To Date: 1.

3/06/2078
SriSanjiv Kumar
OSD (Universities)
Raj Bhawan, Patna.

sub: lmplementation of choice Based credit system (cBcs) in the year 2o1g-20.

Sir,

With reference to your letter No. BSU (regulationl - 2O/2O1S-1510/GS(I), Dt. 05.06.2018, a meeting of
the panel of experts in Botany was held on 13.06.208 at 1-0:30 am, to finalize the curriculum of Master
of Science (Botany) degree and suggested some improvement in the syllabus in the light of operative
Regulations. We hereby enclose the improved syllabus.

With regards,

Yours

@ffixrd
ProfBd{Aja i Kishore Sha ia n
ffi,,"@ffi
Dr. Birendra Prasad
Professor & former Head, Dept. of Associate Professor
Botany VKSU, Ara Department of Botany
Patna U niversity, Patna
 Revised Curriculum for M.Sc. in Botany
UNDER
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
(To be effective from 2018 -19)

lmplementation
in the State Universities of Bihar

1. Prof. A. K. Sharan
Retd. Professor and Former Head
Department of Botany,
V.K.S. University, Ara

2. Dr. Birendra Prasad

Associate Professor
Department of Botany
Patna University
OUTLINE OF THE CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) for PG deeree courses:

It consists of a number of courses i.e. Core Course (CC), Elective Course (EC), Discipline Specific

Elective Course (DSE), Ability/Skill Enhancement Courses (AEC/SEC), and Ability Enhancement
Compulsory Courses (AECC). Each course is equivalent to a paper. The nature of these courses is

defined below.
1.1 Core Course (CC):

A course which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate as a core requirement on the

basis of subject of M.Sc. studies and is termed as a Core course.

1.2. Elective Course (EC):

Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses (Basket) and which may be
very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the subject/ discipline of study or
which provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other
subject/discipline/domain or nurtures the candidate's proficiency/skill is called an Elective
Course.

1.3 Discipline Specific Elective Course (DSE):

Elective courses may be offered by the main discipline/subject of study is referred to as

Discipline Specific Elective. The University/lnstitute may also offer discipline related Elective
courses of interdisciplinary nature (to be offered by main discipline/subject of study).

t.4 Generic Elective (GE) Course:

An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated discipline/subject, with an intention

to seek exposure is called a Generic Elective.

1.5 Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC/SEC):

The Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC) / Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC). "AEC/SEC" is
the courses based upon the content that leads to life skill enhancement.

1.6 Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC):

University will run a number of Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC) which is
qualifying in nature and student from all faculties have to qualify in all such courses.

1.7 Dissertation I P rojectl I nternship/ | ndustrial Training/ Field Work:

Elective courses are designed to acquire advanced knowledge to supplement /support the
main subject through project work/ internship/ industrial training/ field work. A student
studies such a course on his/her own with mentoring support by a teacher / faculty member
called the guide/ supervisor. In case of internship/ industrial training the student will work
 under the joint Buidance of one teacher-supervisor from the parent department to be termed
as Supervisor-1 and one suitably qualified personnel at the research institute/ research
laboratory/ industrial organization, to be termed as Supervisor-2. A student may join any
recognized research institute/ research laboratory/ the industrial organization with the
approval of parent department. The student has to work for a minimum number of days/ hour
as decided by the parent department. On completion of the project work/ training at the
research institute/ research laboratory/ industrial organization, student will submit a written
project report certified by both supervisors to the parent department. Supervisor-2 will issue a
letter certifying that the candidate has successfully completed the project and also award
marks/ grade to him/ her. The certificate will be submitted to the parent department
confidentially. The Board of Courses of Studies (BOCS) of the concerned subject/ department
will draft and design the certificate and other documents as per requirement. The parent
department will also assist the students to choose proper organizations for their project work/
industrial training/ field work etc. The student can also do Project dissertation work in parent
department on selected topic under the supervision of teacher of the department.

2.0 CREDIT

The total minimum credits, required for completing a PG program is 100.

The details of credits for individual components and individual courses are given in Table.1.

Table 1: Structure of the 2 Yrs (Four Semesters) Post Graduate Degree course under CBCS:

Semester No of Credit Total Minimum No of No of Code &

COURSE per credit No of CORE ELECTIVE Nature of
/ Papers COURSE/ Learning Course/
COURSE/ Elective
paper Hours# PAPER PAPER Course/
DADET
I 05 05 25 250 4 I AECC-1

SEMESTER BREAK

il 06 05 30 300 5 1 AEC-i

SEMESTER BREAK

III 06 05 30 300 5 1 AECC-2

SEMESTER BREAK

IV 03 05 t5 150 0
a
J EC.1*
EC -2*
DSE.1
or
GE-1
Total 20 100 1000 t4 6

,,,,1.-M./
#For Tutorial (T)/ Practical (P)/ Field Work (FW)/ Internship etc. extra working hour to be added as
per requirement and will be decided by the BOCS of the respective subject.

