‫بسم اﷲ الرّحمن الرّحيم‬

‫ترجمه كامل بخش گرامر‬

‫تافل ‪ Barron's‬ويژه تمامي‬
‫رشته ها و مقاطع‬
‫(كارشناسي‪ ،‬كارشناسي ارشد و دكترا)‬

‫اين مجموعه شامل ‪ 170‬نكته بسـيار كليـدي تافـل ‪ Barron's‬و حاوي تمامي‬
‫مجموعه تست هاي مطـرح شـدة آن (‪ 795‬تسـت)‬

‫همراه با ترجمه درچهار بخش ‪Cumulative ، Part B ، Part A‬‬

‫‪ Review Exercise‬و ‪ Model Test 1-8‬مي باشد‪.‬‬

‫مترجم ‪ :‬محمود رمضاني‬

 ‫فهرست مطالب به ترتيب حروف الفبا‬ PROBLEM
A and an ٢٦
A few and few ٢٦
A large (small) amount of ١٧
A large (small) number of ١٧
A little and little ٢٦
Adjective pronouns before body ٧١
Adjective pronouns before ing ٧٢
Adjectives with verbs of the senses ٥٨
Adverbs of manner ٧٦٢
Agreement- collective subject and verb ٧٨١
Agreement- impersonal pronouns ٧٨١
Agreement- indefinite subject and verb ٧٧٦
Agreement- modified subject and verb ٧٧٨
Agreement- noun and pronoun ٧٨٧
Agreement- subject and appositive ٧٨٧
Agreement- subject with accompaniment and verb ٧٧٢
Agreement- subject with appositive and verb ٧٧١
Agreement- subjective and possessive adjectives ٧٨٦
Agreement- verb subject order ٧٧٥
Alike ٥٥
Almost all of the ١٦
Among ٧١١
And …… either ٧٦٧
And …… too ٧٦١
And neither ٧٦٧
And so ٧٦١
As …… as ٦١
As a whole ٧١٢
As high as ٧١٨
As long as ٧١٨
As many as (after number) ٦١
As many as (before number) ٦٨
As much as (after number) ٦١
At (place) ٧١٧
At (time) ٧١٨
Be used to ٧٧
Because of and because ٧٧٧
Besides ٧١٢
Between ٧١١
Borrow ٧٢١
Both …… and ٧٧٢
Both …… and …… as well as ٧٧١
 Barron’s
3/ ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

But ٧١١
By (means) ٧٧٧
Clause ٧١١
Clause- maker subjects ٧١٥
Comparative adjectives ٦٢
Comparative adverbs ٦٦
Conditional ( ٧+ will + ٧) ٦٦
Conditional ( ٧+ will +٧) ٦٧
Conditional (٧+٧) ٦٧
Conditional (٦) ٦١
Conditional (١) ٦٧
Conditional (were) ٦٨
Count and noncount nouns with similar meanings ٨٨
Count nouns ٨٦
Dates ٧١٧
Dead ٧٧٧
Despite ٧٧١
Differ from ٦٦
Differ from that / those ٧١٧
Different from and different ٦٧
Different from that / those ٧١٧
Do ٧٢٥
Each other ٨٧
Ed (adjectives) ٥١
Ed (verbal modifier) ٧٨٨
Enough with adjectives ١٧
Enough with nouns ١١
Ever (questions words with –ever) ٧٦٨
Except ٧١١
Fast ٧٦١
Few ٢١
For ٧١١
From (cause) ٧٧٦
From …… to ٧٧٨
Get (causative) ٧١
Had better ٧٦
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 4

Had hoped ١٦
Hard ٧٦١
Have (causative) ٧٥
Have been ١٢
Have been + ١ ١١
Help (causative) ٦١
Hyphenated adjectives ١٦
Impersonal expressions ٦٦
In (place) ٧١٧
In (time) ٧١٨
In spite of ٧٧١
Indirect questions ٧٦٧

