INTRODUCTION

We live in an era of communication, the means are multiplying, developing, becoming faster, more
accessible and more efficient. Everything in us calls us to meet the other, others where they are. It is
said that man cannot live in isolation.

Communication is everywhere. The desire and need to communicate is deeply rooted in us human
beings. When we talk about communication, we can mean transmitting a message, getting in touch with
someone to transmit or ask them for information. Who says no one means being in a relationship, for
clarification of vocabulary we will say that communication is a strong moment of this state of
relationship, a moment where it is concretized by words and signs. Having a good relationship with
someone means being able to establish satisfactory communication. Communication is a vital adventure
that never ends, it accompanies us from start to finish. Communicating is learned throughout life.

The meeting of beings can take place despite or because of their difference. The secret of successful
communication is interest in others who are different from me because they are interesting. True
communication starts from the first contact and includes the duration and the facilitation techniques are
located in this high point which goes from the first minutes to the decision or not to follow up.

Circumstances are never the same, partners and oneself evolve. To communicate is to live. Ultimately,
this is perhaps the starting point for successful communication: the other, facing me as he is, beautiful or
ugly, intelligent or narrow-minded, is interesting, he lives, he is worth it. Worth knowing, being
considered.

Communicating in truth can be learned, it can be cultivated. The same communication situation is
never found exactly because it is never the same people present nor the same context. People and
contexts change. It’s a mistake to never make, believing that you can recreate a good moment intensely
spent together. It’s artificial and it almost always fails.

Communication moves forward, it is a movement, which says communication means coming and going,
exchange, evolution. If I refuse to evolve, I will never experience true or lasting communication. You will
have to accept change or give up meeting the other. From this often comes the failure of relationships,
we persist in seeing and wanting the former other. The solution is sharing, understanding which includes
confronting the difference of others and my personal change.

The essential and fundamental elements for understanding communication are concepts to be treated
separately with patience and concentration, we will attack the basics such. That they have been treated
by linguistics and language sciences.

After alphabetical writing spread to a very large number of countries and allowed remarkable progress in
the fields of science and communication, the first thoughts on language and the languages which
represented the means of expression major were starting to appear. The first discipline that emerged
was Grammar, a normative and prescriptive discipline which aimed to establish the rules which would
allow the preservation of the language from all attempts at alteration and which served as a tool for
users for good use. Of their languages.

Panini (4th century BC) is considered one of the first grammarians in history, this Indian scholar
succeeded in establishing an almost complete grammar of Sanskrit (ancient sacred language of the
Brahmanical religion). The technicality and relevance that marked her were exceptional, which earned
her the admiration of specialists. In his work Panini considers the uncreated language, as already
realized, existing since always, it is received as a heritage from the elders. His thinking on language was
influential on Western approaches that came later.

In ancient Greece, alongside the interest in grammar, the question of the origin of language and its
nature marked philosophical debates. Between the conventionalists and the naturalists the relationship
between the word and its meaning created disagreement. The first thought that there is no natural
relationship between sound and meaning and their relationship is only a pure convention, while the
others believed that names are formed according to the very nature of things, notably thanks to the
mimicry (the name would imitate the very essence of the thing), then it would be impossible to speak
incorrectly since the names are correct without exception. This thesis was supported by anomalists who
insisted that if language was truly a result of human convention, we should not find irregularities.

Concerning the parts of speech, Aristotle was the first to distinguish three of them: The noun, the verb
and the conjunction, then the Stoics added the article and they divided the nouns into two types:
common nouns and proper nouns. The other parts were added by Dionysius the Thracian (170-90 BC)
and his grammar was mainly educational. It was thanks to the Romans that grammar advanced further
because they noticed that their language, Latin, which they cherished so much, was at risk of alteration
and disappearance, so they decided to create schools everywhere to preserve and protect it effectively
and sustainably. Donatus (4th century born in Tipasa) then Priscien (6th century born in Cherchell)
succeeded in writing two very important works on Latin grammar which marked the teaching of this
language and its promotion at this time of the beginning of the “Middle Ages”. “.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 3 (CONTINUED)

At the time of the Middle Ages (end of the 5th century and end of the 15th century), the Islamic world
developed its grammar and began to work on the sounds of the Arabic language, which constituted the
first interests of phonetics, while this was almost little known in Europe. Emphasis was placed on the
study of grammar, rhetoric and dialectics.

The philosophical debates on the relationship between language and thought have not stopped, notably
between the realists and the nominalists who inherited the philosophical quarrel between the
conventionalists and the naturalists. The idea of a grammar that is universal emerged during this
century with Roger Bacon who believed that differences are accidental variations.