* The two Elective Courses (EC)to be studied in semester lV may

be

One Theory paper and One Practical paper

/One Theory paper and One Project work

/ Both Project work/ Internship

IMP : lt is desirable that all students of all courses be given adequate exposure over and above
the class room teaching to enhance the scope of skill development/ entrepreneurship and
employability.

2.I. There shall be six elective courses - two EC, one DSE or one GE, two AECC, one AEC/SEC.
Students may opt for any elective course out of a list of elective papers (Basket) offered by
the parent department or any other department/s as per his/her choice with the prior
permission of the parent department. The list of elective papers, syllabus and prerequisite of
the elective course will be as decided by the Board of Courses of Studies (BOCS) of the
concerned subject/ department. All elective course listed may not be available in all
semesters. Based on the availability of resource persons and infrastructure the parent
department will assist the students to select elective courses of their choice.

2.2. the final CGPA/ class will be decided on the performance of the student in the L6 courses /
papers including the 14 Core Courses (CC) / papers and two Elective Courses (EC)/ papers.

2.3. The one DSE or one GE, two AECC, one AEC/SEC papers will be qualifying in nature and a
student has to score at least 45% marks in these papers. Grade will be awarded separately for
these courses, however, performance in these elective courses/ papers will not be considered
for awarding the final CGPA/ class.

2.4. Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC):

University will run two Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC) which are qualifying
in nature and a student has to qualify in both these courses. The courses are:

AECC-1

Environmental Sustainability (3 Credit) & Swachchha Bharat Abhiyan Activities (2 Credit)

AECC-2

Human Values & Professional Ethics (3 credits) and Gender sensitization (2 credits)

Students will do assignments/project work related to institutional social responsibilities

including swachchha Bharat Abhiyan activities during sEMESTER BREAK.
2.5. University will run a number of Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC)/ Skill Enhancement
Courses (SEC); a student can choose one from these. For example:

Basket of Ability Enhancement or Skilled Enhancement Courses (AEC/SEC)

e Computers and lT Skill

o Web Designing
o Financial Risk Management/
o Solid waste Management/
o Mushroom Culture /
o Bio-fertilizerproduction/
o Environmental Law/
o Tourism and Hospitality Management/
o Life-skill and skill development /
o Yoga Studies
etc.

2.5 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE):

ln each subject the CC-5 being taught in the second semester will be open to be
selected as a DSE paper. In the first phase a student will be allowed to choose a paper from
any subject other than his/ her Core Course {CC) from the same faculty in the same
university.

2.7 Generic Elective (GE) Course:

University will run a number of Generic Elective Courses (GE); a student can choose one
from these. For example:

Basket of Generic Elective (GE) courses

a Music
a Dramatics
a Fine Arts
o Graphic Design
a Inclusive Policies
a Human Rights
a Any such course run by any department

@77fu,',
 Name of the Programme: M.Sc. Botany (Choice Based Credit System)
(Four Semester programme)

PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:
1. To promote interest, participation and commitment in the subject Botany.
2. To acquire competencies in theoretical as wellas experimental Botany in order to enhance
knowledge in Plant Science and to further contribute for the development of the society.
3. To strengthen aptitude for research in basic plant science and its interdisciplinary areas.
4. To prepare the students to successfully compete for employment in academia, agriculture,
horticulture and need based industry.
5. To help students develop integrity and objectivity and disseminate the knowledge for
scientific, economic and social benefit, hence contributing towards national and global
development.

ffu,@
 Course Structure for M.Sc. Botanv

Semester Course/ Paper Nature of Course/ Credit Marks Marks Marks Passing Qualifying
Code Paper of CIA ofESE criterion Criterion
MBOTCC-I Phycology, Mycology & 5 100 30 70 45%o in CIA Marks decid
Bryology 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
MBOTCC-2 Microbiology & Plant 5 100 30 70 45%o in CIA Marks decid
Pathology 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA

l- MBOTCC-3 Pteridophya, Gymnosperm 5 100 30 70 45% in CIA Marks decid

(n 45% in ESE
& Paleobotanv class/ CGPA

2 MBOTCC-4 Practical I (Based on 5 100 30 70 45%inCIA Marks decid

MBOTCC 1.2 & 3) 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
0 MBOTAECC-1 Environmental Sustainabilify in CIA
5 100 50 50 45%o
Qualif,ing
& Swachchha Bharat Abhivan 45% in ESE