Infinitive subjects ٨٦
Infinitives of pupose ٧٨٢
Ing (adjectives) ٥١
Ing (verbal modifier) ٧٨٨
Ing nouns (qualifying phrases) ٢١
Ing subjects ٨٦
Instead of ans instead ٧١٥
Irregular adjectives ٦٥
Irregular verbs ٨
It (anticipatory) ١٨
Kind ٨٥
Know ٧١
Know how ٧١
Late ٧٦١
Lay ٧٢١
Leave ٧٢٢
Lend ٧٢١
Less than ٦٧
Let ٧٢٢
Let (causative) ٧٦
Lie ٧٢١
Like ٥٥
Like that / those ٧١٧
Little ٢١
 Barron’s
5/ ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

Logical conclusion (past) ١

Logical conclusion (present) ٥
Logical conclusion (repeat) ٦
Make ٧٢٥
Make (causative) ٧٢
Many ٢٥
Meaning all ٢٧
Missing auxiliary verb- active ٧١
Missing auxiliary verb-passive ٧٧
Missing main verb ٧
Modal + verb word ٢
More than ٦٧
Most of the ١٦
Much ٢٥
Need ١٧
Negative emphasis ٧٦٦
Negative imperatives ٧٨
No ٢٨
No longer ٧١٦
Noncount nouns ٨١
Noncount nouns that are count nouns in other language ٨٢
Not …… but ٧٧٦
Not only …… but also ٧٧٥
Nouns that function as adjectives ١٥

Nouns with count and noncount meanings ٨٧

Numerical order ١١
Object pronoun ٧٧
Object pronoun after preposition ٧٨
On (place) ٧١٧
On (time) ٧١٨
Once ٧١١
One, another, the other ١٨
One another ٨٧
One of the ٢٢
Only a few ١١
Only a little ١١
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 6

Parallel structure- after correlative conjunctions ٧٨٥

Parallel structure- in a series ٧٨١
Parts of speech ٧١١
Passives- agent ١٦
Passives- infinitives ١١
Passives- word order ١٧
Propositional idioms ٧٢٦
Purpose- for ٧٧١
Purpose- infinitives ١١
Raise ٧٢٦
Reciprocal pronouns ٨٧
Redundancy- repetition of noun by pronoun ٧٢٧
Redundancy- repetition of words with the same meaning ٧٢١
Redundancy- unnecessary phrases ٧٨٦
Reflexive pronouns ٨١
Relative pronouns (person & thing) ٧٥
Relative pronouns (persons) ٧٦
Reported speech ٧٧٦
Rise ٧٢٦
Say ٧٢٨
Set ٧٢٧
Similar to and similar ٥١
Similar to that / those ٧١٧
Since ٧١١
Singular and plural expressions of noncount nouns ٨١
Sit ٧٢٧
So ٥٧
So that ٧٦٦
Some of the ٢٢
Some, other, the other ١٢
Some, others, the others (the rest) ١٢
Sometime ٧٦٥
Sometimes ٧٦٥
Subject pronouns ٧٦
Subject pronouns (complement) ٧١
Subjunctive nouns ٦٥
Subjunctive verbs ٦١
 Barron’s
7/ ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

Such ٥٦
Such as ٧١٦
Superlative adjectives ٦١
Tell ٧٢٨
Than that / those ٧١٦
That clause (nominal) ٢٧
The + noncount nouns + of ٢١
The + noun + that ٧٧١
The + one /ones + that ٧٧١
The ……. the ٧١١
The same …… as ٥٦
The same as and the same ٥٢
Too ٥١
Type ٨٥
Unless ٦٢
Used to ٧٧
Verb + ing ١
Verb + to + verb ٦
Verb phrase + ing ٧
Verbs ٧٧٧
Verbs and adverbs ٧٧١
Verbs in dependent clauses ٧١٦
Very ٥٧
When (future result) ٧٦١
While ٧١٧
Wholly ٧١٢
Will have + ١ ١٥
Would rather ٧١
Would rather that ٧٧
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 8

