to right turned to his right and walked 30 metres. In
and travels another 4 km. How far is he from which direction and at what distance is he
the point of starting his journey? from the starting point ‘S’?
(A) 15 km (B) 4 km (A) 20 m to the north
(C) 5 km (D) 10 km (B) 40 m to the south
18. Seeta and Ram both starts from a point (C) 20 m to the south
towards North. Seeta turns to left after (D) 30 m to the south
walking 10 km. Ram turns to right after 23. Starting from a point ‘M’, Hari walked 18
walking the same distance. Seeta waits for metres towards south. He turned to his left and
some time and then walks another 5 km, walked 25 metres. He then turned to his left
whereas Ram walks only 3 km. They both and walked 18 metres. He again turned to his
then return to their respective South and walk left and walked 35 metres and reached a point
15 km forward. How far is Seeta from Ram? ‘P’. How far Hari is from the point ‘M’ and in
(A) 15 km (B) 10 km which direction?
(C) 8 km (D) 12 km (A) 10 m east (B) 10 m west
19. Rahul walks 30 metres towards south. Then (C) 35 m west (D) 10 m south
turns to his right and starts walking straight till
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
67

24. A tourist drives 10 km towards East and turns (C) 1 km south (D) 1 km north
to righthand side and takes a drive of another 29. Sam started walking from a point ‘P’ towards
3 km. He then drives towards West (turning to south. After walking 40 metres, he took a left
his right) another 3 km. He then turns to his turn. He then walked 30 metres and reached a
left and walks another 2 km Afterwards, he point Q. What is the straight line distance P
turns to his right and travels 7 km. How far is and Q, and Q is towards which direction of P?
he from his starting point and in which (A) 60 metres, south east
direction? (B) 50 metres, south west
(A) 10 km East (B) 9 km North (C) 50 metres, south east
(C) 8 km West (D) 5 km South (D) None of these
25. Ram starts walking towards East from a point 30. A puppy was trying to find its mother. It was
‘S’ and after walking 15 m turns to his left and facing east and walked for 10 m. It turned
walks 10 m, again he walks 10 m turning to south then and walked another 10 m. Then it
his left and finally walks 22 m turning to his started walking Northwards it walked for 20
left and reaches a point ‘Q’. How far and in m and turned west. It walked 10 m and moved
which direction is he from the point ‘S’? south for 2 m. In which direction is it from the
(A) 15 m South (B) 22 m South-East original position and how far?
(C) 12 m South (D) 13 m South-East (A) 60 m north-east (B) 10 m north-east
26. Deepak walks 20 metres North. Then he turns (C) 8 m north (D) Can’t say
right and walks 30 metres. Now he turns right
and walks 35 metres. Now turning left, he Directions for questions 31 to 33: Four security
walks 15 metres. Again, he turns left and guards P, Q, R and S have been posted at the
moves 15 metres. Finally, turning left he again four corners of a huge cashew plantations
walks 15 metres. In which direction and how farm as shown in the figure below.
far is he from his original position?
(A) 30 m East (B) 45 m East
(C) 30 m West (D) 45 m West
27. Ranuka started walking from her house, she
first walked for 3 km towards west, then she
turned towards north and moved 4 km in that 31. Given the condition that none of the corners
direction. How far Renuka is from her house? should be unmanned and both P and R start
(A) 3 km E (B) 3 km N moving towards diagonally opposite corners,
(C) 5 km S-E (D) 5 km N-E in which direction should S start moving so
28. Shambhav started on Monday morning for his that he occupies a corner by travelling the
office from his home in Mumbai suburbs. He minimum possible distance?
first drove 4 km towards east and then turned (A) Clockwise
right and moved from another 2 km and again (B) Anti-clockwise
he turned right and drove for another 2 km. (C) Clockwise or Anti-clockwise
From that very point he drive 1 km north and (D) None of these
moved 2 km towards west. Then he is how far 32. From the original position, P and Q move one
from the starting point and in which direction? arm length clockwise and then cross over to
(A) 2 km east (B) 2 km west the corner diagonally opposite, R and S move
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
68

one arm length anti-clockwise and cross over 37. After taking the first turn, in which direction
the corner diagonally opposite. The original was Ram going?
setting PSQR has now changed to: (A) South (B) North
(A) RSPQ (B) SRPQ (C) West (D) East
(C) RQSP (D) None of these 38. If the starting point is marked ‘A’ and
33. From the original position, P and R move finishing point is marked ‘B’. What will be
diagonally to opposite corners and then one the distance between these points?
side each in the clockwise direction. Which of (A) 10 km (B) 8 km
the corners is unmanned at the moment? (C) 6 km (D) 2 km
(A) South-West (B) South-East 39. From which direction was Renu coming?
(C) North-East (D) North-West (A) South (B) North
(C) West (D) South-East
Directions for questions 34 to 36: There are 6 40. After taking the second turn, in which
check-posts A, B, C, D, E and F. direction was Ram walking?
I. Check-post F is 25 km to the North of D (A) West (B) North
which is 35 km to the North-East of B. (C) South (D) South-East
II. Check-post A is 15 km west of E and 35 41. Gulshan is facing North-West. He turns 90° in
km to the south-west of C. the clockwise direction, then 180° in the anti-
III. B, A and E are in straight line. clockwise direction and then another 90° in
IV. The check posts B and E are 70 km apart the same direction. Which direction is he
from each other. facing now?
34. Which check post is the farthest to the south- (A) South (B) South-West
west of D? (C) West (D) South-East
(A) A (B) B 42. Sumesh, who is facing West, turns 120° in the
(C) C (D) D clockwise direction and then 165° in the anti-
35. Which post is the nearest to the north-west of clockwise direction. Which direction id he
E? facing now?
(A) A (B) B (A) North (B) South-West
(C) C (D) D (C) West (D) North-East
36. If a jeep moves from E to F via A, B and D, 43. Rajat is initially South-East. He rotates 170°
how much distance it will have to cover? clockwise, then 240° anti-clockwise then 145°
(A) 130 km (B) 120 km clockwise and finally 120° anti-clockwise. In
(C) 100 km (D) 90 km which direction is he facing now?
(A) North-East (B) South
Directions for questions 37 to 40: Ram walks 2 km (C) South-West (D) East
towards North and turn to his right and walks 44. Raman is walking towards North. After
4 km more. He then turns to his right and walking for 2 km, he rotates 325° clockwise,
walks 4 km and turns again to his right and then 272° anti-clockwise, then 729° clockwise
walks another 4 km. Here he meets Renu and finally he rotates 241° anti-clockwise. In
coming from the opposite direction. They both which direction is he facing now:
stop here. (A) South-West (B) North-West
(C) North-East (D) South-East
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
69

45. Rajat is heading towards his home from his clockwise. In which direction is he facing
office. He walked 739 metres towards North now?
from office gate. He then rotated 323° (A) South-East (B) South-West
clockwise, 512° anti-clockwise, then 116° (C) North-West (D) North-East

Solution

1.(C) 11.(A) In whichever directions out of the four

he will walk, the distance between the
starting and ending point will be 5
metres.
(1) Point E is towards West of point A
i.e. the starting point.
(2) after all movements she is finally
moving towards North-East direction to
reach home.
2.(C) (3) after taking final left, he is moving
3.(D) towards West.
(4) She is towards North-East direction
from starting point.
12.(A) He is 20 m from original position.
13.(B)

4.(D)
5.(B) Mohit is towards East of the Starting
point.
6.(D)

14.(B)

7.(C) Neeta is towards south-east from X.

8.(D) As we don’t know the sitting position of
partners. 15.(C)
9.(C) The man’s distance from the initial
position is 30 + 20
= 50 metres
10.(D) He is 16 m far from his house.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
70

It is clear from the diagram that the Required distance (SQ)2 = (SP)2 +
distance between S and F is 30 metres. (PQ)2 = (5)2 + (12)2
16.(B) She had to travel just 2 km right to Therefore, SQ = (25 + 144)
reach the starting point. = 13 m in South-East direction with
17.(A) She is 15 km far from the starting point. reference to starting point.
18.(C) 26.(A)

Deepak’s distance from his original

position
AG = BC = 30
19.(A) He is 50 m far away from the starting Also, G lies to East of A.
point. 27.(D) Required distance
20.(A) She had covered a extra distance of 10 = [(32) + (42)] = 25 = 5
km. 28.(C)
21.(A) Distance actually travelled
= 20 + 25 = 45 m
22.(C) It is clear that Rohan is 20 metres to the
south of starting point.
23.(B) Hari is towards 10 m west from point
M.
24.(D) He is 1 km away from the starting point
and starting point lies northwards from
where he reached.
29.(C) Form the figure it is obvious that Q is
towards South east of P. Also, (PQ)2 =
(PR)2 + (RQ)2
= (40)2 + (30)2 = 1600 + 900 = 2500
25.(D) PQ = 50 m

30.(C) Puppy is 8 m north of starting point.

 Modern Approach to Reasoning
71

31.(B) When P and R move diagonally The total distance covered will be 15 + 55 +
opposite the two top positions become 35 + 25 = 130 km.
vacant. Hence, in order S should travel 34.(B) 35.(C) 36.(A)
minimum distance, he should move Solutions for questions (37 to 40):
anti-clockwise to occupy P’s position.
32.(C) Final positions of PSQR as shown in the
figure, is RQSP.

37.(D) 38.(D) 39.(C)

40.(C)
41.(D) Initial direction = North-West
Required sum = (+) 90° + (–) 180° + (–)
90° = (–) 180°
He is finally facing South-East direction
42.(B) Initial direction = West
Required sum = (+) 120° + (–) 165° =
33.(B) Final positions of PSQR is shown (–) 45°
below:
So, he is finally facing South-West
43.(D) Initial direction – South-East.
Required sum = (+) 170° + (–) 240° +
145° + (–) 120°
= (–) 45°
So, he is finally facing East.
44.(A) Final rotation will be:
It is clear from the figure the position in
(+) 325° + (–) 272° + (+) 729° + (–)
South-East (old position of P) remains
241° = (+) 541°
unmanned.
So, he will finally rotate 541° clockwise
Solutions for questions (34 to 36):
and finally he will be facing South-
West direction.
45.(C) Final rotation will be:
(+) 323° + (–) 512° + (+) 116° = (–) 73°
So, he will finally rotate 73° anti-
clockwise and he will be finally facing
North-West.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
72

Ranking Modern
RANKING

08
Approach to
Ranking means arrangement of persons/objects in a Using the above formula, we get total number of
specific (ascending/descending order). The questions students (25 + 5) – 1 = 29
on ranking can be based on determining position of a Example 2: In a class Sharmila is 6th from the top
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
person/object in a row of persons/objects or finding and Sunita is 18th from the bottom. Ritu is 14 ranks
the total number of persons/objects in the row. The below Sharmila and 15 ranks above Sunita. How
questions on ranking are sometimes based on the many students are there in the class?
arrangement of letters, symbols or numbers in a row. a) 55 b) 53
Some questions of ranking are also based on time c) 52 d) Data inadequate
sequence test, which are generally based on finding Solution: (c)
the days and dates according to the information Total number of students = 6 + 14 + 14 + 18 = 52
given in the question. Example 3: In a row of forty children, P is
POSITIONING IN A QUEUE / ROW thirteenth from the left end and Q is ninth from the
Some formulas we should know to find the ranks of right end. How many children are there between P
a person/objects from the either ends of a row or and R if R is fourth to the left of Q?
total number of persons/objects are: a) 13 b) 14 c) 15 d) 12
I. Position (or rank) from the left end (or top) = Solution: (b)
(Total number of persons/students) – Rank from According to question,
the right end (or bottom) + 1
II. Position (or rank) from the right end (or bottom)
= (Total number of persons/students) – Rank Children between P and R = [40 – (13 + 9 + 4)] = 14
from the left end (or top) + 1 Example 4: 58 cars are standing in a row facing the
III. Total number of persons/in a row or queue = office building. Jaguar is 9th from the right end. If it
Position (or rank ) of a person from the left end is shifted six placed to the left, then what is its
(or top or front) + Position (or rank) of the position from the left end?
person from the right end (or bottom or last) – 1 a) 44th b) 45th c) 46th d) 47th
Note: If we know the rank of a single person from Solution: (a)
both the ends, then only we can find the total Initial position = 9th from right end.
number of persons in that row. After shifting = 9 + 6 = 15th from right end.
Example 1: In a class of students, Ravi occupies Rank from left end = 58 – 15 + 1 = 44th
fifth position from the top and 25th from the \ Example 5: Jeevan is 7th from the left and Jyoti 8th
bottom in a test. How many students are there in the from the right. When they exchange their positions,
class? then Jeevan becomes 12th from the left. What will be
a) 30 b) 28 c) 29 d) 25 Jyoti’s position from the right?
Solution: (c) a) 12th b) 13th c) 11th d) 14th
Total number of students = (Position from Top + Solution: (b)
Position from Bottom) – 1 After change Jeevan takes Jyoti’s place.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
73

So, we can say Example 7: If 1st half of the English alphabet is

Jeevan is 12th from left and Jeevan is also 8th from written in backward order, then what will be the 7th
right. letter to the left of the 10th letter from your right?
Total number of people = 12 + 8 – 1 = 19 a) C b) E c) D d) J
Now, Jyoti is at Jeevan’s place i.e. 7th from left. Solution: (c)
Jyoti’s position from right = 19 – 7 + 1 = 13th from Let us see
right.

ALPHABET / SYMBOL / NUMBER

SEQUENCE
 The 7th letter to the left of 10th letter from our
Alphabet Test
right is D.
In this type, the questions asked are based on finding Example 8: How many letters are there between 20th
the place of an English letter to the left or right of letter from left and 18th letter from right in the
another English letter in the alphabetical order. English alphabet?
Sometimes the questions are based on findings the a) 15 b) 6 c) 10 d) 12
number of English letter(s) between two different Solution: (c)
English letters. Let us see
This type of questions vary on the arrangement of
alphabetical order. It can be backward, first half
backward, second half backward, multiple letter
segments in changed order etc. Some of the
questions asked are based on finding the middle
letter of two specified letters and in some questions
 There are 10 such letters.
it is asked that which letters do not change their
Example 9: How many such letters are there in the
places after alphabetical arrangement.
word ‘CADMP’ which remain same in their
Example 6: Find the 11th letter to the left of 20th
position, if they are arranged in an alphabetical
letter from left in the English alphabet.
order?
a) D b) J c) K d) I
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
Solution: (d)
Solution: (c)
Let us see
Original word C A D M P

Rearrangement A C D M P

So, such type of letters are D, M and P.

Hence, 11th letter to the left of 20th letter from left is
Example 10: If the vowels of the word ‘ROUTINE’
I.
are 1st arranged in alphabetical order, followed by
Alternate Method: the consonants in the alphabetical order, which of
In English alphabet 11th letter to the left of 20th letter the following will be 4th from the right end after the
of your left = (20 – 11)th letter from left = 9th letter rearrangement?
from left = I a) N b) U c) T d) O
Solution: (b)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
74

From letters M, T, R and E, the only word TERM

can be formed.
 Last letter of the word ‘TERM’ = M
Alphabet, Number and Symbol Sequence Test
Letter and number sequence test is based on a
sequence of letters and numbers in which a series of
Hence, U is the correct answer. letters and /or numbers with or without repetitions
Example 11: If in the word ‘CONGREGATION’, 1st are given. The students are required to find the total
and 3rd letters are interchanged, 2nd and 4th letters are number of a particular number or letter in the series
interchanged, 5th and 7th letters are interchanged and applying certain condition. Apart from that, the
this interchange goes on in the same manner, then question may be based on some series pattern,
find the 10th letter from right in the new analogy, classification, etc.
arrangement. Sometimes, the given sequence also includes
a) E b) C c) G d) P symbols along with numbers and letters. Such
Solution: (b) sequence is called Alpha-numeric sequence’. Let us
see all types of sequence given below.
I. Number sequence: 4 9 6 9 4 4 6 2 2 1 5 0 3 0 3
II. A letter sequence: B A B C D L L C L B A M
AN
III. Alpha-numeric sequence:  4 3  A × *  1 J > +
5
Example 13: How many 7’s immediately preceded
by 6 but not immediately followed by 4 are there in
the following series?
10th letter from right in the original word = (13 – 10)
74276436753578437672406743
= 3rd letter
a) One b) Two c) Four d) Six
From left in original word = N
Solution: (b)
As, N is interchanged with C in the new
Let us see
arrangement.
 10th letter from right in the new arrangement = C
Example 12: If it is possible to make only one
meaningful word with the 3rd, the 6th, the 8th and the
11th letters of the word ‘COMPUTERISE’, using
each letter only once in the word, last letter of that
word will be your answer. If no such word will be = Condition fulfilled
formed then answer will be X. × = Condition not fulfilled
a) M b) T c) R d) X Clearly, there are two such 7’s.
Solution: (a) Directions for examples 14 to 17: Study the
Let us see following sequence carefully and answer the
questions that follow.
B5R1@EK4F7©DAM2P3%9HIW8*
6UI$VQ#
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
75

Example 14: How many such symbols are there in

the given arrangement each of which is immediately
preceded by a number but not immediately followed
by a consonant?
a) None b) One c) Two d) Three
Solution: (d)
Let us see
7th to the left of 17th from the left end = (17 – 7) =
10th from left end = 7

TIME SEQUENCE TEST

In these questions, the candidate is required to find
= Condition fulfilled
out a particular day/date on the basis of several
× = Condition not fulfilled
statements provided to them. The questions asked
Clearly, there are three such symbols.
from this section neither require a special
Example 15: Four of the following, three are alike in methodology nor any special formulae. The
a certain way based on their position in the given questions are very basic in nature and require
arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one common sense.
that does not belong to that group? Examples given below will help you to understand
a) P M 3 b) K F E c) 6 J * d) 7 D 4 this type of questions.
Solution: (d) Example 18: Kamal remembers that his brother
As in all others the first and the third elements are Dinu’s birthday falls after 20th May but before 28th
consecutive ones in the given arrangement. May, while Garima remembers that Dinu’s birthday
Example 16: Which of the following is exactly in the falls before 22nd May but after 12th May. On what
middle between D and U in the given arrangement? date Dinu’s birthday falls?
a) % b) H c) 9 d) 3 a) 22nd May b) 21st May
Solution: (c) c) Cannot be determined d) None of these
Let us see
Solution: (b)
D = 12th from the left According to Kamal, Dinu’s birthday falls on one of
U = 26th from the left the days – 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th or 27th May
 Middle letter between D and U According to Garima, Dinu’s birthday falls on one
12  26
 of the days – 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th
2
or 21st May.
= 19th from left = 9
Example 17: Which of the following is the 7th to the According
Possibility of Date
left of the 17th from the left end of the above to
arrangement? Kamal 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th or 27th
a) 7 b) W c) * d) 4
Solution: (a) 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th,
Garima
Let us see 20th or 21st
The common date in both the group of dates = 21st
May
Clearly, Dinu’s birthday falls on 21st May.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
76

Example 19: Radha remembers that her father’s Solution: (b)

birthday is after 16th but before 21st of March, while According to Possibility of Date
her brother Mahesh remembers that his father’s
birthday is before 22nd but after 19th of March. On Radha 17, 18, 19, 20
which date is the birthday of their father?
Mahesh 20, 21
a) 19th March b) 20th March
c) 21st March d) Can’t be determined Here, 20 is common to both.
th

So, their father’s birthday is on 20th March.

Exercise

1. Akshay is 16th from the left end in the row of of friends, Anshul is 25th from the start and 8th
boys and Vijay is 18th from the right end. from the end. How many boys are there in
Avinash is 11th from Akshay towards the right both groups together?
end and 3rd from Vijay towards the right end. (A) 72 (B) 73
How many boys are there in the row? (C) 74 (D) None of these
(A) Data inadequate (B) 42 6. In a queue of girls, Raja is 12th from left and
(C) 40 (D) None of these Manisha is 14th from right. If the positions of
2. In a row of 40 girls, when Kamal was shifted Raja and Manisha are interchanged, then new
to her left by 4 places her number from the position of Raja is 18th from left. Find the
left end of the row became 10. What was the number of girls between Manisha and Raja.
number of Sujata from the right end of the (A) 4 (B) 5
row if Sujata was three places to the right of (C) 6 (D) 7
Kamal’s original position? 7. At ticket counter there are 19 persons in a
(A) 22 (B) 26 queue. If every second person in the queue is
(C) 24 (D) 23 a female and also in the starting and at the end
3. In a row of girls facing North, Ligna is 10th to there is a female, then the total number of
the left of Maya who is 21st from the right males in the queue is:
end. If Komal, who is 17th from the left end is (A) 7 (B) 10
4th to the right of Jigma, how many girls are (C) 8 (D) 9
there in the row? 8. Naman parked his scooter in a group of 37
(A) Data inadequate (B) 44 scooters. The parking attendant shifted his
(C) 37 (D) 43 scooter by 7 place to left and the scooter was
4. In a row of boys there are 18 boys between now at the middle what was the original
Naresh and Kunal. Naresh is 31st from the left position of scooter from left end?
end of the row. If Naresh is nearer than Kunal (A) 26th (B) 23rd
to the right end of the row. How far away is (C) 24th (D) 27th
Kunal from the right end of the row? 9. There are 40 students in a class. Swati ranks
(A) 13th (B) 49th second among the girls in the class. Rajat
(C) 14th (D) Data inadequate ranks 6th among the boys in the class. Swati is
5. In a group of friends Raman is 15th from the one rank below Rajat in the class. No, two
start and 26th from the end. In another group
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
77

students hold the same rank in the class. What (A) 41 (B) 43
is Rajat’s rank in the class? (C) 40 (D) 42
(A) 7th (B) 5th
(C) 8th (D) Canʼt say Alphabet, Number, Symbol
10. In a row of 25 children, Piyush is 14th from 1. Which letter is between midway of 8th letter
the right end. Chirag is 3 rd to the left of Piyush from left and 7th letter from right in the
in the row. What is Chirag’s position from the English alphabet?
left end of the row? (A) N (B) M
(A) 8th (B) 9th (C) P (D) O
(C) 7th (D) 10th 2. In English alphabet is written in backward
11. In a row of children facing North, Raghav is order, then find the 7th letter to the left of 11th
12th from the left end. Suresh, who is 22nd letter from left?
from the right end is 4th to the right of Raghav. (A) W (B) H
Total how many children are there in the row? (C) I (D) D
(A) 35 (B) 36 3. If the 2nd half of the English alphabet is
(C) 37 (D) 34 written in backward order, then which letter
12. In a row of girls, Ritika is fifth from the left comes 5th to the left of the 20th letter from left?
and Ruchi is sixth from the right. When they (A) J (B) H
exchange their positions, then Ritika becomes (C) Y (D) Z
thirteenth from the left. What will be Ruchi’s 4. If each consonant in the word ʻTOLERANTʼ
position from the right? is replaced by the previous letter in the
(A) 7th (B) 14th English alphabet and each vowel in the word
(C) 11th (D) 18th is replaced by the next letter in the English
13. In a class of 32 students, Sohan is 16th from alphabet and anew set of the letters is
the left and Rajan is 20th from the right end. arranged alphabetically, which of the
How many students are there between Rajan following will be the 4th from the right end
and Sohan? after the replacement?
(A) 3 (B) 2 (A) M (B) P
(C) 4 (D) Data inadequate (C) Q (D) K
14. There are 55 students in a class. Valka ranks 5. In the case of how many letters of the word
4th among the girls in the class. Kapil ranks 7th ʻFAINTSʼ, will their order in the word
among the boys in the class. Valka is one rank remains the same when the letters are
below Kapil in the class. No, two students arranged in the alphabetical order?
hold the same rank in the class. What is (A) Two (B) One
Kapil’s rank from end? (C) Three (D) Nil
(A) 47th (B) 46th 6. If the letters of the word ʻDOLPHINʼ are
(C) 45 th
(D) 48th arranged as they appear in the English
15. Children are standing in the school assembly alphabetical order, which of the following
facing the sun. Hitesh is 15th from the right letters will be the 5th from left?
end. Varun, who is 22nd from the left end is 4th (A) O (B) K
to the left of Hitesh. How many children are (C) I (D) None the these
there in the row?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
78

7. How many such letters are there in the word second from the right and fourth from the left
ʻCATEGORYʼ each of which is as far away in the new arrangement?
from the beginning of the word as when they (A) One (B) Two
are arranged in alphabetical order? (C) Three (D) Four
(A) None (B) One 14. How many such digits are there in the number
(C) Two (D) Three 62591483 each of which is as far away from
8. How many meaningful English words can be the beginning of the number as when the
formed with the letters LEGU, using each digits are arranged in ascending order within
letter only one in each word? the number?
(A) None (B) One (A) None (B) One
(C) Two (D) Three (C) Two (D) Three
9. Which of the following will be the second 15. The position of how many digits in the
digit of the third number from top when they number 53269718 will remain unchanged, if
are arranged in descending order after the first the digits within the number are rearranged in
digit in each number is changed to its next ascending order?
higher digit in the same number? (A) None (B) One
738, 429, 156, 273, 894 (C) Two (D) Three
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 7 (D) 5 Directions for questions 16 to 20: Study the
10. How many such pair of letter are there in the following arrangement carefully and answer
word ‘IMAGINATION’ each of which has as the questions given below.
many letters between them as there are F4©J2E%MP5W9@IQR6UH3Z
between them in English alphabet? 7AT B8V#G$YD
(A) 4 (B) 3 16. Which of the following is the 10th to the right
(C) 5 (D) 2 of the 19th from the right end of the above
11. If the first and last digits of the following arrangement?
numbers are interchanged, then find the sum (A) M (B) T
of the largest and the smallest numbers. (C) # (D) 2
435, 851, 311, 128, 980 17. How many such consonants are there in the
(A) 1000 (B) 945 above arrangement, each of which is
(C) 815 (D) 910 immediately preceded by a number but not
12. If the following numbers are arranged in immediately followed by a number?
ascending order, then what will be the square (A) None (B) One
of the digits sum of the second number from (C) Two (D) Three
the left end of the new arrangement? 18. If all the symbols are dropped from the above
315, 117, 472, 301, 137 arrangement, which of the following will be
(A) 324 (B) 196 the 14th from the left end?
(C) 169 (D) 121 (A) R (B) Q
13. If the digits in the number 86435192 are (C) U (D) None of these
arranged in ascending order, what will be the 19. What should come in place of the question
difference between the digits which are mark (?) in the following series based on the
above arrangement?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
79

JEM, 591, RU3, ? CMA, NE, 2Y3, ?, $7

(A) 7AB (B) 7AT (A) S6 (B) SZ
(C) 78 (D) ABV (C) S# (D) None of these
20. How many such symbols are there in the
above arrangement, each of which is Time Sequence
immediately preceded by number and 1. Pratap correctly remembers that his motherʼs
immediately followed by a letter? birthday is before 23rd April but after 19th
(A) None (B) One April, whereas his sister correctly remembers
(C) Two (D) Three that their motherʼs birthday is not on after 22nd
April. On which day in April is definitely
Directions for questions 21 to 25: Study the theirʼs motherʼs birthday?
following arrangement carefully and answer (A) 20th (B) 21st
the questions given below. (C) 20 or 21
th st
(D) Canʼt say
8CM@N T2Y6S Q$72#Z3UE 2. Ayush remembers that Sanjayʼs birthday is
%A4 certainly after January 12 but not later than
21. How many symbols are there in the above 16th January. if Mehar remembers that
series each of which is immediately preceded Sanjayʼs birthday is before 17th of January but
and also immediately followed by a vowel? not before 13th January. On which of the
(A) One (B) Two following day was Sanjayʼs birthday?
(C) Three (D) None of these (A) 14th (B) 15th
22. If each symbol is first converted into a (C) 16th
numeral and then all the numerals are (D) Either 14th or 15th
converted into English letters, how many such 3. Rajat correctly remembers that his motherʼs
converted English letters will be there in the birthday is not after 18th of June. His sister
above arrangement of element? correctly remembers that their motherʼs
(A) 25 (B) 7 birthday is before 20th June but after 17th June.
(C) 12 (D) 14 On which day in June was definitely their
23. Three of the following four are alike in a motherʼs birthday?
certain way with respect to their positions in (A) 17th (B) 19th
the above arrangement. Which is one that is (C) 18th (D) 17th or 18th
different from the other four? 4. Vinay remembers that his brother Anupamʼs
(A) #3E (B) SQ7 birthday is after 20th August but before 28th of
(C) ZU% (D) TMN August, while Rita remembers that Anupamʼs
24. If all the vowels are dropped from the above birthday is before 22nd of August but after 12th
series, which of the following would be the 8th of August. On which date does Anupamʼs
element to the right of the 13th element from birthday fall?
the left end? (A) 20th August (B) 21st August
(A) 4 (B) % (C) 22nd August (D) Canʼt say
(C) 8 (D) C 5. Nitin correctly remembers that Nidhiʼs
25. What should come in place of question mark birthday is before Friday but after Tuesday.
(?) in the following series based on the above Deepak correctly remembers that Nidhiʼs
arrangement? birthday is after Wednesday but before
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
80

