MGMT4 with MindTap (Fourth Edition) Chuck

Williams - eBook PDF download

https://ebooksecure.com/download/mgmt4-with-mindtap-fourth-
edition-ebook-pdf/

Download full version ebook from https://ebooksecure.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooksecure.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) MGMT4, 4th Edition by Chuck Williams

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-mgmt4-4th-edition-by-
chuck-williams/

(eBook PDF) MGMT 11th Edition by Chuck Williams

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-mgmt-11th-edition-by-
chuck-williams/

(Original PDF) MGMT 9th Edition by Chuck Williams

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-mgmt-9th-edition-by-
chuck-williams/

(Original PDF) MGMT 3rd Australia By Chuck Williams

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-mgmt-3rd-australia-
by-chuck-williams/
(eBook PDF) MGMT 3rd Canadian Edition by Chuck Williams

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-mgmt-3rd-canadian-
edition-by-chuck-williams/

MGMT 12: Principles of Management 12th Edition Chuck

Williams - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/mgmt-12-principles-of-
management-ebook-pdf/

MGMT 2th Chuck William

http://ebooksecure.com/product/mgmt-2th-chuck-william/

Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry Volume 29 1st

Edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/progress-in-heterocyclic-
chemistry-ebook-pdf/

Bundle: MGMT, 11th + MindTap Management, 1 Term (6

Months) Printed Access Card (New, Engaging Titles from
4LTR Press) 11th Edition Williams - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/bundle-mgmt-11th-mindtap-
management-1-term-6-months-printed-access-card-new-engaging-
titles-from-4ltr-press-ebook-pdf/
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 CATTLEYA VELUTINA.
[Plate 26.]
Native of Brazil.

Epiphytal. Stems slender, terete, from twelve to eighteen inches

high, supporting the evergreen foliage, and furnished at intervals
with short ovate appressed bracts. Leaves in pairs, oblong, acute,
widest near the base, leathery, about eight inches long, and an
inch and a half broad, of a dark green colour. Scape two-flowered,
issuing from a terminal compressed sheath or bract. Flowers of
medium size, stout in texture, tawny orange, the lip white marked
with purplish spots arranged in radiating lines, very fragrant; sepals
ligulate-oblong, acute, recurved, rich tawny orange, spotted with
purple; petals of the same colour, cuneate-oblong, acute,
somewhat lobulate or wavy; lip three-lobed, the side lobes very
short semi-ovate, partially enclosing the column, the front lobe
large, roundish-ovate, apiculate, wavy and toothletted, the disk
between the side lobes yellow with purplish streaks, the radiating
veins purplish, the front or middle lobe white with dark purple
veins, everywhere clothed with velvety pubescence. Column free at
the back, marked with many purple spots, and having a purplish
border to the anther-bed.

Cattleya velutina, Reichenbach fil., in Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1870,

140, 1373; Id. 1872, 1259, figs. 288, 289; Williams, Orchid
Grower’s Manual, 5 ed. 135.

This fine Orchid first flowered in 1870, under the care of Mr. A.
Williams, in the collection of Joseph Broome, Esq., of Didsbury,
Manchester, and subsequently in that of E. G. Wrigley, Esq., of Bury.
What is described as a still finer variety of the same plant appeared
shortly after in the collection of Consul Schiller, of Hamburgh. One of
the most remarkable and special peculiarities of the species is the
powerful fragrance of its flowers, which is so strongly developed as to
scent the whole house in which a blooming plant is placed.

It is a very rare as well as a very distinct species. We have, ourselves,

only met with one example in bloom, besides that from what our
illustration was taken, and that was the specimen in the collection of
Mr. J. Broome, above referred to, as being the first which bloomed in
this country. Our figure was taken from a plant which flowered
recently in the grand collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P.,
who was good enough to send it for our artist to sketch, and he has
succeeded in securing a very faithful likeness of it. We have no doubt
our collectors will meet with it in their journeyings in its native
country, but it must be rare there, or we should have obtained more
of it; most probably, like others of its genus, it is difficult to secure. It
resembles Cattleya bicolor in its habit of growth, the stems bearing
two leaves, which grow about twelve to eighteen inches in length.
The sepals and petals are of a rich tawny orange colour, irregularly
spotted with purple, and the lip has the side lobes yellow, and 51
is white in front, and distinctly striped with violet. Mr. Spyers
says it blooms in September and October, when its fragrance,
combined with its distinct colour, renders it a very acceptable inmate
of the Orchid house; it also flowers at a time when few other
Cattleyas are in bloom.