PATTERNS

‫الگوها‬

Patterns are the parts of a sentence. In some books, patterns are called structures. In
patterns, the words have the same order most of the time.
Some of the most important patterns are summarized in this review section. Remember,
the generalizations in the charts and explanations for each pattern refer to the structure
in the examples. There may be similar structures for which these generalizations are not
appropriate .
‫ در الگوها لغات‬.‫ ساختار ناميده مي شوند‬، ‫ در برخي كتابها الگوها‬.‫الگوها بخش هايي از يك جمله هستند‬
‫ برخي از اين الگوها در اين بخش مروري‬.‫داراي همان نظم و ترتيبي است كه در اكثر زمانها دارند‬
‫ تعميم ها در اين نمودارهـاو توضيحات مربوط به هر الگو به ساختار‬،‫ بخاطر داشته باشيد‬.‫خالصه شده اند‬
‫ ممكن اسـت سـاختارهاي مشـابهي وجـودداشته باشد كه در مورد آنها اين تعميم ها‬.‫مثال ها اشاره دارد‬
.‫مناسب نباشند‬

PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCES AND CLAUSES

‫مسائلي در خصوص جمالت و جمله واره ها‬

A verb is a word or phrase that expresses existence, action, or experience.

There are two kinds of verbs in English. They are the main verb and the auxillary verb.
In some grammar books, the auxiliary verb is called a helping verb because it is used
with a main verb.
Every verb in English can be described by the following formula:
VERB = tense + (modal) + (have + participle) + (be + -ing) + verb word
Each of the parts of this formula will be summarized in one or more of the problems in
this review.Don't spend time studying it now. Just refer to it as you progress through
this review section.
.‫ عمل يا تجربه را بيان مي كند‬،‫ كلمه اي است كه وجود‬، ‫فعل‬
‫ در برخـي كتابهـاي‬.‫ آنها فعل اصـل ي و فعـل كمكـي هسـتند‬.‫در زبان انگليسي دو نوع فعل وجود دارد‬
.‫ فعل كمكي يك فعل معين ناميده مي شود زيرا آن با يك فعل اصلي بكار مي رود‬،‫گرامري‬
 ‫‪Barron’s‬‬
‫‪9/‬‬ ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

‫در زبان انگليسي هر فعلي مي تواند از طريق فرمول زير توصيف شود‪:‬‬

‫كلمه فعلي ‪) + (be = ing) +‬قسمت سوم ‪( + (have +‬افعال كمكي ناقص) ‪ +‬زمان = فعل هر يك از بخش‬
‫هاي اين فرمول در يك يا چند مسئله در اين بررسي خالصه خواهند شد‪ .‬اكنـون وقـت خود را براي مطالعه‬
‫آن صرف نكنيد‪ .‬وقتي شما از طريق اين بخش از بررسي پيشرفت مي كنيـد و جلـومي رويد بطور دقيق به‬
‫آن مراجعه كنيد‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ / 01‬گروه پی اچ دی یار‬

‫‪PROBLEM ١:‬‬ ‫‪Missing Main Verb‬‬

‫‪Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a main verb.‬‬

‫نبود فعل اصلي بخاطر داشته باشيد كه هر جمله انگليسي بايد داراي يك‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫فاعل و يك فعل اصلي باشد‪.‬‬

‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪The sound of the‬‬ ‫‪bothers‬‬ ‫‪my concentration‬‬
‫‪dryer‬‬
‫صداي سشوار تمركز مرا بهم مي‬
‫زند‪.‬‬

‫‪Avoid using an- ing form, an infinitive, an auxiliary verb, or another part of speech‬‬
‫‪instead of a main verb.‬‬

‫از بكارگيري ‪ ، ing‬مصدر‪ ،‬فعل كمكي يا ديگر اجزاي كالم بجاي فعل اصلي اجتناب كنيد‪.‬‬

‫صحيح‬ ‫فعل اصلي ‪ +‬فاعل‬

‫فعل ‪ ing‬دار ‪ +‬فاعل‬

‫غلط‬ ‫مصدر‪ +‬فاعل فعل‬
‫كمكي ‪ +‬فاعل حروف‬
‫اضافه ‪ +‬فاعل‬
 ‫‪Barron’s‬‬
‫‪00 /‬‬ ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

‫‪PROBLEM ٢:‬‬ ‫‪Verbs that Require an Infinitive in the Complement‬‬

‫‪Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive.‬‬

‫افعالي كه متمم شان بايد مصدر باشد‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬

‫بخاطر داشته باشيد كه افعال زير نياز به مصدر دارند‪.‬‬

‫‪Agree‬‬ ‫توافق كردن‬ ‫‪Fail‬‬ ‫رد شدن‬ ‫‪Plan‬‬ ‫قصد داشتن‬

‫‪Appear‬‬ ‫بنظر رسيدن‬ ‫‪Forget‬‬ ‫فراموش كردن‬ ‫‪Prepare‬‬ ‫آماده كردن‬
‫‪Arrange‬‬ ‫مرتب كردن‬ ‫‪Hesitate‬‬ ‫شك كردن‬ ‫‪Pretend‬‬ ‫تظاهر كردن‬
‫‪Ask‬‬ ‫سئوال كردن‬ ‫‪Hope‬‬ ‫اميدوار بودن‬ ‫‪Promise‬‬ ‫قول دادن‬
‫‪Claim‬‬ ‫ادعا كردن‬ ‫‪Intend‬‬ ‫قصد داشتن‬ ‫‪Refuse‬‬ ‫امتناع كردن‬
‫‪Consent‬‬ ‫رضايت دادن‬ ‫‪Learn‬‬ ‫ياد گرفتن‬ ‫‪Seem‬‬ ‫بنظر رسيدن‬
‫‪Decide‬‬ ‫تصميم گرفتن‬ ‫‪Manage‬‬ ‫اداره كردن‬ ‫‪Tend‬‬ ‫تمايل داشتن‬
‫‪Demand‬‬ ‫تقاضا كردن‬ ‫‪Mean‬‬ ‫معني دادن‬ ‫‪Threaten‬‬ ‫تهديد كردن‬
‫‪Deserve‬‬ ‫سزاوار بودن‬ ‫‪Need‬‬ ‫نياز داشتن‬ ‫‪Wait‬‬ ‫منتظر ماندن‬
‫‪Expect‬‬ ‫توقع داشتن‬ ‫‪Offer‬‬ ‫پيشنهاد كردن‬ ‫‪Want‬‬ ‫خواستن‬

‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫)‪C (infinitive‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬

‫‪We‬‬ ‫‪had planned‬‬ ‫‪to leave‬‬ ‫‪day before yesterday‬‬
‫ما قصد داشتيم پريروز (اينجا) را ترك كنيم‪.‬‬

‫‪Avoid using an – ing form after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb word after want.‬‬
‫از بكارگيري شكل ‪ ing‬بعد از افعال ليست شده اجتناب نمائيد‪ .‬از بكارگيري كلمـه فعلـي بعـد از ‪want‬‬
‫اجتناب نمائيد‪.‬‬
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 01

PROBLEM ٣: Verbs that Require an Ing Form in the Complement Remember that

the following verbs require an –ing form.

‫ فرم باشد‬ing ‫ افعالي كه متمم شا ن بايد‬-3

.‫ فرم دارند‬ing ‫بخاطر داشته باشيد كه افعال زير نياز به‬

Admit ‫پذيرفتن‬ Miss ‫از دست دادن‬

Appreciate ‫نقدردا ي كردن‬ Postpone ‫به تعويق انداختن‬
Avoid ‫اجتناب كردن‬ Practice ‫تمرين كردن‬
Complete ‫كامل كردن‬ Quit ‫ترك كردن‬
Consider ‫در نظر گرفتن‬ Recall ‫بخاطر آوردن‬
Delay ‫به تأخير افتادن‬ Recommend ‫توصيه كردن‬
Deny ‫انكار كردن‬ Regret ‫تأسف خوردن‬
Discuss ‫بحث كردن‬ Risk ‫خطر كردن‬
Enjoy ‫لذت بردن‬ Stop ‫متوقف كردن‬
Finish ‫تمام كردن‬ Suggest ‫پيشنهاد دادن‬
Keep ‫نگهداشتن‬ Tolerate ‫تحمل كردن‬
Mention ‫ذكر كردن‬ Understand ‫فهميدن‬

S V C (ing) M
He enjoys traveling by plane
.‫او از مسافرت با هواپيما لذت مي برد‬

Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed.