Saturday. On which of the following days birthday was after Wednesday but before
does Nidhiʼs birthday definitely fall? Sunday. On which day of the week does
(A) Monday (B) Tuesday Kiranʼs birthday definitely fall?
(C) Wednesday (D) Thursday (A) Monday (B) Thursday
6. Satish read a book on Sunday. Sudha read that (C) Saturday (D) Canʼt say
book one day prior to Anil but 4 days after 9. Mohan correctly remembers that his fatherʼs
Satish. On which day did Anil read the book? birthday is before 20th January but after 16th
(A) Friday (B) Thursday January whereas his sister correctly
(C) Tuesday (D) Saturday remembers that their fatherʼs birthday is after
7. Sneha correctly remembers that her fatherʼs 18th January but before 23rd January. On
birthday is before 16th June but after 11th June which date in January is definitely their
whereas, her younger brother correctly fatherʼs birthday?
remembers that their fatherʼs birthday is after (A) 18th (B) 19th
13th June but before 18th June and her elder (C) 20 th
(D) Data inadequate
brother correctly remembers that their fatherʼs 10. Meena correctly remembers that her fatherʼs
birthday is on an even date. On what date of birthday is after 18th May but before 22nd
June, is definitely their fatherʼs birthday? May. Her brother correctly remembers that
(A) 16th (B) 12th their fatherʼs birthday is before 24th May but
(C) 14th (D) Data inadequate after 20th May. On which date in May was
8. Ranjana correctly remembers that Kiranʼs definitely their fatherʼs birthday?
birthday was after Tuesday but before Friday. (A) 20th (B) 19th
Rajan correctly remembers that Kiranʼs (C) 18th (D) None of these

Solution

1.(D) Avinash’s position from left end = Ligna’s position from right end
Akshay’s position from left end + 11 = 21 + 10 = 31st
= 16 + 11 = 27 Komal’s position from left end
Avinash’s position from right end = = 17th
Vijay’s position from right end – 3 Jigma’s position from left end
= 18 – 3 = 15 = 17 – 4 = 13th
So, total boys = (27 + 15) – 1 = 41 Here, left and right of a single person is
2.(C) Kamal’s new position from left end = not known. So, total girls cannot be
10th determined.
Kamal’s original position from left end 4.(D) Not known the number of students in a
= 10 + 4 = 14th queue.
Sujata’s position from left end = 14 + 3 5.(A) Total number of boys in Raman’s group
= 17th = 15 + 26 – 1 = 40
Sujata’s position from right end = (40 – Total number of boys in Anshul’s
17) + 1 = 24th group = 25 + 8 – 1 = 32
3.(A) Maya’s position from right end = 21st Total number of boys = 32 + 40 = 72
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
81

6.(B) = 18 – 5 + 1
= 13 + 1 = 14
13.(B)

Total number of persons between

Rajan’s position from left = 32 – 20 + 1
Manisha and Raja = 18 – 12 – 1 = 5
= 12 + 1 = 13th
7.(D) Queue of the 19 persons can be shown Sohan’s position from left = 16th
as Clearly, there are 2 students in between
Rajan and Sohan.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
14.(B) Kapil is 7th among boy so there are 6
Total number of males = 9
boys before him.
8.(A) Middle rank = 19th from either end.
Valka is 4th among girls so, she has 3
Before shifting rank of scooter = 12th
girls before her.
from right end.
Now, Valka is one rank below Kapil,
Rank from left end = 37 – 12 + 1 = 26th
hence Kapil and the 6 boys are before
9.(A) Swati ranks 2nd in the class among the
Valka.
girls.
Number of students before Valka = 6 +
Rajat ranks 6th among the boys.
3 + 1 = 10
Swati comes one rank after Rajat in the
Rank of Valka from top = 11th
class.
Rank of Kapil from top = 10th
It means one girl and five boys rank
Rank of Kapil from end = 55 – 10 + 1
higher than Rajat in the class.
= 46th
So, Rajat ranks 7th in the class.
15.(C) Hitesh’s rank = 15th from right.
10.(B) Piyush’s position from left = (25 + 1 –
Varun’s rank right to Hitesh = 19th from
14) = 12th
right
Chirag’s position = (12 – 3)
Varun’s rank from left = 22nd
= 9th from left
So, total children = 19 + 22 – 1 = 40
11.(C) Suresh’s position from left = (12 + 4)
Alphabet, Number, Symbol
=16th from left
1.(A) 7th letter from right
Total number of children = (16 + 22 –
= (27 – 7)th = 20th letter from left
1) = 37
 Required middle letter
12.(B) Ritika’s new position is 13th from left.
= (8 + 20)/2 = 14th letter from left = N
But it is the same as Ruchi’s earlier
2.(A) 11th letter from left in the reverse order
position which is 6th from the right.
= (27 – 11)th letter from left in forward
The row consists of (12 + 1 + 5) = 18
order
girls
= 16th letter from left in forward order =
Now, Ruchi’s new position is Ritika’s
P
earlier position which is 5th from the
Now, 7th letter to the left of 16th letter in
left.
reverse order
Ruchi’s new position from the right
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
82

= 7th letter to the right of 16th letter in So, 838 is the 3rd from the beginning
forward order and 3 is the 2nd digit of it.
= 7th letter after 16th letter in forward 10.(B) From given root word
order
= (16 + 7)th letter in forward order
= 23rd letter in forward order = W
3.(C) Such type of three pairs is present.
11.(D) New numbers are,
534, 158, 113, 821, 089
Now, largest number = 821
Smallest number = 089
Sum = (821 + 089) = 910
4.(B) Original word: TOLERANT 12.(D) According to the question,
I. Change: S P K F Q B M S Given numbers:
II. Change: B F K M Q S S 315, 117, 472, 301, 137
Clearly, P will be fourth from the right. Ascending order:
5.(A) 117, 137, 301, 315, 472
F A I N T S From left 137 is the second number.
Sum = 1 + 3 + 7 = 112 = 121
A F I N S T 13.(D) Original number,
Clearly, these are two letters of such 86435192
type. Ascending order,
6.(D) Original word, DOLPHIN
New arrangement,

 Required difference = 8 – 4 = 4
14.(C) Let us see
Here, N is not present in any option, so The given number, 6 5914 3
(d) is the correct option. Ascending order arrangement,
7.(B) The given word, 1 3456 9
CATEGOR Hence, two digits remain at the same
Alphabetically, A C E G O R T place from the beginning.
We find that, only Y maintains its 15.(B) Let us see
position when the word is arranged in The given number, 5 3 2 6 9 18
alphabetical roder. Ascending order arrangement,
8.(B) Required word = GLUE 12356 89
9.(A) Changing the number sequence So, position of only one digit remains
according to question, unchanged.
838, 929, 556, 373, 994 16.(B) 10th to the right of 19th from the right
Now arranging it in descending order, end
= (19 – 10)th from right end
994, 929, 556, 373
= 9th from right end = T
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
83

17.(B) There is only one such consonant Days by his sister: 18th or 19th June
18.(D) New sequence after dropping symbols Clearly, 18th June is the required day.
F4J2EMP5W9IQR6UH3Z7 4.(B)
ATB8VGYD According to Possibility of Date
14th from left = 6
19.(A) Vinay [21], 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27

13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

Rita
[21]
Here, 21 is common to both. So, the
20.(D) There are three such symbols, 4 © J, 9 correct data is 21st August.
@ I, 7  A 5.(D)
21.(A) There is only one such symbol (E % A).
According to Nitin’s Birthday
22.(D) Required number of letters
= (8, @ 2, 6, $, 7, , 2, #, 3, %, 4)
Nitin Wednesday, Thursday
= 14
23.(D) Except option (d), others are moving Deepak Thursday, Friday
from left to right.
Here, Thursday is common to both.
24.(B) 8CM@N T2Y6S Q$7W#Z
Hence, correct day is Thursday.
3%4
6.(A) Sudha read the book 4 days after
Required symbol is %.
Sunday. It means Sudha read the book
25.(C) The series is:
on Thursday. Hence, Anil will read the
book on Friday.
7.(C)
TIME SEQUENCE According to Possibility of Date
1.(C) Days by Pratap:
[20th, 21st] or 22nd in April Sneha 12, 13, [14], 15
Days by his sister: Younger brother [14], 15, 16, 17
not on or after 22nd April
Clearly, the answer is = [20th or 21st] in Elder brother ...., [14], 16, ...
April Here, 14 is common to all the groups.
2.(D) Days by Ayush: Hence, the correct date is 14th June.
13th, [14th, 15th] in January 8.(B)
Days by Mehar:
According to Possibility of Day
[14th, 15th, 16th] in January
Clearly, 14th and 15th January are Ranjana Wednesday, Thursday
common in both the groups.
Hence, the correct answer is either 14th Ranjan Thursday, Friday, Saturday
or 15th January.
3.(C) Days by Rajat: Clearly, Thursday is common to both.
18th June or earlier Hence, the correct day is Thursday.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
84

9.(B) Days by Mohan: 19th, 20th or 21st May

17th, 18th or 19th January Days by her brother:
Days by his sister: 21st, 22nd or 23rd May
19th, 20th, 21st or 22nd January Clearly, 21st May is common in both
Required day is 19th January as it is the groups and hence it is the required
common in both the groups. day.
10.(D) Days by Meena:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
85

Cubes & Dice Modern

CUBES AND DICE

09
Approach to
The questions of cubes and dice are generally based a) 2 b) 100 c) 150 d) 10
on a cube or a box. The questions on cube involves Solution : (b)
cutting, colouring, cutting and colouring cubes and Number 
of cuboids
10  10  10
 100
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
counting cubes as well. The questions on dice are 1 2 5

based on finding the opposite faces in closed or open Colorings and cutting of Cubes
dice.
When we colour and cut cubes, we get the following
Let us discuss one of them in detail.
types of small cubes:
 Corner cube: It is situated at each corner and
CUBES
three sides/faces of corner cube are coloured.
The length, breadth and height of a cube is equal. That
 Middle cube: It is situated between each edges.
means, the figure whose length, breadth and height are
Two faces of middle cube are coloured.
equal is called a cube.
 Central cube: It is situated at the mid place of a
face and only one side of it is coloured.
 Inner cube: It is situated between each central
A cube always consists of: cubes. No face of inner cube is coloured.
(A) Six faces If a cube is coloured and cut into 27 equal cubes then
(B) Twelve Edges there are :
(C) Eight corners  6 cubes have one face coloured (Central cubes)
 12 cubes have two faces coloured (Middle cubes)
Cutting of Cubes
 8 cubes have three faces coloured (Corner cubes)
If 3 cuts are made on all three axis of a large cube,  1 cube colourless (Inner cubes)
then we get 64 small cubes. If 4 equidistant cuts are
Number of cubes having no face coloured = (n – 2)3
made on all three axis of a large cube, then we get 125
small cubes. Number of cubes having one coloured face = (n – 2)2 × 6
Directions for questions 1 and 2: It was found that a a
large cube can be cut into certain number of identical Number of cubes having two coloured faces = (n – 2) ×
small cuboids each of dimensions 1 cm × 2 cm × 5 12
cm.
Number of cubes having three coloured =8
Example 1: What is measurement of side of the
faces
smallest such cube?
a) 5 cm b) 20 cm c) 15 cm d) 10 cm Directions for examples 3 to 7: A large cube painted
Solution : (d) red on all six faces, is cut into 27 smaller identical
Side of the cube = LCM (1, 2, 5) = 10 cubes.
Example 2: How many such cuboids can be formed Example 3: How many of the smaller cubes have no
from a large cube? faces painted at all?
a) 10 b) 1 c) 11 d) 21
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
86

Solution : (b) IV. Brown is adjacent to blue

Cutting a large cube into 27 identical smaller cubes, V. Red is at the bottom.
gives a 3 × 3 × 3 configuration. Remove all outer Answer the following questions based on this
cubes and remaining 1 × 1 × 1 = 1 cube will have no information.
face painted. Example 8: Which colour is opposite to brown?
Example 4: How many of the smaller cubes have a) White b) Red c) Green d) Blue
exactly one face painted red? Example 9: The four adjacent colours are?
a) 4 b) 8 c) 6 d) 10 a) Black, Blue, Brown, Red
Solution : (c) b) Black, Blue, Brown, White
The cubes which are not along any edge are the ones c) Black, Blue, Red, White
that have only one face painted red. On each face only d) Black, Brown, Red, White
one middle cube will have only one face painted. So, a Example 10: Which of the following can be deduced
total of 6 cubes. from (I) and (V)?
Example 5: How many of the smaller cubes have at a) Black is on the top
least one face painted red? b) Blue is on the top
a) 24 b) 26 c) 27 d) 25 b) Brown is on the top
Solution : (b) d) Brown is opposite Black
At least one face painted means one face, two faces or Solutions for examples 8 to 10: At first we draw a
three faces painted. figure indicating colour pattern of the sides of cube.
Total number = Total cubes – cubes with no face
painted = 27 – 1 = 26 cubes
Example 6: How many of the smaller cubes have
exactly two faces painted red?
a) 11 b) 13 c) 15 d) 12
Solution : (d)
The cubes along the edges but not at the corners will
have two faces painted. So, on each edge one cube Solution 8: (a)
will have two faces painted ; total number = 1 × 12 As shown in the figure, side ‘D’ is coloured brown.
= 12 cubes Side ‘B’ lies opposite to side ‘D’. By considering the
Example 7: How many of the smaller cubes have at figure, we can say that white colour is opposite to
least two faces painted red? brown.
a) 5 b) 10 c) 20 d) 15 Solution 9: (d)
Solution : (c) By considering the figure it can be said that Black,
Atleast two face painted means two faces or three Brown, Red, White are adjacent colours.
faces painted. So, total number = 12 + 8 = 20 cubes. Solution 10: (a)
Painting sides of Cubes As shown in the figure Red is opposite Black and Red
is at bottom. So ‘Black is on the top.’
Directions for examples 8 to 10: The six faces of a
Count the number of cubes in the given figure
cube are coloured black, brown, green, red, white and
blue, such that Example 11: Count the number of cubes in the given
I. Red is opposite black figure?
II. Green is between red and black
III. Blue is adjacent to white
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
87

Standard Dice
When, the sum of digits/dots on opposite faces is
equal to 7, then the dice is called a Standard Dice.
a) 8 b) 10 c) 12 d) 13 Let us see
Solution: (b)
In the given figure, there are three columns containing
1 cube each, two columns containing 2 cubes each and
one column containing 3 cubes.
Sum of the opposite faces
Total number of cubes in column 1 = 3 × 1 = 3
1 + 6 = 7, 4 + 3 = 7, 2 + 5 = 7, 5 + 2 = 7,
Number of cubes in column 2 = 2 × 2 = 4
3 + 4 = 7, 6+1=7
Number of cubes in column 3 = 1 × 3 = 3
Sum of the adjacent faces
Total number of cubes in the figure = 3 + 4 + 3 = 10
1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 1 = 3, 3 + 1 = 4, 4 + 1 = 5,
Hence, answer is (b).
5 + 1 = 6, 6 + 2 = 8, 1 + 3 = 4, 2 + 3 = 5,
3 + 2 = 5, 4 + 2 = 6, 5 + 3 = 8, 6 + 3 = 9,
DICE
1 + 4 = 5, 2 + 4 = 6, 3 + 5 = 8, 4 + 5 = 9,
5 + 4 = 9, 6 + 4 = 10, 1 + 5 = 6, 2
Dices are cubical or cuboidal shape objects containing
+ 6 = 8,
numbers/figures/symbols embedded on their surfaces.
3 + 6 = 9, 4 + 6 = 10, 5 + 6 = 11, 6
Dices are used for gambling and non-gambling
+ 5 = 11
purposes like craps, ludo etc.
 Identification of Standard Dice
Different types of questions covered in this chapter
If we see any dice from any angle, then we can see a
are as follows:
maximum of only three faces of it: Front surface, Top
Die/Dice a three-dimensional figure with each of its
surface and Right/Left surface. From the digits or dots
six sides/faces showing different
that can be seen on the dice, we make pairs of two
numbers/letters/colours etc. It has 8 corners and 12
digits/dots and add the digits in each pair. If sum of
edges. In a dice, length, breadth and height all are
any two adjacent faces of dice is not equal to 7, this is
equal to each other.
called as a Standard Dice.

1 + 2 = 3, 1 + 3 = 4, 2 + 3 = 5
If the sum of digits/dots of the adjacent faces of a dice
is not equal to 7, that type of dice is called a General
In the above dice, Dice. In another words, a dice which is not a Standard
Edges = AE, EH, HD, AD, BF, FG, GC, BC, Dice is called a General Dice.
AB, DC, HG & EF Opposite Adjacent
Face/Surface
Face/Surface Faces/Surfaces
Corners = A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H
1 6 2, 3, 4, 5
Surfaces = AEHD, DHEG, AEFB, BCGF,
2 5 1, 3, 4, 6
ABCD & EFGH
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
88

3 4 1, 2, 5, 6 6 2/3/4/5 1 or 2/3/4/5

4 3 1, 2, 5, 6 Example 12: Three positions of a dice are given

below. What will he some opposite to the four
5 2 1, 3, 4, 6 containing ʻ@ʼ?
6 1 2, 3, 4, 5

General Dice a) H b) % c) P d) G
Solutions: (c)
When the sum of digits/dots on opposite faces is not
Opposite pairs will be P – @ ; # – H
equal to 7, then the dice is called General Dice.
Construction of boxes
Let us see
 Three faces in a straight line
Let us understand it through a example

Sum of the opposite faces

The opposite pairs will be 1 – 3 ; 4 – 6 ; 2 –5.
1 + 3 = 4, 4 + 5 = 9, 2 + 6 = 8, 5 + 4 = 9,
 Four face in a straight line
3 + 1 = 4, 6 + 2 = 8,
Sum of the adjacent faces
1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 1 = 3, 3 + 2 = 5, 4 + 1 = 5, 5
+ 1 = 6,
6 + 1 = 7, 1 + 4 = 5, 2 + 3 = 5, 3 + 4 = 7, 4
+ 2 = 6, Opposite pairs will be R – A ; V – B and
5 + 2 = 7, 6 + 3 = 9, 1 + 5 = 5, 2 + 4 = 6, 3 remaining two i.e. L and K will be opposite to
+ 5 = 8, each other.
4 + 3 = 7, 5 + 3 = 8, 6 + 4 = 10, 1 + 6 = 7, 2  Maximum two faces in a straight line
+ 5 = 7,
3 + 6 = 9, 4 + 6 = 10, 5 + 6 = 11, 6
+ 5 = 11
If digits/dots 1 to 6 are marked on the surface of a
To find opposites here, there are two sets of
dice, then in general dice
movements i.e. HVH and VHV
Opposite Adjacent H  Horizontal ; V Vertical
Face/Surface
Face/Surface Faces/Surfaces To find opposite of R
1 2/3/4/5 6 or 2/3/4/5 We will move H is R to A ; then V A to B
and finally H B to C ; so R is opposite to C.
2 1/3/4/6 5 or 1/3/4/6
Example 13: The figure (X) given on the left hand
3 1/2/5/6 4 or 1/2/5/6 side, in each problem is folded to form a box. Choose
from amongst the alternative (I), (II), (III) and (IV),
4 1/2/5/6 3 or 1/2/5/6 the boxes that are similar to the box formed.
5 1/3/5/6 2 or 1/3/5/6
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
89

Solution: As per the movements HVH, starting from

G, we will reach W i.e. white. Hence, Green is
a) (I) only b) (III) and (IV) only opposite to white.
c) (I) and (II) only d) (II) and (III) only Example 15: Three positions of a dice are given
Solution: (a) below. Which face will be opposite to face containing
By folding the figure (X), cubes (I) can only formed. ʻ4ʼ?
Example 14: In the given figure there is a unfolded
paper having 6 faces painted with different colours.
What will be the face opposite to face painted with
Green (G)? a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 6
Y – Yellow ; G – Green ; R – Red ; P – Pink ; B – Solution: (b)
Blue ; From (II) and (III) dice, we can say that two faces ʻ8ʼ
W – White and ʻ7ʼ are common. So, ʻOʼ will be opposite to ʻ4ʼ

Exercise

1. If a cube of side 3 cm is cut into smaller cubes A cake of size 5 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm can be

5.
of side 1 cm, then how many cubes will be cut into how many pieces of size 5 cm × 5 cm
obtained? × 10 cm?
(A) 3 (B) 6 (A) 10 (B) 15
(C) 9 (D) 27
(C) 18 (D) 30
2. A cube of side 30 cm is cut into 216 equal Wooden cubes of side 1 cm are joined to
6.
cubes, then what is the side (in cm) of each of make a solid wooden cube of side 3 cm and
the smaller cubes? then all the outer surfaces are painted red.
(A) 5 (B) 6 Now, the large cube is again broken in to the
(C) 10 (D) 30 smaller original cubes, out of these cubes how
3. A cubical block whose size is 4 × 6 × 8 cm is many will face two faces red?
divided into cubes of size 2 cm each. How
(A) 4 (B) 8
many cubes will be obtained from this
(C) 12 (D) 0
arrangement? Two adjacent faces of a solid cube are painted
7.
(A) 16 (B) 20 yellow. The faces opposite to these are
(C) 24 (D) 48 painted with red color and the remaining faces
4. How many cubes of side 2 cm can be obtained are painted black. This cube is now cut into 64
from a cube of side 10 cm? small cubes, out of these how many cubes will
(A) 5 (B) 25 have only 1 face painted?
(C) 125 (D) 500
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
90

(A) 16 (B) 20 (A) 0 (B) 4

(C) 24 (D) 28 (C) 8 (D) 10
8. Two adjacent faces are painted red in a solid 14. How many cubes will have only 2 adjacent
cube. A face opposite to one of these is also faces painted green?
painted red, two opposite faces are painted (A) 8 (B) 12
yellow and the remaining face is painted (C) 16 (D) 24
green. Now this cube is divided into 64 small 15. How many cubes will have 3 faces painted?
cubes, then how many cubes will have only (A) 2 (B) 4
one face painted red? (C) 6 (D) 8
(A) 4 (B) 8 16. How many cubes are there which will have no
(C) 12 (D) 16 face painted?
9. A solid cube is painted in such a manner that (A) 2 (B) 4
no two adjacent faces will have the same (C) 6 (D) 8
color. Now this cube is cut into 64 equal
cubes. Out of these 64 cubes how many Directions for questions 17 to 20: A cube is
maximum number of cubes can be there painted red on two adjacent faces, yellow on
which will have a face painted (one single two opposite faces and green on the remaining
color only)? faces. It is cut into 64 smaller cubes of equal
(A) 6 (B) 7 size.
(C) 8 (D) 9 17. How many cubes are painted on two faces
10. A cube of size 5 cm is colored with blue color only and that too with the same colour?
on all faces and then it is cut into small cubes (A) 0 (B) 4
of side 1 cm. How many cubes will have only (C) 8 (D) 16
2 faces painted with blue color? 18. How many cubes have three faces painted ?’
(A) 12 (B) 24 (A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 36 (D) 48 (C) 16 (D) 32
11. A cube of size 5 cm is colored with green 19. How many cubes are painted on one face only
color on all faces and then it is cut into small and are yellow ?
cubes of side 1 cm. How many cubes will (A) 32 (B) 16
have 3 faces painted with green color? (C) 8 (D) 4
(A) 4 (B) 8 20. How many cubes are painted on all faces ?
(C) 12 (D) 24 (A) 0 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 64
Directions for questions 12 to 16: A solid cube is
painted with green color on all the faces and Directions for questions 21 to 25: There is a solid
then it is cut into 64 equal sized small cubes. cuboid, two opposite faces of it are painted
12. How many cubes will have only one face black, two opposite faces are painted red and
painted? remaining faces are painted green. After
(A) 12 (B) 24 painting, this cuboid is divided into 72 cubes
(C) 36 (D) 48 so that 64 cubes of smaller size and 8 cubes of
13. How many cubes will have 2 opposite faces bigger size could be obtained. Bigger cubes
painted green? have no face black.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
91

21. How many cubes have only one face painted. (A) 8 (B) 4
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 2 (D) 0
(C) 20 (D) 24 31. How many painted cubes do not have any of
22. How many cubes have only two faces their faces painted yellow?
painted? (A) 0 (B) 4
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) 16
(C) 24 (D) 32
23. How many cubes have three faces painted? Directions for questions 32 to 36: A cuboid of
(A) 0 (B) 4 dimensions (6 cm × 4 cm × 1cm) is painted
(C) 8 (D) 24 black on both the surfaces of dimensions (4
24. How many cubes have two or more faces cm × 1 cm), green on the surfaces of
painted? dimensions (6 cm × 4 cm) and red on the
(A) 16 (B) 32 surfaces of dimensions (6 cm × 1 cm). Now,
(C) 48 (D) 40 the block is divided into various smaller cubes
25. How many cubes have no faces painted? of side 1 cm each. The smaller cubes so
(A) 4 (B) 8 obtained are separated.
(C) 16 (D) 32 32. How many cubes will have atleast two
colours?
Directions for questions 26 to 31: A solid cube has (A) 16 (B) 12
been painted yellow, blue and black on the (C) 10 (D) 8
pair of opposite surfaces. The cube is then cut 33. How many cubes will be formed?
into 36 smaller cubes such that 32 cubes are of (A) 6 (B) 12
the same size while 4 others are of bigger size. (C) 16 (D) 24
Also, no face of any of the bigger cube is 34. If cubes having only black as well as only
painted blue. green colour are removed, then how many
26. How many cubes have atleast one face painted cubes will be left?
black? (A) 4 (B) 8
(A) 20 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 20
(C) 16 (D) 32 35. How many cubes will have 4 coloured sides
27. How many cubes have only one face painted? and 2 sides without colour?
(A) 0 (B) 4 (A) 8 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 12 (C) 16 d)10
28. How many cubes have only two faces 36. How many cubes will have two sides with
painted? green colour and remaining sides without any
(A) 24 (B) 20 colour?
(C) 16 (D) 12 (A) 12 (B) 10
29. How many cubes have two or more faces (C) 8 (D) 4
painted? 37. How many cubes are there in the this
(A) 36 (B) 20 diagram?
(C) 28 (D) 24
30. How many cubes have three face painted ?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
92

(A) 16 (B) 12 2. Two positions of a dice are shown below.

(C) 10 (D) 8 When 3 is at the bottom, what number will be
38. Count the number of cubes in the given on the top?
figure?

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 5 (D) 6
(A) 8 (B) 9 3. Two positions of a dice are shown below.
(C) 12 (D) 15 When 5 is at the bottom, what number will be
39. How many cubes are there in the group? on the top?

(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 1
(A) 10 (B) 16 4. Three positions of a dice are shown below.
(C) 18 (D) 20 When 4 is at the bottom, what number will be
40. If the stack of blocks shown here looks the on the top?
same from all four directions, what is the
maximum number of blocks that could be
used to build it, based on what you can see
from this angle? (A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 5 (D) 6
5. Three positions of a dice are shown below.
When 3 is at the bottom, what number will be
on the top?

(A) 16 (B) 18
(C) 19 (D) 21
(A) 1 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
CUBES
6. Three positions of a dice are shown below.
1. Two positions of a dice are shown below.
When 2 is at the bottom, what number will be
When 1 is at the bottom, what number will be
on the top?
on the top?

(A) 6 (B) 5
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 1
(C) 6 (D) 4/5/6
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
93

7. Four positions of a dice are shown below. (A) 1 (B) 3

Which number will be opposite to 3? (C) 5 (D) 6
13. Four positions of a dice are shown below.
How many dots are there on the face opposite
to the face which has 2 dot?
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 6
8. Four positions of a dice are shown below.
Which number will be opposite to 6? (A) 1 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
14. Two positions of a dice are shown below.
What will be there on the face opposite to the
(A) 1 (B) 2 face which has 4 on it?
(C) 3 (D) 4
9. Four positions of a dice are shown below.
Which number will be opposite to 3?
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 6
15. Three positions of a dice are shown below.
(A) 1 (B) 3 What will be there on the face opposite to the
(C) 4 (D) 5 face which has L on it?
10. Two positions of a dice are shown below.
How many dots are there on the face opposite
to the face which has 1 dot? (A) A (B) M
(C) X (D) Y
16. Three positions of a dice are shown below.
What will be there on the face opposite to the
(A) 1 (B) 2 face which has Q on it?
(C) 3 (D) 6
11. Two positions of a dice are shown below.
How many dots are there on the face opposite
to the face which has 4 dots? (A) P (B) R
(C) S (D) T
17. Two positions of a dice are shown below.
What will be there on the face opposite to the
(A) 2 (B) 3 face which has (♥) on it?
(C) 5 (D) 6
12. Three positions of a dice are shown below.
How many dots are there on the face opposite
(A)  (B) 
to the face which has 2 dots?
(C)  (D) 
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
94

18. A prism with 6 surfaces is painted with colors 22. Problem Figure:
violet, blue, green, yellow, orange and red on
the outer surfaces. The two positions of the
prism are shown below.