Cattleya velutina requires the same treatment as the other Cattleyas,

that is, to be potted in peat soil with good drainage; it does not need
so much water at the roots as some kinds, but it should be borne in
mind, on the other hand, that it must not be allowed to shrivel, and
therefore a little moisture should always be supplied to the roots. If
the plant once gets into an unhealthy condition its recovery will be
very doubtful. Those of the Cattleyas, such as C. bicolor and C.
velutina, which have very slender bulbs are more liable to go wrong
than those that form thick fleshy bulbs, the latter having more
substance from which to draw their support. They require to be kept
near the light, with very little shade, excepting just sufficient to keep
them from the burning sun.

Like other Cattleyas, this species is subject to the inroads of the scale
insect, which should be frequently sought for, and, if found, promptly
removed. The foliage should be kept in a plump condition and not
allowed to shrivel. In cleansing the leaves injury is often caused by
too hard rubbing, by which they become bruised; rather should they
be handled delicately, as, if once damaged, they cannot be restored
to a sound healthy appearance. A damaged leaf is not only a
disfigurement, but is of great injury to the health of the plant, by
interfering with the action of its pores. Cleanliness is one of the great
secrets of success in plant cultivation, but the operation of cleansing
should be taken in hand before the insects get a-head, or they will
assuredly eat into the leaves, which will thus become permanently
injured at the points of attack.

Dr. Ainsworth’s Orchids.—When in Manchester we had the pleasure of

visiting the collection of R. F. Ainsworth, Esq., M.D., in whose fine and
varied collection the plant that most especially attracted our attention
was Masdevallia Chimæra, the blossoms of which were very large,
each flower measuring seventeen inches across. The effect of these
beautiful and curiously spotted flowers hanging around the basket
was very striking. We have had it sent to us to figure, but the flowers
do not travel well; we hope, however, some day, when it is in bloom,
to be able to figure it. We also noticed, in the same house, a
wonderfully fine form of Odontoglossum Alexandræ, with broad
sepals and petals of beautiful white, while the centre of the petals is
marked with a pleasing rose colour, which gives it a very pretty
appearance; the lip is large, white, beautifully crisped round the
edge, the upper part bright orange-yellow. It was, altogether, a very
showy flower. Mr. Mitchell, the gardener, said it had been in bloom for
several weeks, and it was still fresh and fine when we saw it.
ODONTOGLOSSUM BREVIFOLIUM. PL. 27.

52
 ODONTOGLOSSUM BREVIFOLIUM.
[Plate 27.]
Native of the Cordillera of Peru.

Epiphytal. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, compressed, monophyllous.

Leaves short, oblong, two inches broad, and sometimes not much
exceeding that in length, spreading. Scape simple, radical, bearing
at the apex a many-flowered erect raceme, the membranaceous
bracts of which are oblong acute, and as long as the pedicels.
Flowers nearly or quite two inches in diameter, of a rich chestnut
brown on the inner, and olive-green on the outer surface; sepals
roundish-ovate, somewhat undulated, narrowed at the base, of a
bright chestnut-brown, narrowly bordered with yellow; petals
similar in size and colour, oblong-ovate; lip clawed, auriculate,
wedge-shaped, emarginate, shorter than the sepals, bright yellow,
bearing at the base five warty tubercles, with a three-toothed
appendage in front of them. Column small, the edges of the
anther-bed serrated, and decurrent in the form of membranous
wings.