Forbid may be used with either an infinitive or an ing complement, but Forbid from
is not idiomatic.
.‫از بكارگيري مصدر بعد از افعال ليست شده اجتناب نمائيد‬
.‫ مصطلح نيست‬Forbid from ‫ بكار رود اما‬ing ‫ مي تواند يا با متمم مصدر يا با متمم‬Forbid
 Barron’s
03 / ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

PROBLEM ٤: Verbs Phrases that Require an -Ing Form in the Complement

Remember that the following verb phrases require an–ing form for a verb in the
complement.

‫ دارند بخاطر داشته باشيد كه [فعل‬ing ‫ عبارتهاي فعلي كه [فعل بعد از آن] براي متمم بودن نياز به‬-4
.‫ دارند‬ing ‫بعد از] عبارت هاي فعلي زير براي اينكه يك فعل متمم واقع شوند نيـاز بـه‬

Approve of ‫تأييد كردن‬ Insist on ‫پافشاري كردن‬

Be better off ‫بهتر بودن كه‬ Keep on ‫ادامه دادن به‬
Can't help ‫قادر به ترك نبودن‬ Look forward to ‫انتظار داشتن‬
Count on ‫حساب كردن روي‬ Object to ‫اعتراض كردن به‬
Do not mind ‫اهميت ندادن‬ Think about ‫فكر كردن در مورد‬
Forget about ‫فراموش كردن‬ Think of ‫فكر كردن روي‬
Get through ‫تمام كردن‬

S V ph C (ing) M
She forgot about canceling her appointment
‫او فراموش كرد قرار مالقات را لغو‬
.‫كند‬

Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb word after look
forward to and object to.
Remember that the verb phrases BE likely does not require an –ing form but
requires an infinitive in the complement.
look ‫ از بكـارگيري كلمـه فعلـي بعـد از‬.‫از بكارگيري مصدر بعد از افعال ليست شده اجتنـاب نمائيـد‬
BE likely ‫ بخاطر داشته باشيد كه عبارت فعلي‬.‫ اجتناب نمائيد‬object to ‫ و‬forward to
.‫ فرم ندارد ولي نياز به مصدر دارد‬ing ‫نياز به‬

‫ عبارات فعلي‬+ing

be likely + ‫مصدر‬
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 04

PROBLEMS WITH MODALS AND MODAL- RELATED PATTERNS

‫مسائلي در خصوص افعال كمكي ناقص و الگوهاي مرتبط با افعال كمكي ناقص‬

Modals are auxiliary verbs. They are used with main verbs to give additional
meaning to main verbs. The most common modals are listed below, along with
some of the additional meanings that they add to main verbs.
‫ آنها همراه با افعال اصلي براي دادن معنـاي اضـافي بـه فعـل اصـلي بكـار مي‬.‫مدالها افعال كمكي هستند‬
‫رايجترين مدالها همراه با معنائي اضافي كه آنها به افعال اصلي اضافه مي كننـد در زيـر ليسـت مي‬.‫روند‬
.‫شوند‬

Can Possibility , ability , permission ‫ اجازه‬، ‫ توانايي‬، ‫احتمال‬

Could Possibility , ability in the past ‫ توانايي در گذشته‬، ‫احتمال‬
May Possibility , permission ‫ اجازه‬،‫احتمال‬
Might Probability ‫احتمال‬
Must Necessary , logical conclusion ‫ نتايج منطقي‬، ‫ضروري‬
Shall Future with emphasis ‫آينده همراه با تأكيد‬
Should Advice, obligation, prediction ‫ پيش يگو ي‬، ‫ الزام‬، ‫پند‬
Will Future ‫آينده‬
Would Condition ‫شرط‬
 Barron’s
05 / ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

PROBLEM ٥: Irregular Past Forms

Remember that the past forms of the following irregular verbs are not the same as the
participles.