23. Problem Figure:

In the position of prism below which colors

will be adjacent to the red color?
24. Problem Figure:

(A) Yellow and Orange

(B) Yellow and Blue
(C) Violet and Yellow 25. Problem Figure:
(D) Violet and Orange

Directions for questions 19 to 30: The figure on the

left hand side known as a problem figure is
(A) I, II and III (B) II and IV
folded to form an box. Choose from the
(C) III and IV (D) I and IV
amongst alternatives (a), (b), (c) and (d), the
26. Problem Figure:
boxes which will be made upon folding.
19. Problem Figure:

(A) I and II (B) I and III

20. Problem Figure: (C) II and III (D) I, II and IV
27. Problem Figure:

21. Problem Figure:

(A) I and II (B) Only III
(C) I and IV (D) I, II and IV
28. Problem Figure:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
95

(A) I, II and III (B) II, III and IV

(C) I, II and IV (D) I, III and IV 30. Problem Figure:
29. Problem Figure:

(A) I and II (B) II and III (A) I and II (B) II and III
(C) III and IV (D) II and IV (C) I, II and III (D) I, II, III and IV

Solution

1.(D) Number of small cubes Therefore, Numbers of cubes

Volumn of large cube

Volumn of small cube
= 6(n – 2)2
 Here, n 3
64  3
4  4  4  4
= (27/1) = 27 cubes  
2.(A) Size of side of small cube = 6(4 – 2)2 = 6 × (2)2 = 6 × 4 = 24
Side of large cube 8.(C) From the information given, the number
 3
Number of small cubes of cubes which have only one face
30 30 30 painted red and all other faces
    5 cm
3
216 3
666 6 colourless will be 4 on each surface as
3.(C) Number of small cubes they are present only at the center of the
Volumn of cuboid
 surfaces. As there are 3 surfaces red.
Volumn of small cube
4 6 8
So, the total number of such cubes are =
  24 cubes
222 4 × 3 = 12 cubes or 3(4 – 2)2 = 12
4.(C) Number of small cubes 9.(C) From the information given, each

Volumn of big cube colour is present on two faces.
Volumn of small cube
Therefore, number of cubes which have
= (10/2)3 = (5)3 = 125 cubes one face painted of a particular colour =
5.(C) Number of small pieces (n – 2)2 × 2
sides of the large piece  Here, n
 
3
64  3
4  4  4  4
sides of the small piece 


5  30  30
 18 pieces
= (4 – 2)2 × 2 = (2)2 × 2 = 4 × 2 = 8
5  5  10
10.(C) Number of cubes with two faces
6.(C) Numbers of cubes painted only:
= 12(n – 2) = 12(3 – 2) = 12(n – 2) [here n = 5]
= 12 × 1 = 12 = 12(5 – 2) = 12 × 3 = 36
So, the number of cubes with 2 faces 11.(B) The number of cubes with three faces
painted are = 12 painted will be the cubes at the vertex =
7.(C) From the information given, the cubes 8
at the center of any faces will have only 12.(B) Number of cubes with only one face
one face painted. painted = 6(n – 2)2
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
96

[here n = 4]
= 6(4 – 2)2 = 6 × (2)2 = 6 × 4 = 24
13.(A) According to the question there are
more than one layers, hence in this case
there will be no cubes to have two
opposite faces green.
14.(D) Number of cubes with two faces
painted 21.(D) Cubes with one face Red = 8
= 12(n – 2) [here n = 4] 4 on each face. So, 4 × 2 = 8
= 12(4 – 2) = 12 × 2 = 24 Cubes with one face Black = 8
15.(D) Cubes with three faces painted are Cubes with one face Green = 8
cubes at vertex = 8 Total = 24
16.(D) Number of cubes which do not have 22.(D): Number of cubes having only two faces
any surface painted painted = 32
= (n – 2)3 = 8 [here n = 4] 23.(C) Number of cubes having three faces
Solutions for questions (17 to 20): painted
= Number of corner (vertex) cubes = 8
24.(D) Number of cubes having two or more
faces painted
= Number of cubes having 2 faces
painted + Number of cubes having 3
Bottom and Top – Yellow
faces painted
Front and Left – Red
= 32 + 8 = 40
Back and Right – Green
25.(B) Number of cubes having no faces
17.(B) As faces with colour Red and Green are
painted
only adjacent. So, there will be total 4
= Total number of cubes – Number of
cubes. 2 of Red and 2 of Green.
cubes with atleast one face painted = 72
18.(B) Cubes having three faces painted = 8
– (24 + 32 + 8)
19.(C) There are only 2 Yellow faces. So, 2(n –
=8
2)2
Solutions for questions (26 to 31):
= 2 × 4 = 8 cubes
Back and Front – Blue colour
4 each on both faces.
Top and Bottom – Black colour
20.(A) None of cubes will be having all the
Left and Right – Yellow colour
faces painted as they will be uncoloured
from inside.
Solutions for questions (21 to 25):
Red  Top, Bottom
Black  Front, Back
Green Left, Right
Total cubes = 72
Small cubes = 64 26.(A) Number of cubes having atleast one
Big cubes = 8 face painted with black colour = 16
smaller cubes + 4 bigger cubes = 20
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
97

27.(C) Only one face painted cubes will be On right = 2

four on each of the two faces (front and Total = 12 cubes
back). 38.(D) From the given question figure, it is
Hence, there are total 8 cubes. clear that
28.(B): Number of cubes having only two face 4 columns containing 1 cube each.
painted 1 column containing 3 cubes.
= 2 each on 8 edges and 1 each on 4 4 columns containing 2 cubes each.
edges Therefore, Total cubes = (4 × 1) + (1 ×
= 16 + 4 = 20 3) + (4 × 2) = 4 + 3 + 8 = 15
29.(C) Number of cubes with two or more 39.(D) From the given question figure, it is
faces painted clear that
= Number of cubes with three faces 1 column containing 4 cubes.
painted + Number of cubes with two 2 column containing 3 cubes each.
faces painted 3 column containing 2 cubes each.
= 8 + 20 = 28 4 column containing 1 cubes each.
30.(A) Three faces painted cubes will be Therefore, total cubes = (1 × 4) + (2 ×
present on the corners and their number 3) + (3 × 2) + (4 × 1)
is 8. = 4 + 6 + 6 + 4 = 20
31.(D) Number of cubes with no face painted 40.(C) There are four layers from the top to
yellow = 16 (8 each from front and bottom.
back). 1st layer has 1 block.
Solutions for questions (32 to 36): 2nd layer has 5 blocks.
3rd layer has 3 rows of 3 blocks each.
4th layer has 4 blocks.
Therefore, Total blocks = 1 + 5 + 3 × 3
+ 4 = 10 + 9 = 19 blocks

Dice
32.(A) All the 16 cubes present on the 1.(D) In position I, the number 1 is at the top
boundary of this block will have atleast hence any of the number from position
two colours. II can be opposite to the face containing
33.(D) 24 smaller cubes will be formed as number 1.
6 41
 24. 2.(B) In the given two positions the number
1 1 1
at the top face is 1 that means 2 will be
34.(C) A total of 16 cubes will be left, if cubes
opposite to 3 and 4 will be opposite to
with black as well as green colours are
5.
removed.
3.(A) If you rotate the position on the left
35.(B) All the 4 cubes present on the corners
hand side to take 3 on top and then one
will have four faces painted and two
rotation left again keeping 3 at the top
faces unpainted.
will see that opposite to 5 will be 2.
36.(C)
37.(B) On top and bottom = 8
on left = 2
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
98

4.(D) In the given diagrams the numbers 12.(C) In view I and II the number 6 is at the
which are not opposite to 4 are 1, 2, 3, right and hence 2 will be opposite to 5.
5. Hence opposite to 4 will be 6. 13.(D) In view I and II, the number 5 is at the
5.(D) The numbers adjacent to 3 are 1, 2, 4, 5 same place and hence 2 will be opposite
hence the number opposite to 3 is 6. to 6.
6.(A) Numbers 1 and 4 are common in view I 14.(D) The numbers adjacent to 4 are 1, 2, 3, 5
and III, hence the number 6 is opposite hence the number opposite to 4 is 6.
to 2 so when 2 is at bottom then 6 is at 15.(A) In the views II and III, P and Y are the
the top. common alphabets, hence L and A are
7.(C) Numbers adjacent to the face opposite to each other.
containing 3 are 1, 2, 5, 6 and hence the 16.(B) In view I and III, the letter T is at same
number opposite to 3 is 4. place and hence Q will be opposite to
8.(A) In position I and IV, 2 is at the same R.
place and hence the number 6 will be 17.(D) In the give views  is at the same place
opposite to number 1. and hence ♥ will be opposite to .
9.(C) As per position I and II the common 18.(D) According to the question,
numbers are 2 and 6, hence 3 and 4 will
be opposite to each other.
10.(D) Face containing 2 dots is on the top face
in both the diagrams and hence the
faces on right will be opposite to each So, the face adjacent to R are O and V.
other. So, 1 is opposite to 6. 19.(D) 20.(C) 21.(D)
11.(C) In the given two position number 22.(B) 23.(D) 24.(B)
adjacent to 5 are 1, 2, 3 and 6, hence the 25.(A) 26.(B) 27.(B)
number opposite to 5 is 4. 28.(D) 29.(A) 30.(D)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
99

Modern
LOGICAL VENN DIAGRAMS
Logical Venn Diagram 10
Approach to
VENN DIAGRAMS: RELATION BASED Solution: ‘Lemons’ Belongs to the group ‘Circus
These types of questions are meant to test the fruits’, while ‘Chocolates’ is entirely unrelated. So,
analytical ability of the candidate to represent and the correct is option (d).
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
classify a given group of objects diagrammatically.
VENN DIAGRAMS : FINDING VALUES
In other words, these questions aim at analysing a
candidateʼs ability to relate a certain given group of In these types of questions, different classes or items
items and illustrate it diagrammatically which or population are represented by different figures,
requires general common sense only. Lets see some i.e. circle, square, rectangle or ellipse. etc. Each
examples to have a insight of the questions of this figure have different characteristic, and some
type. common characteristics are also available in the
Directions for examples 1 to 6: There are four figure. These figures are usually overlapped and
diagram (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below. In the certain segments are formed and each segment is
following questions, three objects/subjects are given. represented by a number or a alphabet. The
Choose the diagram that best illustrates the overlapping figure shows the common
relationship between them. characteristics. Questions are based on the diagram
given, which requires a logical understanding and
careful observation of the diagram. Let’s solve some
examples to have a better understanding of the topic.
Example 1: Grandfather, Brothers, Husband. Directions for examples 7 to 11: Study the diagrams
Solution: There is an overlapping among given below and answer the questions that follows.
‘Grandfathers’, ‘Brothers’, and ‘Husbands’. Some
‘Grandfather’ can be both ‘Brother’ and ‘Husbands’.
So, the correct option is (c).
Example 2: Lakes, Rain, Water
Solution: ‘Lakes’ and ‘Rain’ both belong to the
Example 7: Workers who are managers but not
group ‘Water’. So, the correct option is (a).
males is represented by:
Example 3: Furniture, Table, Pencil
a) 7 b) 6 c) 5 d) 4
Solution: ‘Table’ belongs to the group ‘Furniture’,
Solution: (c)
while ‘Pencils’ do not. So, the correct option is (d),
The value should be in triangle and square but not in
Example 4: Navy blue, Dark Blue, Indigo Blue
the circle which is 5. So, the correct option is (c).
Solution: There is an overlapping among the three
Example 8: Males who are neither managers nor
colours given, So, the correct option is (c).
workers is represented by:
Example 5: Trucks, Car, Vehicles.
a) 2 b) 7 c) 6 d) 4
Solution: ‘Trucks’ and ‘Cars’ both belong to the
Solution: (a)
group ‘Vehicles’ So, the correct option is (a).
Example 6: Lemons, Citrus fruits, Chocolates
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
100

The value should be in circle but neither in square a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 4

nor in triangle which is 2. So, the correct option is Solution: (c)
(a). The value should be in triangle but neither in a
Example 9: Males who are workers but not square nor in a circle which is 1. So, the correct
managers is represented by: option is (c).
a) 7 b) 6 c) 4 d) 1 Example 11: Workers who are managers as well as
Solution: (a) males is represented by:
The value should be in triangle and circle but not in a) 7 b) 6 c) 5 d) 4
the square which is 7. So, the correct option is (a). Solution: (b)
Example 10: Workers who are neither managers nor The value should be in all the figures i.e. square
males is represented by: triangle and circle. Which is 6. So, the correct option
is (b).

Exercise

Directions for questions 1 to 5: From the four Directions for questions 11 to 15: From the four
logical diagrams, select one which best logical diagrams, select one which best
illustrates the relationship among three given illustrates the relationship among three given
classes. classes.

1. Sentences, Words, Paragraph 11. Garment, Flowers, Coats

2. Plants, Scientists, Men 12. Actors, Stage, Films
3. Principal, Students, Parent 13. People, Intelligent, Rich
4. Birds, Crows, Parrots 14. Physics, Biology, Zoology
5. Turtles, Reptiles, Crocodiles 15. Sisters, Cousins, Females

Directions for questions 6 to 10: From the four Directions for questions 16 to 20: From the four
logical diagrams, select one which best logical diagrams, select one which best
illustrates the relationship among three given illustrates the relationship among three given
classes. classes.

6. Country, USA, India 16. Scholars, studious, illiterates

7. Russain, People, German 17. Table, chair, stool
8. Stamp, Pen, Duster 18. Ink, crayons, red
9. Oriental, Continental, Mughalai 19. Age, number, thirteen
10. Chess, Games, Hockey 20. Father, Parent, Mother
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101

Finding Values (A) 20 (B) 30

Directions for questions 1 to 4: Study the diagrams (C) 40 (D) 70
given below and answer the questions that 6. Number of persons who are batsman and
follows. trained are:
In the diagram given below, the circle stands (A) 40 (B) 30
for ‘skilled’, square for ‘hard-working’, (C) 70 (D) 130
triangle for ‘rural people’ and rectangle for 7. Number of persons who are untrained but
‘honest’. The different regions of the diagram cricketers are:
are numbered from 1 to 12. (A) 120 (B) 130
(C) 140 (D) 200
8. Number of persons who are cricketers but
neither batsman nor trained is:
(A) 180 (B) 100
(C) 20 (D) 30

1. Unskilled rural hard-working and honest Directions for questions 9 to 12: Study the
people are indicated by: diagrams given below and answer the
(A) 3 (B) 11 questions that follows.
(C) 9 (D) 4
2. Rural skilled people who are neither honest
nor hard-working are indicated by:
(A) 9 (B) 11
(C) 4 (D) 6
3. Skilled, hard-working and rural people are 9. How many persons are intelligent as well as
indicated by: creative?
(A) 7 (B) 2 (A) 6 (B) 4
(C) 3 (D) 4 (C) 9 (D) 18
4. Rural people who are hard-working and 10. How many persons are intelligent but neither
unskilled, but not honest are indicated by: lethargic nor creative?
(A) 6 (B) 2 (A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
11. How many persons are intelligent, lethargic
Directions for questions 5 to 8: Study the diagrams and creative?
given below and answer the questions that (A) 1, 4 and 5 (B) 5, 6 and 7
follows. (C) 5 (D) 7
12. How many persons are lethargic but neither
intelligent nor creative?
(A) 3 (B) 3 and 6
(C) 6 (D) 1, 3 and 6

5. Number of persons who are cricketers, Directions for questions 13 to 16: Study the
batsman and trained are: diagrams given below and answer the
questions that follows.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
102

(D) All the above statements are false.

Directions for questions 17 to 20: Study the
diagrams given below and answer the
questions that follows.

The rectangle represents the bachelors. The

square represents Delhi Metropolis. The circle
represents English Language. The triangle
represents tourists.
13. The portion representing bachelor tourists, A college provides three different activities,
who know the English language is: students union represented by triangle, literary
(A) 2 (B) 1 society represents by rectangle and social
(C) 7 (D) 4 service league represented by circle.
14. The portion representing bachelors who are in 17. Those who take part in both literary society
Delhi and do not know the English language and social service league but not in students
is: union are represented by:
(A) 6 (B) 7 (A) 3 and 4 (B) 5 and 6
(C) 8 (D) 9 (C) 5 and 1 (D) 4
15. Which of the following is not true? 18. Those students who are members of all three
(A) No tourists is in Delhi. groups are represented by:
(B) Some bachelors do not know the English (A) 2 (B) 3
Language but they are in Delhi. (C) 4 (D) 6
(C) Some English-Speaking persons are 19. Those who take part in students union but not
neither tourists nor are they are in Delhi. in social service league are represented by:
(D) All the above statements are true. (A) 2 and 7 (B) 6 and 7
16. Which of the following is true : (C) 6 (D) 7
(A) Some of the tourists are staying in Delhi 20. Those students who are members of literary
Metropolis. society only and not to any other activity are
(B) No person in Delhi Metropolis knows represented by:
English. (A) 2 (B) 5
(C) English is spoken by a few tourists who (C) 3 and 4 (D) 3
are in Delhi.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
103

Solution

1.(A)
Some reptiles are turtles and some
crocodiles.
6.(A)

All paragraphs contain sentences within

it and all sentences contain words
within it. USA and India are countries but neither
2.(B) is contained in the other.
7.(D)

Some scientists can be men and some

men can be scientists, but neither Some Russian and some German can be
scientists nor men can be plants. people. Some people can be Russian
3.(B) and some German. Russian and German
are separate classes.
8.(B)

A Principal can be a parent and parent

can be a principal. A student is a
different class.
4.(D) All three are different classes.
9.(B)

All three are different classes.

All crows and parrots are birds but 10.(A)
neither is contained in the other. Some
birds are crows and some parrots.
5.(D)

Both chess and hockey are games but

neither is contained in the other.

All turtles and crocodiles are reptiles,

but neither is contained in the other.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
104

11.(D) 16.(D)

All coats are garments. Some garments Some studious can be scholars and
are coat. Flowers are a different class. some scholars can be studious, but
12.(B) neither studious nor scholars can be
illiterates.
17.(A)

Some actors can be stage actors and

some film actors and vice-versa. Some
people working in films can be actors
and some can also be stage actors and All three are different classes.
vice-versa. 18.(B)
13.(B)

Some ink and some crayons can be red

and some red units can be inks and
crayons, but ink and crayon have
Some people can be intelligent and
some can be rich and vice-versa. Some nothing in common.
intelligent can be rich and some
19.(B)
intelligent beings can be people and
vice-versa.
14.(D)

Some are aged thirteen and some

numbers are thirteen. Some thirteen
units are numbers and some ages. Age
Zoology is a part of Biology. Biology and number have nothing in common.
contains the study of Zoology. Physics 20.(C)
is a different field of sciences.
15.(A)

All fathers and mothers are parents, but

All sisters are females. Some females they are two separate classes. Some of
who are sisters can be cousins or vice- the parents are fathers and some are
versa. mothers.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
105

Syllogisms Modern
SYLLOGISMS

11
Approach to
Syllogism is mode of thinking in which one reasons II. Banyan is a tree.
from two statements or propositions, called premises Solution: The given statements are premises and the
to a third statement or a proposition called the conclusion can be drawn from the premises. Whether
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
conclusion. A premise is a statement that serves as the the conclusion is valid or not can be verified with the
basis of the argument. Questions of syllogisms can be help of Venn diagrams. The diagrammatic
solved by various methods and techniques, but we will representation will be as follows:
use venn diagrams to solve such questions. Let us see
the venn diagrams of some commonly used
statements.
1. ALL STARS TWINKLE B = Banyan ; T = Tree ; G = Green
As seen from the diagram, if all trees are green and
Banyan is a tree. It is included in the set of Greens and
must be Green as well. Therefore, Banyan is green.
S = Stars ; T = Twinkle Example 2:
2. SOME STARS TWINKLE I. Some professors are serious people.
II. All serious people wear spectacles.
Solution: The diagrammatic representation will be as
follows:
S = Stars ; T = Twinkle
3. NO STARS TWINKLE

Here, the shaded area represents those professors who

S = Stars ; T = Twinkle wear spectacles. Therefore, some professors wear
4. ONLY STARS TWINKLE spectacles.
Example 3:
I. No honey bees buzz.
II. All humming birds buzz.
Solution: The Venn diagram for this would be as
S = Stars ; T = Twinkle
follows:
Only stars twinkle would mean that nothing else
twinkles or all that twinkles are stars.
Let us see some examples were multiple statements
are used and let us see what conclusions can be drawn
from them.
Example 1:
I. All trees are green.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
106

Here, since, Honey Bees fall outside of things that Statements: Some rivers are lakes. All rivers are
buzz, they cannot be Humming Birds. Therefore, no ponds.
humming birds are honey bees. Conclusions:
Example 4: I. All ponds are lakes.
I. Only Boys play football. II. Some ponds are lakes.
II. Lily plays football. (a) Either conclusion I or II follows
Solution: (b) Only conclusion I follows
Note: We need to make a distinction between ‘only’ (c) Only conclusion II follows
and ‘all’. ‘Only’ does not mean ‘all’. For example, (d) Neither conclusion I nor II follows
when we say only children get toothache we do not Solution: (c)
mean all children get toothache but that if there is
some one who gets toothache. It must be a child.

Some ponds may not be lakes but some ponds are

lakes because ponds must cover all rivers and
Here, since only boys play football, it would mean therefore it will intersect lakes. So, only conclusion II
that all those who play football are boys. Therefore, follows.
Lily who plays football must also be a boy. Therefore, Example 7:
Lily is a boy. Statements: Some balls are wickets. Some wickets
Example 5: are notebooks. Some notebooks are bottles.
I. All dogs bark. Conclusions:
II. Tommy barks I. Some bottles are wickets.
Solution: Here, we cannot conclude that Tommy is a II. Some notebooks are balls.
dog. All we can conclude is that Tommy may or may (a) Only conclusion I follows
not be a dog. (b) Only conclusion II follows
Here, Tommy is another element in the set of barking (c) Neither conclusion I nor II follows
things and may not be a dog. The diagrammatic (d) Either conclusion I or II follows
representation would be as follows: Solution: (c)

It is possible that bottles do not intersect with wickets

and notebooks do not intersect with balls. Hence,
neither conclusion I nor II follows.

Example 6:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
107

Exercise

Directions for questions 1 to 22: In each question 6. Statements: Some clips are pins. Some pins
below are given some statements followed by are staples.
two conclusions numbered I and II. You have Conclusions:
to take the given statements to be true even if I. Some pins are clips.
they seem to be at variance from commonly II. Some Staples are pins.
known facts and then decide which of the 7. Statements: Some boys are table. Some
given conclusions logically follows from the tables are chairs.
given statements, disregarding commonly Conclusions:
known facts. Read the statements and give I. Some boys are chairs.
your answer as: II. Some chairs are boys.
(A) if only conclusion I follows 8. Statements: Some pens are hammers. All
(B) if only conclusion II follows hammers are nails.
(C) if either I or II follows Conclusions:
(D) if neither I nor II follows I. Some nails are pens.
(E) if both I and II follows II. Some nails are hammers.
1. Statements: All painters are smiling. Some 9. Statements: Many scooters are trucks. All
authors are painters. trucks are trains.
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. All smiling authors are painters. I. Some scooters are trains.
II. Some authors are smiling. II. No truck is a scooter.
2. Statements: All beautiful women are 10. Statements: All pilots are experts. All authors
mothers. All mothers are understanding. are experts.
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. All beautiful women are understanding. I. All authors are pilot.
II. All mothers are beautiful women. II. No expert is a author.
3. Statements: All men are horses. All horses 11. Statements: Some pets are dogs. Some dogs
are elephants. are puppies.
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. All men are elephants. I. No dogs are pets.
II. All elephants are horses. II. No puppies are dogs.
4. Statements: Alcoholic drinks are injurious to 12. Statements: Some ovens are refrigerator.
health. All old women drink whisky. Some refrigerators are ACs.
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. All old women have poor health. I. Some ACs are ovens.
II. All young women are in good health. II. No AC is oven.
5. Statements: All hair are black. Some black 13. Statements: All planes are birds. All birds are
are long. clouds.
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. Some hair are long. I. Some planes are clouds.
II. No hair is long. II. Some clouds are birds.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
108

14. Statements: Some sweets are salt. No salt is Conclusions:

spice. I. Some paints are pots.
Conclusions: II. Some bangles are paints.
I. Some sweets are spice.
II. No spice is salt. Directions for questions 23 to 50: In the following
15. Statements: Some papers are plastics. All questions, select the set of conclusions which
papers are clothes. logically follows from the given statements.
Conclusions: 23. Statements: All foxes are plates. All plates
I. Some plastics are clothes. are trees.
II. Some plastics are papers. Conclusions:
16. Statements: Some desks are tents. Some tents I. All foxes are trees.
are rivers. All rivers are ponds. II. All trees are foxes.
Conclusions: III. Some trees are foxes.
I. Some ponds are tents. IV. Some trees are plates.
II. Some ponds are desks. (A) All conclusions are correct
17. Statements: All chair are pens. Some pens are (B) Only conclusions I, III and IV follow
knives. All knives are rats. (C) Only conclusions II, III and IV follow
Conclusions: (D) Only conclusions I and IV follow
I. Some rats are chairs. 24. Statements: All cups are goats. All goats are
II. Some rats are pens. tins.
18. Statements: Some forests are huts. Some huts Conclusions:
are walls. Some walls are nets. I. All goats are cups.
Conclusions: II. All tins are goats.
I. Some nets are forests. III. No cups are tins.
II. Some nets are huts. IV. No tins are cups.
19. Statements: All tables are windows. All (A) Only conclusions III and IV follow
windows are rooms. All rooms are buses. (B) Only conclusions I and II follow
Conclusions: (C) Only conclusions I, II and III follow
I. Some buses are tables. (D) All conclusions are incorrect
II. Some rooms are tables. 25. Statements: No men are cows. All cows are
20. Statements: Some trees are boxes. All boxes windows.
are bricks. All bricks are dogs. Conclusions:
Conclusions: I. No cows are men.
I. Some dogs are trees. II. No men are windows.
II. Some bricks are trees. III. Some windows are cows.
21. Statements: All goats are flowers. No flower IV. Some cows are men.
is branch. Some branches are roots. (A) Only conclusions I and IV follow
Conclusions: (B) Only conclusions II, III and IV follow
I. Some roots are goats. (C) Only conclusions I and III follow
II. No root is goat. (D) All conclusions are correct
22. Statements: All pots are rings. All bangles 26. Statements: No chair is tree. All trees are
are rings. All rings are paints. trains.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
109

Conclusions: 30. Statements: All soaps are detergents. All

I. No chair is train. detergents are powders.
II. No train is chair. Conclusions:
III. Some trains are trees. I. All soaps are powders.
IV. No train is tree. II. Some detergents are soaps.
(A) Only IV follow III. Some powders are soaps.
(B) Only III and IV follow IV. Some powders are detergents.
(C) Only I and II follow (A) Only I follow
(D) Only III follow (B) Only II and IV follow
27. Statements: Some pens are knives. Some (C) Only III and IV follow
knives are horses. (D) All follow
Conclusions: 31. Statements: All buses are dogs. Some dogs
I. Some knives are pens. are horses.
II. Some Pens are horses. Conclusions:
III. Some horses are pens. I. Some horses are dogs.
IV. Some horses are knives. II. Some dogs are buses.
(A) Only II and III follow III. Some dogs are not horses.
(B) Only I and IV follow IV. Some horses are not dogs.
(C) Only IV follows (A) Only I and II follow
(D) Only I follow (B) Only II, III and IV follow
28. Statements: All doors are cots. Some cots are (C) Only III and IV follow
erasers. (D) All follow
Conclusions: 32. Statements: Some chairs are windows. No
I. Some doors are erasers. window is sky.
II. All cots are doors. Conclusions:
III. Some cots are doors. I. No window is chair.
IV. Some erasers are doors. II. No chair is window.
(A) Only III and IV follow III. Some windows are skies.
(B) Only I and II follow IV. Some chairs are skies.
(C) Only III follows (A) Only either III or IV follows
(D) None follows (B) Only either II or III follows
29. Statements: No parrot is crow. All crows are (C) Only either II or IV follow
bats. (D) None follows
Conclusions: 33. Statements: Some pencils are papers. Some
I. Some bats are parrots. papers are boxes.
II. All bats are parrots. Conclusions:
III. Some bats are crows. I. Some Pencils are boxes.
IV. Some bats are not crows. II. Some boxes are pencils.
(A) Only III and IV follow III. Some boxes are papers.
(B) Only II and III follow IV. Some Papers are pencils.
(C) Only IV follows (A) Only I and II follow
(D) Only III follows (B) All follow
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
110