Odontoglossum brevifolium, Lindley in Bentham’s Plantæ

Hartwegianæ, 152; Id. Folia Orchidacea, art. Odontoglossum
no. 61; André in Illustration Horticole, 3 ser. t. 170;
Reichenbach, fil., in Walpers’ Annales Botanices Systematicæ.
vi. 846.

This very distinct species was first found by Hartweg, on the Peruvian
Andes, near Loxa, and was described by Lindley, in Mr. Bentham’s
account of the plants collected by that traveller. It appears to have
been introduced by M. Linden, and to have been first flowered in his
establishment, the figure published in L’Illustration Horticole having
been derived from this source. The small compressed pseudobulbs
are formed at the end of a sucker or offshoot, which is invested by
large membranous bracts or scales, the upper of which covering the
base of the flower-scape is somewhat broader and leaf-like.

This Odontoglot ranks among the most distinct species of its genus,
as may indeed be seen by a glance at our illustration. It produces
dense spikes of its beautiful flowers, which are more in the way of
those of Odontoglossum coronarium than of any other cultivated
species; it, however, blooms more freely. The spike of flowers we
have here represented was sent to us by Mons. F. Massange, of
Liége, in whose collection the gardener—Mr. Kramer—induces it to
flower freely every year. M. Massange is a great connoisseur of
Orchids, and in his collection are to be found many rare and valuable
specimens, which have been frequently exhibited during the past few
years, including the Liége Exhibition of 1881.

Odontoglossum brevifolium is a dwarf growing plant, and 53

produces its erect spikes of flowers from the side of the
pseudobulbs. There were seventeen blossoms on that which is here
represented. The sepals and petals are of a bright chestnut-brown,
margined and slightly marked near the base with yellow, the lip is
rich yellow with two light brown patches at its base. It is altogether a
strikingly showy plant, and one that should be always cultivated
amongst Odontoglots for its distinctness of colouring.

The treatment which we find to suit the plant, is to grow it in a

basket suspended from the roof, as it requires and enjoys all the light
that can be given to it; but, of course, it needs to be shaded from the
burning sun. The most suitable material in which to grow the plant is
sphagnum moss and fibrous peat. It requires also a good supply of
water in the growing season, so that it must be thoroughly drained.
It thrives best in a cool house in which the same temperature is
maintained as is found congenial to Odontoglossum Alexandræ, and
others of that class.
Odontoglossum Londesboroughianum.—We have been under the
impression that this species was not so good as it was first reported
to be, but we are now of a different opinion. There are no doubt
many varieties of the plant, as is the case with nearly all Orchids. In
their native countries they are produced freely from seeds, all of the
variations not being equally good. If our collectors could only pick out
the best, when in bloom, we should be saved many disappointments,
but of course they cannot spend their time in doing this. We were
agreeably surprised when we paid a visit to the collection of G. W.
Law-Scholefield, Esq., New-Hall-Hey, Rawtenstall, near Manchester, to
see a fine spike of the O. Londesboroughianum with twenty-five of its
large blossoms, much finer than any we had ever seen before. The
sepals and petals are yellow, barred with brown; the lip is large, of a
bright golden yellow, and very showy, and, as the long spikes hung
drooping among the white and coloured flowers of the other Orchids
the effect was very good. No one could complain of having such a
species as this, for it is a most showy flower.

Cypripedium insigne.—When calling at Mrs. Haywood’s, Norris Green,

Liverpool, a few weeks ago, we were pleased to see a fine specimen
of this old Orchid, which was two feet in diameter; on nearly all the
numerous scapes there were two flowers, and very fine ones they
were. Mr. Bardney, the gardener, informed us that they come so
every year, which makes this plant the more interesting, as the
character of the species is merely to produce one flower on a stalk.
This plant was grown in the grand conservatory, in which there was a
most wonderful display of blossom, in fact, the grandest lot of
greenhouse flowers we ever remember to have seen in winter,
consisting of Pelargoniumns, Primulas, Camellias, Cyclamens, and the
Luculia gratissima, with 40 or 50 heads of bloom. There are not many
Orchids at this place, but, what there are, are doing well, and are
well looked after.
ZYGOPETALUM GAUTIERI. PL. 28.
54
 ZYGOPETALUM GAUTIERI.
[Plate 28.]
Native of St. Catherine’s, Brazil.