Activities

MBOTCC-5 Biofertilizer Technology 5 100 30 70 45ToinClA Marks decid

DSE-I for other 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
Department
MBOTCC-6 Taxonomy & Anatomy & 5 100 30 70 45o/o in CIA Marks decid
Embryology 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
MBOTCC-7 Physiology & Biochemistry 5 100 30 70 45o/o in CIA Marks decid
45% in ESE
classi CGPA
-
O MBOTCC-8 Plant tissue culture, 5 r00 30 70 45%o in CIA Marks decid
Ethanobotany, Biodiversity 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
a
=(
& Biometrv
O MBOTCC-9 Practical2 (Based on 5 100 30 70 45% in CIA
45% in ESE
Marks decid
MBOTCC 5,6,7 &8) class/ CGPA
MBOTAEC-I Ability Enhancing 5 100 50 50 45o/o in CIA
Qualifuing
/SEC-1 Elective course selected 45% in ESE

from Basket
MBOTCC-IO Cell Biology & 5 100 30 70 45%inClA Marks decid
Cytogenetics 45% in ESE
classi CGPA
MBOTCC-I1 Molecular Biology 5 100 30 70 45oh in CIA Marks decid
45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
MBOTCC-12 Recombinant DNA 5 100 30 70 45%inClA Marks decid
Technology 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
F
a MBOTCC-I3 &
Plant Ecology 5 100 30 70 45% n CIA Marks decid
Environmental Science 45% n ESE
class/ CGPA
=
a MBOTCC-I4 Practical 3 (Based on 5 r00 30 70 45%o in CIA Marks decid
a MBOTCC 10, 11, 12&13) 45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
MBOTAECC.2 Human Values & 5 100 50 50 45Vo in CIA
45% in ESE
Qualifl,ing
Professional Ethics and
Gender sensitization
MBOTEC-1 Subj ect specifi c elective 5 100 30 70 45o/o in CIA Marks decid
45% in ESE
class/ CGPA
MBOTEC-2 Subject specific elective 5 100 30 70 45o/o in CIA Marks decid
45% in ESE
L/ class/ CGPA
a
MBOTDSE-I Opt a Course from other 5 100 30 70 45Yo in CIA
e 45% in ESE
Qualifuing
Department
a
 M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-l)

MBOTCC-I: Phycology, Mycology and Bryology (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.
Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10:30 marks).

Unit I

Thallus organization of algae, Cell ultra-structure and Reproduction: Vegetative, asexual and sexual
Role of pigments, reserve food, cell wall, flagella, eye spot and pyrenoids in classification and
evolution of algae
Use of algae as food, feed and in industry
lndian phycologists and their contributions

Unit II

Salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta,

Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta

Unit III

Lichen: General Account, Classification, Distribution, Morphology, Anatomy, Reproduction &

Economic importance
General characters of fungi, cell ultra structure, unicellular and multicellular organization, cell wall
composition, nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic, symbiotic), reproduction: vegetative, asexual and sexual;
heterothal I ism, heterokaryosi s and parasexual ity
Classification of fungi: Recent trends

Unit IV

Brief account of Mastigomycotina, zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina,

Deuteromycotina
Phylogeny offungi
Fungi in industry, medicine and as food
Fungi as biocontrol agents

Unit V

Classification and general features of Marchantiales and Jungermanniales, Anthocerotales,

Sphagnales and Polytrichales
Evolutionary trends in sporophyes
Vegetative propagation and perennation
Mechanism of dehiscence of capsules and dispersal of spores
Conducting tissues in Bryophytes
Economic importance of Bryophytes
 M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-I)

MBOTCC-2: Microbiology and Plant Pathology (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections,

Section A: Question No. I will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2=20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10:30 marks).

Unit I

General introduction; History and scope of microbiology; theory of spontaneous generation

Methods of microbiology: Sterilization-Different types of sterilization (moist heat, dry heat, filtration,
radiation and chemicals)
Diversity of microorganisms: Archaea, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Phytoplasma, Rickettsia

Unit II

Structure of bacteria: Ultra structure of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria; reproduction
(vegetative, asexual and genetic recombination); Nutritional classification of bacteria; economic
importance of bacteria

Viruses: Nature, characteristics and ultrastructure of Virions (TMV and Bacteriophages),

multiplication (Lytic and Lysogenic cycles) and transmission of viruses; economic importance; a brief
account of Viroids and Prions