(C) Only III and IV follow (A) I and III follow

(D) None follow (B) III and IV follow
34. Statements: Some dogs are doors. All doors (C) Either I or IV and III follow
are bats. (D) Either I or IV follow
Conclusions: 38. Statements: All bricks are flowers. Some
I. Some dogs are bats. houses are flowers. All pens are houses.
II. All dogs are bats. Conclusions:
III. Some bats are dogs. I. Some houses are bricks.
IV. All bats are dogs. II. Some pens are flowers.
(A) All follow III. Some flowers are bricks.
(B) None follow IV. No pen is flower.
(C) Only II and IV follow (A) Either II or IV and III follow
(D) Only I and III follow (B) Either II or IV and I follow
35. Statements: Some parrots are monkeys. Some (C) Either I or III and IV follow
Monkeys are jackals. (D) None follows
Conclusions: 39. Statements: Some uniforms are covers. All
I. Some Parrot are jackals. covers are papers. All papers are bags.
II. Some Jackals are parrot. Conclusions:
III. Some jackals are monkey. I. All covers are bags.
IV. Some monkeys are parrots. II. Some bags are covers, paper and uniforms.
(A) Only III and IV follow III. Some uniforms are not papers.
(B) Only I and III follow (A) Only I follows
(C) Only II and IV follow (B) I and II follow
(D) Only I and II follow (C) Only III follow
36. Statements: All trees are chairs. No chair is (D) All I, II and III follow
flower. Some flower are bangles. 40. Statements: Some bags are plates. Some
Conclusions: plates are chairs. All chairs are tables.
I. No tree is bangle. Conclusions:
II. No chair is bangle. I. Some tables are plates.
III. Some flowers are trees. II. Some chairs are bags.
IV. Some bangles are trees. III. No chair is bag.
(A) Either I or IV follows (A) Only I follows
(B) Either II or III follows (B) Either II or III follow
(C) I and II follow (C) I and either II or III follow
(D) None follows (D) None of the above
37. Statements: All rocks are balls. Some balls 41. Statements: Some trees are papers. All papers
are rings. All rings are stones. are books. Some books are sky.
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. Some stones are rocks. I. No papers are books.
II. Some rings are rocks. II. All papers are trees.
III. Some balls are rocks. III. At least some books are trees.
IV. No stone is rock. IV. Some sky being papers is a possibility.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
111

(A) III and IV follow 45. Statements: All pens are chairs. Some chairs
(B) Only IV follow are roads. All roads are ice. Some ice are
(C) I and II follow caves.
(D) None follows Conclusions:
42. Statements: Some dogs are aeroplanes. Some I. Some caves are pens.
aeroplanes are buses. All buses are lizards. II. Some ice are pens.
Conclusions: III. Some ice are chairs.
I. Some aeroplanes are definitely lizards. IV. All ice are roads.
II. Most of the lizards are buses. (A) Only II and III follows
III. At least some aeroplanes are dogs. (B) Only II follows
IV. All buses except few are aeroplanes. (C) Only III follows
(A) Only I follows (D) I, II, III follows
(B) Only II follows 46. Statements: Some cars are remotes. Some
(C) None follows remotes are seats. All dices are seats. All seats
(D) All follows are laptops.
43. Statements: All birds are water. All water are Conclusions:
floors. Some floors are blue. I. Some dices are remotes.
Conclusions: II. Some remotes are laptops.
I. Birds are floors. III. All dices are laptops.
II. Each bird is floor. IV. Some seats are cars.
III. Some birds are definitely water. (A) Only I and II follows
IV. Some blue being water is a possibility. (B) II and III follows
(A) All follows (C) Only I, II and III follows
(B) None follows (D) All follows
(C) Only I and III follows 47. Statements: Some scientists are teachers. All
(D) Only II and IV follows teachers are doctors. Some doctors are Actors.
44. Statements: All bottles are switches. No All actors are lawyers.
switch is table. All tables are fans. Some fans Conclusions:
are river. I. Some doctors are scientists.
Conclusions: II. Some doctors are lawyers.
I. Some fans are switches. III. Some lawyers are teachers.
II. At least some switches are definitely IV. Some lawyers are scientists.
bottles. (A) Only I and II follows
III. At least some rivers being table is a (B) Only II and III follows
possibility. (C) Only III and IV follows
IV. None of the river is table. (D) All follows
(A) All follows 48. Statements: Some erasers are locks. Some
(B) II and III follows locks are keys. All keys are bikes. No bike is
(C) II, III, IV follows glass.
(D) III and IV follows Conclusions:
I. No erasers are glasses.
II. Some bikes are erasers.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
112

III. Some bikes are locks. (A) II, III and IV follows
IV. No keys are glasses. (B) I, II and IV follows
(A) Only II and III follows (C) None follows
(B) Only I and III follows (D) All follows
(C) Only III and IV follows 50. Statements: All kites are plastics. All pins are
(D) Only II and IV follows plastics. All fruits are pins.
49. Statements: Some poles are bags. All bags Conclusions:
are woods. All woods are foods. Some foods I. Some fruits are kites.
are carpets. II. Some plastics are pins.
Conclusions: III. Some plastics are kites.
I. All bags are foods. IV. All fruits are plastics.
II. Some foods are poles. (A) Only I, II and III follows
III. Some foods are bags. (B) Only I, II and IV follows
IV. Some woods are poles. (C) Only II, III and IV follows
(D) All follows

Solution

1.(B) 3.(A)

When all painters are smiling and some

authors are painters, then some authors When all men are horses and all horses
are smiling. Therefore, only conclusion are elephants then, naturally all men are
II is correct. elephants, but all elephants need not be
2.(A) horses. Therefore, only conclusion I is
correct.
4.(D) Even though alcoholic drinks are
injurious to health and all old women
drink whisky, which is an alcoholic
drink, it does not necessarily mean that
all old women must have poor health
and that all young women are in good
When all beautiful women are mothers
health, because they do not take
and all mothers are understanding, then
alcoholic drinks, Therefore, neither
naturally all beautiful women are
conclusion I nor conclusion II is
understanding. All mothers need not be
correct.
beautiful women. Therefore, only
conclusion I is correct.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
113

5.(C)

When many scooters are truck which

When all hair are black and some black are all trains, then some scooters must
are long, then it is not for certain that be trains and some trucks must be
some hair are long or no hair is long. scooters. Therefore, only conclusion I is
Some hair that are black may or may correct.
not be long. Therefore, either of the 10.(D)
conclusions is correct.
6. (E)

It is not certain that all authors are pilot

If some clips are pins, then some pins
and some experts must be authors.
are necessarily clips and when some
Therefore, neither of conclusion is true.
pins are staples, then some staples are
11.(D)
necessarily pins. Therefore, both
conclusions I and II are correct.
7.(D)

When some pets are dogs then some

dogs must be pets and when some dogs
are puppies then some puppies must be
When some boys are tables and some dogs. Therefore neither of the
tables are chairs then some boys need conclusions is correct.
not be chairs or vice versa. Therefore, 12.(C)
neither of the conclusions is correct.
8. (E)

AC can be oven in one case. AC cannot

be oven in the other case. Therefore,
either of the conclusion is correct.
When some pens are hammers which 13.(E)
are all nails then some nails must be
pens and some nails must be hammers.
Therefore, both conclusion I and II are
correct.
9.(A)
We can say that some planes are clouds.
Also some clouds are birds.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
114

14.(B)

Sweets may or may not be spice. No

spice is salt is true.
15.(E) Some dogs are trees is true. Some
bricks are trees is true. So, both
conclusions I and II follow.
21.(C)

Some plastics are clothes is true. Some

plastics are papers is true.
16.(A)

Some ponds are tents is true. Some

Roots are goats in one case and no roots
ponds may or may not be desks.
are goats in other case. So either of
17.(B)
them is true.
22.(E)

Some rats may or may not be chairs.

Some rats are pens is true.
18.(D)

Some paints are pots is true. Some

bangles are rings is true. So, both
Forests may or may not be nets. Nets conclusions I and II follow.
may or may not be huts. 23.(B)
19.(E)

When all foxes are plates and all plates

Some buses are tables is true. Some are trees, then naturally all foxes will be
rooms are tables is true. trees and some trees will then have to
20.(E) be foxes. And when all plates are trees
then some trees will have to be plates.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
115

Therefore, only conclusions I, III and must be knives. Therefore, conclusion I

IV are correct. and IV are correct.
24.(D) 28.(C)

When all cups are goats, then only some

goats can be cups. When all goats are
tins then only some tins can be goats.
When all cups are goats and all goats
are tins, then naturally all cups are tins, When all doors are cots then some cots
then naturally all cups are tins and some (not all) can be doors. When some cots
tins must be cups. Therefore, all the are erasers then some doors may or may
conclusions are incorrect. not be erasers or vice versa. Therefore,
25.(C) only conclusion III is correct.
29.(D)

No cows are men is true. Men may be

or may not be windows. Some windows When all crows are bats, then some bats
are cows is true. Some cows are men is must be crows. Bats may or may not be
false. parrots and vice versa. Therefore, only
26.(D) conclusions III is correct.
30.(D)

When all trees are trains and no chair is

a tree then some trains must be trees.
No chair is train and vice versa cannot
be established for certain. Therefore, All soaps are detergents, so some
only conclusion III is correct. detergents are soaps. All detergents are
27.(B) powders, so some powders are
detergents. Also all soaps are powders
and then some powders must be soaps.
Therefore, all the conclusions are
correct.
When some pens are knives then some
31.(A)
knives must be pens. When some
knives are horses, then some horses
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
116

not be pencils. Therefore, only

conclusions III and IV are correct.
34.(D)

When some dogs are doors which are

all bats, then some dogs are bats and
When all buses are dogs, then some vice versa. All dogs cannot be bats and
dogs must be buses. When some dogs vice versa. Therefore, only conclusions
are horses, then some horses must I and III are correct.
necessarily be dogs. Some horses may 35.(A)
be or may be not dog. Therefore, only
conclusions I and II are correct.
32.(D)

When some chairs are windows then

some windows must be chairs. When no
window is sky then some windows Some parrots are monkeys, so some
cannot be skies. Some chairs which are monkeys must be parrots, and some
not windows may or may not be skies. parrots which are not monkeys may or
Therefore, all the conclusions are may not be jackals. Some monkeys are
incorrect. jackals, so some jackals must be
33.(C) monkeys, and some monkeys which are
not jackals may or may not be parrots.
So, only III and IV are correct.
36.(A)

When some pencils are papers then

some papers must be pencils. When
some papers are boxes then some boxes
must be papers. Pencils which are not
papers may or may not be boxes and
boxes which are not papers may or may
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
117

Either some bangles will be tree or no

bangle will be tree. Therefore, either I
or IV follows.
37.(C)

41.(A)

Hence, Some balls are rocks.

38.(A)
Some trees are papers and all papers are
books means papers are subset of books
and some books are sky. Therefore,
conclusion III and IV follows
42.(D)

Hence, Some flowers are bricks.

39.(B) Some dogs are aeroplanes, some
aeroplanes are buses and all buses are
lizards means buses are the subset of
lizards. Hence, all the statements
follows.
43.(A)
Hence, All covers are bags and some
bags are covers, papers and uniforms.
40.(C) Some plates are chairs. All chairs are
tables. So, some tables are plates.
Chairs (no all) may or may not be bags.
So, either II or III follows and I follows. All birds are water means that birds are
subset of water, all water are floors
means water are subset of floors and
some floors are blue. Therefore, all
conclusions follows.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
118

44.(B) Some scientists are teachers means

intersection of scientists and teachers.
All teachers are doctors means teachers
are subset of doctors. All actors are
lawyers means actors are subset of
lawyers. Some doctors are actors means
All bottles are switches means bottles doctors and actors intersect. Hence,
are subset of switches and all tables are conclusion I and II follows only.
fans means tables are subset of fans.
48.(C)
Hence, conclusion II and III follows
only.
45.(C)

Erasers and locks, locks and keys

intersects each others and keys are
subset of bikes. Hence, conclusion III
All pens are chairs means pens are
and IV follows only.
subset of chairs, some chairs are roads
49.(D)
and all roads are ice means roads are
subset of ice. Hence, only conclusion III
follows.
46.(B)

Poles and bags intersects, food and

carpet intersects, bag is subset of wood
and wood is subset of food. Hence, all
Some cars are remotes means some
conclusion follows.
parts of cars are remotes, some remotes
50.(C)
are seats means some parts of remotes
are seats. All dices are seats means
dices are subset of seats and all seats are
laptops means seats are subset of
laptops. Hence, conclusion II and III
follows only.
47.(A)
Kites and pins are subset of plastics,
fruits are subset of pins. Hence,
conclusion II, III and IV follows.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
MATHEMATICAL 119
OPERATIONS AND

Modern
INEQUALITIES
Mathematical Operations 12
Approach to
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS Interchanging the symbols as given in the direction,
Questions on mathematical operations are designed the above equation becomes:
to test a candidate’s skill at mathematical operations.
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
Usual mathematical symbols are converted into
6 + 9 × 8 ÷ 3 – 20 = 6 + 9 × (8/3) – 20 = 6 + 3 × 8 –
20
another form by either using different symbols in = 6 + 24 – 20 = 10
place of usual symbols, interchanging the symbols or Hence, option (c) is the answer.
finding the missing operator in order to make Directions for examples 3 to 5: In each of the
simpler calculation tedious. Students are advised to following examples which one of the four
study following examples carefully to understand the interchanges in signs would make given equation
pattern of such questions. there?
BODMAS will be very useful while solving Example 3: 3 ÷ 5 × 8 + 2 – 10 = 13
questions on mathematical operations. B – Bracket, a) + and – b) × and ÷
O – of, M – Multiply, D – Divide, A – Addition and c) ÷ and – d) ÷ and +
S – Subtraction. Solution: (d)
Directions for examples 1 and 2: In each of the Interchanging symbols + and – as given in option
example given below, two signs in each equation (a), above equation results into
have been interchanged. Find out these two signs to 3 ÷ 5 × 8 – 2 + 10 = (3/5) × 8 – 2 + 10 = (24/5) + 8 ≠
make the equation correct. 13
Example 1: If P denotes ÷, Q denotes ×, R denotes Interchanging symbols × and ÷ given in option (b),
+, S denotes –. Then what is the value of 18 Q 12 P we get:
4R5S6=? 3 × 5 ÷ 8 + 2 – 10 = 3 × (5/8) + 2 – 10 ≠ 13
a) 64 b) 81 c) 53 d) 24 Interchanging symbols ÷ and – as given in option
Solution: (c) (c), we get:
Converting alphabets into mathematical symbols as 3 – 5 × 8 + 2 ÷ 10 = 3 – 5 × 8 + (2/10) = 3 – 40 +
given above, we get: (2/10) ≠ 13
18 × 12 ÷ 4 + 5 – 6 = 18 × (12/4) + 5 – 6 = 18 × 3 + Interchanging symbols ÷ and + as given in option
5–6 (d), we get:
= 54 + 5 – 6 = 59 – 6 = 53 3 + 5 × 8 ÷ 2 – 10 = 3 + 5 × (8/2) – 10 = 3 + 20 – 10
Hence, option (c) is the answer. = 13
Example 2: If + means ×, – means +, × means ÷, Hence, option (d) is the answer.
and ÷ means – then 6 – 9 + 8 × 3 ÷ 20 = ? Example 4: 32 × 22 ÷ (62 – 9) + 12 = 33
a) –2 b) 6 c) 10 d) 12 a) – and ÷ b) + and ×
Solution: (c) c) × and ÷ d) + and –
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
120

Solution: (a) c) 8 R 8 P 8 S 8 Q 8 = 57
By interchanging symbols – and ÷ as given in option d) 36 R 4 S 8 Q 7 P 4 = 10
(a), the above equation becomes: Solution: (c)
9 × 4 – (36 ÷ 9) + 1 = 9 × 4 – (36/9) + 1 = 36 – 4 + 1 8R8P8S8Q8
= 33 =8×8+8÷8–8
Hence, option (a) is the answer. 8 × 8 + (8/8) – 8 = 64 + 1 – 8 = 57
Example 5: 51 ÷ 3 + 17 × 2 – 12 = 10 Example 8: If the given interchanges are made in
a) + and ÷ b) – and × signs and numbers, which one of the four equations
c) ÷ and × d) × and + would be correct?
Solution: (b) Given interchanges : signs ‘–’ and ‘÷’; numbers ‘2’
Interchanging symbols – and × we get, and ‘6’.
51 ÷ 3 + 17 – 2 × 12 = (51/3) + 17 – 24 = 17 + 17 – a) 32 – 12 ÷ 6 = 30 b) 36 ÷ 12 – 2 = 1
24 = 10 c) 32 × 16 ÷ 6 = 1 d) 36 – 12 ÷ 2 = 30
Hence, option (b) is the answer. Solution: (c)
Example 6: If the following equation has to be a) 36 ÷ 16 – 2 ≠ 30 b) 32 – 16 ÷ 6 ≠ 1
balanced, then the signs of which of the following c) 36 ÷ 12 – 2 = 1 d) 32 ÷ 16 – 6 = 30
options will be used? SYMBOLIC OPERATIONS
24 * 6 * 12 * 16 = 0 The these questions, various mathematical operator
a) –, + and + b) ÷, + and ÷ and symbols are used to denote certain mathematical
c) –, – and – d) ÷, + and – operations, but the meaning of these symbols are not
Solution: (d) given. A student has to understand the under
Let us check all the options one-by-one. operations from the given statements. Let us see few
From option (a), examples of understand this better.
24 – 6 + 12 + 16 = 0  (24 + 12 + 16) – 6 = 0 Example 9: If 9 × 5 × 2 = 529 and 4 × 7 × 2 = 724,
 52 – 6 = 0  46 = 0  LHS ≠ RHS then 3 × 9 × 8 = ?
From option (b), a) 983 b) 839 c) 938 d) 893
24 ÷ 6 + 12 ÷ 16 = 0  4 + 0.75 = 0  4.75 = 0  Solution: (a)
LHS ≠ RHS
From option (c),
24 – 6 – 12 – 16 = 0  18 – 12 – 16 = 0  6 – 16 =
0
 –10 = 0  LHS ≠ RHS  ? = 983
From option (d), Example 10: If 5  3 = 16, 9  8 = 73 and 6  7
24 ÷ 6 + 12 – 16 = 0  (24/6) + 12 – 16 = 0 4 + = 43, then 7  8 = ?
12 – 16 = 0 a) 72 b) 58 c) 85 d) 57
 16 – 6 = 0 0 = 0  LHS = RHS Solution: (d)
Hence, option (d) is correct. As, 5  3 = 5 × 3 + 1 = 16, 9  8 = 9 × 8 + 1 = 73,
Example 7: If P denotes +, Q denotes –, R denotes × 6  7 = 6 × 7 + 1 = 43
and S denotes ÷, then which of the following Similarly, 7  8 = 7 × 8 + 1 = 57
statements is correct? Example 11: If ↑ = 12, ∆ = 15,  = 3 and  = 6,
a) 16 R 12 P 49 S 7 Q 9 = 200 then ∆ – ↑ +  = ?
b) 32 S 8 R 9 = 160 Q 12 R 12 a)  b) ↑ c) ∆ d) 
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
121

Solution: (d) II. T < Q (it follows)

∆ – ↑ +  = 15 – 12 + 3 = 15 + 3 – 12 So, only conclusion (II) follows.
= 18 – 12 = 6  Example 15: Statements: A ≤ B = C, D > C = E
 ? = Conclusions: I. E ≥ A II. A < D
Example 12: If 12 ∆ 15 ↑ 5 = 175 and 14 ∆ 16 ↑ 5 = Solution: (e)
219, then 17 ∆ 14 ↑ 5 = ? Statement: A ≤ B = C, D > C = E
a) 430 b) 233 c) 218 d) 225 A≤B=C=E<D
Solution: (b) Conclusions:
As, a = 12 × 15 – 5 = 175, b = 14 × 16 – 5 = 219 I. E ≥ A (it follows, because E = C = B ≥ A)
Similarly, c = 17 × 14 – 5 = 233 II. D > A (it follows, because D > B ≥ A)
 ? = 233 So, both conclusions (I) and (II) follow.
Example 13: If 2 = 6, 4 = 12 and 8 = 24, then 10 = ? Example 16: Statements: A > B, B ≥ C = D < E
a) 30 b) 20 c) 15 d) 27 Conclusions: I. C < A II. D ≤ B
Solution: (a) Solution: (e)
As, 2 × 3 = 6, 4 × 3 = 12, 8 × 3 = 24 Statement: A > B, B ≥ C = D < E
Similarly, 10 × 3 = 30 A>B≥C=D<E
INEQUALITIES Conclusions:
In this type of question, certain relations between I. A > C (it follows, because A > B ≥ C)
different sets of elements are given in terms of ʻless II. B ≥ D (it also follows, because B ≥ C = D)
thanʼ, ʻgreater thanʼ or ʻequal toʼ, using the real So, both conclusions (I) and (II) follow.
symbols or coded symbols. The candidate is required Directions for examples 17 to 20: In these
to analyse the given statements and then decide examples, the symbols are used as follows.
which of the relations given as alternatives follows ʻA © Bʼ means ʻA is greater than Bʼ.
from those given in the statements. ʻA $ Bʼ means ʻA is either greater than or equal to
Directions for examples 14 to 16: In these Bʼ.
examples, relationship between different elements is ʻA = Bʼ means ʻA is equal to Bʼ.
shown in the statements. These statements are ʻA @ Bʼ means ʻA is smaller than Bʼ.
followed by two conclusions. ʻA # Bʼ means ʻA is either smaller than or equal to
Give answer Bʼ.
(a) if only conclusion (I) follows Now, in each of the following questions, assuming
(b) if only conclusion (II) follows the three statements are true, state which of the two
(c) if either conclusion (I) or (II) follows conclusions (I) and (II) given below is definitely
(d) if neither conclusion (I) nor (II) follows true.
(e) if both conclusions (I) and (II) follow Give answer
Example 14: Statement: P ≥ Q = R > S > T (a) if only conclusion (I) is true
Conclusions: I. P ≥ T II. T < Q (b) if only conclusion (II) is true
Solution: (b) (c) if either conclusion (I) or (II) is true
Statement: P ≥ Q = R > S > T (d) if neither conclusion (I) nor (II) is true
Conclusions: (e) if both conclusions (I) and (II) are true
I. P ≥ T (it cannot follow, because R > S > T. If the Example 17: Statements: M @ K, K © R, R © P, P
conclusions were P ≥ R, then it would be ©D
correct.) Conclusions: I. P @ K II. P @ M
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
122

Solution: (a) Solution: (e)

According to the questions According to the questions,
M@KM<K ..... (1) T©MT>M ..... (1)
K©RK>R ..... (2) M = P  M = P ..... (2)
R©PR>P ..... (3) P©RP>R ..... (3)
On combining the statements (1), (2) and (3), we get On combining the statements (1), (2) and (3), we get
M<K>R>P T>M=P>R
Conclusions: Conclusions:
I. P @ K  P < K (true) I. R @ T  R < T (true)
II. P @ M  P < M (false) II. T © R  T > R (true)
So, it is clear that only conclusion (I) follows. So, it is clear that both conclusions (I) and (II) are
Example 18: Statements: Q @ R, R @ M, M © D true.
Conclusions: I. D © R II. D © Q Example 20: Statements: P @ Q, Q © K, K @ M
Solution: (d) Conclusions: I. M = Q II. M $ Q
According to the questions Solution: (d)
Q@RQ<R ..... (1) According to the questions,
R@MR<M ..... (2) P © Q  P < Q ..... (1)
M © D M > D ..... (3) C©KQ>K ..... (2)
On combining the statements (1), (2) and (3), we get K@MK<M ..... (3)
Q<R<M>D On combining the statements (1), (2) and (3), we get
Conclusions: P<Q>K<M
I. D © R  D > R (false) Conclusions:
II. D © Q  D > Q (false) I. M = Q  M = Q (false)
So, it is clear that neither conclusion (I) nor (II) is II. M $ Q  M ≥ Q (false)
true. So, it is clear that neither conclusion (I) nor (II) is
Example 19: Statements: T © M, M = P, P © R true.
Conclusions: I. R @ T II. T © R

Exercise

Directions for questions 1 to 5: If ‘+’ is ‘×’, ‘–’ is 4. 5×4–6÷3+1=?

‘+’, ‘×’ is ‘÷’ and ‘÷’ is ‘–’, then answer the (A) 5 (B) 4
following questions based on this information. (C) –1 (D) None of these
1. 15 × 5 ÷ 3 + 1 – 1 = ? 5. 21 ÷ 8 + 2 – 12 × 3 = ?
(A) –1 (B) –2 (A) 14 (B) 9
(C) 3 (D) 1 (C) 13.5 (D) 11
2. 9÷5+4–3×2=?
(A) 2 (B) –9 Directions for questions 6 to 8: Correct the
(C) –3 (D) None of these following equations by interchanging the two
3. 6 – 9 + 8 × 3 ÷ 20 = ? signs:
(A) 22 (B) 6 6. 51 ÷ 3 × 12 – 6 + 3 = 11
(C) 10 (D) 12 (A) + and ÷ (B) – and +
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
123

(C) × and ÷ (D) None 14. Find out the two signs to be interchanged for
7. 5 × 15 ÷ 7 – 20 + 4 = 77 making following equation correct.
(A) – and + (B) × and ÷ 5 + 3 × 8 – 12 ÷ 4 = 3
(C) + and ÷ (D) + and × (A) + and – (B) – and ÷
8. 3 – 9 × 27 + 9 ÷ 3 = 3 (C) + and × (D) + and ÷
(A) + and – (B) × and +
(C) × and ÷ (D) × and – Directions for questions 15 and 16: In each of the
following questions, which one of the four
Directions for questions 9 and 10: Select the interchanges in signs and numbers would
correct combination of mathematical signs to make the given equation correct/true?
replace (*) signs and to balance the given 15. 5 × 3 + 4 = 23
equation. (A) + and ×, 4 and 5 (B) + and ×, 3 and 5
9. 16 * 6 * 4 * 24 (C) + and ×, 3 and 4 (D) None of these
(A) ÷ = × (B) × = ÷ 16. (7 ÷ 3) × 5 = 6
(C) = ÷ ÷ (D) × ÷ = (A) × and ÷, 3 and 5
10. 9 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 6 (B) × to +, 3 and 7
(A) ÷ × – = (B) + – × = (C) No interchange, 5 and 7
(C) – + + = (D) × + – = (D) ÷ to –, 3 and 5
11. If the given interchanges are made in signs 17. What will be the correct mathematical signs
and numbers, which one of the four equations that can be inserted in place of questions mark
would be correct? (?) in the following equation?
Given interchanges: sign ‘+’ and ‘–’; numbers 45 ? 5 ? 9 ? 3 ? 2 ? 6 = 0
‘5’ and ‘8’ (A) ×, –, +, ÷, × (B) ÷, ÷, ×, +, –
(A) 82 – 35 + 55 = 2 (C) +, +, ÷, ×, – (D) ÷, +, ÷, –, ×
(B) 82 – 35 + 55 = 102 18. What will be the correct mathematical signs
(C) 85 – 38 + 85 = 132 that can be inserted in place of questions mark
(D) 82 – 35 + 55 = 72 (?) in the following equation?
12. If + stands for division, × stands for addition, 12 ? 3 ? 4 ? 2 ? 5 = 5
– stands for multiplication and ÷ stands for (A) –, ÷, +, × (B) +, –, ÷, ×
subtraction, then which of the following (C) ×, –, +, ÷ (D) ÷, ×, –, +
equations is correct? 19. Which of the following meanings of the
(A) 36 × 6 + 7 ÷ 2 – 6 = 20 arithmetical signs will yield the value ʻzeroʼ
(B) 36 + 6 – 3 × 5 ÷ 3 = 24 for the expression given below?
(C) 36 ÷ 6 + 3 × 5 – 3 = 45 200 × 100 + 300 × 200 – 10 ÷ 2 + 40
(D) 36 – 6 + 3 × 5 ÷ 3 = 74 (A) + means –, – means ÷, × means ÷, ÷
13. If P denotes +, Q denotes –, R denotes × and S means +
denotes ÷, then which of the following (B) + means –, – means ÷, × means +, ÷
statement is correct? means ×
(A) 36 R 4 S 8 Q 7 P 4 = 10 (C) + means ×, – means –, × means ÷, ÷
(B) 8 R 8 P 8 S 8 Q 8 = 57 means +
(C) 16 R 12 P 49 S 7 Q 9 = 200 (D) + means ÷, – means +, × means –, ÷
(D) 32 S 8 R 9 = 160 Q 12 R 12 means ×
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
124