Epiphytal. Pseudobulbs oblong, deeply furrowed, the younger ones

ancipitous, attached to a branched creeping rhizome. Leaves
fascicled, distichous, the outer ones shorter, the central ones
narrowly elongate-oblong, plicate with a strongly developed costa,
ten to twelve inches long, bright green. Scape issuing from the
centre of the leaf-tufts, and terminating in a drooping raceme of
three to six flowers, furnished with elongate-oblong amplexicaul
bracts, those subtending the flowers being nearly as long as the
pedicels. Flowers large, showy, green blotched with brown, the lip
purple with darker purple ruff in front of the column; sepals and
petals oblong, acute, nearly equal, the petals directed upwards, all
pale green transversely barred and blotched with purplish brown;
lip broad, three-lobed, furnished with an obtuse spur, the lateral
lobes erect, rich deep purple, forming a crenated unguliform ruff or
frill around the column, the middle lobe very large, two inches
across, roundish, broader than long, apiculate, deep bluish purple,
lighter at the edge. Column short, half surrounded by the purple
ruff, arcuate, the anther case yellow, with a projecting point at the
apex.

Zygopetalum Gautieri, Lemaire, Illustration Horticole, t. 535;

Williams, Orchid Grower’s Manual, 5 ed., 311.

This genus of Orchids does not comprise so many species as many

others, but among those which are known and introduced, are some
which make very useful autumn and winter flowering subjects, and
which are well adapted for decorating our stoves and Orchid houses.
Amongst them occur some of the oldest of cultivated Orchids, such
as are generally to be met with in good old-fashioned places. We
remember to have seen plants of Zygopetalum Mackayi and Z.
crinitum some thirty years ago, also of Z. maxillare—grand specimens
with from seventy to a hundred flowers upon them, and a
magnificent sight they were, with their numerous spikes hanging
around the foliage, as represented in the plate, and being similar in
colour.

The species which we now desire to bring to the notice of our

readers, is a very lovely one, which has been sometimes considered
as a variety of Zygopetalum maxillare, but the flowers are larger, and
it not only blooms much earlier, but continues in blossom for several
weeks. In addition to this, it is a much freer grower than Z. maxillare.
We have had different plants in flower for several months, and then
they seemed as though they would continue blooming much longer;
in fact this species seems to flower whenever it makes its young
growth—a peculiar feature which renders it the most useful of its
class.

Our plate was prepared from a plant which bloomed in the fine 55
collection of Mons. D. Massange, of Marche, in Belgium, under
the care of Mr. Wilcke, who is one of the most successful continental
growers of Orchids. We had the pleasure of seeing specimens from
M. Massange’s grand collection, exhibited at the great show held at
Brussels in July, 1880.

Zygopetalum Gautieri is a dwarf growing kind, attaining a height of

about twelve inches, and is provided with distinct plaited green
foliage. The flowers are large, and borne several together on the
spikes; the sepals and petals are green, blotched with purplish
brown, while the lip is of purplish blue, edged with a lighter tint of
the same colour.

There are several varieties of this species, varying from very pale
violet to a rich purplish blue, the variety here figured being one of the
darkest-coloured forms we have yet met with. The flowers are
particularly showy, and last a long time in perfection.
It is of easy cultivation, and not only free-growing but also free-
blooming. It does well in the Cattleya house, planted in peat and
moss, with good drainage, and it may be grown either in a pot or a
basket, or on a block of wood, or on the stem of a tree fern, on
which latter it is frequently imported from its native country. In its
wild state, it appears naturally to creep up these fern stems, and it
must look very beautiful growing in this way, since its drooping spikes
cannot fail to have a good effect when thus seen hanging among the
green foliage. It requires a good supply of water during the growing
season, but, when at rest, less will suffice. The plant needs plenty of
light, but it must be shaded from the fierce sun-rays during the
summer months.