This general grammar marked the beginning of the Renaissance (15th century to the end of the 16th
century) in particular with “The general and reasoned grammar of Port-Royal which is a more scientific
approach where grammarians sought to find and design a universal grammar s ‘applied to all languages.
This grammar subsequently received several criticisms from a large number of grammarians and
linguists. During this period there was a lot of interest in learning the ancient languages Latin, Greek and
Hebrew, to understand and get as close as possible to the correct meaning of religious texts.

This intense interest led to the flourishing of philology which allowed them to compare

The multiple manuscripts written in different languages in order to discover errors and Contradictions as
well as the falsifications which marked a certain number of these documents.

During the 18th century, general grammar still had its place in the scientific scene, especially with
Beauzée’s general grammar, he sought to go back to the universal principles of reason, from which
languages were constructed. He studied several particular grammars to discover the original laws. In
this century, we were still interested in the question of the origin of language, Condillac for example
thought that language was born from sensation and need, that is to say, it has a natural origin and
biological.

Towards the end of this century the comparison of languages became more and more frequent and it
intensified over the years. The discovery of the similarities between Sanskrit and the two classical
European languages completely overturned scientific beliefs regarding the languages of the time. This
important event gave a boost to comparative studies and contributed to the appearance of comparative
grammar at the beginning of the following century.

The 19th century saw a real evolution in scientific thought relating to questions of language, languages
and communication. This research will be the basis of the giant step that will be taken in the following
century concerning linguistic and communication studies and will constitute the roots of the appearance
of the new science which will deal with this subject.

At the time of the Middle Ages (end of the 5th century and end of the 15th century), the Islamic world
developed its grammar and began to work on the sounds of the Arabic language, which constituted the
first interests of phonetics, while this was almost little known in Europe. Emphasis was placed on the
study of grammar, rhetoric and dialectics.

The philosophical debates on the relationship between language and thought have not stopped, notably
between the realists and the nominalists who inherited the philosophical quarrel between the
conventionalists and the naturalists. The idea of a grammar that is universal emerged during this century
with Roger Bacon who believed that differences are accidental variations.
This general grammar marked the beginning of the Renaissance (15th century to the end of the 16th
century) in particular with “The general and reasoned grammar of Port-Royal which is a more scientific
approach where grammarians sought to find and design a universal grammar s ‘applied to all languages.
This grammar subsequently received several criticisms from a large number of grammarians and
linguists. During this period there was a lot of interest in learning the ancient languages Latin, Greek and
Hebrew, to understand and get as close as possible to the correct meaning of religious texts. This intense
interest led to the flourishing of philology which allowed them to compare

The multiple manuscripts written in different languages in order to discover the errors and
contradictions as well as the falsifications which marked a certain number of these documents.

During the 18th century, general grammar still had its place in the scientific scene, especially with
Beauzée’s general grammar, he sought to go back to the universal principles of reason, from which
languages were constructed. He studied several particular grammars to discover the original laws. In this
century, we were still interested in the question of the origin of language, Condillac for example thought
that language was born from sensation and need, that is to say, it has a natural origin and biological.

Towards the end of this century the comparison of languages became more and more frequent and it
intensified over the years. The discovery of the similarities between Sanskrit and the two classical
European languages completely overturned scientific beliefs regarding the languages of the time. This
important event gave a boost to comparative studies and contributed to the appearance of comparative
grammar at the beginning of the following century.

The 19th century saw a real evolution in scientific thought relating to questions of language, languages
and communication. This research will be the basis of the giant step that will be taken in the following
century concerning linguistic and communication studies and will constitute the roots of the appearance
of the new science which will deal with this subject.

At the beginning of the 19th century, and following the great conclusion of W. Jones (1786) who stated
that Sanskrit and the great classical European languages have a common origin “Indo-European, a new
discipline appeared: comparative grammar and which was founded by the German F. Bopp (1791-1867).
It is a discipline which has marked almost three quarters of this century with German dominance
represented by very brilliant scholars. Their studies were based on the comparison of languages even if
they are separated by time and space and they aimed to discover the links of kinship between them
which will allow them to understand the path of evolution that each has taken. Of them. Indeed, a huge
number of studies and analyzes have been carried out on a very large number of languages to almost
reconstitute the most important language families and demonstrate the processes of evolution and
transformations that they have undergone.
 At this same time J. Grimm (1785-1863) and after long studies on the phonetic evolution of Germanic
languages he noticed that there is a certain regularity in the changes and modifications that these
languages have undergone, a phenomenon that he called consonant mutation but it will be known
above all under the name of “Grimm’s law”. This step was a giant step in the quest to establish a science
that studies language phenomena. The question of the origin of language was still relevant, particularly
with E. Renan who exposed in his book the different theories concerning this subject and he commented
on each of them.

