UNIT 1
Smart Grid
A Smart Grid is an electricity Network based on Digital Technology that is
used to supply electricity to consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication.
This system allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within
the supply chain to help improve efficiency, reduce the energy consumption
and cost and maximise the transparency and reliability of the energy supply
chain.
Application of Smart Grid
The areas of application of smart grids include: smart meters integration,
demand management, smart integration of generated energy, administration of
storage and renewable resources, using systems that continuously provide and
use data from an energy network
Give some of the benefits of Smart Grid
Reduction in AT & C losses
Reduction in CO2 Emission
Enabling Energy Audit
Reduction in Cost Billing
Remote Load Control
advantages of Smart Grid
Improved Reliability
Higher asset utilization
Better integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and
renewable energy
Reduced operating costs for utilities
Increased efficiency and conservation
Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions
Pillars of Smart Grid
Transmission Optimization
Demand Side Management
Distribution Optimization
Asset Optimization
Five Key Aspects of Smart Grid
The Five Key aspects of smart grid development and deployment are,
Computational Intelligence
Power System Enhancement
Communication and Standards
Environment and Economics
Test-bed
Features of Smart Grid
Reliability
Flexibility in Topology
Efficiency
Platform for advanced services
some of the challenges faced presently by the Indian Electricity
System
Shortage of power
Power Theft
Poor access to electricity in Rural areas
Huge losses in the Grid
Inefficient Power Consumption
Poor reliability
Self-Healing
A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine problems and
quickly recover sif they occur, minimizing downtime and financial loss.
Self-healing concept important to the Energy Infrastructure
energy overlaid infrastructure as an integrated, reconfigurable, and
electronically controlled system that will offer unprecedented flexibility and
functionality, and improve system availability, security, quality, resilience and
robustness.
Self-Healing Grid Consumers
Fault Circuit Indicators
Wind Transformer Monitors
Voltage Regulators
Solar Reclosers
Distribution Smart Smart
Automation Meter Appliances
Thermal,
etc., Power Factor
Correction
Communication
HMI
Network
Software Analytics
A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine problems and
quickly recovers if they occur, minimising downtime and financial loss.
The Self-Healing Grid is a system comprised of sensors, automated controls,
and advanced software that utilizes real-time distribution data to detect and
isolate faults and to reconfigure the distribution network to minimize the
customers impacted.
One of the main goals of a Self-Healing Grid is to improve system reliability.
This can be accomplished by reconfiguring the switches and reclosers installed
on the distribution feeder to quickly isolate the faulted section of the feeder and
re-establish service to as many customers as possible from alternate
sources/feeders.
Requirements of Self-HealingGrid:
System topology representation
Pre-fault system status
Switch status (upstream and downstream information for devices)
Pre-fault system loading (capacity check for the restoration)
Fault detection
Based on recloser lockout status and reclosing counter value change, or
substation breaker trip signal
Downstream node of the lockout switch is the fault location
Fault isolation
Downstream switch(es) of the fault location
Load restoration
Start from the downstream node of the isolation switches
Benefits
Allows utilities to focus investments on feeders that experience the most
outages
Fast implementation
Initial low capital investment
Target solution appropriate for problem feeders
Smart Grid and the need of Smart Grid?
A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the
actions of all users connected to it generators, consumers and those that do
both in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure
electricity supplies.
System (Generation, Transmission, Distribution) with an advanced two-
way communications system
Enables real-time monitoring and control
Provide greater visibility and transparency
Consequently, enables cost reduction and efficiency improvement
Smart Grid is based on Digital Technology that is used to supply electricity to
consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication. This system allows for
monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to
help improve efficiency, reduce the energy consumption and cost and
maximise the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain.
The flow of electricity from utility to consumer becomes a two-way
conversation, saving consumers money, energy, delivering more transparency
in terms of end-user use, and reducing carbon emissions.