Lælia anceps Dawsoni.—One of the best specimens we have had the

pleasure of seeing of L. anceps Dawsoni is in the collection of R. S.
Dodgson, Esq., Blackburn; it had four spikes of buds when we saw it
in November last; since then we have received a spike of three
flowers, and a very fine variety it is. Mr. Osman informs us that the
plant has ten expanded blossoms. It is one of the best plants and as
good a variety as we have met with; the sepals and petals are large,
pure white, and of great substance; the lip is bright rosy purple
edged with white, the throat orange, veined with purple. No doubt
there are different varieties in cultivation which were imported along
with this some years ago. Mr. Dodgson’s plant is grown suspended
from the roof, and from its appearance this seems to be the best
method of growing it to perfection. It likes plenty of light all the year
round, and should be just kept shaded from the burning sun.
CŒLOGYNE MASSANGEANA. PL. 29.

56
 CŒLOGYNE MASSANGEANA.
[Plate 29.]
Native of Assam.

Epiphytal. Pseudobulbs pyriform, three to four inches in height,

smooth, bearing two leaves at the apex. Leaves persistent,
cuneate-oblong, acute, stalked, somewhat plicate, a foot and a half
high including the stalk, and four inches broad. Peduncle
pendulous, produced from the base of the pseudobulbs, one and a
half to two feet long, nigro-asperate; bracts cuneate-oblong
obtuse, much shorter than the pedicels. Flowers showy, in loose
racemes of two dozen or more, yellow with a brown lip; sepals
ligulate obtuse, somewhat keeled outside, light ochre-yellow;
petals linear-ligulate, of the same colour as the sepals; lip three-
lobed, concave, the side lobes semi-ovate, acute in front, of a
beautiful maroon-brown with ochre-coloured veins, the middle lobe
creamy white at the edge, with a large brown disk, short,
transversely oval with an apiculus, and having three light yellow
rather prominent toothletted keels extending from the base to the
anterior lobe, and “six confluent rows of green retuse many-angled
cells, reminding one of human molar teeth” in front of them.
Column light ochre-yellow, streaked with brown, winged in front,
the anther-bed with a retuse membranous border.

Cœlogyne Massangeana, Reichenbach fil., in Gardeners’ Chronicle,

N.S., x., 684; Floral Magazine, 2 ser., t. 373.

The plant which we now bring under the notice of our readers
belongs to a rather extensive genus of Orchids, some of the species
of which are very beautiful, while others are not worth cultivating as
decorative plants. That which is now before us, is, however, an
exceedingly handsome and very remarkable species, which was
imported from Assam, by MM. Jacob-Makoy & Cie., of Liège, Belgium.
Our illustration was taken from a very fine plant, which produced no
fewer than eight of its long pendulous racemes of flowers, some of
these having as many as twenty-seven blossoms on them. This grand
specimen was grown in the notable collection of Mons. D. Massange,
at the Château de Baillonville, near Marche, in Belgium, in whose
honour the species was named by Professor Reichenbach. We had
the pleasure of seeing this extraordinarily fine plant, growing under
pot-culture, in M. Massange’s Cattleya house, and since then we have
received the materials from which our artist has made the capital
representation which accompanies these remarks. In regard to its
botanical affinities it stands near to the Bornean Cœlogyne asperata,
which is sometimes called C. Lowii.

One remarkable feature of this Cœlogyne Massangeana is the

extraordinary shortness of time which it takes to develope its rather
ample spikes of flowers; these are often pushed up from the 57
pseudobulbs in their corkscrew-like fashion, and become
extended to their full length in a very few days, the buds swelling off
at once, and the flowers very soon appearing in full beauty, in which
state they continue for four or five weeks.

We have seen a wonderfully fine example of this plant in the grand

collection of R. Smith, Esq., Brentham Park, Stirling; this was
suspended from the roof, and bore several fine flower-spikes. Mr.
Smith regards this as one of the most beautiful Cœlogynes in
cultivation. When we saw the plant, it was overhanging a wonderful
specimen of Cattleya exoniensis, a grand variety, and there were also
many other fine Cattleyas in the same house.