Around the middle of this century, this discipline saw the birth of a branch called historical linguistics
which was the logical result of countless comparison operations between the different languages existing
in the world. This discipline took an ethnocentric and somewhat racist turn, which reflected the
geopolitical, ideological and philosophical context of the time with the European colonial expeditions.
As an example, we can cite the book by A. Hovelacque where he tries to classify all the languages of the
world according to unscientific criteria maintaining that European languages represent the final stage in
the evolution of idioms. We also emphasize that towards the end of this century semantics appeared as
a new discipline studying meaning.

From 1870, a new group was formed of young linguists who began to criticize the scientific ideas and
beliefs of the time, they were named “the neogrammarians”. They refused the naturalist idea of
language supported by their predecessors. They considered language as a system and a social
institution. Among them there were big names like August Leskien, Karl Verner and especially Ferdinand
de Saussure who would be the central figure during the following century and thanks to his work the
scientific scene would see the birth of a new science essentially interested in linguistic facts and which
will be called Linguistics.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LINGUISTIC

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was a comparativist and neogrammarian who acquired a great
reputation towards the end of the 19th century. After ten years spent teaching at the Ecole des Hautes
Etudes in Paris, he abandoned comparative research to devote himself to studying language differently.
After his death in 1913, his disciples Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, based on their notes as well as
those of the other disciples and on what Saussure left, they published in 1916 a work entitled Course of
General Linguistics. This book gave the real and definitive birth of a new science which considers
language as an object of linguistic study.

F. de Saussure made a break with the thinking that reigned in the 19th century by adopting a non-
historical, descriptive and systematic approach. He deserves the merit of defining the object of study of
this science in a clear and precise manner. For him, language is the primary object of linguistics and this
was a giant and essential step in the founding of this young science. She (GC) never worried about
identifying the nature of her object of study. However, without this elementary operation, a science is
incapable of creating a method. His work brought a set of new and original elements and ideas which
gave a new dimension to language and linguistic studies.

Starting from the idea that the point of view creates the object, F. De Saussure thinks that language is
the only entity qualified to be the object of study of linguistics. At the beginning he begins by separating
it from language: it is only a determined, essential part, it is true. It is both a social product of the faculty
of language and a set of necessary conventions, adopted by the social body to allow the exercise of this
faculty in individuals”; “the exercise of language is based on a faculty that we get from nature, while
language is an acquired and conventional thing. To give language the first place in the study of language,
we can finally put forward this argument, that the natural or non-natural faculty of articulating words is
only exercised with the aid of the instrument created and provided by the community; It is therefore not
fanciful to say that it is language which creates the unity of language. (ibid, 2005).

Then Saussure makes the difference between language and speech: “the execution is never carried out
by the mass; it is always individual, and the individual is always the master; we will call it speech. It is a
treasure (language) deposited by the practice of speech in subjects belonging to the same community, a
virtually existing grammatical system. In each brain, or more precisely in the brains of a group of
individuals because language is not complete in any one, it only exists perfectly in the mass. By
separating language from speech, we separate at the same time: what is social and what is individual;
what is essential and what is accessory and more or less accidental”; Speech is an individual act of will
and intelligence. (ibid, 2005).

Saussure viewed communication as based on the relationship between the signifier (word form) and
signified (meaning). He emphasized the arbitrary nature of signs and highlighted the role of social
conventions in language structure.

Part 2.

Sign linguistics is the study of sign languages, focusing on their structure, usage, and evolution. It
explores the unique linguistic properties of sign languages, such as grammar and syntax, similar to how
spoken languages are studied in linguistics.

An acoustic image is a graphical representation of sound data, used to analyze aspects like frequency and
amplitude.

*Principles of communication*

Effective communication relies on principles like clarity, conciseness, consistency, completeness,

*Weaver model*
The Weaver Model depicts communication as a one-way process from sender to receiver through a
channel, with potential noise interference. It emphasizes encoding, transmission, decoding, and
feedback but has limitations in considering context and relational dynamics.

*Jakobson introduced a communication model emphasizing six factors* :

1. **Sender**: Person transmitting the message to an audience.

2. **Recipient**: Individual or group intended to receive the message.

3. **Message**: Information or idea conveyed from sender to recipient.

4. **Context**: Surrounding circumstances influencing message production and understanding.

5. **Contact**: Physical channel and psychological connection enabling communication.

6. **Code**: Shared rules between sender and recipient for encoding and decoding messages.

*Function provide by human language*

1. **Expressive Function**: Sender conveys emotions and feelings through language.

2. **Conative Function**: Sender aims to influence or provoke a reaction from the receiver.

3. **Poetic Function**: Focuses on aesthetic elements like tone and word arrangement in language.

4. **Referential Function**: Describes objective realities or objects.

5. **Phatic Function**: Establishes or maintains communication connection.

6. **Metalinguistic Function**: Discusses or explains the language code or structure.