Symbolic Operators 10. 16 (27) 43, 29 (?) 56, 36 (12) 48

Directions for questions 1 to 10: In each of the (A) 23 (B) 33
following questions, all the equations except (C) 27 (D) 37
one have been solved according to a certain
rule. You are required to solve the unsolved Inequalities
equation following the same rule and to Directions for questions 1 to 10: In these questions,
choose the correct answer out of the given relationship between different elements is
options. shown in the statements. The statements are
1. 7 – 4 – 1 = 714, 9 – 2 – 3 = 932 and 8 – 0 – 4 followed by two conclusions.
=? Give answer
(A) 804 (B) 840 (A) if only conclusion (I) is true
(C) 408 (D) 480 (B) if only conclusion (II) is true
2. If 2463 = 36 and 5552 = 30, then 6732 = ? (C) if either conclusion (I) or (II) is true
(A) 32 (B) 36 (D) if neither conclusion (I) nor (II) is true
(C) 34 (D) 39 (E) if both conclusions (I) and (II) are true
3. 2 + 6 + 9 = 926 and 1 + 8 + 2 = 218, then 1. Statement: H ≥ I = J > K ≤ L
4+3+1=? Conclusions: I. K < H II. L ≥ I
(A) 314 (B) 341 2. Statements: P < Q > T, R ≥ Q
(C) 143 (D) 431 Conclusions: I. R > P II. T < R
4. 4 – 4 = 12, 6 – 6 = 30 and 2 – 2 = 2, then 8 – 8 3. Statements: D > E ≤ F, J < F
=? Conclusions: I. D > J II. E < J
(A) 8 (B) 38 4. Statements: A ≤ B < C, A ≥ D, C ≤ F
(C) 56 (D) 16 Conclusions: I. D < C II. F ≥ D
5. 4 × 6 × 2 = 351 and 3 × 9 × 8 = 287, then 5. Statements: L = M ≥ N, M > P, L < K
9×5×6=? Conclusions: I. K > P II. N < K
(A) 270 (B) 845 6. Statements: J = K ≥ L ≤ M, K < S, J > T
(C) 596 (D) 659 Conclusions: I. L < S II. M > T
6. 5 × 3 × 9 = 395 and 9 × 7 × 5 = 759, then 7. Statements: R ≥ I ≤ J, A < I
7×6×4=? Conclusions: I. J > R II. J > A
(A) 676 (B) 476 8. Statements: H < I ≤ J, R ≥ I > A
(C) 647 (D) 764 Conclusions: I. H < R II. A > H
7. If 73 + 82 = 14, 91 + 21 = 11, then 86 + 24 = ? 9. Statements: B ≤ C = D > E, F > C
(A) 9 (B) 62 Conclusions: I. F ≥ B II. C ≥ E
(C) 8 (D) 6 10. Statements: P < R ≥ I = C, L > E ≥ R
8. 10 (150) 15, 14 (224) 16, 13 (?) 15 Conclusions: I. E > C II. C = E
(A) 205 (B) 195
(C) 178 (D) 197 Directions for questions 11 to 15: In the following
9. 9 * 7 = 32, 13 * 7 = 120 and 17 * 9 = 208, questions, the symbols @, $, #, © and % are
then used with the following meaning as illustrated
19 * 11 = ? below.
(A) 64 (B) 160 ʻP $ Qʼ means ʻP is not smaller than Qʼ.
(C) 240 (D) 210
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
125

ʻP # Qʼ means ʻP is neither smaller than nor 14. Statements: F # H, H @ M, M © E, E $ J

equal to Qʼ. Conclusions:
ʻP @ Qʼ means ʻP is neither greater than nor I. J © M II. E # H
smaller than Qʼ. III. M © F IV. F # E
ʻP © Qʼ means ʻP is neither greater than nor (A) (I) and (II) are true
equal to Qʼ. (B) (II) and (III) are true
ʻP % Qʼ means ʻP is not greater than Qʼ. (C) (I), (II) and (III) are true
Now, in each of the following questions, (D) (II), (III) and (IV) are true
assuming the given statements to be true, find 15. Statements: M @ B, B # N, N $ R, R © K
which of the four conclusions (I), (II), (III) Conclusions:
and (IV) given below them is/are definitely I. K # B II. R © B
true and give your answer accordingly. III. M $ R IV. N © M
Give answer (A) (I) and (III) are true
(A) if only conclusion (I) is true (B) (I) and (II) are true
(B) if only conclusion (II) is true (C) (II) and (IV) are true
(C) if either conclusion (I) or (II) is true (D) (II), (III) and (IV) are true
(D) if neither conclusion (I) nor (II) is true
(E) if both conclusions (I) and (II) are true Directions for questions 16 to 20: In the following
11. Statements: R # J, J $ D, D @ K, K % T questions, the symbols @, $, *, # and are used
Conclusions: with the following meaning as illustrated
I. T # D II. T @ D below.
III. R # K IV. J $ T ʻP $ Qʼ means ʻP is not smaller than Qʼ.
(A) Either (I) or (II) is true ʻP # Qʼ means ʻP is neither greater than nor
(B) Only (III) is true equal to Qʼ.
(C) (III) and (IV) are true ʻP * Qʼ means ʻP is not greater than Qʼ.
(D) Either (I) or (II) and (III) are true ʻP @ Qʼ means ʻP is neither smaller than nor
12. Statements: T % R, R $ M, M @ D, D © H equal to Qʼ.
Conclusions: ʻP  Qʼ means ʻP is neither greater than nor
I. D % R II. H # R smaller than Qʼ.
III.T © M IV. T % D Now, in each of the following questions,
(A) Only (I) is true assuming the given statements to be true, find
(B) (I) and (IV) are true which of the four conclusions (I), (II), (III)
(C) (I) and (II) are true and (IV) given below them is/are definitely
(D) (II) and (IV) are true true and give your answer accordingly.
13. Statements: D % A, A @ B, B © K, K % M Give answer
Conclusions: (A) if only conclusion (I) is true
I. B $ D II. K # A (B) if only conclusion (II) is true
III. M # B IV. A © M (C) if either conclusion (I) or (II) is true
(A) (I), (II) and (IV) are true (D) if neither conclusion (I) nor (II) is true
(B) (I), (II) and (III) are true (E) if both conclusions (I) and (II) are true
(C) (II), (III) and (IV) are true 16. Statements: N  B, B $ W, W # H, H * M
(D) All are true Conclusions:
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126

I. M @ W II. H @ N (A) (I), (II) and (III) are true

III. W  N IV. W # N (B) (II), (III) and (IV) are true
(A) Only (I) is true (C) (I), (III) and (IV) are true
(B) Only (III) is true (D) None of these
(C) Only (IV) is true 19. Statements: M $ K, K @ N, N * R, R # W
(D) Either (III) or (IV) and (I) are true Conclusions:
17. Statements: H @ T, T # F, F  E, E * V I. W @ K II. M $ R
Conclusions: III. K @ W IV. M @ N
I. V $ F II. E @ T (A) (I), (II)) and (III) are true
III. H @ V IV. T # V (B) (III) and (IV) are true
(A) (I), (II) and (III) are true (C) (I) and (II) are true
(B) (I), (II) and (IV) are true (D) None of these
(C) (II), (III) and (IV) are true 20. Statements: R * D, D $ J, J # M, M @ K
(D) (I), (III) and (IV) are true Conclusions:
18. Statements: D # R, R * K, K @ F, F $ J I. K # J II.D @ M
Conclusions: III.R # M IV.D @ K
I. J # R II. J # K (A) None is true (B) Only (I) is true
III. R # F IV. K @ D (A) Only (II) true (B) Only (III) is true

Solution

1.(D) 5÷5–3×1+1=3–3×1+1 8.(D) If we interchange × and –, the equation

=1 changes into 3 × 9 – 27 + 9 ÷ 3 = 27 –
2.(D) 9 – 5 × 4 + 3 ÷ 2 = 9 – 5 × 4 + (3/2) = – 27 + 3 = 3. Hence, option (d) is the
(19/2) correct answer.
3.(C) 6 + 9 × 8 ÷ 3 – 20 9.(D) 16 × 6 ÷ 4 = 24
= 6 + 9 × (8/3) – 20 (96/4) = 24  24 = 24
= 6 + (72/3) – 20 10.(A) 9÷3×3–3=6
= [(18 + 72)/3] – 20
3×3–3=6
= (90/3) – 20 = 30 – 20 = 10
9–3=6
4.(D) 5 ÷ 4 + 6 – 3 × 1 = (5/4) + 6 – 3 =
6=6
(17/4)
11.(A) (A): 52 + 38 – 88 = 2
5.(B) 21 – 8 × 2 + 12 ÷ 3 = 21 – 8 × 2 + 4
(B): 52 + 38 – 55 = 102
= 21 – 16 + 4 = 9
(C): 58 + 35 – 58 = 132
6.(D) None of the interchanges are applicable
(D): 82 + 35 – 88 = 77
in the equation to produce number 11.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
7.(C) If we interchange signs + and ÷, then
12.(D) 36 – 6 + 3 × 5 ÷ 3
the equation results into 5 × 15 + 7 – 20
36 × 6 ÷ 3 + 5 – 3
÷ 4 = 5 × 15 + 7 – 5 = 77. Hence,
or 36 × 2 + 5 – 3 = 74
option (c) is the correct answer.
or 72 + 5 – 3 = 74
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
127

13.(B) Using the symbol correctly as given in 19.(B) Using the meanings of arithmetical
the question in option (b), we get: signs given in option (b), we get the
8×8+8÷8–8 given expression as:
Using BODMAS rule, we get 200 + 100 – 300 + 200 ÷ 10 × 2 – 40
8 × 8 + 1 – 8 = 64 + 1 – 8 Using BODMAS rule, we get
= 65 – 8 = 57 200 + 100 – 300 + 20 × 2 – 40 = 200 +
14.(B) Interchanging symbols – and ÷ in the 100 – 300 + 40 – 40
given equation, we get 5 + 3 × 8 ÷ 12 – = 340 – 300– 40 = 340 – 340 = 0
4=3 Symbolic Operators
Using BODMAS rule, we get: 1.(B)
5 + 3 × (2/3) – 4 = 3
or, 5 + 2 – 4 = 3
or, 7 – 4 = 3
or, 3 = 3, which is true.
15.(B) Interchange + and ×, 3 and 5 in the
given equation, we get As,
2.(A)
3 + 5 × 4 = 23
Using BODMAS rule, we get:
3 + 20 = 23
or, 23 = 23 which is correct.
16.(D) Changing ÷ and – and interchanging 3
and 5 in the given equation, we get (7 –
5) × 3 = 6
Using BODMAS rule, we get 3.(C)
2×3=6
or, 6 = 6, which is correct.
17.(D) Using the mathematical signs given in
(d), we get the given equation as:
45 ÷ 5 + 9 ÷ 3 – 2 × 6 = 0
Using BODMAS rule, we get
9+3–2×6=0
or, 9 + 3 – 12 = 0 As 4 – 4  4 × 4 – 4 = 12
4.(C)
or, 12 – 12 = 0
6 – 6  6 × 6 – 6 = 30
or, 0 = 0, which is true.
2–22×2–2=2
18.(B) Using the mathematical signs given in
Similarly, 8 – 8  8 × 8 – 8 = 56
(b), we get the given equation as 12 + 3
–4÷2×5=5 ? = 56
Using BODMAS rule, we get: 5.(B)
12 + 3 – 2 × 5 = 5
or, 12 + 3 – 10 = 5
or, 15 – 10 = 5
or, 5 = 5, which is true.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
128

6.(C) I. K < H (true)

II. L ≥ I (false)
So, it is clear that only conclusion (I)
follows from the given statements.
2. (E) Given that,
P<Q>T ..... (1)
and R ≥ Q ..... (2)
On combining the statements (1) and
7.(C) As, 73 + 82 = 14 (2), we get:
 (7 – 3) + (8 + 2) = 14 P < Q ≤ R and R ≥ Q > T
 4 + 10 = 14 Conclusions:
 14 = 14 and 91 + 21 = 11 I. R > P (true)
 (9 – 1) + (2 + 1) = 11 II. T < R (true)
So, it is clear that both conclusion (I)
8 + 3 = 11  11 = 11
Similarly, 86 + 24 = (8 – 6) + (2 + 4) and (II) are true.
=2+6=8 3.(D) Given that,
Here, Product of left and right numbers = D > E ≤ F ..... (1)
8.(B)
Middle number and J < F ..... (2)
As, 10 × 15 = 150, 14 × 16 = 224 On combining the statements (1) and
Similarly, 13 × 15 = 195 (2), we get:
D>E≤F>J
? = 195
Conclusions:
9.(C) As, 9 * 7  (9 + 7)(9 – 7)
I. D > J (false)
= 16 × 2 = 32
II. E < J (false)
13 * 7  (13 + 7)(13 – 7)
So, it is clear that neither conclusion (I)
= 20 × 6 = 120
nor (II) is true.
17 * 9  (17 + 9)(17 – 9)
4.(A) Statements:
= 26 × 8 = 208
A ≤ B < C, A ≥ D, C ≤ F
Similarly,
On combining both the statements, we
19 * 11  (19 + 11)(19 – 11) get:
= 30 × 8 = 240 D≤A≤B<C≤F
? = 240 Conclusions:
10.(C) Here, I. D < C (true)
Right number – Left number II. F ≥ D (false)
= Middle number Hence, only conclusion (I) is definitely
As, 43 – 16 = 27, 48 – 36 = 12 true.
Similarly, 56 – 29 = 27 5. (E) Statements:
 ? = 27 L = M ≥ N, M > P, L < K
Inequalities On combining both the statements, we
1.(A) Given that, H ≥ I = J > K ≤ L get:
Here, statements are already combined. K > L = M > P and K > L = M ≥ N
Conclusions: Conclusions:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
129

I. K > P (true) So, either conclusion (I) or (II) is true.

II. N < K (true) Solutions for questions 11 to 15:
Hence, it is clear that both conclusions
(I) and (II) are true.
6.(A) I. Given statements are
11.(D) According to the question,
J = K ≥ L ≤ M, K < S, J > T
From given statements, R#JR>J ..... (1)
L≤K<SL<S (true) J$DJ≥D ..... (2)
So, conclusion (I) is true. D @ K  D = K .... (3)
I. Given statements are K % T  K ≤ T ..... (4)
T<J=K≥L≤M On combining the statements (1), (2),
So, no relation can be established (3) and (4), we get
between M and T. R>J≥D=K≤T
7.(B) I. From given statement, Conclusions:
R≥I≤J I. T # D  T > D
So, no relation can be established II. T @ D  T = D
between J and R. (either I or II is true)
II. From given statement, III. R # K  R > K (true)
A<I≤JJ>A IV. J $ T  J ≥ T (false)
So, conclusion (II) is true. So, it is clear that either conclusion (I)
8.(A) The given statements are, or (II) and (III) are true.
H < I ≤ J, R ≥ I > A 12.(A) According to the question,
I. From given statement, T%RT≤R ..... (1)
H<I≤RH<R R $ M  R ≥ M ..... (2)
So, conclusion (I) is true. M @ D  M = D ..... (3)
II. From given statement, D © H  D < H ..... (4)
H<I>A On combining the statements (1), (2),
So, no relation can be found between H (3) and (4), we get
and A. T≤R≥M=D<H
9.(D) Given statements are, Conclusions:
B ≤ C = D > E, F > C I. D % R  D ≤ R (true)
From given statements, II. H # R  H > R (false)
B ≤ C < F or B < F i.e B ≤ F (false)
III. T © M  T < M (false)
and B ≤ C = D > E or C > E
IV. T % D  T ≤ D (false)
i.e. C ≥ E (false)
So, it is clear that only conclusion (I) is
So, neither conclusion (I) nor (II) is
true.
true.
13.(D) According to the question,
10.(C) Given statements are,
D % A  D ≤ A ..... (1)
P < R ≥ I = C, L > E ≥ R
A @ B  A = B ..... (2)
From given statements,
B © K  B < K ..... (3)
E≥R≥I=CE≥C
K % M  K ≤ M ..... (4)
 E > C or E = C
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
130

On combining the statements (1), (2),

(3) and (4), we get
D≤A=B<K≤M
16.(E) According to the question,
Conclusions:
N BN=B ..... (1)
I. B $ D  B ≥ D (true)
B $ W B ≥ W ..... (2)
II. K # A  K > A (true)
W # H W < H ..... (3)
III. M # B  M > B (true)
H * M  H ≤ M ..... (4)
IV. A © M  A < M (true)
On combining the statements (1), (2),
So, it is clear that all conclusions are
(3) and (4), we get
true.
N=B≥W<H≤M
14.(B) According to the question,
Conclusions:
F#HF>H ..... (1)
I. M @ W  M > W (true)
H @ M  H = M ..... (2)
II. H @ N  H > N (false)
M © E  M < E ..... (3)
III. W  N  W = N
E$JE≥J ..... (4)
IV. W # N W < N
On combining the statements (1), (2),
(either III or IV is true)
(3) and (4), we get
So, it is clear that either conclusion (III)
F>H=M<E≥J
or (IV) and (I) are true.
Conclusions:
17.(B) According to the question,
I. J © M  J < M (false)
H @ T  H > T ..... (1)
II. E # H  E > H (true)
T#FT <F ..... (2)
III. M © F  M < F (true)
F EF=E ..... (3)
IV. F # E  F > E (false)
E*VE≤V ..... (4)
So, it is clear that both conclusion (II)
On combining the statements (1), (2),
and (III) are true.
(3) and (4), we get
15.(C) According to the question,
H>T<F=E≤V
M @ B  M = B ..... (1)
Conclusions:
B#NB>N ..... (2)
I. V $ F  V ≥ F (true)
N$RN≥R ..... (3)
II. E @ TE > T (true)
R © K  R < K ..... (4)
III. H @ V  H > V (false)
On combining the statements (1), (2),
IV. T # V  T < V (true)
(3) and (4), we get
So, it is clear that conclusion (I), (II)
M=B>N≥R<K
and (IV) are true.
Conclusions:
18.(D) According to the question,
I. K # B  K > B (false)
D#RD<R ..... (1)
II. R © B  R < B (true)
R*KR≤K ..... (2)
III. M $ R  M ≥ R (false)
K @ F  K > F ..... (3)
IV. N © M  N < M (true)
F$JF≥J ..... (4)
So, it is clear that both conclusions (II)
On combining the statements (1), (2),
and (IV) are true.
(3) and (4), we get
Solutions for questions 16 to 20:
D<R≤K>F≥J
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
131

Conclusions: IV. M @ N  M > N (true)

I. J # R  J < R (false) So, it is clear that only conclusion (IV)
II. J # K  J < K (true) is true.
III. R # F  R < F (false) 20.(A) According to the question,
IV. K @ D  K > D (true) R*DR≤D ..... (1)
So, it is clear that conclusions (II) and D$JD≥J ..... (2)
(IV) are true. J#MJ<M ..... (3)
19.(D) According to the question, M @ K  M >K ..... (4)
M$KM≥K ..... (1) On combining the statements (1), (2),
K@NK>N ..... (2) (3) and (4), we get
N*RN≤R ..... (3) R≤D≥J<M>K
R # W  R < W ..... (4) Conclusions:
On combining the statements (1), (2), I. K # J  K < J (false)
(3) and (4), we get II. D @ M  D > M (false)
M≥K>N≤R<W III. R # M  R < M (false)
Conclusions: IV. D @ K  D > K (false)
I. W @ K  W > K (false) So, it is clear that none of the
II. M $ R  M ≥ R (false) conclusion is true.
III. K @ WK > W (false)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
132

Counting in FigureModern
COUNTING IN FIGURE

13
Approach to
In these types of questions, we have to count the
number of lines, triangles, squares, etc. in the given
figure. Some of the methods of counting have been
discussed below. for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET
Numberand
of 1 × 1other
squares =Exams
16
COUNTING SQUARES
Number of 2 × 2 squares = 9
How many squares are on a chessboard? (8 × 8)
Number of 3 × 3 squares = 4
Number of 4 × 4 squares = 1
Number of squares altogether = 30
If we can look at a pattern above we can find the
total number of squares in a 5 × 5 square. There are
55 squares total (25 + 16 + 9 + 4 + 1).
You add up the square numbers until you get to
We can find the answer by counting the individual the size of your big square; so, we can conclude
small squares on the chessboard to find the final that the number of squares in an n-by-n square is
answer or we can find the number of squares of 12 + 22 +………..+ n2 and this expression is
varying sizes. Let’s see how to find the answer. equivalent to n(n  1)(2n  1) .
In a 2 × 2 square and let’s find the total number of
6
squares in this.
So, the number of squares in a chessboard is
8  9  17

6
Number of small squares = 4 = 204 with the following details.
Number of 2 × 2 squares = 1
SQUARES
Number of squares altogether = 5
In a 3 × 3 square & let’s find the total number of Size Number
squares in this.
1×1 64

2×2 49

Number of 1 × 1 squares = 9 3×3 36

Number of 2 × 2 squares = 4 4×4 25
Number of 3 × 3 squares = 1
Number of squares altogether = 14 5×5 16
In a 4 × 4 square & let’s find the total number of
6×6 9
squares in this.
7×7 4
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
133

8×8 1 rectangle. The total number of rectangles comes out

to be 60.
TOTAL 204 COUNTING EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES
Example 1: 6 equidistant vertical lines are drawn on The number of triangles in the figure below is 5(4
a board. 6 equidistant horizontal lines are also drawn small and 1 large).
on the board cutting the 6 vertical lines, and the
distance between any two consecutive horizontal
lines is equal to that between any two consecutive
The number of triangles in the figure below is 13 (9
vertical lines. What is the maximum number of
small, 3 medium and 1 large).
squares thus formed?
a) 37 b) 55 c) 126 d) 225
Solution: As the total number of squares is an n × n
square is Now, from the above results we can find the number
n(n  1)(2n  1)
of triangle in a equilateral triangle with side
6
measuring 4 units as below:
The number of squares in each row is 5.
So, the total number of squares is
5  6  11
 55
6
Hence, the answer is (55) In these types of questions We can count how many triangles of each size are in
we have to count the number of lines, triangles, each of the triangles above. Consider triangles in
squares, etc. in the given figure. Some of the both the up position and down position, as shown
methods of counting have been discussed below. below:
COUNTING RECTANGLES
Example 2: The given figure is a 2 row × 3 column
rectangle. How many of each type of rectangle are
there? Let’s count them. Now, we can create a table to organize the counting
Position Size 1 Size 2 Size 3 Size 4

1 row × 1 column = 6 Up 10 6 3 1
1 row × 2 column = 4
Down 6 1 0 0
1 row × 3 column = 2
2 row × 1 column = 3 Total 16 7 3 1
2 row × 2 column = 2 Grand Total = 27 (16 + 7 + 3 + 1)
2 row × 3 column = 1 So, we can find the number of triangle in a
So, total number of rectangles = 18 equilateral triangle with side measuring 5 units as
The general formula for finding rectangles in a m × below:
n grid is: m + 1C2 × n + 1C2 or
 m(m  1) n(n  1) 
  
 
 2 2 
Now, to count the number of rectangles in a 3 row ×
4 column rectangles, we will find each type of
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
134

Position Size 1 Size 2 Size 3 Size 4 Size 5 Total 25 13 6 3 1

Up 15 10 6 3 1 Grand Total = 48(1 + 3 + 6 + 13 + 25)

Down 10 3 0 0 0

Exercise

1. How many straight lines are there in the figure 5. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below? given below?

(A) 9 (B) 15 (A) 36 (B) 40

(C) 11 (D) 16 (C) 44 (D) 48
2. How many triangles are there in the figure 6. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below? given below?

(A) 16 (B) 13
(A) 28 (B) 32
(C) 9 (D) 7
(C) 36 (D) 40
3. How many triangles are there in the figure
7. How many quadrilaterals are there in the
given below?
figure given below?

(A) 23 (B) 27 (A) 12 (B) 20

(C) 21 (D) 31 (C) 29 (D) 30
4. How many triangles are there in the figure 8. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below? given below?

(A) 16 (B) 12 (A) 39 (B) 25

(C) 10 (D) 8 (C) 28 (D) 20
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
135

9. How many squares are there in the figure

given below?

14. How many quadrilateral are there in the figure

given?
(A) 16 (B) 17 (A) 6 (B) 7
(C) 25 (D) 30 (C) 9 (D) 10
10. How many squares are there in the figure 15. How many pentagons are there in the figure
given below? given?
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 6

Directions for questions 16 to 18: These questions

are based on the figure given below.
(A) 12 (B) 13
(C) 16 (D) 17
11. How many squares are there in the figure
given below?

16. How many straight lines at minimum are

required to draw the above figure?
(A) 11 (B) 13
(C) 15 (D) 21
(A) 18 (B) 20 17. How many triangles are there in the figure
(C) 19 (D) 16 given?
12. How many rectangles are there in the figure (A) 12 (B) 16
given below? (C) 22 (D) 24
18. How many squares are there in the figure
given?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 9 (D) 12 (C) 7 (D) 8
13. How many rectangles are there in the figure 19. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below? given below?

(A) 12 (B) 8
(C) 16 (D) 15
(A) 8 (B) 17 20. How many triangles are there in the figure
(C) 18 (D) 20 given below?

Directions for questions 14 and 15: The question

are based on the figure given below.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
136

(A) 8 (B) 10
(C) 12 (D) 14
21. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below? (A) 16 (B) 22
(C) 24 (D) 32
27. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below?
(A) 16 (B) 22
(C) 18 (D) 32
22. How many triangles are there in the figure
(A) 12 (B) 13
given below?
(C) 14 (D) 15
28. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below?
(A) 44 (B) 16
(C) 24 (D) 36
23. How many straight lines are there in the figure
given below?
(A) 35 (B) 34
(C) 38 (D) 40
29. How many triangles are there in the figure
(A) 15 (B) 16 given below?
(C) 17 (D) 18
24. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below?

(A) 22 (B) 24
(C) 26 (D) 28
30. How many squares are there in the figure
(A) 27 (B) 25 given below?
(C) 23 (D) 21
25. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below?

(A) 18 (B) 19
(C) 25 (D) 27
31. How many squares are there in the figure
(A) 21 (B) 23 given below?
(C) 25 (D) 27
26. How many triangles are there in the figure
given below?
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
137

(A) 13 (B) 16 (A) 44 triangles and 10 squares

(C) 19 (D) 20 (B) 14 triangles and 16 squares
32. How many squares are there in the figure (C) 24 triangles and 6 squares
given below? (D) 24 triangles and 9 squares
37. How many triangles and squares are there in
the figure given below?

(A) 11 (B) 21
(C) 24 (D) 26
33. How many triangles and quadrilaterals are
(A) 26 triangles and 5 squares
there in the figure given below?
(B) 26 triangles and 6 squares
(C) 27 triangles and 6 squares
(D) 27 triangles and 5 squares
38. How many triangles are there in the given
(A) 16, 20 (B) 18, 38 figure?
(C) 14, 20 (D) 15, 21
34. How many triangles and parallelograms are
there in the figure given below?

(A) 28 (B) 29
(C) 27 (D) 31
39. How many triangles are there in the given
(A) 21, 17 (B) 19, 13 figure?
(C) 21, 15 (D) 19, 17
35. How many triangles and squares are there in
the figure given below?

(A) 11 (B) 13
(C) 15 (D) 17
40. How many triangles are there in the figure
(A) 16, 7 (B) 18, 8 given below?
(C) 15, 8 (D) 17, 7
36. How many triangles and squares are there in
the figure given below?