Cœlogyne Massangeana is a free-growing evergreen plant, with stout

pseudobulbs from three to four inches in height, each supporting a
pair of light green plicate leaves, which are about eighteen inches
high, and about four inches broad. The flower-spikes are produced
from the base of the pseudobulbs, and, when the plants are in
vigorous health, they frequently attain the length of eighteen inches,
or sometimes two feet. The sepals and petals are of a light yellow-
ochre colour; the lip rich brown, its upper part or side lobes creamy
yellow, lined with brown. The plant flowers at various times of the
year. We have more than once had it in bloom twice in one year, and
it continues for several weeks in a state of freshness and beauty.

In its native country, Assam, this species is found growing on the

branches and stems of trees. Here, provided it receives proper
treatment, it is a very free-growing Orchid, and is also easy of
increase, as it often produces two growths from one bulb. It will
thrive either in a basket or in a pot, but, when in bloom, it should be
suspended from the roof in order that it may be seen to the best
advantage, to accomplish which, if it be grown in a pot, some wire
may be fixed around the rim by which to hook it up. When growing it
may occupy any part of the Cattleya house, but it should be placed
so that it can obtain plenty of light. When hung up near the glass it
must be shaded from the burning sun. With us it thrives well in good
fibrous peat, and we have found it to be a free-rooting plant,
requiring to be kept moist during the growing season; indeed, we
never allow the plants to become too dry, but just supply them with
sufficient moisture to prevent them from shrivelling. Every effort must
be made to keep the foliage clean, and free from insects, in respect
to which the cultivator should adopt and act up to the golden maxim
—“Prevention is better than cure.”

Cymbidium eburneum.—In our remarks on this plant, under Plate 25, we

have inadvertently referred to it as producing but one flower on a
scape. This, however, is not quite correct; as, although the scapes
each usually bear but a solitary blossom, we have known them to
produce two, or sometimes even three flowers.—B. S. W.
LÆLIA ELEGANS ALBA. PL. 30.
58
 LÆLIA ELEGANS ALBA.
[Plate 30.]
Native of Brazil.

Epiphytal. Stems terete, somewhat club-shaped, about eighteen

inches in height, the weaker ones bearing one, the stronger two,
leaves at the apex. Leaves solitary or in pairs, ligulate-oblong, from
six inches to a foot in length, very thick and leathery in texture, of
a bright green colour. Scape two to three-flowered, issuing from a
terminal oblong compressed bract, about three inches in length.
Flowers white and crimson-purple, large and very handsome, about
six inches in expansion; sepals oblong lanceolate, acute, plane,
pure white; petals rather shorter than the sepals, broadly-
lanceolate, undulated at the margins, pure white; lip three inches
long, three-lobed, the lateral lobes rolled over the column, the
front portion spreading, undulated, and marked within the edge
with a blotch of crimson-purple, the middle lobe roundish,
flabellately expanded, crispato-undulate, of a rich crimson-purple,
the colour breaking out near the tip into crimson veins on a
purplish ground, and extended into a claw-like base through the
pale yellowish disk. Column about as long as the convolute base of
the lip, enclosed.

Lælia elegans var. alba, Williams, Catalogue 1881, 68.

We have here one of the most beautiful of this charming class of

Orchids, and one which no Orchid fancier can fail to admire. The
showy blossoms of the forms of this species offer many shades of
colour, those of the variety before us being exceedingly chaste and
delicate. The accompanying figure is a good representation of this
charming variety, and was prepared from a sketch of a well-grown
specimen which bloomed in the fine collection of W. Lee, Esq.,
Downside, Leatherhead, under the care of Mr. Woolford, the
gardener.

This Lælia grows about eighteen inches high; it is furnished with bold
thick foliage of a pleasant green, and produces its blossoms in June
and July, continuing for about three weeks in beauty. The sepals and
petals are of a pure white, while the lip is of a rich magenta-crimson,
the two colours making a well-marked and charming contrast. This
delicately beautiful variety is extremely rare.