‫ اشكال گذشته [افعال] بي قاعده بخاطر داشته باشَيد كه اشكال گذشته افعال بي قاعده زير‬-5
.‫شبيه اسم مفعول شان نيستند‬

Verb Word Past Form Participle

Be = ‫بودن‬ Was/were Been
Beat = ‫ كتك زدن‬، ‫زدن‬ Beat Beaten
Become = ‫شدن‬ Became Become
Begin = ‫شروع كردن‬ Began Begun
Bite = ‫گاز گرفتن‬ Bit Bitten
Blow = ‫وزيدن‬ Blew Blown
Break = ‫شكستن‬ Broke Broken
Choose = ‫انتخاب كردن‬ Chose Chosen
Come = ‫آمدن‬ Came Come
Do = ‫انجام دادن‬ Did Done
Draw = ‫ كشيدن‬، ‫رسم كردن‬ Drew Drawn
Drink = ‫نوشيدن‬ Drank Drunk
Drive = ‫ رانندگي كردن‬، ‫راندن‬ Drove Driven
Eat = ‫خوردن‬ Ate Eaten
Fall = ‫افتادن‬ Fell Fallen
Fly = ‫پرواز كردن‬ Flew Flown
Forget = ‫فراموش كردن‬ Forgot Forgot/forgotten
Forgive = ‫بخشيدن‬ Forgave Forgiven
Freeze = ‫يخ بستن‬ Froze Frozen
Get = ‫گرفتن‬ Got Gotten or got
Give = ‫دادن‬ Gave Given
Go = ‫رفتن‬ Went Gone
Grow = ‫رشد كردن‬ Grew Grown
Hide = ‫مخفي كردن‬ Hid Hidden
Know = ‫ شناختن‬، ‫دانستن‬ Knew Known
Ride = ‫سوار شدن‬ Rode Ridden
Run = ‫دويدن‬ Ran Run
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 06

See = ‫ديدن‬ Saw Seen

Shake = ‫تكان دادن‬ Shoke Shaken
Show = ‫نشان دادن‬ Showed Shown
Verb Word Past Form Participle
Shrink = ‫ جمع شدن‬، ‫كوچك شدن‬ Shrank Shrunk
Sing = ‫آواز خواندن‬ Sang Sung
Speak = ‫صحبت كردن‬ Spoke Spoken
Steal = ‫دزديدن‬ Stole Stolen
Swear = ‫سوگند خوردن‬ Swore Sworn
Swim = ‫شنا كردن‬ Swam Swum
Take = ‫گرفتن‬ Took Taken
Tear = ‫پاره كردن‬ Tore Torn
Throw = ‫انداختن‬ Threw Thrown
Wear = ‫پوشيدن‬ Wore Worn
Weave = ‫بافتن‬ Wove Woven
Withdraw = ‫عقب كشيدن‬ Withdrew Withdrawn
Write = ‫نوشتن‬ Wrote Written

S V(past) M
The concert began at eight o'clock
.‫ شروع شد‬8 ‫كنسرت ساعت‬

Avoid using a participle instead of a past for simple past statements.

.‫براي بيان گذشته ساده از بكارگيري اسم مفعول (قسمت سوم) بجاي گذشته اجتناب نمائيد‬
 ‫‪Barron’s‬‬
‫‪07 /‬‬ ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

‫‪PROBLEM ٦:‬‬ ‫‪Modal + Verb Word‬‬

‫‪Remember that a modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of‬‬
‫‪the verb. In some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive because it‬‬
‫‪appears without the word TO. Verb words are very important in many patterns, but‬‬
‫‪they are used most often with modals.‬‬

‫‪ - 6‬افعال كمكي ناقص ‪ +‬كلمه فعلي [قسمت اول فعل] بخاطر داشته باشيد كه يك فعل كمكي ناقص با يك‬
‫كلمه فعلي بكار مي رود‪ .‬كلمه فعلي شـكل فعـل در ديكشنري است [يعني به شكلي كه فعل در ديكشنري آمده‬
‫است]‪ .‬در برخي كتابهـاي گرامـري ‪ ،‬كلمـه فعلي مصدر بدون ‪ to‬ناميده مي شود زيرا آن بدون كلمه ‪to‬‬
‫ظاهر مي شود‪ .‬كلمات فعلـي در بسـيار ي از الگوها خيلي مهم اند اما آنها غالبا ً با افعال كمكي ناقص بكار‬
‫مي روند‪.‬‬

‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪modal‬‬ ‫‪verb word‬‬

‫‪They‬‬ ‫‪might‬‬ ‫‪visit‬‬ ‫‪us‬‬
‫آنها ممكن است ما را مالقات كنند‪.‬‬

‫‪Avoid using an infinitive or an ing form instead of a verb word after a modal.‬‬

‫بعد از مدال از بكارگيري مصدر يا ‪ ing‬فرم بجاي يك كلمه فعلي اجتناب نمائيد‪.‬‬
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 08

PROBLEM ٧: Logical Conclusions - Events in the Past

Remember that MUST is a modal. MUST followed by the verb word HAVE and a
participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an
event that happened in the past.
Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion
about something that happened in the past. For example, "here is a message on my
desk." It may be concluded that "my friend must have called last night."

