COLEGIO DE LA PURISIMA CONCEPCION

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

2nd Semester, AY 2023-2024

Program: MAED
Course: EDUC 200
Facilitator: SAMMY B. BEGAS
Reporter: CHEENIE E. ORCAJO

DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL

TREATMENT

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Many researchers find difficulty to use the appropriate
statistical tools in processing the data. It is a must that
researchers diagnose the problem by using the appropriate
statistical tool to arrive at accurate and definite interpretation
of results. A researcher is similar with a physician wherein the
latter diagnoses the ailment cannot be cured if the physician
prescribes inappropriate medicine.
For instance, the problem is
‘’How effective is the teaching of Miss Y in Biology to teacher education
students? Of the 200 teacher education students, 15 said very much
effective or 4,90 much effective or 3, 55 effective or 2, 40 not effective at
all or 1. weighted arithmetic mean is the appropriate statistical tool to this
particular problem. For illustration purposes, consider the computation
below:

f x fx X = Ʃfx
15 4 60 Ʃf
90 3 270 = 480
55 2 110 200
40 1 40 X = 2.4
(effective)
total 200 480

The mean value obtained is 2.4 which means effective. Hence, the
teaching of Miss Y in Biology to teacher education students is effective.
The appropriate statistical tool is weighted arithmetic mean because there
is only one descriptive interpretation that describes the whole
performance of Miss Y in teaching Biology to teacher education students.
Incorrect Statistical Tool
The author read several theses and dissertations in which the researchers
used percentage in scale options (4, 3, 2, 1) and the like. This is a
common error. Percentage is incorrect or inappropriate statistical tool to
scale options due to vague interpretation of the results. For illustration
purposes, consider the computation below using the same problem and
responses of teacher education students to the teaching of Miss Y in
Biology where 15 students rated Miss Y’s teaching in Biology as very much
effective or 4; 90, rated much effective or 3; 55, effective or 2; and 40, not
effective at all or 1.

W f percent interpretation
4 15 7.5 very much effective
3 90 45.0 much effective
2 55 27.5 effective
1 40 20.0 not effective at all
total 200 100.0
There is no specific or exact interpretation of results for percentage.
Univariate Statistical Treatment
The appropriate statistical tool for univariate problem, both experimental
and descriptive designs, is weighted arithmetic mean for scale options
(ie., 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1) and the like.
Experimental Research
For instance,the experimental research problem is
‘’What is the acceptability of the flavor of fish burger from offal of
boneless milkfish? Of the 30 panelists who evaluated the product using
the 9-point Hedonic Scale, 5 rated like extremely or 9; 23 rated like very
much or 8; and 2, like moderately or 7. for illustration purposes, consider
the formula (7.1) of weighted arithmetic mean.

X = f1x1 + f2x2 + . . . fkxk = Ʃfx

f1+ f2 + . . . fk Ʃf
The above formula is simply written as:
X = Ʃfx
Ʃf
Where:
X = Weighted arithmetic mean

Ʃfx = Sum of all the products of f and x; where f is the frequency of each
weight and x is the weight, i.e., 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1.

Ʃf = Sum of all the frequency/subjects

Using formula (7.1), the weighted arithmetic mean is:
X = 5(9) + 23(8) + 2(7)
5 + 23 + 2

X = 45 + 184 + 14
30

X = 243
30

X = 8.1 (like very much)

Table 7.5 Sample Computation of Weighted Arithmetic Mean Used in

Univariate Experimental Research

f x fx X = Ʃfx
5 9 45 Ʃf
23 8 184 = 243
2 7 14 30
total 30 243 X = 8.1 (like very much)

Descriptive Research
In Descriptive Research, weighted arithmetic mean is appropriate for
scale options (i.e, 5,4,3,2, and 1) and the like for univariate research
problem. For instance,
“How serious are the job related problems met by staff nurses in private
and government hospitals in Iloilo City in relation to administration of top
management when classified as the whole?

Of the 200 staff nurses in private and government hospitals in Iloilo City,
25 staff nurses said 5 ;50 very serious, 4 ;100 rated serious, 3 ;15 said
less serious, and 2 ;10 sais not serious.
Table 7.6 Sample Computation of Weighted Arithmetic Mean Used in
Univariate Descriptive Research

f x fx X = Ʃfx
 25 5 125 Ʃf
50 4 200 = 665
100 3 300 200
15 2 30 X = 3.325 (serious)
10 1 10
total 200 665
The quantitative mean value is 3.325 and the qualitative description is
serious. Thus, the job-related problems met by staff nurses in private and
government hospitals in Iloilo City in relation to administration of top
management when classified as a whole is serious.
Bivariate Statistical Treatment in Experimental Research

Experimental Research. The statistical tools for bivariate (two

variables) problem in experimental research are t-test and linear
correlation. For instance, the experimental research problem is:
“Is there a significant difference on the mean catch of squid using
horizontal and vertical fishing for 21 days operation?
The appropriate statistical tool is t-test. Consider the formula
(7.2) below.

The steps in using t-test are as follows:

Step 1. Find the arithmetic mean of each variable.
Step 2. Solve for the variance (SD²) of each variable (X1 and X2).
The formula is SD² = Ʃ(X – X)² (working formula)
N-1
or SD² = ƩX² - CF (machine formula)
N–1
Step 3. Compute the t-value by using formula (7.2)
Step 4. Get the degrees of freedom (df) by using this formula df= N – 1,
id N is the same for the two variables or df= N1 + N2 – 2, if N is different
for the two variables.
7.7 Sample Computation using t-test as Statistical Tool for Bivariate
Experimental Research

Mean (X) Computation

Variance (SD²) Computation (Working Formula)

Computation of t-test
 The t-value obtained is 9.16096 which is significant at 1 percent
level of confidence. To be significant, the tabular value is 2.845 at .01
level of probability with 20 degrees of freedom (df). This means that the
mean catch of squid using horizontal and vertical fishing really differ with
each other because horizontal fishing has more or better catch than
vertical fishing in catching of squid.