Hex Keypad
The matrix keypad is widely used in embedded systems, telecommunications,
and applications requiring microprocessor and microcontroller interfacing. One of
the key advantages of the matrix keypad is its scalable design, allowing
programmers to minimize the number of microcontroller pins, leading to a more
efficient and programmable interface. In the study by Himani (2019), a 4x4 matrix
keypad with 16 push buttons is utilized. Each button is processed by scanning rows
and columns, making it possible to interface with a microcontroller using only 8
input/output lines. The study also examines key detection and the effects of key
bouncing and debouncing as connections are made and released. To demonstrate
this functionality, the keypad is connected to an AT89c2051 microcontroller and
programmed in Assembly Language to display characters in the sequence: 1, 2, 3,
A, 4, 5, 6, B, 7, 8, 9, C, *, 0, #, D.
Himani, Dr A kGoutam. (2019). Keypad Interfacing and Behavioral Chip Design using
VHDL. https://www.ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI1905005.pdf
In the article by Siddharth (2017), the internal wiring of the matrix keypad
and the logic behind matrix keypad interfacing are explained in detail. It also
demonstrates how to connect the keypad to a microcontroller, providing example
code for this setup. The program presented in the article uses a polling method,
which consumes the controller's entire processing time to scan the keypad and
display data on 7-segment displays. However, Siddharth also highlights a useful
feature in microcontrollers called Interrupt on Change (IOC). This feature allows the
controller to interrupt its operations when it detects any change in a port, making it
more efficient. In microcontrollers, the entire PORT B has this IOC feature, enabling
the keypad to be scanned in the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). This approach frees
up more of the controller’s time for other tasks without requiring any hardware
modifications.
Chandrasekaran, S. (2017). Interface 4x4 matrix keypad with
microcontroller. EmbedJournal. https://embedjournal.com/interface-4x4-matrix-
keypad-with-microcontroller/
Sensor
In Singh's study (2023), recent advancements in processing sensor
technology are summarized, along with a comparative analysis aimed at offering
new perspectives for design and development. The research focuses on enhancing
the understanding of performance, compatibility, and characteristics of processing
sensors in relation to other critical elements, aiming to guide future sensor design
innovations. This article emphasizes the development of both hardware and
software components in sensor data processing, with a primary focus on
architectural design, software, and programming modules. These concepts are
illustrated through case studies using commonly utilized processors and controllers,
such as the 8051 and AVR. The study also provides a structured learning approach
that enables students to understand these concepts systematically and encourages
them to develop innovative solutions for assignments.
Singh, P. (2023). Microcontroller AVR 8051 Using Process Sensor.
file:///C:/Users/jumar/Downloads/712-Case%20Study%20Based%20Papers
%20(CSBP)-1483-1-10-20230525%20(1).pdf
In Reverter’s (2014) research, the foundational principles of resistive and
capacitive sensors are explored, along with various sensor configurations, such as
single, differential, and bridge types. The study illustrates how these sensors can be
directly connected to a microcontroller to form what is known as a direct interface
circuit. Practical applications using commercial devices are demonstrated, with a
focus on evaluating the performance of these circuits. The research also addresses
power consumption issues, providing design guidelines to help reduce current
consumption when the circuits are in active mode.
Reverter, F. (2014). The Art of Directly Interfacing Sensors to Microcontrollers.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285210532_The_Art_of_Directly_Interfacin
g_Sensors_to_Microcontrollers
Programmer
The article of Kohli (2023) focuses on microcontroller programming as the
core foundation for embedded systems. It highlights how proficiency in
programming, using languages like C++ and Python, enables the development of
efficient and adaptable systems. The piece also covers key techniques, such as
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and interrupt handling, which are essential in
applications like IoT and automation. These skills are integral for engineers and
developers working on various technologies, providing a pathway to create
innovative, reliable, and scalable embedded systems.
Kohli, V. (2023). Microcontroller Programming: Mastering the foundation of
embedded systems. Wevolver. https://www.wevolver.com/article/microcontroller-
programming-mastering-the-foundation-of-embedded-systems
Buzzer
In Periketi’s study (n.d.), the interfacing of a buzzer with an 8051
microcontroller is demonstrated through a project that combines audio and visual
feedback. In this setup, pressing a push button activates the buzzer, which turns on
and off a specific number of times as defined in the code, creating an alert that
automatically stops after completing its cycle. Simultaneously, the microcontroller
displays the count of buzzer activations on a 7-segment display, which continuously
shows this number until a reset (RST) button is pressed. This project effectively
*showcases the 8051 microcontroller’s ability to manage both sound and display
outputs in synchronization, making it useful for applications that require timed
alerts and real-time feedback.
Periketi, R. (2016). Buzzer. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/document/509076105/Buzzer
In Peter’s (2023) article, the proper usage and handling of magnetic buzzers
are discussed, focusing on the precautions necessary to ensure optimal
performance and circuit protection. Magnetic buzzers function similarly to simple
speakers, containing a coil of conductive wire and small magnets, and they can be
integrated into an RL (resistor-inductor) circuit. Due to the inductive nature of the
coil, care must be taken to absorb energy released when there is a sudden voltage
drop across the buzzer's terminals. Additionally, external disturbances can cause
the buzzer to resonate, inducing a current in the coil that could feed back into the
circuit. To mitigate these effects, the article recommends connecting a diode across
the buzzer’s terminals to safely dissipate the excess energy, preventing it from
reinjecting into the circuit and ensuring stable operation.
Peter. (2023). How to use a buzzer – the correct way. Tech Explorations.
https://techexplorations.com/arduino/how-to-use-a-buzzer-the-correct-way/