UNit III

Agriculture Microbiology: Biological nitrogen fixation and Biofertilizer

Industrial Microbiology: Industrial production of organic acids (citric acid), antibiotics (penicillin)
and enzymes (amylase)

Unit IV

Classification of Plant disease and appearance of symptoms due to different microbes

Role of enzyme and toxin in pathogenesis
Effect of infection on the physiology of host with special reference to photosynthesis, respiration,
nitrogen metabolism and osmoregulation
Host defence mechanism with special reference to structural and biochemical defence

Unit V

Seed pathology with special reference to seed-borne mycoflora, mycotoxin and its hazard
Quarantine
regulation and seed certification
Rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora and its significance in soil borne disease
Etiology, symptoms and control measures of the following plant diseases:
Rust of linseed, Leaf blight of maize, Tikka disease of groundnut, Bunchy top of banana, black tip of
mango, Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi, Little leaf of brinjaland Citrus canker
 10

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-I)

MBOTCC-3: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm & Paleobotany (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2=20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5=20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10:30 marks).

Unit- I

Classification of Pteridophytes
Detailed general features: vegetative and reproductive, with special reference to development,
characterization, position and kind of protection provided to the spore producing organs of the
sporophytes and sexuality of the gametophytes in the following classes/orders:
Psilopsida - Psilotales
Lycopsida - Lycopodiates, Selaginellales and Isoetates
Special discussion has to be made about:
Stelar evolution within Lycopodiales
Gametophyic variations and evolution in Lycopodiales and
Heterospony vs. seed habit, with special reference to Selagineilales

Unit- II

Sphenopsida -Equisetales (only a brief account)

Pteropsida
char acterizati on, c las s i fi cation and di stincti on between Eusporangiate,
Protoleptosporangiatae and Leptosporagiatae
Structure, reproduction and Phylogenetic considerations of the followings:
Eusporangiate - Oh ioglossales
Protoleptosporangiatae - Osmundales
Leptosporangiatae - Marsiliales , Salviniales and Filicales
Special reference has to be made about the followings:
Cytology vs. phylogeny of ferns
Role of polyploidy in evolution of ferns
Economic importance of pteridophytes

Unit-IIl

Characteristic features, distribution and economic importance of gymnosperrns

Classifi cation of Gymnosperms
Comparative morphology, anatomy, reproductive structures and interrelationships of the
following living orders
Cycadales
Ginlgoales
Taxales
,mr
 L1

Unit- IV

Coniferales: Characteristic features, families of modern conifers, their distinguishing features,

evolution of female cone with reference to "transition conifers" as evolutionary line between
cordaitales and coniferales
Comparative account of reproductive structures of Ephedrals, Gnetales, angiospermic features
within the group
Evolutionary trend in sporophytic and gametophytic structures

Unit-V

Types and Nomenclature of fossils; Fossilization process and geological time-scale;

Principles and objectives of fossil study
Comparative morpholory, anatomy, reproductive structure and affrnities of the following
fossil groups:
Psilophytales
Lepidodendrales
Cycadaeoidales
Cordaitales
Pentoxvlales

N',ffi'o
 12

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-I)

MBOTCC-4: Practical 1 (Based on MBOTCC 1,2 & 3) (5 Credits)

Time: 5hrs Marks: 70

1. Principles and use of different sterilization instruments like autoclave. oven. Laminar air flow
system etc.
2. Preparation of media (Potato Dextrose Agar).
3. Isolation of fungi from soil.
4. Identification of fungal isolates.
5. Preparation of Nutrient Agar (NA)media.
6. Isolation of bacteria from water.
7. Characterization of bacterial isolate by Gram's staining.
8. Counting of fungal spore by haemocytometer.
9. Temporary slide preparation and study of common Algae.
10. Temporary slide preparation and study of common Fungi.
11. Study of vegetative habit, anatomy and reproductive morphology of common Bryophyta
(Mar c hant ia, Antho c er os etc. ).
12. Study of vegetative habit, anatomy and reproductive morphology of common Pteridophyta
(P s ilotum, Lycopodium, Ophioglos sum, Mars ilea etc.).
13. Study of vegetative habit, anatomy and reproductive morphology of common Gymnosperm
(Cycas, Pinrn, Ginkgo, Gnetum etc.).
14. Study of common fungal diseases- Rust of linseed, Blight of potato, Rust of wheat, Stem gall
of coriander, Downy mildew, Powdery mildew etc.
 73

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-[)

MBOTCC-S: Biofertilizer Technology (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x l0:30 marks).

Unitl

Introduction to biofertilizers - Structure and characteristic features of the following biofertilizer

organisms: Bacteria: Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Rhizobium and Frankia; cyanobacteria; Anabaena.
Nostoc; Fungi: Glomus etc..