(A) 24 (B) 22
(C) 28 (D) 34
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
138

Solution

1.(C) 4.(A)

Straight lines covering bases of 4

Smaller triangles: 8
triangles = 3
Combination of 2 triangles: (1, 2), (3,
Straight lines covering bases of 3
4), (5, 6), (7, 8) = 4
triangles = 3
Combination of 4 triangles: (1, 2, 3, 4),
Straight lines covering bases of 2
(5, 6, 7, 8), (3, 4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 1, 2) = 4
triangles = 3
Total triangles = 16
Straight lines covering base of 1
5.(D)
triangles = 2
Total straight lines = 11
2.(A)

Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = 6
Combination of 2 triangles: (1, 6), (5, Small triangles: 16
4), (3, 2) = 3 Triangles consisting 2 small triangles:
Combination of 3 triangles: (1, 6, 5), (2, (2, 11), (14, 3), (6, 15), (10, 7) = 4
3, 4), (6, 1, 2), (5, 4, 3), (1, 2, 3), (6, 5, Triangles consisting 2 small triangles
4) = 6 and a square:
Combinations of all small triangles: 1, (15f16), (6e5), (3d4), (13c14), (11b12),
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = 1 (1a2), (7h8), (9g10) = 8
3.(C) Triangle consisting of 4 small triangles:
(2, 11, 14, 3) (6, 15, 10, 7), (10, 7, 2,
11), (14, 3, 6, 15) = 4
Triangles consisting of 4 small triangles
and 2 squares:
Small triangles: 12
(1, 2, 11, 12, a,b), (13, 14, 3, 4, c, d), (5,
Combination of two triangles: (1, 2), (3,
6, 15, 16, e, f), (9, 10, 7, 8, g, h) = 4
4), (4, 5), (6, 7), (8, 9), (9, 10), (11, 12)
Triangle consisting of 5 small triangles
=7
and 2 squares:
Combination of 4 triangles: (1, 2, 3, 4),
(1, 2, 11, 14, 3, b, a), (8, 7, 10, 15, 6, g,
(9, 10, 11, 12) = 2
h), (9, 10, 11, 2, 7, h, g), (16, 15, 14, 3,
Total Triangles = 21
6, e, f), (5, 6, 7, 10, 15, f, e), (4, 3, 2, 11,
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
139

14, c, d), (13, 14, 15, 6, 3, d, c), (12, 11, = 3 × 10

10, 7, 2, a, b) = 8 = 30
Triangles consisting of 8 small triangles 8.(B)
and 4 squares:
(1, a, b, 12, 13, c, d, 4, 3, 14, 11, 2), (8,
h, g, 9 16, f, e, 5, 6, 15, 10, 7), (9, g, h,
1, a, b, 12, 11, 2, 7, 10), (13, c, d, 4, 5, Above figure has 2 types of triangles
e, f, 16, 15, 6, 3, 14) = 4 pointing upward and pointing
Total triangles = 48 downwards.
6.(C) Upwards: 1 × 1 = 9
2×2=6
3×3=3
4×4=1
Downwards:
1×1=5
Small triangles: 12 2×2=1
Triangles consisting of 2 small (1, 12), Total triangles = 25
(10, 9), (7, 6), (4, 3) = 4 9.(D) The given is a 4 × 4 square. Therefore,
Triangles consisting of 2 small triangles we can use the formula for number of
and a square: squares
(1c2), (12g11), (10k11), (9l8), (7j8), = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
(6f5), (4b5), (3a2) = 8 n=4
Triangles consisting of 3 small triangles Number of squares = 4 × 5 × 9 / 6 = 30
and 3 squares: 10.(D)
(12, 11, 10, g, h, k), (7, 8, 9, j, i, l), (4,
5, 6, b, e, f), (1, 2, 3, a, c, d) = 4
Triangles consisting of 4 small triangles
and 2 squares:
(2, 1, 12, 11, c, g), (8, 9, 10, 11, k, l), (5, Total number of squares in the above
6, 7, 8, j, f), (2, 3, 4, 5, b, a) = 4 figure = (1, 2, 3, 4), (1234) = 5
Others: There are a total of 3 such figures
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, a, b, c, d, e, f), (7, 8, 9, Therefore, number of squares in 3 such
10, 11, 12, g, h, i, j, k, l), (1, 2, 3, 10, figures = 5 × 3 = 15 also,
11, 12, a, d, h, k, g, c), (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,   2 such squares are also there in the
b, e, i, l, j, f) = 4 figure.
Total number of triangles = 36 Hence, total number of squares in the
7.(D) In the given figure, figure = 15 + 2 = 17
11.(A) There are 2 figures like
this -
Number of squares = 5 × 2 = 10
m = 2, n = 4
and there are total 8 more squares like
Number of quadrilaterals = 2+ 1
C2 × 4+

1
C2 = 3C2 × 5C2
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
140

Hence, total number of squares = 10 + 8 Total pentagons = 6

= 18 Solutions for questions 16 to 18:
12.(C) In the given figure,

Number of rectangles = 3C2 × 3C2

=9
There are no other rectangle possible 16.(B) Straight lines connecting both figures:
Hence, total number of rectangles = 9 (X, Y), (A, B), (C, D), (E, F), (G, H),
13.(C) This figure has (D, G), (E, B) = 7
Straight lines connecting only one
3
C2 × 2C2 = 3 rectangles.
figure
There are 2 figures like this, so number
(A, D), (E, H), (D, E) = 3 (In one
of rectangles = 6
figure)
Total = 6
Hence, total straight lines required
This figure has 5C2 × 2C2 = 10 (minimum) = 13
rectangles. 17.(C) In this figure,
Also, this figure has 1 rectangle more
i.e. (1, 2, 3)
Total number of rectangles = 6 + 10 + 2
× 1 = 18
Solutions for questions 14 and 15: Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = 6
Triangles having 2 small triangles: (2,
3), (2, 4), (4, 5), (5, 3) = 4
Total triangles: 10
The figure has two such figures
14.(C) Quadrilateral containing 2 triangles: (4, So, total triangles: 20
5) = 1 Also, there are 2 triangles formed from
Quadrilaterals containing 3 triangles: the combination of these two figures i.e.
(3, 4, 5), (1, 4, 5), (6, 5, 4), (8, 5, 4) = 4 (2, 5, 9, 8), (4, 5, 9, 10) = 2
Quadrilaterals containing 4 triangles: Hence, total number of triangles in the
(1, 4, 5, 6), (3, 4, 5, 8), (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, figure = 22
7, 8) 18.(C) In this figure,
=4
Total number of quadrilaterals = 9
15.(D) Pentagons containing 5 triangles:
(4, 5, 6, 7, 8), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) = 2
Pentagons containing 6 triangles: Square having 2 triangles: (1, 2), (5, 6)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8), (4, 5, =2
6, 7, 8, 1), Square having 4 triangles: (2, 3, 4, 5) =
(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 3) = 4 1
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
141

Total squares = 3 =2
The figure has two such figure i.e. 6 Total triangles: 12 + 4 + 2 = 18
squares. 22.(C)
Also square (5, 9) is formed from the
combination of these figures.
Hence, total number of squares in the
required figure = 7
19.(A)  This figure has 2 triangles
1 and 2
There are 2 such figures
Triangles = 4
Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = 6
Triangles having 2 small triangles: (1,  This figure has 8 triangles
2), (3, 4), (5, 6) = 3
5, 6, 7, 8, (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 8), (8, 5) = 8
Triangles having 3 small triangles: (1,
There are 2 such figures
2, 6), (3, 4, 5) = 2
Triangles having 4 small triangles: (1,  Triangles = 8 × 2 = 16
Triangles which are a combination of
2, 3, 4) = 1
these figures:
Total triangles: = 6 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 12
(5, 8, 10, 9), (7, 8, 10, 11), (1, 4, 3, 9,
20.(C)
12), (2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11) = 4
Total triangles: 4 + 16 + 4 = 24
23.(A)
Small triangles = 8
Triangles having 2 small triangles: (2,
3), (3, 7), (7, 5) (5, 2) = 4
Total triangles = 8 + 4 = 12
21.(C)
Horizontal = (1, 3), (7, 8), (9, 11), (12,
13) = 4
Vertical lines = (7, 12), (4, 9), (2, 10),
(6, 11), (8, 13) = 5
Other lines = (1, 4), (3, 6), (2, 12), (2,
13), (9, 12), (11, 13) = 6
 This figure has 3 triangles:
Total lines = 4 + 5 + 6 = 15
(1, 2), (2, 1)
24.(A)
Therefore are 4 such figures i.e.
triangles: = 4 × 3 = 12
Other triangles:
Triangles having 2 small triangles: (1,
3) (2, 4) (5, 7), (6, 8) = 4
Triangles having 4 small triangles and a
square = (1, 2, 9, 5, 6), (3, 4, 10, 7, 8)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
142

Smaller triangles: 1, 6, 7, 3, 4, 5 = 6
 This figure has 3
Triangles having 2 triangles: (2, 4), (4,
triangles: a, b, (a, b) 5), (1, 6), (6, 7), (3, 5), (2, 7) = 6
The figure has 3 such figures. Triangles having 3 triangles: (4, 5, 8),
Triangles: 3 × 3 = 9 (2, 3, 7), (1, 2, 4) = 3
Small triangles: 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 7 Total triangles = 6 + 6 + 3 = 15
=8 28.(C)
Triangles which have 2 figures = (3, 4),
(13, 14), (1, 12), (5, 2), (10, 11), (6, 7),
(1, 2), (8, 9) = 8
Triangles which have more than 2
figures.
(1, 12, 11, 9), (2, 5, 6, 8) = 2
Total triangles: 9 + 8 + 8 + 2 = 27  This figure has 3 triangles
25.(D) and the figure has 6 such figures
Triangles = 3 × 6 = 18
Other triangles:
Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 = 8
Combination of triangles: (1, 2), (1, 8),
(7, 8), (1, 8, 7), (13, 11, 9), (13, 8, 11, 7,
9) = 6 (one side of figure)
 This figure has 3 triangles
From symmetry: triangles = 12
and the figure has 7 such figures
Total triangles = 18 + 8 + 12 = 38
Triangles = 7 × 3 = 21 29.(C)
Other triangles: (1), (2), (3), (4, 5), (6,
7), (2, 8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13) = 6
Total triangles = 21 + 6 = 27
26.(C)

Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 12, 11, 10, 6 = 7

 This figure has 3 triangles Combination of 2 figures: (1, 4), (2, 4),
(2, 3), (9, 10), (9, 11), (11, 12), (7, 6),
and the figure has 6 such figures.
(8, 6) = 8
Triangles = 6 × 3 = 18
Combination of 3 figures: (2, 4, 7), (11,
Other triangles: (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7,
9, 8), (6, 5, 3), (6, 5, 12) = 4
8), (9, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10), (11, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12)
Combination of 4 figures: (1, 4, 5, 12),
=6
(3, 5, 9, 10) = 2
Total triangles = 24
Combination of 5 figures: (1, 4, 5, 9,
27.(D)
10), (7, 4, 5, 6, 12), (8, 6, 5, 9, 3) = 3
Combination of 6 figure: (2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7), (5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12) = 2
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
143

Total triangles: 7 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 3 + 2 = Quadrilaterals:

26 Consisting of 2 triangles: (1, 4), (4, 5),
30.(D) (5, 9), (9, 10), (2, 6), (6, 7), (4, 3), (9,
8), (5, 6) = 9
Consisting of 3 triangles: (8, 9, 10), (3,
4, 5), (4, 5, 6), (5, 6, 7), (1, 4, 5), (4, 5,
9), (5, 9, 10), (2, 6, 7) = 8
Others = (1, 4, 5, 9) (4, 5, 9, 10), (2, 6,
In this figure, 5, 9), (6, 5, 9, 8), (3, 11), (4, 3, 11), (1,
4, 3, 11), (7, 12), (6, 7, 12), (2, 6, 7, 12),
Number of squares (8, 11), (9, 8, 11), (10, 9, 8, 11), (12, 8,
n n+1 2n+1  9, 10, 11), (10, 12), (9, 10, 12), (8, 9,
=
6 10, 12), (11, 13, 4, 5, 6, 9, 8), (3, 4, 5, 9,
n=3 8, 10, 11), (12, 8, 9, 5, 6, 7, 10), (12, 7,
= (3 × 4 × 7)/6 = 14 6, 5, 4, 9, 10) = 21
Other squares: Total = 9 + 8 + 21 = 38
Small squares: 1, 5, 9, 13 = 4 So, the answer is 18, 38.
Combination of figures = (2, 14), (1, 3, 34.(D)
7, 6, 5, 2, 14) = 2 (in one part)
From symmetry squares = 2 × 4 = 8
Total squares = 14 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 27 (big
square)
31.(B)
 This figure has 3 triangles
and the figure has 5 such figures.
Triangles = 5 × 3 = 15
Other triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4 = 4
1 × 1 squares = 8 Total triangles: 15 + 4 = 19
2 × 2 squares = 7 Parallelograms:
4 × 4 square = 1 Rectangles: 3C2 × 3C2 = 9
Total squares = 8 + 7 + 1 = 16 Parallelogram = (1, 5, 6), (2, 7), (4, 10),
32.(C) 1 × 1 squares = 18 (3, 8, 9), (5), (8), (1, 5, 6, 2, 7), (3, 8, 9,
2 × 2 squares = 6 4, 10) = 8
Total squares = 24 Total parallelograms = 9 + 8 = 17
33.(B) 35.(A)

Triangles: 1 × 1 × 1 = 10
2×2×2=6 Triangles: Small = 1 – 9 = 9
4×4×4=2 Combination of 2 triangles: (6, 7), (7,
Total = 18 8), (8, 9), (9, 6) = 4
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
144

Others = (2, 10), (4, 11) = 2 + 1 (big Other squares = (11, 12, 4, 3) =
triangles) Total number of squares = 6
Total = 9 + 4 + 3 = 16 So, the answer is 26, 6.
Squares = 7 38.(B)
So, the answer is 16, 7.
36.(A)

Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, A, B
=9
 This figure has 3 triangles Combination of two figures: 12, 34, 57,
and the figure has 12 such figures i.e. 26, 47, 56, 68, 78, AB = 9
triangles: 12 × 3 = 36 Combination of three figures: 157, 268,
Other triangles: (1, 2),(3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 135, 356, 478 = 5
8), (9, 10), (11, 12), (13, 14), (15, 16) Combination of five figures: 478BA,
=8 12563, 13487, 268AB, 5678 = 5
Total triangles: 44 A full triangle: 12345678AB
Squares: Total triangles = 29
39.(C)
 This figure has 5 squares and
the figure has 2 such figures.
Number of squares = 10
So, the answer is 44, 10.
37.(B) Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 = 7
Combination of 2 digits: 12, 14, 23, 34,
56, 67 = 6 figures
Combination of 3 figures: 345, 347 = 2
Total triangles = 15
Triangles: 40.(B)
Small triangles: 12
Combination of 2 triangles:
(11, 12), (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (8, 9), (2,
7), (5, 10) = 7
Combination of 4 triangles: Small triangles: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
(1, 2, 3, 11), (12, 4, 5, 6), (3, 4, 5, 10), A = 10
(2, 7, 8, 9), (7, 2, 3, 4), (8, 9, 10, 5) = 6 Combination of 2 digits: 12, 14, 25, 45,
Total triangles: 12 + 7 + 6 + 1 78, 79, 8A, 9A = 8
Big triangles = 26 Combination of 3 digits: 345, 378, 786,
Squares: 456 = 4
Total triangles = 22
Number of squares: 12 + 22 = 5
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
145

Modern
LOGICAL REASONING
Logical Reasoning 14
Approach to
In logical reasoning there is variety of questions that Example 3: Who among the following friends is
a student will come across. These are: eating ice-cream?
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
1. Classification type question a) Amit b) Bharati
2. Seating Arrangements c) Cheryl d) Deepak
3. Comparison Type Example 4: What is the colour of the cap Eric is
4. Sequential Order of Things wearing?
5. Selection Based on Given Conditions a) Yellow b) Blue c) Green d) White
CLASSIFICATION TYPE QUESTIONS Example 5: Which of the following combinations is
In these questions certain people and their likes and not correct?
dislikes and some information about there attributes a) Yellow + Ice-cream b) Red + Pastries
is given. A student has to match attributes and c) White + Pizza d) Green + Pizza
likes/dislikes for each given person. For solving such Solutions for examples 1 to 5:
questions best way is to make a table and fill Fill up all the absolute data given. You will get the
attributes of each person against him/her. following table.
Directions for examples 1 to 5: Amit, Bharati,
Caps Snacks
Cheryl, Deepak and Eric are five friends sitting in a
restaurant. They are wearing caps of five different Amit Blue
colours - yellow, blue, green, white and red. Also
Bharati Yellow
they are eating five different snacks - burgers,
sandwiches, ice-cream, pastries and pizza. Cheryl Sandwich
I. The person wearing a red cap is eating pastries.
Deepak
II. Amit does not eat ice-cream and Cheryl is eating
sandwiches. Eric Pizza
III. Bharati is wearing a yellow cap and Amit
Now from I, red cap and pastries have to be a
wearing a blue cap.
combination. This cannot fit in anywhere but for
IV. Eric is eating pizza and is not wearing a green
Deepak since parts of the other combinations have
cap.
filled. That leaves us with two colours of caps -
Example 1: What is Amit eating?
green and white and two snacks ice cream and
a) Burgers b) Sandwiches
burgers. For caps, Eric does not wear green cap,
c) Ice Cream d) Pastries
hence out of the colours left, he has to wear the
Example 2: Who among the following friends is
white cap. Hence, out of the colours left, he has to
wearing the green cap?
wear the white cap. Again, Amit does not eat ice
a) Amit b) Bharati
cream, therefore he has to eat burgers from the
c) Cheryl d) Deepak
choices of snacks left. So, we get
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
146

Caps Snacks positions B and E. Now C has to be in between A

and F in such an order that D is 2 places to the right
Amit Blue Burgers of F. The order in the clockwise direction has to be
FCA else A will fall 2 places to the right of F. Which
Bharati Yellow Ice cream
will violate the given faces conditions.
Cheryl Green Sandwich Thus, the arrangements can be shown as :

Deepak Red Pastries

Eric White Pizza

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d)
COMPARISON TYPE
SEATING ARRANGEMENTS
In these questions certain statements and information
As the name suggests, these questions are based on
is provided on comparing few people on aspects like
seating arrangements of various people. These
height, weight, complexion, marks, etc. A student
questions can be based on seating in a linear fashion
has to combine all the given information to reach on
or in a circular fashion around a table. The questions
conclusions and find the answer to various
can sometimes also be based on arrangement while
questions.
standing in a line. As, the same logic and technique
Directions for examples 11 to 13: Six persons A, B,
is used, so we consider them in this topic itself.
C, D, E and F have the following attributes.
Directions for examples 6 to 10: Six persons A, B,
I. A is fairer than B but shorter than F.
C, D, E and F are sitting, diametrically opposite,
II. C is darker than D but taller than A.
around a circular table facing the center.
III. B is fairer than E but taller than F.
I. C is sitting in-between A and F.
IV. F is fairer than A but taller than C.
II. B is sitting two places to the left of E.
V. E is fairer as well as shorter than C.
III. D is sitting two places to the right of F.
VI. D is darker as well as shorter than E.
Example 6: Between which two persons does D is
Example 11: Who is tallest among all?
sitting?
a) A b) D c) B d) C
a) F – B b) E – B c) C – B d) A – B
Example 12: When arranged is ascending order of
Example 7: Who is sitting diagonally opposite to A?
fairness and descending order of height, there is a
a) F b) C
person who has the same rank in either attributes.
c) E d) None of these
Who may be that person?
Example 8: Who is A’s neighbour on his right?
a) A b) E c) D d) C
a) C b) F c) B d) D
Example 13: If ranks are given from 1 to 6, after
Example 9: Who is sitting diagonally opposite to E?
arranging these people in descending order of height
a) A b) B c) C d) F
and fairness and then the corresponding ranks are
Example 10: Between which two people does F is
added, who has the highest total?
sitting?
a) E b) C c) D d) B
a) C – D b) C – A c) C – B d) D – E
Solutions for examples 11 to 13:
Solutions for examples 6 to 10:
From the table we can now answer all the questions
Start with any fixed position. Statement I does not
very easily.
give any fixed position since the order could be A
CF or F CA. Starting with II, we will have the Fairest to Darkest Tallest to Shortest
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
147

Rank Persons Rank Persons 17. Which of the following is the last lecture in the
series?
1 F 1 B a) A b) B
c) C d) Canʼt say
2 A 2 F
18. Which of the following information is not
3 B 3 C required in finding the complete sequence of
organisation of lectures?
4 E 4 A, E
a) Only (I) b) Only (II)
5 D 5 A, D, E c) Only (I) and (II) d) All are required
Solutions for examples 14 to 18:
6 C 6 A, D From the above statements, some observations we
understood are:
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c)  Friday is not a off day
SEQUENTIAL ORDER OF THINGS  Lecture D will not be on Thursday
Questions based on this topic will involve  Two days are available for D i.e. Friday or
arrangement of various item in a specific sequential Sunday
order. The order might be based on days, hours, etc.
Days Lectures
Directions for examples 14 to 18: Read the
following information carefully and answer the Sunday D
questions that follow:
Monday OFF DAY
Six lectures A, B, C, D, E and F are to be organised
in a span of seven days-from Sunday to Saturday, Tuesday B
only one lecture on each day in accordance with the
Wednesday E
following.
I. A should not be organised on Thursday. Thursday F
II. C should be organised immediately after F.
III. There should be a gap of two days between E Friday C
and D. Saturday A
IV. One day there will be no lecture (Friday is not
So, lectures will be organised in the following
that day), just before that day D will be
way.
organised.
14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d)
V. B should be organised on Tuesday and should
SELECTION BASED ON GIVEN
not be followed by D.
CONDITIONS
14. On which day there is no lecture?
In these questions certain conditions about selection
a) Monday b) Friday
of people or items are given. The conditions can be
c) Sunday d) Canʼt say
about who can be chosen together or who cannot be
15. How many lectures are organised between C and
chosen together. The answer to such questions
D?
generally satisfies all the given conditions.
a) None b) One c) Three d) Two
Directions for examples 19 to 23: From a batch of
16. Which day will the lecture F be organised?
6 boys A, B, C, D, E and F and 4 girls P, Q, R and S,
a) Thursday b) Friday
a team of 6 is to be selected. The criteria is:
c) Saturday d) Sunday
I. B and D have to be together.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
148

II. C cannot go with Q. Example 21: If not more than one member has to be
III. P and R have to be together. a girl, the team consist of:
IV. F cannot go with A or D. a) A, B, C, E, F, R b) A, B, C D, E, Q
V. P cannot go with S. c) A, B, C, D, E, P d) A, B, C, D, E, S
VI. A and E have to be together. Solution: (d)
Example 19: If four of the members including E A, B, C, D, E select themselves from the criteria and
have to be boys and one of the girls has to be R. The S must be the girl selected.
team is: Example 22: If three members including C have to
a) A, B, D, E, R, S b) A, B, D, E, P, R be boys and S agrees to team up with P while E
c) B, D, E, P, R, S d) A, B, E, P, R, S refuses to do. So, the other members of the team are:
Solution: (b) a) B, D, R b) E, F, S
E and R have to be there. Hence, automatically A, B, c) B, D, Q d) A, E, Q
D, P get into the team. Solution: (a)
Example 20: If the first (in terms of alphabetical C and Q will not be together. Hence, P, R and S will
order from low to high) 3 members have to be girls be the girls. Boys must be B, C and D.
and C agrees to team with Q but Q refuses to team Example 23: If all the four girls have to be together
with A, the team consists of: in the team, then the composition of the team is:
a) B, C, D, P, Q, R b) A, B, C, P, Q, R a) A, E, P, Q, R, S b) A, B, P, Q, R, S
c) D, E, F, P, Q, S d) A, B, C, P, Q, S c) B, D, P, Q, R, S d) Team not possible
Solution: (a) Solution: (d)
A and E will not be present. F cannot go with D. Clearly, the team will not be possible because P
Then, the three boys are B, C, D. Hence, B, C, D, P, cannot go with S.
Q, R.

Exercise

Directions for questions 1 to 3: Read the following only one more person and is flying a green
information carefully and answer the kite None in the Top view building flies a
questions given below. white kite. P does not fly a blue kite.
Seven Boys A, D, Y, U, P, Q & J live in three 1. Who live in Ridge building?
different buildings – Ashiana, Top-view and (A) D, U (B) D, A, P
Ridge. Each of them is flying kites of different (C) Y, A, P (D) A, P
colours i.e. red, green, blue, white, black, 2. Who flies the Red Kite?
yellow and pink not necessarily in that order. (A) A (B) J
Not more than three or less than two stay in (C) P (D) Data inadequate
any of the buildings. Q is flying a pink kite 3. What coloured kite is J flying?
and lives in the same building as only J. i.e. (A) Blue (B) White
Ashiana. Y is flying a Black kite and does not (C) Black (D) Data inadequate
live in a Ridge building. U does not live in the
same building as A or P and is flying a yellow
coloured kite. D lives in Ridge building with
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
149

Directions for questions 4 to 6: Read the following II. Neither Philips nor Wasim is the captain
information carefully and answer the and they do not belong to either Surat or
questions given below. Bangalore.
I. There is a group of five persons – A, B, C, III. Sumeet is neither a wicket keeper nor a
D and E. batsman.
II. One of them is a horticulturist, one is a IV. Pune is not Bishan’s home town.
physicist, one is a Journalist, one is an V. The Player who hails from Bangalore is a
industrialist and one is an advocate. wicket-keeper.
III. Three of them – A, C and advocate prefer VI. The captain’s home town in Pune while
tea to coffee and two of them – B and the the batsman does not hail from Warangal.
journalist prefer coffee to tea. 7. The spinner’s home town is:
IV. The industrialist and D and A are friends (A) Pune (B) Bangalore
to one another but two of them prefer coffee (C) Warangal (D) Chandigarh
to tea. 8. Chandigarh is the home town of:
V. The Horticulturist is C’s brother. (A) Sumeet (B) Bishan
4. Who is the horticulturist? (C) Wasim (D) Philips
(A) A (B) B 9. Chetan’s home town is:
(C) C (D) D (A) Pune (B) Surat
5. Which of the following groups includes a (C) Warangal d) Bangalore
person who likes tea but is not an advocate? 10. Who is the spinner?
(A) ACE (B) DE (A) Philips (B) Chetan
(C) BCE (D) None of these (C) Bishan (D) Wasim
6. Which of the statements given above is
superfluous? Directions for questions 11 and 12: Read the
(A) III (B) IV following information carefully and answer
(C) II (D) None of these the questions given below.
I. Six children B, D, C, M, J and K are split
Directions for questions 7 to 10: Read the into two groups of three each and are made to
following information carefully and answer stand in two rows in such a way that a child in
the questions given below. one row is exactly facing a child in the other
Sumeet, Philips, Wasim, Bishan and Chetan row.
are five players of the college cricket team and II. M is not at the ends of any row and is to
their home towns are Surat, Pune, Warangal, the right of J, who is facing C. K is to the left
Bangalore and Chandigarh but not in that of D, who is facing M.
order. The five specialist slots of spinner, pace 11. Who is to the immediate left of B?
bowler, wicket keeper, batsman and captain (A) M (B) J
are held by them, again not in the order of (C) D (D) Data inadequate
their names stated above. 12. Which of the following groups of children is
I. Their names, home towns and specialties do in the same row?
not start with the same letter. (A) BDC (B) BMD
(C) MJK (D) None of these
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
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13. P, Q, R, S and T are sitting around a circular 17. Which of the following is definitely true?
table. R is to the right of P and is second to the (A) Fargo Car is between Ambassador and
left of S. T is not between P and S. Who is Fiat
second to the left of R? (B) Cadillac car is to the immediate left of
(A) Q (B) S Mercedes
(C) T (D) Data inadequate (C) Fargo is to the immediate right of Cadillac
14. A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting around a round (D) Maruti is fourth to the right of Mercedes
table. A is between E and F, E, is opposite D, 18. Which cars are on the immediate either sides
and C is not in either of the neighbouring seats of the cadillac car?
of E. Who is opposite to B? (A) Ambassador and Maruti
(A) C (B) D (B) Maruti and Fiat
(C) F (D) None of them (C) Fiat and Mercedes
15. Six persons A, B, C, D, E, and F are standing (D) None of these
in a circle. B is between D and C. A is 19. Which of the following is definitely true?
between E and C. F is to the right of D. Who (A) Maruti is to the immediate left of
is between A and F? Ambassador.
(A) B (B) C (B) Bedford is to the immediate left of Fiat.
(C) D (D) E (C) Bedford is at one of the ends.
(D) Fiat is second to the right of Maruti.
Directions for questions 16 to 20: Read the 20. Which of the following Groups of cars is to
following information carefully and answer the right of the Ambassador car?
the questions given below. (A) Cadillac, Fargo and Maruti
In a car exhibition, seven cars of seven (B) Maruti, Bedford and Fiat
different companies viz. Cadillac, (C) Mercedes, Cadillac and Fargo
Ambassador, Fiat, Maruti, Mercedes, Bedford (D) Bedford, Cadillac and Fargo
and Fargo were displayed in a row, facing east
such that: Directions for questions 21 to 25: Read the
I. Cadillac car was to the immediate right of following information carefully and answer
Fargo. the questions given below.
II. Fargo was fourth to the right of Fiat. There are five persons P, Q, R, S and T. One
III. Maruti car was between Ambassador and is a footballer, one is a cricketer, and one a
Bedford. table tennis player. P and S are unmarried
IV. Fiat, which was third to the left of ladies and do not take part in any game. None
Ambassador Car, was at one of the ends. of the ladies play football or cricket. There is a
16. Which of the following was the correct married couple in which T is a husband. Q is
position of the Mercedes? the brother of R and Q is neither a cricketer
A. Immediate right of Cadillac nor a table tennis player.
B. Immediate left of Bedford 21. Who is the footballer?
C. Between Bedford and Fargo (A) Q (B) R
D. Fourth to the left of Maruti (C) S (D) T
(A) B (B) C
(C) D (D) A
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
151