‫ نتايج منطقي ـ حوادث در گذشته‬- 7

‫ و اسم مفعول‬HAVE ‫ همراه با كلمه فعلي‬MUST .‫ يك م دال مي باشد‬MUST ‫بخاطر داشته باشيد كه‬
‫ نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه در گذشته‬.‫نتيجه منطقي كه مبتني بر دليل و شواهد است را بيان مي كند‬
.‫اتفاق افتاد‬

‫بخاطر داشته باشيد كه مشاهده در زمان حال ممكن است بعنوان مبنايي بـراي نتيجـه گيـري در مـوردچيزي‬
‫" ممكن است نتيجه‬.‫ "اينجا روي ميزم يك پيام است‬، ‫ براي مثال‬.‫باشد كه در گذشته اتفاق افتاد‬
".‫گرفته شود كه"دوستم شب گذشته بايستي به من زنگ زده باشد‬
S must have participle past time
My friend must have called last night
.‫دوستم شب گذشته بايستي به من زنگ زده باشد‬

Avoid using an should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and
a participle when referring to events in the past.

‫ وقتي كه به حوادثي در گذشته اشاره مي كنيد‬.‫ اجتناب كنيد‬must ‫ بجاي‬can ‫ يا‬should ‫از بكارگيري‬
‫ اسم مفعول اجتناب نمائيد‬have ‫از بكارگيري كلمه فعلي بجاي‬

‫صحيح‬ Must have + 3

Can have + 3
‫غلط‬
Should have + 3
 Barron’s
09 / ‫ترجمه بخش گرامر تافل‬

PROBLEM ٨: Logical Conclusions - Events in the present

Remember that MUST is a modal. Must followed by BE and an ING form or an

ADJECTIVE expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about
an event that happening now.

‫ نتايج منطقي ـ حوادث درزمان حال‬-8

‫ فرم يا يك صفت نتيجه‬ING ‫ و‬BE ‫ همراه با‬MUST .‫ يك مدال مي باشد‬MUST ‫بخاطر داشته باشيد كه‬
‫ نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه هم اكنون در حال‬.‫منطقي كه مبتني بر دليل و مدرك است را بيان مي كند‬
.‫اتفاق افتادن است‬

S must be - ing present tense

my friend must be calling now
.‫دوستم اكنون بايد در حال زنگ زدن باشد‬

S must be adjective present tense

He must be upset now
.‫او االن بايد ناراحت باشد‬

Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form after must be.

.‫ اجتناب كنيد‬must be ‫ فرم بعد از‬ing ‫از بكارگيري كلمه فعلي بجاي‬

‫صحيح‬ Must be + ing

Must be + ‫صفت‬

‫غلط‬ Must be + 1
 ‫ گروه پی اچ دی یار‬/ 11

PROBLEM ٩: Logical Conclusions - Events that repeat

Remember that MUST is a modal. Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical
conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.

‫ نتايج منطقي ـ حوادثي كه تكرار مي شوند‬-9

‫ همراه با يك كلمه فعلي نتيجه منطقي كه مبتني‬MUST.‫ يك مدال مي باشد‬MUST ‫بخاطر داشته باشيد كه‬
.‫ نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه بطور مكرر اتفاق مي افتد‬.‫بر دليل و مدرك است را بيان مي كند‬

S must be Verb word repeated time

My friend must call often
.‫دوستم غالبا ً بايد زنگ بزند‬

Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after must.

.‫ فرم بجاي كلمه فعلي اجتناب كنيد‬ing ‫ از بكارگيري مصدر و‬must ‫بعد از‬

‫صحيح‬ Must + 1

Must + ‫مصدر‬
‫غلط‬
Must + ing ‫فرم‬