Unit-II

Nitrogenous Biofertilizers: Bacteria - Isolation and purification of Azospirillum and Azotobacter, mass
multiplication of Azospirillum and Azotobacter, formulation of inoculum of Azospirillum and
Azotobacter, application of inoculants of Azospirillum and Azotobacter. Isolation and purification of
Rhizobium, mass multiplication and inoculum production of Rhizobium, Methods of application of
Rhizobium inoculants.

UnitIII
Isolation and purification of Cyanobacteria- Mass multiplication of cyanobacterial bioinoculants -
Trough or Tank method, Pit method, Field method; methods of application of cyanobacterial
inoculum. Azolla - mass cultivation and application in rice fields.

Unit-IV

Myconhizae - Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their importance in agriculture. Isolation of AM fungi -
Wet sieving method and sucrose gradient method. Mass production of AM inoculants and field
applications. Isolation and Purification of phosphate solubilizers. Mass multiplication and field
app I ications of phosphate solubilizer (P s eud omonas s tr iata\.

Unit-V

Biofertilization processes -Decomposition of organic matter and soil fertility and vermicomposting
Biofertilizers: Storage, shelf life, quality controland marketing

01'r
 74

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-II)

MBOTCC-6: Taxonomyo Anatomy & Embryology (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.1 will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x l0:30 marks).

Unit-I

Classification: A historical account of Pre-Linnaean, Linnaean, Post-Linnaean and Pre-Darwinian

Natural Systems and Post-Darwinian Phylogenetic Systems
contemporary Systems: Arthur cronquist, Armen Takhatajan, Robert F. Thorne
and Rolf M.T. Dahlgren.

Unit II

Concept of taxa: Species, sub-species, variety and form; genus, family and higher categories
Concept of characters: 'Good' and 'Bad' characters, correlation of characters, character weighting
And variation
Botanical nomenclature: Binomial system and International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (ICBN)

Unit III

Post Mendelian approaches: An introduction to Genecology, Experimental taxonomy,

Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Palynotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Numerical
Taxonomy/Taximetrics & Molecular Systematics

Unit IV

Differentiation, polarity, symmetry, factors affecting differentiation and morphogenesis

Meristems: Types
Organization of Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM)
Organization of Root Apical Meristem (RAM)
Differentiation of epidermis with special reference to stomata
Anomalous secondary growth
Nodal, Floral and Seed Anatomy - A phylogenetic consideration
Anatomy in relation to taxonomy

Unit V

Development of ovule, megasporogenesis and organization of female gametophytes (embryo sacs)

Pollen-Pistil interaction
Double fertilization and post fertilization changes leading to formation of seed, development of
embryo, endosperm and seed coat
Polyembryony and Apomixis
Role of embryology in \axonomy
t
I
rl
 15

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-Il)

MBOTCC-7: Physiology & Biochemistry (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No'l will be compulsory comprising ten objective rypes questions (two from each
Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one
from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5=20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which
any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10=30 marks).

Unit- I

Osmotic relations; Transport phenomenon in plants: Transport of water and organic solutes,
mechanism of xylem transport, mechanism of phloem transport, phloem loading and unloading

Unit- II

Energy transduction mechanism in plants: Photosynthesis: Difference between two pigment

systems,
Light reaction and dark reaction, water oxidizing complex; carbon fixation in C3 and'ia plants
N2 fixation: Non-symbiotic and Symbiotic

Unif III

Plant growth and development: Growth hormones and growth regulators, mode of action
of auxin,
transport of auxin, physiological role of auxin
Gibberellin: Mode of action and physiological role
Cytokinin: Physiological role and mode of action

Unit-N

Enzymology: Enzymes: structure and classification, cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups,

-
isoenzymes, allosteric enzymes, multienzymes, mechanism of enzyme action, properties
of enzymei
Unit-V

B_iochemical Energetics: Glycolysis, TcA cycle, ETS, oxidative phosphorylation,

photorespiration; Difference between oxidative phosphorylation and p-hotophosphorylation

\
 L6

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-ll)

MBOTCC-8: Plant tissue culture, ethanobotany, biodiversity & biometry (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.1 will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10:30 marks).