22. Who is the table tennis player? 28. Who is Chandra’s husband?
(A) Q (B) R (A) Bhimsingh (B) Ramsingh
(C) S (D) T (C) Mansingh (D) Either (B)or (C)
23. Who is the cricketer? 29. Who lives in Kolkata?
(A) Q (B) R (A) Bhimsingh (B) Aparna
(C) S (D) T (C) Ramsingh (D) Chandra
24. Who is the wife of T? 30. Which couple lives in New Delhi?
(A) P (B) S (A) Bhimsingh and Chandra
(C) R (D) Q (B) Ramsingh and Bharti
25. The three ladies in the group are: (C) Mansingh and Aparna
(A) PQR (B) PRS (D) Bhimsingh and Bharti
(C) QRS (D) PST
Directions for questions 31 to 33: Read the
Directions for questions 26 to 30: Read the following information carefully and answer
following information carefully and answer the questions given below.
the questions given below. I. A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are sitting on a wall
Three brothers are married to three sisters. and all of them are facing east.
The brothers are Bhimsingh, Ramsingh and II. C is on the immediate right of D.
Mansingh. The sisters are Aparna, Bharti and III. B is at an extreme end and has E as his
Chandra. neighbour.
I. Chandra is the only sister having short hair. IV. G is between E and F.
II. One of the sisters, who is a dancer, lives in V. D is sitting third from the south end.
Kolkata. 31. Who is sitting to the right of E?
III. Bhimsingh’s wife is not a dancer. (A) A (B) C
IV. The sister with short hair does not like to (C) D (D) None of these
write letters. 32. Name of person who should change place
V. Aparna rings her dancer sister every with C such that he gets the third place from
Saturday. the north end.
VI. The only sister who does not like to write (A) E (B) F
letters lives in New Delhi. (C) G (D) D
VII. Chandra receives a letter from Kolkata 33. Which of the conditions (I) to (V) given above
once a week. is not required to find out the place in which A
VIII. Ram Singh is married to the dancer. is sitting?
IX. The sister in Mumbai is married to (A) (I) (B) (II)
Mansingh. (C) (III) (D) All the required
26. Who is the dancer?
(A) Aparna (B) Bharti Directions for questions 34 to 36: Read the
(C) Chandra (D) Ramsingh following information carefully and answer
27. Which sister lives in Mumbai? the questions given below.
(A) Aparna (B) Bharti P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are eight friends
(C) Chandra (D)Either (A) or (B) sitting around a circle facing towards the
center.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
152

I. W is on the immediate left of P but is not V. The winner and the runner-up are not
the neighbour of T or S. sitting adjacent to each other.
II. U is on the immediate right of Q and V is VI. Ms. Maharashtra was wearing white saree.
the neighbour of T. VII. Ms. Andhra Pradesh was not wearing the
III. R is between T and U. green saree.
34. Which of the following statements is true? VIII. Participants wearing yellow saree and
(A) T is between U and Q white saree were at the ends.
(B) U is the neighbour of V 37. Which saree was worn by Ms. Andhra
(C) V is between W and T Pradesh?
(D) W is between P and S (A) White (B) Green
35. What is the position of S? (C) Red (D) Yellow
(A) On the immediate left of Q 38. Who wore the red saree?
(B) Second to the right of U (A) Ms. Maharashtra
(C) Between Q and U (B) Ms. Uttar Pradesh
(D) On the immediate left of P (C) Ms. Andhra Pradesh
36. What is the position of V? (D) Ms. West Bengal
(A) Second to the left of S 39. Ms. West Bengal was sitting adjacent to:
(B) Third of the right of U (A) Ms. Uttar Pradesh only
(C) On the immediate right of W (B) Ms. Andhra Pradesh and Ms. Uttar
(D) Between T and R Pradesh
(C) Ms. Uttar Pradesh and Ms. Maharashtra
Directions for questions 37 to 40: Read the (D) Ms. Andhra Pradesh and Ms. Maharashtra
following information carefully and answer 40. Who was the runner-up?
the questions given below. (A) Ms. Maharashtra
Mr. Bankatlala acted as a judge for the beauty (B) Ms. Uttar Pradesh
contest. There were four participants, viz. Ms. (C) Ms. Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh, Ms. Uttar Pradesh, Ms. West (D) Ms. West Bengal
Bengal and Ms. Maharashtra. Mrs. Bankatlal,
who was very anxious about the result asked Directions for questions 41 to 44: Read the
him about it as soon as he was back home. Mr. following information carefully and answer
Bankatlal just told that the one who was the questions given below.
wearing the yellow saree won the contest. There are 8 people, F, G, H, I, J, K, L and M.
When Mrs. Bankatlal pressed for further Following information is available regarding
details, he elaborated as follows: their relative height. All the following pertain
I. All of them wore sarees of different colours to the mentioned 8 people.
viz., green, yellow, white, red. I. F is not shorter than G.
II. There was only one runner-up and she was II. G is not taller than H.
sitting beside Ms. Maharashtra. III. H is not shorter than I.
III. The runner-up was wearing the green IV. I is shorter than J.
saree. V. J is not shorter than K.
IV. Ms. West Bengal was not sitting at the VI. K is not taller than L.
ends and was not the runner-up. VII. L is not shorter than M.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
153

41. At the most how many people can be of the 47. If a selection is to be made among them who
same height? would be relatively older and also taller, who
(A) 4 (B) 5 among them should be chosen?
(C) 6 (D) 7 (A) A (B) B
42. At the most how many other people can be the (C) C (D) D
same height as I?
(A) 6 (B) 4 Directions for questions 48 to 53: Read the
(C) 5 (D) 3 following information carefully and answer
43. At the most how many people can be of the the questions given below.
same height as J? Some friends are sitting on a bench, Sunil is
(A) 4 (B) 3 sitting next to Sunita and Sanjay is sitting next
(C) 5 (D) 2 to Bindu. Bindu is not sitting with Sumit.
44. At least how many other people are of the Sumit on the left end of the bench and Sanjay
same height as I? is on the second position from right hand side.
(A) 6 (B) 0 Sunil is on the right side of Sunita and to the
(C) 1 (D) 2 left side of Sanjay. Sunil and Sanjay are
sitting together. Based on the above sitting
Directions for questions 45 to 47: Read the arrangements, answer the following questions.
following information carefully and answer 48. Sunil is sitting between:
the questions given below. (A) Sunita and Bindu
I. A, B, C, D and E are five friends. (B) Sumit and Bindu
II. B is elder to E, but not as tall as C. (C) Sunita and Sanjay
III. C is younger to A, and is taller to D and (D) Sanjay and Sumit
E. 49. Who is sitting in the center?
IV. A is taller to D, but younger than E. (A) Sumit (B) Sunil
V. D is elder to A but is shortest in the group. (C) Bindu (D) Sanjay
45. Who among the following is the eldest? 50. Sanjay is sitting between:
(A) A (B) B (A) Bindu and Sunita (B) Sunil and Sumit
(C) C (D) None of these (C) Sunil and Sunita (D) Sunil and Bindu
46. Which of the following statements is correct 51. Sumit is sitting on the:
about B ? (A) Second place form right
I. B is not the tallest. (B) Second place from left
II. B is shorter to E. (C) Extreme left
III. When they are asked to stand in ascending (D) Extreme right
order with respect to the their heights, B is in 52. Bindu is sitting on the:
the middle. (A) Extreme left side
(A) Only (I) is correct (B) Extreme right side
(B) Only (I) and (II) are correct (C) Second from left side
(C) All are correct (D) Third form left side
(D) All are incorrect
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
154

53. Sunita is sitting how many places away from 57. Which of the following is not possible?
Bindu? (A) H,M and R to be on the same wall
(A) 1 (B) 2 (B) T, H and E to be on the same wall
(C) 4 (D) 5 (C) T and O to be opposite each other
(D) M and O to be opposite each other
Directions for questions 54 to 58: Read the 58. If Ankit trades his M Painting for another O
following information carefully and answer painting just like the one he has now, which of
the questions given below. the following must be false?
Ankit is decorating his room and trying to (A) Either R or H will be next to either T or E
arrange six paintings on the east and west (B) Either R or H will be next to an O
walls in his room. The paintings are each (C) The O’s can be on opposite walls in the
multicolor representations of one of the letters middle
of the alphabets E, H, M, O, R, T. (D) The T will be opposite either O or E
Ankit does not want the three letters on each
wall to make any common English word. Directions for questions 59 to 63: Read the
Also, the colours of the of O and E do not following information carefully and answer
look good next to each other, nor do the T and the questions given below.
O go well together. DAV college, Chandigarh is selecting a four –
54. If Ankit puts the M, O and T on the west wall, person debate team. There are seven
which of the followings is true? candidates of equal ability. X, Y and Z who
I. O will be on one end of the west wall. attended the science block courses and L, M,
II. H and R will not be, respectively, the left N and P who attended the commerce block
and right paintings on the east wall. courses. The team must have two members
III. E cannot be in the middle of the east wall. from each block. Also, the members must be
(A) I only (B) I and II only able to work well with all the other members
(C) I, II and III (D) II only of the team. Note that debaters Y and L, Z and
55. If Ankit puts E, H and M on the east wall, N, and L and M are incompatible pairs.
which of the following must be true? 59. If debater Y is rejected and M is selected, the
(A) The E cannot be in the center of the east team will consist of:
wall. (A) L, M, X and Z (B) M, N, P and X
(B) The O cannot be in the center of the west (C) M, N, X and Z (D) M, X, P and Z
wall. 60. If debater L is on the team, what other
(C) The R and M cannot face each other. debaters must be on the team as well?
(D) The T and M cannot face each (A) M, X and Z (B) N, X and Z
56. If Ankit’s mother is coming to visit and he (C) P, N and Z (D) P, X and Z
decides to celebrate the visit by having his 61. If both Y and Z are selected, which of the
paintings spell “MOTHER”, starting with the other debaters are thereby assured of a place
leftmost painting on the east wall and going on the team?
around the room, which of the following will (A) Both L and M (B) Both M and P
be false? (C) Only N (D) Both N and P
(A) T is next to O (B) H is next to E
(C) O is opposite is E (D) T is opposite R
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
155

62. Which of the following must be false? (A) D only (B) F only
I. Debaters X and Z cannot be selected (C) B only (D) Both F and C
together. 65. Which of the cats is/are slimmer and wetter
II. Debaters N and Y cannot e selected then E?
together. (A) G (B) F
III. Debaters P and Z cannot e selected (C) B (D) C
together. 66. Which of the following is the driest?
(A) I only (B) II only (A) F (B) D
(C) III only (D) I, II and III only (C) C (D) F and C
63. Which of the following is true of debater X? 67. Which of the following statements must be
I. Debater X must be selected as one of the false?
science block member of the team. I. D is drier than C
II. Debater X must be selected if N is II. F is wetter than E
selected. III. D is three inches fatter than G
III. Debater X cannot be selected if both L (A) I only (B) II only
and N are rejected. (C) III only (D) I and II only
(A) I only (B) II only 68. A new cat Y, is purchased, and dominance in
(C) III only (D) I and II only cats is determined by fatness, then what will
Y’s rank be if he is fatter than F and slimmer
Directions for questions 64 to 68: Read the than B?
following information carefully and answer (A) Second for the top
the questions given below. (B) Third form the top
Vandana and Ankit have six cats in their (C) Fourth form the top
house. The cats roam around the house and (D) Cannot be determined form the
lawn during the day time while Vandana and information given
Ankit are gone to their offices. One day, when
both came home they recorded the following Directions for questions 69 to 73: Read the
fats about their cats. following information carefully and answer
I. Cat B is fatter than Cat G and drier than Cat the questions given below.
E. M, K, J, T, R, D and W are seven member of a
II. Cat C is slimmer than Cat F and wetter family. There are two married couples among
than Cat G. them belonging to two different generations.
III. Cat D is fatter than Cat B and wetter than Each of them has a different choice of cuisine
Cat G. – Chinese, Continental, Thai, Punjabi, South
IV. Cat E is slimmer than Cat G can drier than Indian, Gujarati and MalwanI. The
Cat C. grandfather in the family likes Gujarati food.
V. Cat F is slimmer than Cat E and drier than None of the ladies likes continental or Thai
Cat B. food. T is the son of M who likes Chinese
VI. Cat G is fatter than Cat F and wetter than food. W is J’s daughter-in-law and she likes
Cat B. South Indian food. K is grandfather of D who
64. Which of the cats is/are fatter than Cat E and likes Punjabi food. J is mother of R, and R
drier than Cat G? who likes continental food.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
156

69. How many male members are there in the 74. Who is studying civil Engineering?
family? (A) P (B) T
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) F (D) Canʼt say
(C) 3 or 4 (D) Data inadequate 75. Which of the following is the group of girls?
70. Which food does T like? (A) F, D, N (B) F, Q, N
(A) Thai (B) Malwani (C) Q, N, P (D) Canʼt say
(C) Gujarati (D) Data inadequate 76. Which subject is studied by R?
71. Which of the following combinations (A) Civil (B) Finance
represents favorite food of the two married (C) Journalism (D) None of these
ladies? 77. Who is studying Journalism?
(A) South Indian, Punjabi (A) P (B) Q
(B) Punjabi, Malwani (C) R (D) Canʼt say
(C) Malwani, south Indian 78. Which of the following combinations of
(D) Data inadequate person – colour – subject is correct?
72. How is D related to R? (A) Blue – T – Marketing
(A) Daughter (B) Sister (B) Pink – N – HR
(C) Aunt (D) Data inadequate (C) Orange – R – Civil
73. Which of the following groups contains one (D) Blue – T – Finance
each from the three generations?
(A) JRW (B) MRD Directions for questions 79 to 83: Read the
(C) MWT (D) JRT following information carefully and answer
the questions given below.
Directions for questions 74 to 78: Read the Seven executive B, G, H, K, D, F, T and V are
following information carefully and answer working in the three departments Engineering,
the questions given below. Systems and Marketing of the organization
Seven friends – P, E, R, T, Q, N and D are and are posted at different placed viz.
studying different specialisations IT, Civil, Chennai, Kozikode, Kolkatam, Ranchi, Patna,
HR, Marketing, Finance, Journalism and Bhopal, Nagpur and Hyderabad not
Pharmacy, not necessarily in the same order, necessarily in the same order. At least two and
Each one of them has a liking for a different not more than three executives work in any of
colour – red, blue, green, yellow, pink, orange the three departments.
and grey – not necessarily in the same order. G works in Engineering department at
Three of them are girls. P likes yellow colour ChennaI. H is posted in Ranchi but not in
but does not study IT or HR. The one who Systems department. No one from Marketing
studies Civil likes grey colour and is a girl. Q, department is posted in Hyderabad. The only
who is the sister of N, studies Marketing and other person in same department as that of G
likes pink colour. D’s specialisation is in is posted in Kolkata. D is posted in Hyderabad
Pharmacy and likes red colour. N, the wife of and F in Kozikode. V is not posted in Kolkata
R, studies HR and likes green. F likes grey and works in the same department as that of
and R likes orange. The one who likes blue D. B and T both work in Marketing
studies Finance. department. The one who works in Marketing
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
157

is not posted in Bhopal. T is not posted in 84. What are the working hours of ‘M’ with
Nagpur. respect to the rest hour?
79. T is posted at which place? (A) Immediately before
(A) Nagpur (B) Patna (B) Immediately after
(C) Bhopal (D) Canʼt say (C) Two hours after
80. Who is posted in Kolkata? (D) Canʼt say
(A) K (B) T 85. How many hours gap will be there between
(C) V (D) K or T the working hours of M and N?
81. Which department has only two Executives? (A) Canʼt say (B) Two
(A) Systems (C) Three (D) None of these
(B) Marketing 86. Which of the following is the correct
(C) Engineering statement?
(D) Marketing or Systems (A) ‘L’ works in the end - hour.
82. Which of the following group of persons work (B) ‘M’ precedes ‘P’ as far as working hours
in Marketing department? are concerned.
(A) KBT (B) BTF (C) ‘N’ precedes ‘L’ as far as working hours
(C) BHD (D) BHT are concerned.
83. Which of the following combinations of (D) Rest hour begins at 3:00 p.m.
department, person and place is correct? 87. Which of the following is the correct sequence
(A) Marketing – B – Bhopal of the working of these five attendants starting
(B) Engineering – G – Kolkata form the first hour of the day?
(C) Systems – V – Chennai (A) NLRTPM (B) LNPRTM
(D) None of these (C) LNRMTP (D) None of these
88. What is the starting time of R’s working hour?
Directions for questions 84 to 88: Read the (A) 1:00 p.m. (B) 2:00 p.m.
following information carefully and answer (C) 3:00 p.m. (D) None of these
the questions given below.
Five skilled attendants – L, M, N, P and R are Directions for questions 89 to 93: Read the
to attend the task everyday during the six following information carefully and answer
hours working period. the questions given below.
I. Each one will attend the work for one hour. Five boys Amit, Suresh, Vishnu, Ujjwal and
II. There will be a gap of two hours between Rakesh are sitting in a row facing South. Five
the hours being attended by N and P. girls Alka, Jyoti, Veena, Prabha and Nayan
III. R will attend the work immediately before are sitting in front of them in a row, each one
the rest hour (T). The rest hour (T) is not the facing one of them. All these are not
second or the fourth hour. necessarily in the same serial order. Vishnu is
IV. L will attend the work before M. facing Veena. Suresh and Rakesh are not
V. N or P will be not be the first to start facing Prabha. Amit is at one of the ends.
attending the day’s work. Nayan is fourth to the right of Alka and is
VI. P will attend the work form 4:00 p.m. facing Rakesh. Jyoti is between Alka and
which is immediately after the rest hour. Veena.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
158

89. Which pair occupies the middle of the rows? Professor is an immediate neighbour of the
(A) Suresh, Prabha (B) Rakesh, Nayan Engineer. G is second to the right of the
(C) Veena, Vishnu (D) Ujjwal, Jyoti chartered Accountant.
90. Who is facing Jyoti? 94. Who is sitting second to the right of E?
(A) Amit (B) Ujjwal (A) The Lawyer (B) G
(C) Amit or Ujjwal (D) Suresh (C) The Engineer (D) F
91. Which of the following pairs are sitting 95. Which of the following statements is true
diagonally opposite? according to the given arrangement?
(A) Amit, Alka (B) Rakesh, Alka (A) The Lawyer is second to the left of the
(C) Nayan, Rakesh (D) Suresh, Nayan Doctor.
92. Which of the following is Prabha’s position? (B) E is an immediate neighbour of the
(A) Immediate left of Nayan Financial Analyst.
(B) Between Jyoti and Nayan (C) H sits exactly between F and the Financial
(C) Facing Suresh Analyst.
(D) Second to the right of Alka (D) Only four people sit between the
93. Which of the following gives the sitting order Columnist and F.
of boys from your right to left? 96. Who amongst the following is the Professor?
(A) Amit, Suresh, Vishnu, Ujjwal, Rakesh (A) F (B) L
(B) Rakesh, Suresh, Vishnu, Ujjwal, Amit (C) M (D) K
(C) Ujjwal, Rakesh, Vishnu, Suresh, Amit 97. Three of the following four are alike in a
(D) Rakesh, Ujjwal, Vishnu, Suresh, Amit certain way based on the given arrangement
and hence form a group. Which of the
Directions for questions 94 to 98: Read the following does not belong to that group?
following information carefully and answer (A) Chartered Accountant – H
the questions given below. (B) M – Doctor
Eight people – E, F, G, H, J, K, L and M are (C) J – Engineer
sitting around a circular table facing the (D) Financial analyst – L
center. Each of them is of a different 98. What is the position of L with respect to the
profession–Chartered Accountant, Columnist, Scientist?
Doctor, Engineer, Financial Analyst, Lawyer, (A) Third to the left
Professor and Scientist but not necessarily in (B) Second to the right
the same order. F is sitting second to the left (C) Second to the left
of K. The Scientist is an immediate neighbour (D) Third to the right
of K. There are only three people between the
scientist and E. Only one person sits between Directions for questions 99 to 103: Read the
the Engineer and E. The Columnist is to the following information carefully and answer
immediate right of the Engineer. M is second the questions given below.
to the right of K. H is the scientist. G and J are Mayur, Avinash, Govind, Alok, Mahesh,
immediate neighbours of each other. Neither Nikhil and Mohit are seven friends. They are
G nor J is an Engineer. The Financial Analyst studying engineering in different branches of
is to the immediate left of F. The Lawyer is Mechanical, Chemical, Electronics, Computer
second to the right of the Columnist. The Science, IT, Biotech and Electrical not
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
159

necessarily in the same order. Each of them Flute, Tabla, banjo and Santoor, not
also excel in one of the following games: necessarily in the same order. B likes Carrom
Football, Cricket, Hockey, Badminton, and Banjo. E like s to play Bridge but not
Squash, Volleyball and Lawn tennis again not Harmonium or Tabla. The one who plays
necessarily in the same order. Govind plays Hockey plays Sitar. F plays Guitar but not
hockey and he neither studies Electrical nor table Tennis or Lawn Tennis. A plays
IT. Mahesh studies Electronics and plays Badminton and Flute. The one who plays
volleyball. Mayur studies Biotech and does Lawn Tennis does not play Tabla. C plays
not play either football or squash. The one Harmonium and G plays hockey.
who studies Chemical plays cricket. The one 104. Who plays Santoor?
who plays football studies Computer Science. (A) D (B) A
Nikhil plays squash, Mohit plays badminton (C) E (D) D or E
and studies Electrical. Alok does not study 105. D plays which game?
Chemical. (A) Table Tennis (B) Lawn Tennis
99. What does Mayur play? (C) Football (D) Canʼt say
(A) Lawn tennis (B) Football 106. Which of the following combinations of
(C) Cricket (D) Data inadequate game-person-musical instrument is definitely
100. Who plays football? correct?
(A) Avinash (B) Mayur (A) Badminton – B – Flute
(C) Govind (D) None of these (B) Table Tennis – E – Santoor
101. Which of the following games does Avinash (C) Lawn Tennis – D – Tabla
play? (D) None of these
(A) Football (B) Cricket 107. Who plays Football?
(C) Football or Cricket (D) Data inadequate (A) C (B) D
102. What does Nikhil study? (C) G (D) F
(A) Chemical 108. Who plays Table Tennis?
(B) Computer Science (A) C (B) F
(C) IT (D) Data inadequate (C) D (D) Canʼt say
103. What does Govind study?
(A) Electrical (B) IT Directions for questions 109 to 113: Read the
(C) Chemical (D) Mechanical following information carefully and answer
the questions given below.
Directions for questions 104 to 108: Read the M, V, K, P, T, W and H are seven friends
following information carefully and answer studied in three management institutes A, B
the questions given below. and C. They had opted for one out of the three
A, B, C, D, E, F and G are members of a specializations Marketing, Finance and
sports club and have liking for different Personnel with atleast two of them in each
games, viz Carrom, Table Tennis, Badminton, specializations. The Marketing specialist from
Bridge, Hockey, Football and Lawn Tennis institutes B earns the maximum. V studied in
but not necessarily in the same order. Each instituted C with Personnel specialization and
one of them has a liking for different musical earns than only M and P. K studied in institute
instruments, Viz Sitar, Guitar, Harmonium, A with Marketing and earns less than only T
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
160

and H. W studied in institute C with Finance (C) Brown (D) None of these
and earns more than V but less than K. H 115. What colour is P wearing?
studied in institute A with Finance (A) Black (B) White
specialization. P, a personnel specialist (C) Black or Green (D) Blue
studied in institute B is not the least earner 116. What colour is L wearing?
among them. M is the only Finance specialist (A) Black (B) Black or Green
from one of these institutes among them. (C) Green (D) White
109. What is T’s specialization? 117. What colours are the sisters of J and M
(A) Marketing (B) Finance wearing?
(C) Personnel (D) Data inadequate (A) White and Pink
110. In which of the institutes did M study? (B) Pink and Green
(A) A (B) B (C) Pink and Yellow
(C) C (D) B or C (D) White and Green
111. Whose income is the second highest among 118. Which of the following group represents only
them? girls?
(A) T (B) K (A) KLN (B) KNO
(C) H (D) T or H (C) KLO (D) None of these
112. How many of them earn more than V?
(A) One (B) Two Directions for questions 119 to 123: Read the
(C) Three (D) None of these following information carefully and answer
113. Which of the following combinations of the questions given below.
institute – individual – specialization is not A, B, C, D, E, F and G are seven members of
correct? a family. There are three female members.
(A) A – K – Marketing Each of them has a degree in an Engineering
(B) B – P – Personnel discipline denoted by abbreviation in bracket
(C) C – W – Finance viz. Civil (CE), Mechanical (Me), Electrical
(D) A – P – Personnel (EE), Telecommunication (TE), Industrial
(IE), Aeronautical (AE), and Bio (BE). No
Directions for questions 114 to 118: Read the lady is either a BE or ME. The one who is an
following information carefully and answer ME is the oldest (G) among all of them. D the
the questions given below. EE is younger than F, who is an IE, C, the TE
J, K, L, M, N, O and P are seven kids playing is older than A and younger than D. G’s wife
in the garden. They are wearing clothes of is the youngest among them E who is a CE, is
black, blue, white, green, pink, yellow and an unmarried lady. She is younger than A and
brown colours. Out of the seven, three are older than only B. The one who is a BE is not
girls. No girl is wearing either black, yellow the youngest among them.
or brown, M’s sister O is wearing pink, while 119. Which of the following pairs definitely
he is wearing brown, J is wearing blue, while represents the Engineering disciplines of the
his sister K is not wearing green. N is wearing wife and the husband?
yellow, while his best friend P is a boy. (A) ME-EE (B) EE-AE
114. What colour is K wearing? (C) BE-AE (D) AE-ME
(A) Green (B) Pink
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
161

120. Who among them is the youngest? (A) A – Q – Red (B) A – R – Blue
(A) B (B) C (C) F – P – Black (D) G – R – Red
(C) A (D) B or A
121. What is F’s degree discipline? Directions for questions 128 to 132: Read the
(A) AE (B) ME following information carefully and answer
(C) IE (D) Data inadequate the questions given below.
122. What is A’s degree discipline? Krishna distributed 10-acre land to Gopal and
(A) CE (B) TE Ram who paid him the total amount in the
(C) BE (D) Data inadequate ratio 2 : 3. Gopal invested a further ₹ 2 lakh in
123. Which of the following triad represented the the land and planted coconut and lemon trees
three female members of the family? in the ratio 5 : 1 on equal areas of land. There
(A) FEB (B) AEB were a total of 100 lemon trees. The cost of
(C) ECB (D) Data inadequate one coconut was ₹ 5. The crop took 7 years to
mature and when the crop was reaped in 1997,
Directions for questions 124 to 127: Read the the total revenue generated was 25% of the
following information carefully and answer total amount put in by Gopal and Ram
the questions given below. together. The revenue generated from the
I. Seven types of paints A, B, C, D, E, F and coconut and lemon trees was in the ratio 3 : 2
G of different colour red, green, yellow, black, and it was shared equally by Gopal and Ram
blue, white and orange are filled in different as the initial amount spent by them were
tins P, Q, R, S, T, U and V. The order of the equal.
types of paints, colours and the tins are not 128. What was the total output of coconuts?
necessarily in the same order. (A) 24,000 (B) 36,000
II. Paint B is not kept in tins Q or R and is (C) 18,000 (D) 48,000
white in colour. Paint D is kept in the V and is 129. What was the value of output per acre of
not blue or red. F is kept in tin P and is green lemon trees planted?
in colour. Paints C and E are kept in tins T and (A) 0.24 lakh per acre (B) 2.4 lakh per
U respectively and are black and yellow in acre
colour respectively. G is not blue in colour. (C) 24 lakh per acre (D) Canʼt say
Red paint is kept in tin Q. 130. What was the amount received by Gopal in
124. Which of the following paints is orange in 1997?
colour? (A) ₹ 1.5 lakh (B) ₹ 3 lakh
(A) A (B) C (C) ₹ 6 lakh (D) None of these
(C) D (D) G 131. What was the value of output per tree for
125. Paint B is kept in which tin? coconuts?
(A) R (B) S (A) ₹ 36 (B) ₹ 360
(C) Q or S (D) Q (C) ₹ 3600 (D) ₹ 240
126. Which tin contains blue paint? 132. What was the ratio of yields per acre of land
(A) P (B) R for coconuts and lemons (in terms of number
(C) S (D) T of lemons and coconuts)?
127. Which of the following combination of paint – (A) 3 : 2 (B) 2 : 3
tin – colour is correct? (C) 1 : 1 (D) Canʼt say
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
162

Directions for questions 133 and 134: Read the luncheon early and so must be seated at the
following information carefully and answer extreme right. B will receive the most
the questions given below. valuable player’s trophy and so must be in the
Some children were taking free throws at the center to facilitate presentation. C and D are
basketball court in school during lunch break. bitter rivals and therefore must be seated as far
Below are some facts about how many baskets apart as possible.
these children shot. 135. Which of the following cannot be seated at
I. Ganesh shot 8 baskets less than Ashish. either end?
II. Dhanraj and Ramesh together shot 37 (A) C (B) D
baskets. (C) F (D) G
III. Jugraj shot 8 baskets more than Dhanraj. 136. Which of the following pairs cannot be seated
IV. Ashish shot 5 baskets more than Dhanraj. together?
V. Ashish and Ganesh together shot 40 (A) B & D (B) C & F
baskets. (C) D & G (D) E & A
133. Which of the following statements is true? 137. Which of the following pairs cannot occupy
(A) Ramesh shot 18 baskets and Dhanraj shot the seats on either side of B?
19 baskets. (A) F & D (B) D & E
(B) Ganesh shot 24 baskets and Ashish shot (C) A & G (D) C & F
16 baskets.
(C) Jugraj shot 19 baskets and Dhanraj shot Directions for questions 138 to 140: Read the
27 baskets. following information carefully and answer
(D) Dhanraj shot 11 baskets and Ashish shot the questions given below.
16 baskets. Six children – Ram, Shikha, Priya, Krishna,
134. Which of the following statements is true? Ajay and Sonu are on a ladder. Ram is further
(A) Dhanraj and Jugraj together shot 46 up the ladder than Shikha. Shikha is in
baskets. between Ram and Priya. There are two
(B) Ganesh shot 18 baskets and Ramesh shot persons between Ram and Priya. Krishna is
21 baskets. further up the ladder than Ram. Sonu is at the
(C) Dhanraj shot 3 more baskets than Ramesh. bottom.
(D) Ramesh and Jugraj together shot 29 138. Who is second from the top?
baskets. (A) Krishna (B) Shikha
(C) Ram (D) Ajay
Directions for questions 135 to 137: Read the 139. Who is between Ajay and Sonu?
following information carefully and answer (A) Priya (B) Ram
the questions given below. (C) Shikha (D) Data inadequate
Seven varsity basketball players (A, B, C, D, 140. Which of the following pair at the center?
E, F and G) are to be honoured at a special (A) Ram, Shikha (B) Shikha, Ajay
luncheon. The players will be seated on the (C) Ajay, Priya (D) Ajay, Ram
dais in a row. A and G have to leave the
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
163

Solution

Solutions for questions 1 to 3: horticulturist is C’s brother. It can be

Only Q and J live in Ashiana. Since Y only A. C is a Physicist.
does not live in Ridge building, so Y
Profession Preference
lives in Top-view building. D lives in
Ridge building with one more person. A Horticulturist Tea
Since U lives in building different from
both A and P, so U lives in Ridge B Industrialist Coffee
building while each one of A and P C Physicist Tea
lives in Top-view building. Q flies a
pink kite, Y a black kite, U a yellow D Journalist Coffee
kite and D a green kite. A and P both E Advocate Tea
live in Top-view building and so none
of them files a white kit. So, J flies a 4.(A) A is the Horticulturist.
white kite. Since P does not fly a blue 5.(D) Clearly, A and C are the persons who
kite, so A files a blue kite. Thus, P flies like tea but are not advocates.
a red kite. 6.(D) Since all the statements are required to
analyse the given data, none of them is
Boys Building Kite superfluous.
A Top-view Blue Solutions for questions 7 to 10:
Let’s call the condition given in I the
D Ridge Green same-letter rule. Neither Philips nor
Y Top-view Black Wasim belongs to Bangalore. By the
same-letter rule, Bishan’s home town
U Ridge Yellow cannot be Bangalore. Now, the player
from Bangalore is a wicket-keeper.
P Top-view Red
Since Sumeet is not the wicket-keeper,
Q Ashiana Pink so Chetan is the wicket-keeper and hails
from Bangalore. Now, neither Philips
J Ashiana White
nor Wasim is the captain and Bishan’s
1.(A) D and U live in Ridge building. home town is not Pune. Since Captain’s
2.(C) P flies the red kite. home town is pune. So, Sumeet is a
3.(B) J flies the white kite. captain and hails from pune.
Solutions for questions 4 to 6: Now, none of Surat, Bangalore and
A prefers tea. So, from (IV), the Pune is the home town of Wasim. Also,
industrialist and D prefer coffee. From by the same-letter rule, Wasim does not
(III), B and the Journalist prefer coffee. belong to Warangal. So, Wasim
So, B is the industrialist and D is the belongs to Chandigarh.
Journalist. Since none of Surat, Bangalore, Pune
Now, A, C and advocate remain. and Chandigarh is the home town of
Clearly, E is the advocate. The
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
164

Philips, so Philips belongs to Warangal.