Need for establishment of Smart Grid:
A smart grid distribution system, whose objective is to develop a power grid
more efficient and reliable, improving safety and quality of supply in
accordance with the requirements of the digital age.
Higher Penetration of renewable resources or distributed generation
Extensive and effective communication overlay from generation to
consumers
Use of advanced sensors and high speed control
Higher operating efficiency.
Greater resiliency against attacks and natural disasters
Automated metering and rapid power restoration
Provided greater customer participation
Presently the Indian Electricity System faces a number of challenges such as:
Shortage of power
Power Theft
Poor access to electricity in Rural areas
Huge losses in the Grid
Inefficient Power Consumption
Poor reliability
To overcome these problems; smart grid is needed.
benefits of Smart Grid
Self-Healing :A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine
problems and quickly recovers if they occur, minimizing downtime and
financial loss.
Resists Attack: A smart grid has security built in from the ground up.
Motivates and Includes the Consumer: A smart grid gives all consumers
industrial, commercial, and residential-visibility in to real-time pricing,
and affords them the opportunity to choose the volume of consumption
and price that best suits their needs.
Reduction in AT & C losses
Reduction in CO2 Emission
Enabling Energy Audit
Reduction in Cost Billing
Remote Load Control
Shifting of Peak requirement to non-peak time [Peak Shaving]
Integration of Renewable Energy
Clean Energy Development.
ProvidesPower Quality
Optimizes Assets and Operates Efficiently
Safety, Reliable and Efficient
Improved National Security
Improved Environmental Conditions
Improved Economic Growth
Smart Grid drivers?
Drivers of Smart Grid
Increasing demand:Information and communications technology,
Measurement and control Demand response, Advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI)
High Aggregate Technical &Non-Technical, Losses:18%-62%
Ageing Assets: Transformers, Feeders etc.,
Grid to carry more power: Need for, Reliability and greater Security
Billing and collections: Profitability of distribution companies
Energy mix: Need for Renewable Energy [Hydro Power, Solar Thermal
Energy, Wind, Biomass, Biogas ] to reduce carbon footprint
Deliver sustainable energy:Voltage & VAR control, Resource
planning, analysis, and forecasting tools, Fault Detection, Identification,
and Restoration (FDIR)
Increased efficiency:Direct load control, Distributed energy resources,
Distributed energy resources integration, Energy storage, Advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI)
Empower consumers:Consumer education and awareness, Residential
consumer energy management, Information and communications
technology
Improve reliability:System wide monitoring, Measurement and control,
Distributed energy resources, Distributed energy resources integration,
Energy storage, Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
Stages on Evolution of Smart Grid
Fully Integrated Smart
Elementary Stage Evolutionary Stage
Grid
Largely Manual Metering 100% Smart meters with Advance metering
Some automated Meters automated meter reading allowing real time rate
Metering for large industrial users with real time display changes and remote
On/Off capability
Zero automation in Ongoing automation of Full automation of HV
transmissionlines, HV system and System and
Transmission switches and substations substations Substations
Grid All switches and flows
remotely controlled
Zero automation of Partly automated Fully remotely
distribution network switches & circuit automated distribution
Distribution including substations & breakers along MV lines network with remote
Network circuit breakers for fault identification sensing and voltage
Manual fault localisation Manual LV Grid control capability
Basic communication Online monitoring of Total integration of
between grid components flows in transmission supply and use of
Limited ability to control grid and ability to electricity
Integration dispatch balance system Ability to control
dispatch and usage
remotely
Comparsion between Conventional Grid and Smart Grid
Sl.No. Smart Grid Conventional Grid
1. Self-Healing Manual Restoration
2. Digital Electromechanical
3. Pervasive Control Limited Control
4. Two-Way Communication One-Way Communication
5. Distributed Generation Centralized Generation
6. Network Hierarchical
7. Adaptive and Islanding Failures and Blackouts
8. Sensors Throughout Few Sensors
9. Remote Check/Test Manual Check/Test
10. Self-Monitoring Blind
11. Many Customer Choices Few Customer Choices
12. Extensive real time monitoring Lack of real time monitoring
13. Extremely quick reaction time Slow Reaction time
14. Energy Storage No energy Storage
15. Increased customer participation Total control by Utility
Functions of Smart Grid Components
The areas of application of smart grids include: smart meters integration,
demand management, smart integration of generated energy, administration of
storage and renewable resources, using systems that continuously provide and
use data from an energy network
Smart Devices Interface Component
Smart devices for monitoring and control form part of the generation
components real-time information processes.