Unit I

Cell and Tissue culture: Laboratory equipments; General techniques of aseptic manipulation;
Composition of culture media and its preparation Callus culture, suspension culture and single cell
culture
Organ culture: In vitro culture of vegetative and reproductive parts Clonal propagation
Plant protoplasts: Isolation, culture methods and plant regeneration
Role of tissue culture in crop improvement

Unit II

Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge base: Traditional knowledge base of Indian ethnic and local
communities and their practices
Ethnopharmacology: Medical and paramedical use of plants in aboriginal of pro-
literate societies in the world
Ethnoecology: Use of local biodiversity by aboriginal people for sustenance

Unit III

Biodiversity concept: origin of the term, themes of biodiversity concept

Benefits of Biodiversity: Direct economic benefits to mankind, genetic resources,
essential ecosystem services
Types of Biodiversity: Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity, distribution at
global and national level. Assessment and inventory based
on recommendation of IUCN, Biodiversity conventions and
Biodiversity Act2002
Patterns of loss of Biodiversity: Red lists, Red Data Book and Green Book
Red Data categories: Extinct, endangered, vulnerable and threatened species.
Causes of biodiversity loss and extinction: Natural, genetic and ecological causes; human impacts
including development pressure; Habitat loss, encroachments and overexploitation of resources
Repercussions of loss biodiversity including future climate
"nunt"-a: n

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Unit- IV

Conservation of B iodiversity (Phytod iversity)

Distinctions between preservation and conservation, Conservation potential index, Protocols for
conservations, Traditional conservation practices
In situ and ex siler conservation
Patenting, Intellectual property right, Biosafety protocols
People' s movements for biodiversity conservation

Unit-V

Biometry
Distribution and measurement of variation, Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation, standard error,
coefficient of variability, test of significance- t test, F- test (analysis of variants); Measurement of
correlation coefficient, Application of chi-square test for testing hypothesis

MBOTCC-9: Practical2 (Based on MBOTCC 5o 6,7,8 & 9) (5 Credits)

Time: 5 hrs Marks: 70

l. Preparation of culture media for growth of Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Nostoc.

2. Production microbial Biofertilizers: Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Nostoc.
3. Family description of some locally available Plants.
4. Anamalous secondary growth of some common plants (Tinospora, Boerhaavia, Nyctanthes,
Ar is t o lo c hia, Amar anthus).
5. Staining of Xylem and Phloem elements.
6. Study of stigma by squash method
7. Study of pollen germination
8. Mounting and study of embryo and endosperm.
9. Separation of chlorophyll pigment by paper chromatography.
10. Determination of water potential using plasmolytic method.
I l. Estimation of protein by Lowry method.
12. Study of alpha-amylase in germinating seedlings.
13. Separation of amino acids by TLC.
14. Preparation of MS media for plant tissue culture.
15. Ex-plant culture and callus initiation.
16. Taxonomy and significance of some important medicinal plant.

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 18

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-lll)

MBOTCC-I0: Cell Biology & Cytogenetics (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x l0:30 marks).

Unit I

Celltheory and organization of the cell (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic)

Ultrastructure chemical compos ition of the fol lowing:
Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles (origin, ultrastructure &
function: Plastids, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes and Centrosomes

Unit-II

Nucleus: Nuclear membrane, nuclear pore, nucleolus and karyolymph

Cell division, Cell cycle and apoptosis, Control mechanism, cytokinesis and cell plate formation

UNit-III

Chromosome: Organization and special types

Mendelian genetics
Gene interaction
Sex determination

Unit-lV

Extranuclear inheritance
Chromosomal aberration, polyploidy-Upes and role in speciation
Mutations- Molecular mechanism, induction by physical and chemical mutagens

Unit- V

Population Genetics
Microscopy: Phase contrast microscopy, Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), Fluorescence
microscopy
Microdensitometry

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 19

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-III)

MBOTCC-II: Molecular Biology (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.1 will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10:30 marks).

Unit I

Organization of DNA: Nucleic acids as hereditary material; Structure and forms of DNA and RNA, double
helix, supercoiling of DNA, Packaging of DNA in Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Unit II
DNA replication: DNA replication models; Mechanism of DNA replication
DNA damage and repair mechanism: Different types of DNA damage and repair mechanisms; Diseases caused
due to impairment in repair mechanism

Unit III

Transcription: lmportance of DNA binding Proteins, RNA polymerase-types, structure and functions;
Mechanism of Transcription in prokaryotes & Eukaryotes; Processing of RNA: m-RNA processing, 5'
capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing r-RNA & t- RNA processing
Genetic code: Cracking of code; characteristics

Unit IV

Translation: Machinery and mechanism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; role of t RNA & ribosome; post
translational modification of proteins such as phosphorylation, adenylation, acylation and glycosylation

Unit-V
Regulation of gene expression: Prokaryotes- Positive and negative control, inducible and repressible
operons, lac operon, trp operon
Eukaryotes- Regulation at DNA, transcription, translation and post translational level
Antisense technology: Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules, application of antisense technologies.