Hence, Bishan belongs to Surat.
Now, Philips is not the captain or
wicket-keeper. Since Philips belongs to
R is to the right of P and second to the
Warangal, so he is not the batsman. By
left of S. Since T is not between P and
the same rule, Philips is not the pace-
S, so Q is between P and S. Clearly, Q
bowler. Thus, P is the spinner.
is second to the left of R.
So, Bishan is either the batsman or the
14.(C) E is opposite D. A is between E and F.
pace-bowler. But, by the same-letter
Since C is not the neighbour of E, so
rule, Bishan cannot be the batsman. So,
the only neighbouring blank position of
Bishan is the pace-bowler. Hence,
E is occupied by B. Thus we have two
Wasim is the batsman.
possible arrangements:
Person Specialty Home town

Sumeet Captain Pune

Philips Spinner Warangal

Wasim Batsman Chandigarh In each of the arrangements, F is

opposite B.
Bisham Pace-bowler Surat 15.(D)
Chetan Wicket-keeper Bangalore
7.(C) The Spinner’s home town is Warangal.
8.(C) Chandigarh is the home town of
Wasim.
9.(D) Chetan’s home town is Bangalore. F is to the right of D. B is between D
10.(A) Philips is the spinner. and C. A is between E and C. Thus, we
Solutions for questions 11 and 12: have the arrangement as shown in the
M is not at the end of any row. M is to adjoining figure. Clearly, E is between
the right of J, who is facing C. Thus we A and F.
have Solutions for questions 16 to 20:
–– M J  We analyse the given information as
–– –– C  follows :
D is facing M and K is to the left of D. Arranging the cars from left to right as
So, the arrangement is: per the information, we have:
B M J  Fargo and Cadillac
Fiat, Car, Car, Car, Fargo
K D C 
Maruti between Ambassador and
11.(A) M is to the immediate left to B.
Bedfort.
12.(D) BMJ and KDC are two sets of children
Fiat, Car, Car, Ambassador.
in the same row.
Knowing that Fiat lies at one of the
13.(A)
ends, we have from left to right:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
165

1 Fiat 24.(C) R is wife of T.

25.(B) P and S are ladies as given in the initial
2 Bedford information. R is the wife of T. Hence,
the ladies in the group are PRS.
3 Maruti
Solutions for questions 26 to 30:
4 Ambassador Note that from statements, I, IV and VI
we can make out that Chandra lives in
5 Fargo
New DelhI. Now from V, we can make
6 Cadillac out that Aparna is not the dancer; and
from II, since Chandra lives in New
7 Mercedes Delhi, she is also not the dancer.
16.(D) Clearly, Maruti is in the third place and Therefore, Bharti is the dancer and lives
Mercedes in the seventh i.e. Mercedes in Kolkata. Also from VIII, Bharti is
is fourth to the right of Maruti. married to Ramsingh. Now since
17.(B) Clearly, the Cadillac on the sixth place, Chandra lives in New Delhi and Bharti
is to the immediate left of the in Kolkata, it is obvious that Aparna
Mercedes, on the seventh place. lives in Mumbai and from IX, she
18.(D) On either side of the Cadillac are the (Aparna) is married to Mansingh.
Fargo and the Mercedes. Hence, the result is as follows.
19.(A) Clearly, Maruti in the third place, is to Kolkata New Delhi Mumbai
the immediate left of Ambassador, in
the fourth place. Bharti
Sisters Chandra Aparna
20.(C) To the right of the Ambassador are the (Dancer)
Fargo, Cadillac and Mercedes.
Bhim
Solutions for questions 21 to 25: Brothers Ram Singh Man Singh
Singh
The information can be collated in the
form of a table as shown below: 26.(B) 27.(A) 28.(A)
29.(C)
Wife/
Person Gender Game 30.(A)
Husband
Solutions for questions 31 to 33:
P Female - - C is to the right of D.
D is third from South. So, B will be at
Q Male Foot-baller - the extreme end from north because it
Table Wife should have E as its neighbour. G is
R Female between E and F. So, the sequence is :
Tennis of T
B
S Female - - E 
Husband G 
T Male Cricketer
of R F  East
21.(A) Q is the footballer. D 
22.(B) R is the table tennis player. C
23.(D) T is the cricketer. A 
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
166

31.(D) G is sitting to the right of E. Maharashtra. So, the arrangement

32.(C) G should change place with C to make becomes:
it third from North. Ms. Maharashtra - Ms.Uttar Pardesh -
33.(D) All the statements are required to Ms. West Bengal - Ms.Andhra Pardesh
determine the correct sequence. 37.(D) Ms. Andhra Pradesh wore yellow saree.
Solutions for questions 34 to 36: 38.(D) Ms. West Bengal wore the red saree.
W is on the immediate left of P. So, 39.(B) Ms. West Bengal is sitting adjacent to
anticlockwise, we have : WP. Ms. Uttar Pradesh and Ms. Andhra
U is on the immediate right of Q, R is Pradesh.
between T and U, V is the neighbour of 40.(B) Ms. Uttar Pradesh was the runner-up.
T. So, anticlockwise, we have : Solutions for questions 41 and 42:
QURTV. It is required to find the maximum
Since W is not the neighbour of S, so S number of persons who can be of same
does not sit between V and W. So, S height.
sits between P and Q. From (I), F is not shorter than G.
Thus the seating arrangement is as Hence, F can be of the same height as
shown. G, or taller than G.
F can be of the same height as G
(rejecting the possibility of F being taler
than G).
Similarly from (II) and (III), G can be
of the same height as H and H can be of
34.(C) T is between R and V; U is the
the same height as I.
neighbour of Q and R; V is between W
From (IV), I is shorter than J.
and T; W is between V and P.
From (V), J is not shorter than K, so J
35.(A) S position is on the immediate left of Q.
can be taller than K, and K can be same
36.(B) V’s position is third to the right of U.
height as F, G, H, I, L and M. It can be
Solutions for questions 37 to 40:
drawn as J F – G – H – I K–L–
Ms. Maharashtra was wearing white
M
saree. Since Ms. West Bengal was not
41.(D) As explained above, F, G, H, I, K, L
the runner-up, she was not wearing
and M can be all of the same height at
green saree and neither was Ms. Andhra
the maximum.
Pradesh. Thus, Ms. Uttar Pradesh wore
42.(A) Six other persons (F, G, H, K, L and M)
a green saree and she was the runner-
can be of same height as I at the most.
up. Now, the lady wearing yellow saree
Solutions for questions 43 and 44:
is at one end and Ms. West Bengal is
Here, we have to find the maximum
not sitting at any of the ends. So, Ms.
number of persons who can be of same
Andhra Pradesh wore yellow saree and
height as J.
she was the winner. Thus, Ms. West
I is shorter than J, and from the
Bengal wore red saree.
information (V), (VI) and (VII), it is
Now, the ladies wearing white and
evident that J, K, L and M can all be of
Yellow sarees are at the ends and the
the same height.
runner-up is sitting beside Ms.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
167

From (III), H can be taller than I and H listed out. A Simple Alertness to the
can be of same height as J, F and G can words formed is sufficient. English
be same height as H. words were formed only left to right,
Six persons (F, G, H, J, K, L, M) can be however.
of same height as J. It can be drawn as 54.(C)
F–G–H J–K–L–M I 55.(B) As we know that O, T and R will be on
43.(A) From the diagram given above, it is the west wall, and O does not go well
clear that at most 6 people can be of with T. So, they have to be on the
same height as of J. corners.
44.(B) From the above diagram, it is clear that 56.(D) The diagram will be
none of them is of same height as I. M O T
Solutions for questions 45 to 47:
In terms of age, we have : E < B, C < R E H
A, A < E, A < D. So, we have : C < A < So, (A) , (B) and (C) are true, while
E < B, A < D. In terms of height, we (D) is false.
have B < C, D < C, E < C, D < A. 57.(A) H, M and R on one wall is not possible,
45.(D) Either B or D is the eldest. because O will not be next to E or T.
46.(A) B is shorter than C. So, B is not the 58.(C) If O will be in the middle, then the
tallest. Thus, (I) is correct. B and E are words that can be formed are HOE,
shorter than C. So, it cannot be ROT, TOR, so it must be false.
concluded that B is shorter to E. Thus, Solutions for questions 59 to 63:
(II) is incorrect.
Science Commerce Block
A single definite order of heights
Block (Two from each block)
cannot be obtained from the given
information. So, (III) is incorrect. X P
47.(B) A and C are youngest and so they
Y  Not with  L  Not with  M
cannot be selected. D is shorter than
two persons A and C. Y  Not with  N
B is shorter than C only and is also
This diagram helps decide who can and
relatively older. So, B will be selected.
can’t be on the team with a particular
E is younger than B.
other candidate.
Solutions for questions 48 to 53:
59.(D) L’s inclusion base Y and M, Y’s
omission requires the inclusion of X
and Z to have two Science block
candidates, leaving only (d) on the right
answer.
48.(C) 49.(B) 50.(D) 60.(D) Inclusion of L will remove Y and M.
51.(C) 52.(B) 53.(B) 61.(B) Selection of Y and Z excludes L and N
Solutions for questions 54 to 58: respectively, thus assuring the selection
O will be not go next to T or E. The of P and, M therefore choice (B) .
condition for not forming a common 62.(D) The answer to Q. 59 gives an example
three letter word cannot be usefully of M, P and Z being in the same team,
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
168

thus falsifying statement (I) and (III). D Red Pharmacy Male

N, P, Y and X is a possible team which
shows the error of (II), hence, choice N Green HR Female
(d).
R Orange IT Male
63.(B) Presence of N will eliminate Y.
Solution for questions 64 to 68: F Grey Civil Female
Sequence of fatter to slimmer:
T Blue Finance Male
D>B>G>E>F>S
Sequence of wetter to drier: 74.(C) 75.(B) 76.(D)
C > E > B > F ; C > G, D > G, G > B 77.(A)
64.(C) 65.(B) 66.(A) 78.(D)
67.(B) Solutions for questions 79 to 83:
68.(D) The exact rank cannot be determined Executive Department Place
because the new cat Y’s being slimmer
than B and fatter than F leaves unclear B Marketing Nagpur
relationship between Y and cats G and G Engineering Chennai
F.
Solutions for questions 69 to 73: H Marketing Ranchi

K Engineering Kolkata

D Systems Hyderabad

F Systems Kozikode

T Marketing Patna

V Systems Bhopal
79.(B) 80.(A) 81.(C)
82.(D)
83.(D)
Solutions for questions 84 to 88:
Attendants Hour

69.(C) 70.(A) 71.(C) L 1:00 p.m.

72.(D)
R 2:00 p.m.
73.(D)
Solutions for questions 74 to 78: T 3:00 p.m.
Subject
Person Colour Gender P 4:00 p.m.
(Specialisation)
M 5:00 p.m.
P Yellow Journalism Male
N 6:00 p.m.
Q Pink Marketing Female
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
169

84.(C)
Mohit × × × × × × ✓
85.(D)
86.(D)
87.(D) H – Hockey ; C- Cricket ; F – Football
88.(B) ; S – Squash;
Solutions for questions 89 to 93: V – Volleyball ; LT – Lawn tennis ;
BM –
Badminton.
Branches of Engineering
Boys
ME CH ET CS IT

89.(C) 90.(D) 91.(B) Mayur × × × × ×

92.(A)
93.(A) Aninash × ✓ × × ×
Solutions for questions 94 to 98:
Govind ✓ × × × ×

Alok × × × ✓ ×

Mahesh × × ✓ × ×

Nikhil × × × × ✓

94.(B) Mohit × × × × ×
95.(A) ME – Mechanical ; CH – Chemical ;
96.(D) ET – Electronics ; CS – Computer
97.(C) Science ; BT – Bio-Technology ; EL –
98.(B) Electrical.
Solutions for questions 99 to 103: 99.(A) 100.(D) 101.(B)
Games 102.(C)
Boys 103.(D)
H C F S V LT BM Solutions for questions 104 to 108:

Mayur × × × × × ✓ × Member/Person
Sports Musical
(Games) Instrument
Aninash × ✓ × × × × ×
A Badminton Flute
Govind ✓ × × × × × ×
B Carrom Banjo
Alok × × ✓ × × × × C Lawn Tennis Harmonium
Mahesh × × × × ✓ × × D Table Tennis Tabla

Nikhil × × × ✓ × × × E Bridge Santoor

F Football Guitar
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
170

G Hockey Sitar EE × × × ✓ × × ×
104.(C) 105.(A) 106.(D)
TE × × ✓ × × × ×
107.(D)
108.(C) IE × × × × × ✓ ×
Solutions for questions 109 to 113:
Marketing Finance Personnel AE × ✓ × × × × ×

A K H BE ✓ × × × × × ×

B T M P Gender M F – – F – M
From big to small in age order (in
C T W V
degree)
Sequence according to the income ME > IE > EE > TE > BE > CE > AE
From big to small in age order (in
T>H>K>W>V>P>M
name)
109.(A) 110.(B) 111.(C) 119.(D) Wife – B (AE),
112.(D) Husband – G (ME)
113.(D) 120.(A) 121.(C) 122.(C)
Solutions for questions 114 to 118: 123.(D)
Color and Solutions for questions 124 to 127:
S. No. Gender
cloth P Q R S T U V
J Blue Boy (Blue) A × × ✓ × × × ×
K White Girl J’s sister
(White) B × × × ✓ × × ×
L Green Girl
(Black) C × × × × ✓ × ×
M Brown Boy
(Orange) D × × × × × × ✓
N Yellow Boy
(Yellow) E × × × × × ✓ ×
O Pink Only M’s sister
(Green) F ✓ × × × × × ×
P Black Sister
114.(D) 115.(A) 116.(C) (Red) G × ✓ × × × × ×
117.(A) 118.(C) 124.(C) 125.(B) 126.(B)
Solutions for questions 119 to 123: 127.(B)
Member 128.(B) It is said that Gopal and Ram invested
equal amounts initially. Let the amount
A B C D E F G
paid by both of them to Krishna be 2x
e

CE × × × × ✓ × × and 3x respectively. Gopal further

Disciplin

invested ₹ 2 lakh. Hence, we can say

ME × × × × × × ✓ (2x + 2) = 3x or x = 2 lakh. Hence, the
initial amounts paid by Gopal and Ram
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
171

to Krishna is 4 lakh and 6 lakh. So D + R = 37

Gopal and Ram together put in (6 + 6) J=D+8
= 12 lakh initially (note that this A=D+5
includes ₹ 2 lakh put in by Gopal A + G = 40
later). The total revenue generated is A = 24 ; G = 16 ; D = 19 ; R = 18 ; J =
25% of 12 lakh = 3 lakh. 27
The revenue from coconut and lemon 133.(A)
trees are in the ratio 3 : 2. Hence, 3 lakh 134.(D) D + J = 46.
when divided in the ratio 3 : 2 gives ₹ Solutions for questions 135 to 137:
1,80,000 from coconut and ₹ 1,20,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
from lemons. And since each coconut
costs ₹ 5, the total output of coconut C B D A G
would be (180000/5) = 36000
D B C A G
129.(D) Lemon and coconut trees were planted
on equal areas of land, viz. 5 acres each. C E D G A
The value of lemon output per acre of
D B C G A
land
(120000/5) = 0.24 lakh per acre. 135.(C) From given options F is the only
130.(D) The total revenue of ₹ 3,00,000 was possibility.
divided equally by Gopal and Ram. 136.(D) If we look at the options D & G can sit
Hence, the amount received by Gopal together, C & F can sit together, B & D
in 1997 = (1/2) × 300000 = ₹ 1.5 lakh can sit together and E & A is the only
131.(B) The ratio of the number of trees of option which is not possible.
coconut and lemon was 5 : 1. Since the 137.(C) A & G is the only possibility.
number of lemon trees is 100, the Solutions for questions 139 and 140:
number of coconut trees is 500. So they Krishna Krishna
totally obtained a revenue of ₹ 1,80,000 Ram Ram
from 500 coconut trees. Shikha Ajay
or
Hence, the value per tree = (180000/5) Ajay Shikha
= ₹ 360. Priya Priya
132.(D) We have not been given the cost of one Sonu Sanu
lemon. In the light of this fact, we
138.(C) 139.(A)
cannot find the number of lemons
140.(B)
produced and hence the required ratio
cannot be determined.
As we know, G = A – 8
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
172

Modern
NON-VEBAL
Non-Verbal Reasoning 15
Approach to
In non-verbal reasoning diagrams are used for In the given figure the arrow rotates by 135 degrees is
expressing the ideas, in place of numbers or words. the anti-clockwise direction. So, in the missing figure
In this type, we usually see a series of figures the arrow will point in the North-West direction and
for Bank / SSC / RRB / CET and other Exams
connected to each other by a pattern and then we need hence the answer is (d).
to find the missing figure or sometimes we need to ODD ONE OUT
find the odd figure out of the given figures. Some In the problems of Odd one out we are given with a
other types that we will discuss below are: set of figures where all except one figure will be
1. Series 5. Mirror Images having similar features. We have to find that figure
2. Odd One Out 6. Water Images and mark it as an option.
3. Analogy 7. Matrix Example 2: In the following question four figures are
4. Pattern Completion 8. Paper folding and cutting given. Out of the four,three figures are similar while
Series one is different in some manner. Find The odd one
Series is the most common Non Verbal reasoning out.
problem which is based on continuation of figures.
Here we are provided with a series of images
following a certain sequence. We have to choose one
of the image from the set of options which follows the
same sequence. Explanation: (c)
In these questions, we have to observe the pattern In all the other figure there are two identical figures of
followed by these problem figures and find out one of different size. In the option (c) the two figures are
the answer figure from the options which continues different.
the same pattern. Analogy
Example 1: The figures given below follow a series. Analogy means ‘relationship’. In these type of
Out of these figures A, B,C and D which figure will problems, we are given with a pair of related figures
replace the question mark (?) so that the series and we have to find a similar relationship between two
remains continued? other figures by selecting one of them from the
options.
Question Figures:
Example 3: In the following question the two figures
on the left of ‘::’ follow relationship. Which figure
should replace the question mark (?) so the figures on
Answer Figures: the right of ‘::’ should follow the same relationship?

Explanation: (d)
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
173

Explanation: (c)
In the first two figures the outermost elements reduces
in size and becomes the innermost while the
innermost increases in size and becomes the outermost
figure. So in the next two figures the innermost Explanation: (c)
becomes outermost and vice versa. So, the answer is In the option (c) the left is right and the right is left.
(c). Water Image
Pattern Completion Water Image are just like we see our self in a lake or a
In this type of questions an incomplete figure is given river.
in which a part, generally a quarter, is left blank. The The simple logic is that in a Water image, the top and
problem figure is followed by four choice figures. Out bottom part of the images are changed whereas left
of these choice figures, the candidate is required to and right side of image remain same.
choose the one which best fits into the blank space so Example 6:
as to complete the original pattern. Question Figure:
Example 4:
Question Figure:

Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:

Explanation: (a)
In the option (a) the top part has become bottom and
the bottom part has become the top.
Explanation: (c)
Matrix
The figure given in option (c) fits the question figure.
In a question based on figure matrix out of the 4 cells
Mirror Images
or 9 cells; a cell will be missing and will be signified
Mirror Image are just like we see our face in the
by a question mark (?). We are required to find the
mirror!
figure to replace question mark so that the figure is
The simple logic is that in a mirror the right hand
logically in sync with other cells.
becomes left and the left hand becomes right. The
To find the figure in place of question mark (?) a
top/upper level and down/lower level remains same.
student has to relate the rows or columns logically.
Example 5:
An important point a student should always remember
Question Figure:
is that “the missing figure when inserted should be in-
sync with the whole figure”.
Example 7:
Question Figures:

Answer Figures:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
174

there are marks showing the position and nature of the

cut made in the folded sheet. The examinee has to
select one of the figures from the set of four answer
figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) that would most closely
Answer Figures: resemble the paper when unfolded.
Example 8: Consider the following three figures,
marked (X), (Y) and (Z) showing one folded in (X),
another fold in (Y) and cut in (Z). From amongst the
answer figure (a), (b), (c) and (d), select the one,
Explanation: (d) showing the unfolded position of (Z).
Length of line reduces in each cell.
Paper Folding and Cutting
In this type of questions, a paper is folded twice (or
may be more) and then a cut (or some cuts) is(are)
made on it. You have to imagine what the paper
would look like when it is unfolded back to what it
originally was. Usually a set of three figures is given
to show the manner in which the paper is folded and
the paper is cut. In the first two figures a dotted line Solution: (c)
together with an arrow on it is given, showing the After folding a paper and cutting, option (c) matches
position and direction of folding. In the third figure the unfolded position.

Exercise

Series
Direction for questions 1 to 10: In each of the
following question a set of figures related in
some manner is given. Find the figure that
comes in place of question mark (?) and
Answer Figures:
follows/continues the same relationship.
1. Question Figures:

3. Question Figures:
Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:
2. Question Figures:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
175

8. Question Figures:

4. Question Figures: Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:
9. Question Figures:

5. Question Figures: Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:
10. Question Figures:

6. Question Figures: Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:

Odd One Out

Direction for questions 1 to 10: In each of the
question given below there are five figures
7. Question Figures: given out of which four are similar or related
in some manner. Find the figure which is odd
one out.

Answer Figures:
1.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
176

Analogy
Direction for questions 1 to 12: Figures on the left of
2.
‘: :’ follows a particular relationship, establish
the same relationship on the right as well.
1. Question Figures:

3.

Answer Figures:

4.

2. Question Figures:
5.

Answer Figures:
6.

3. Question Figures:
7.

Answer Figures:
8.

9.

4. Question Figures:

Answer Figures:
10.
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
177

5. Question Figures:

Answer Figures:
Answer Figures:

10. Question Figures:

6. Question Figures:

Answer Figures: Answer Figures:

7. Question Figures: 11. Question Figures:

Answer Figures: Answer Figures:

8. Question Figures:
12. Question Figures:

Answer Figures:
Answer Figures:

9. Question Figures:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
178

Pattern Completion
Direction for questions 1 to 10: Select a figure
from the options which completes the
question figure.
1. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:

Answer Figures: 5. Question Figure:

2. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:

Answer Figures: 6. Question Figure:

3. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

7. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

4. Question Figure:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
179

Answer Figures:

8. Question Figure: Mirror Image

Direction for questions 1 to 10: Find the mirror
image in following questions.

1. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:

9. Question Figure:

2. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:

10. Question Figure:

3. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
180

Answer Figures:

4. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

Answer Figures: 8. Question Figure:

5. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

Answer Figures: 9. Question Figure:

6. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

10. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:

7. Question Figure:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
181

Answer Figures:

4. Question Figure:

Water Image
Direction for questions 1 to 10: Find the water
image in following questions.

1. Question Figure: Answer Figures:

5. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

2. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

6. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

3. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
182

7. Question Figure:

Matrix
Direction for questions 1 to 10: In each of the
Answer Figures: following figure there is a figure missing
which is signified by the question mark (?).
Find the option which completes the
matrix/pattern.
1. Question Figure:
8. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:
Answer Figures:

2. Question Figure:
9. Question Figure:

Answer Figures: Answer Figures:

10. Question Figure: 3. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
183

Answer Figures:

4. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

8. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

5. Question Figure: Answer Figures:

9. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

6. Question Figure:
Answer Figures:

10. Question Figure:

Answer Figures:

7. Question Figure:
 Modern Approach to Reasoning
184

Answer Figures: Answer Figures:

Paper Cutting and Folding 4. Question Figures:

Directions for questions 1 to 10: A sheet has been
folded in the manner as shown in (X), (Y) and
(Z) respectively and punched. You have to
choose from the alternatives how it will look
when unfolded.
Answer Figures:
1. Question Figures:

5. Question Figures:

Answer Figures:

Answer Figures:
2. Question Figures:

6. Question Figures:

Answer Figures:

3. Question Figures: Answer Figures:

 Modern Approach to Reasoning
185

7. Question Figures: 9. Question Figures:

Answer Figures: Answer Figures:

10. Question Figures:

8. Question Figures:

Answer Figures: Answer Figures:

Solution

Series Mirror Image

1.(B) 2.(C) 3.(A) 4.(C)
1.(C) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4.(B)
5.(A) 6.(A) 7.(A) 8.(C)
5.(A) 6.(D) 7.(A) 8.(D)
9.(B) 10.(D)
9.(B) 10.(C)
Water Image
Odd One Out
1.(A) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(B)
1. (A) 2.(D) 3.(D) 4.(C)
5.(B) 6.(B) 7.(B) 8.(B)
5. (D) 6.(C) 7.(B) 8.(D)
9.(A) 10.(A)
9. (B) 10.(D)
Matrix
Analogy 1.(B) 2.(B) 3.(C) 4.(D)
1. (A) 2.(D) 3.(B) 4.(B)
5.(A) 6.(B) 7.(B) 8.(A)
5. (B) 6.(D) 7.(D) 8.(C)
9.(B) 10.(D)
9. (D) 10.(D) 11.(D) 12.(A)
Paper Cutting and Folding
Pattern Completion 1.(C) 2.(B) 3.(D) 4.(D)
1.(B) 2.(D) 3.(D) 4.(C) 5.(D) 6.(D) 7.(A) 8.(C)
5.(D) 6.(C) 7.(B) 8.(B) 9.(D) 10.(C)
9.(A) 10.(A)