These resources need to be seamlessly integrated in the operation of both
centrally distributed and district energy systems.
Storage Component
Due to the variability of renewable energy and the disjoint between peak
availability and peak consumption, it is important to find ways to store the
generated energy for later use.
Options for energy storage technologies include pumped hydro, advance
batteries, flow batteries, compressed air, super-conducting magnetic energy
storage, super capacitors, and flywheels.
Transmission Subsystem Component
The transmission system that interconnects all major substation and load
centers is the backbone of an integrated power system.
Transmission lines must tolerate dynamic changes in load and contingency
without service disruptions.
Efficiency and reliability at an affordable cost continues to be the ultimate aims
of transmission planners and operators.
MonitoringandControlTechnologyComponent
Intelligent transmission systems/assets include a smart intelligent network, self-
monitoring and self-healing, and the adaptability and predictability of
generation and demand robust enough to handle congestion, instability, and
reliability issues.
This new resilient grid has to withstand and be reliable to provide real - time
changes in its use.
Intelligent Grid Distribution Subsystem Component
The distribution system is the final stage in the transmission of power to end
users. Primary feeders at this voltage level supply small industrial customers
and secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial
customers.
At the distribution level, intelligent support schemes will have monitoring
capabilities for automation using smart meters, communication links between
consumers and utility control, energy management components, and AMI
Demand Side Management Component
DSM options provide reduced emissions in fuel production, lower costs, and
contribute to reliability of generation. These options have an overall impact on
the utility load curve.
Demand side management options and energy efficiency options developed for
effective means of modifying the consumer demand to cut operating expenses
from expensive generators and defer capacity addition.
The Challenges of Smart Grid Technology
Technology Challenges Obligations
Exposed to internet attacks (Spasm, Worms,
Security
Self-Healing virus etc.), question of National security
Action Failure during natural calamities, system outages
Reliability
and total blackout
Long-term and un-predictable intermittent
Wind/Solar
sources of energy, unscheduled power flow and
Generation
dispatch
Renewable
Energy Power Flow Transmission line congestions and huge
Integration Optimization investments
Decoupling causes system stability issues causes
Power System
reduced inertia due to high level of wind
Stability
penetration
Expensive energy storage systems like Ultra-
Cost
capacitors, SMES, CAES etc.
Energy
Storage Complexity Complex customary design module and networks
Systems
Non- Unique designs for all individual networks not
Flexibility ease adaptation.
Malware, data intercepting, data corruption,
Security
Illegal power handling and Smuggling
Consumers Privacy Sharing of data cause privacy invasion, etc.,
Motivation
Corruption and system threats like security and
Consumer awareness
privacy issues
Need of strong data routing system, with secure
Grid Automation and private network for reliable protection,
Reliability control and communication
Grid Generation demand equilibrium and power system
Reconfiguration stability with grid complexity
Disturbance Grid disturbances due to local faults in grids, load
Identification centres or sources
Power
Quality System instability during sags, dips or voltage
Harmonics
variation such as over-voltages, under-voltages,
Suppression
voltage flickers, etc.
the SWOT analysis of Smart Grid.
Strengths:
Self-healing systems are desirable to prevent dependence on human
intervention at critical moments; by providing the systems with enough data,
they can make smart decisions at the right moment: artificial intelligence (AI).
With the tremendous growth of digital technologies, providing information
faster and with fewer errors in communication, the smart grid will utilize a
digital platform.