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 20

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-llI)

MBOTCC-II: Recombinant DNA Technology (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2=20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10:30 marks).

Unit I
rDNA technology: Techniques used in RDT: Polyacrylamide and agarose gel electrophoresis Blotting
techniques: Southern, Northern and Western blouing Polymerase chain reaction and its applications, DNA
sequencing: Various methods of DNA sequencing

Unit II

Core techniques and essential enzymes; Restriction enzymes-types and cleavage pattern; DNA ligase- types and
ligation of DNA molecule in vitro
Cloning vectors: Plasmids (natural, pBR322, Ti plasmid vectors), phages, cosmid, artificial chromosome
vector; Shuttle vectors; Expression vector

Unit III

Passenger DNA: Different strategies used for isolation/synthesis of gene; Organ chemical synthesis of gene;
Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries
Construction of rDNA: Different strategies for construction of rDNA (Use of restriction enzymes, Linkers,
Adaptors, Homopolymer tai ling)

Unit IV

Selection strategies: Different methods for selection of clone (antibiotic resistant markers, colony
hybridization, plaque hybridization, immuno screening)
Methods of DNA transfer in suitable host: electroporation, electrofusion, microinjection, particle gun method,
direct uptake of DNA (CaCl2method), liposomes.as transforming vehicle
Expression of foreign gene

Unit V

Application of rDNA technology: In medicine, agriculture and environment protection

DNA finger printing: Methodology and its application
Intellectual property rights, bioethics and patenting: IPR, sovereignty rights, CBD, bioethics and patenting
Safety of recombinant DNA technology: Restriction and regulation for the release of GMOs; Social and
ethical issue
 2L

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-III)

MBOTCC-I3: Plant Ecology and Environmental Biology (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x l0=30 marks).

Unit- I

Organism and population concept; Natality; Mortality; Density; Rate of population increase; r and k
selection; Age and sex ratio; Aggregation
Interactions among populations: Commensalism, Amensalism, Mutualism, protocooperation and
Symbiosis, predation and parasitism, competition
Intraspecifi c and interspecific
Plant adaptations

Unit- il
(i) CommunityStructure:
Qualitative character : Physiognomy, phenology, Sociability, vitality,
Raunkiaer's life forms
Quantitative Character : Frequency, Density, Abundance, Cover and basal area
Synthetic character : Presence and constance, Fidelity, Importance
value Index
Methods of studying plant community: euadrates, Transects, Bisect,
Plotless method
classifi cation of communities: Physiognomic classification, Floristic
classification, Dynamic system, Continum concept
(ii) Community dynamics:

Concept of Succession, Nudation, Invasion, Competition and reaction, Stabilization and Climax,
Xerosere and Hydrosere and their seral stage

Unit-III

Ecosystem: Abiotic and biotic components; Ecological pyramids; Structural organization of grassland,
forest and aquatic ecosystem
Fcosystem energetic: l.aws of thermodynamics, Productivity, energy food chain and ecosystem
budget; Biogeochemical cycles

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 22

Unit-IV

Environmental Pollutions: Air, Water, Soil, waste radioactive and noise pollution; Global warming;
green house effect; 03 depletion; Climate change

Unit-V

Environmental Awareness: Man and Biosphere (MAB); International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN); United Nations Environment Programme (tINEp); World
EnvironmentalDay; Wildlife Preservation Act(1972);Indian Forest Conservation Act (1989)

MBOTCC-I4: Practical3 (Based on MBOTCC 5,6,7, g & 9) (5 Credits)

Time: 5 hrs Marks: 70

l. Principle and use of different modern instruments used in Botany.

2. Cytological techniques: Preparation of cytological stains, fixation of sample etc.
3. Mitotic slide preparation of common plant.
4. Meiotic slide preparation of common plant.
5. Karyotype analysis.
6. Calculation of chiasma frequency.
7. Isolation of antibiotic resistant mutant by auxanography technique.
8. Isolation of genomic DNA from cauliflower.
9. Spectrophotometric estimation of DNA by diphenyl method.
10. Separation of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis.
11. Demonstration of amplification of DNA using pCR.
12. Study of local vegetation by quadrate method.
13. Study of ecologicaladaptations (Morphological and anatomical) in plants.
14. Water analysis for pollution studies (Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, Dissolved Carbon dioxide.
Chloride, Alkalinitv etc.)

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 23

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-IV)

Option I

It consist of Core Elective papers

MBOTEC-I: Cytogenetics and Crop improvement (5 Credits)
MBOTEC-2:Practical based on MBOTEC-I (5 Credits)

MBOTEC-I: Applied Microbiology and Plant Pathology (5 Credits)

MBOTEC-2:Practical based on MBOTEC-I (5 Credits)

Or any other Elective Core papers decided by BOCS and duly approved by competent bodies
of the University.

Option II

MBOTEC-I: Any theory paper of Core Elective

MBOTEC-2: Project dissertation and Viva-voce

Option III

MBOTEC-I and MBOTEC-2:.Combined together and act as Project disseriation and Viva-
voce carrying 200 marks (10 Credits).
 24

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-IV)

MBOTBC-I: Cytogenetics and Crop improvement (5 Credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks ( I 0x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one from each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x l0:30 marks).

Unit I

Haploidy- Origin, production, cytological behaviour and genetic uses

Aneuploidy and polyploidy-Origin, classification, production, cytological behaviour and genetic uses; Role of
polyploidy in evolution and speciation; Evolution of karyotypes
Chromosome banding pattern: Techniques, functional differentiation of chromosome segments, their chemical
nature, significance and effect

Unit II

Mutations: Spontaneous and induced; physical and chemical mutagens- classification, mode of action;
molecular basis of gene mutations; site directed mutagenesis; role of mutations in crop improvement
Cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal effect
Transposons: Structure and types of transposons (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic); Mechanism of transposition
(replicative and non-replicative); Retroposons ; Application of transposon

Unit- III

Role Cytogenetics in crop improvement.

Epigenetics: lntroduction; histone code; base modification; paramutations in maize; Epigenetics and
Lamarckism; Epigenome and epigenomics.
Genetic diseases of human; Eugenics

Unit IV
Role Cytogenetics in crop improvement.
Genetic basis of evolution and speciation
Incompatibility
Centres of diversity of cultivated plants

Unit V
A Brief account of classical methods of plant breeding
Modern techniques of plant breeding: Hybrids vs cybrids, protoplast fusion and
somatic hybridization (parasexual hybridization techniques) and a brief idea of
Terminator gene technology
Heterosis and heterosis breeding
Breeding for disease and drought resistance

MBOTEC-2: Practical based on MBOTEC-I (Cytogenetics and Crop improvement) (5 Credits)

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 25

M.Sc. Botany
(Semester-IV)

MBorEc-l: Applied Microbiology and plant pathology (5 credits)

Time: 3hrs Marks: 70

The question paper will consist of 7 questions divided into 3 sections.

Section A: Question No.l will be compulsory comprising ten objective types questions (two from each Unit) each carrying
two marks (10x2:20 marks).
Section B: Question No. 2 will also be compulsory and comprise five short answer types questions (one fiom each Unit) and
students will have to attempt only four questions (4 x 5:20marks).
Section C: Five long answer types questions are to be set (one from each Unit) of which any three questions are to be
answered (3 x 10:30 marks).

Unit I
Fermentation technology: Scope and prospects
Microbial Metabolites: Primary and secondary metabolites; Production of organic acids (citric acid), amino acid
(Glutamic acid) and Vitamin (Vitamin B12)
Production of antibiotics (Streptomycin)
Enzymes production and their commercial applications: Amylases, proteases Renin

Unit II
Biochemical activity of microorganisms in milk
Fermented dairy products: yogurt and cheeses
Microorganisms as food; Single cell proteins (SCP), Edible mushroom (Button and Oyster), Fermented
beverages: Production ofwine and beer

Unit III

Treatrnent of solid wastes: Composting & Land filling

Wastewater treatment methods: Oxidation pond, Trickling filter, Activated sludge methods; Anaerobic
treatment of wastewater
Waste water treatments by plants
Bioremediation and biogas production

Unit IV

History, classification and importance of plant pathology

Chemical and biological management of plant disease control
Integrated pest management (lPM)
Biopesticides: Bacterial, viral and fungal biopesticides and their and applications

Unit V

Selected plant diseases with special reference to symptoms, etiology and disease management
Cereals: blast of rice, Karnal bunt of wheat
Fruits & Vegetables: Downy mildew of cucurbits, Bacterial spots of tomato, downy mildew of grapes
Pulses: Wilt of arhar, powdery mildew of pea
Oil seeds: Rust of linseed
Fibre crop: Wilt of cotton
Spices & condiments: Stem galls of coriander, leaf spot of turmeric, smut of onion & leaf curl
of chilli
Sugarcane: Whip smut ofsugarcane, grassy shoot disease ofsugarcane,
Tea, Coffee & Tobacco: Blister blight of tea, leaf rust of coffee & leaf blieht of tobacco

MBOTEC-2: Practical based on MBOTEC-I (Applied Microbiology and Plant pathology)

(5 Credits)
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