Demand and load management are critical parts of the concept, as they helps to
optimize delivery and consumption by reducing customer demands at peak
hours.
Another important feature of SG is that, due to the system transparency, we
are able to see what is happening at all times in real-time.
Weaknesses:
Cyber security anticipates compromises of adjacent systems. This has been a
major concern area addressed by IT under SG.
A smart grid contains so many sensors and devices that it increases the
system complexity for maintenance and repairs. There could be failures in
communications link, sensor and/or actuator, unplanned control center system
failure, and nonexistent, late, or improper commands by untrained and/or
distracted control room personnel.
As more modern and state of the art devices are integrated into the SG,
there are possible compatibility issues.
Opportunities:
Cyber security controls will become more critical in future systems. Balancing
demand and generation using SGD can achieve optimal flow.
An information security active defense model will not only protect but also
defend the system from attacks and unexpected responses.
SG can have decentralized storage areas to achieve the desired system balance.
Threats:
Communication channels in the future may be more dedicated, creating a need
for dedicated conduits for SG, affecting cost and reliability of the system. Due
to the complexity of grid, it might not be easy to provide technical support
from a single source.
As web applications are preferred targets of hackers, the SG might be attacked
until its vulnerabilities are found. New regulations may have an impact on the
grid as well.
SWOT analysis of Smart Grid.
Strength: Threats:
Anticipates compromises Dedicated communication
Self-Healing channels
Digitalised Platform Complex technical support
Load Management Hackers attacks on Web
Decentralised Controls applications
Customised New regulations
Renewable Resources
Autonomous
Transparency
Weakness: Opportunities:
Complexity Cyber Security in future
Communications Link Failure Optimal Power Flow
Sensor/Actuator Failure Defense Model
Control System Failure Decentralised Storage.
Lack of Operator Response
Late Human Response
Improper Operator Command
Compatibility Issues
technologies for Smart Grid
There are several technologies under the umbrella of Smart Grid Distribution
(SGD); the most typical ones are
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): AMI is architecture for
automated, two-way communication between a smart utility meter with
an IP address and a utility company.
Demand Response (DR): Demand response is a change in the power
consumption of an electric utility customer to better match the demand for
power with the supply.
Distribution Automation (DA): It optimis
improves the reliability of its distribution power system.
Electric Vehicles (EV): Electric Vehicles are being introduced in the market
as an option for transportation so as to eliminate Carbon Foot Prints, etc.,
Distributed Generation (DG): Distributed generation (also known as
Distributed Energy) refers to power generation at the point of consumption.
System Efficiency Improvement:
Automated control schemes, etc., enables cost reduction and improves the
system Efficiency
Self-Healing: A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine
problems and quickly recovers if they occur, minimizing downtime and
financial loss.
Cyber security: Cyber Security is the body of technologies, processes and
practices designed to protect networks, Computers, Programs and Data from
attack, damage or unauthorized access.
Distributed Storage: Energy storage to facilitate greater flexibility and
reliability of the power system.
Information and communications technologies:
Two-way communication technologies to provide connectivity between
different components in the power system and loads.
Open architectures for plug-and-play of home appliances, Electric Vehicles
and Micro Generation
Communications, and the necessary software and hardware to provide
customers with greater information,
Software to ensure and maintain the security of information and standards
Sensing, Measurement, Control and Automation Technologies:
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) to provide advanced protective relaying,
measurements, fault records and event records for the power system;
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and Wide Area Monitoring, Protection
and Control (WAMPAC) to ensure the security of the power system;
Information and communication technologies provide rapid diagnosis and
timely response to any event in different parts of the power system.
Smart appliances, communication, controls and monitors to maximise
safety, comfort, convenience, and energy savings of homes
Smart meters, communication, displays and associated software to allow
customers to have greater choice and control over electricity and gas use.
Energy storage to facilitate greater flexibility and reliability of the power
system.