Lælia elegans alba is like the Cattleyas in its growth, with the
exception of the stems being more slender, most of them producing
two short leaves about six inches in length. The plants require the
same temperature and the same material in which to grow as the
allied Cattleyas, and also about the same amount of water during the
growing season. The rest required is also the same as for Cattleyas.
There are some of the species, such as L. albida, autumnalis, majalis,
pumila, and others, which will thrive better in a cooler temperature.
They are all subject to insects, which should be diligently looked
after. White scale is sometimes troublesome, and if allowed to 59
remain on them will disfigure the foliage by causing yellow
spots. Thrips will also attack them, and increase very fast if they are
not kept under by adopting the usual remedies.

Shading Orchids.—This is a subject of the greatest importance in

Orchid culture, and one that is often overlooked until it is too late—
the mischief being done. What is required is a strong durable material
that will wear well, and, where rollers are used, stand the strain upon
it. It must also be understood that shading does not consist of merely
daubing upon the glass some opaque material, such as paint,
summer cloud, whitening, or the like, which though all very well as
palliatives in positions where rollers cannot be used, such as at the
ends and sides of a house, are greatly to be deprecated as a shading
for the roof, for this reason, that in our English climate we are so
subject to sudden changes of the weather, that were such a
permanent shading to be used, we should frequently, especially
during dull weather, have our plants in comparative darkness when
they should be getting all the light possible. This cannot fail to lead to
bad results and produce a sickly growth. Some growers use thick
canvas; indeed, we have done so ourselves many years ago, but, by
experience, we have found out the ill effects of it, for when we
employed this kind of shading, we found the plants under its
influence became weak and sickly, producing small puny flower-
spikes. A lighter shading was then employed, and the difference was
marvellous; the plants assumed quite a different aspect. It was at
this time that we were exhibiting at Chiswick the fine specimens of
East Indian Orchids—Aërides, Saccolabiums, Vandas, Dendrobiums,
and many others—such as we seldom see equalled now. Since then
we have used thinner shadings, with the best results. Our Vandas
thus treated have always been strong and healthy, with broader
foliage, producing their flower-spikes as often as three times a year,
with the flowers of a good colour, lasting a long time in perfection; in
fact we are never without flower, always having a good display. We
refer more particularly to the suavis and tricolor section of the genus.
Some people imagine Vandas do not flower till they attain a large
size, but such is not the case if they are properly grown, and thin
shading is used. Our experience leads us to the belief that all
Orchids, with a few exceptions, require a thin shading, that is to say,
one that, while warding off the direct rays of the sun, will allow the
light to enter through it. To arrive at this result we use a strong,
durable, cotton netting, woven in small squares, close enough to
exclude the rays of the sun, while the light penetrates it with but little
interruption. This netting stands exposure to the weather much
longer than canvas, and on that account is cheaper in the long run.
We have used this material for some years; in the case of Cool
Orchids, Mexican, and East Indian kinds, with the best results, the
netting being attached to rollers with appropriate gear. For the cool
Orchid houses we employ raised blinds, upon which we hope to
speak further shortly. The blinds can be managed with but little
trouble. In the winter we take them off the house and put them in a
dry place until they are required again in the ensuing spring.—B. S.
W.
CALANTHE VEITCHII. PL. 31.
60
 CALANTHE VEITCHII.
[Plate 31.]
A Garden Hybrid.

Terrestrial. Pseudobulbs fleshy, conical, bluntly angular, four to six

inches in height. Leaves deciduous, about two from the apex of
each pseudobulb, lanceolate, narrowed both towards the base and
apex, plicate or plaited, of a bright green, produced before the
flowers. Scapes radical, downy, invested in the lower part with
sheathing bracts, and each supporting a tall showy raceme of
flowers, sometimes reaching three to four feet long. Flowers
abundant, each subtended by an ovate bract, of a very attractive
and pleasing tint of rich deep rosy pink, darker in some varieties;
sepals oblong lanceolate, the dorsal one erect, the lateral ones
spreading, deep rose-pink; petals of the same form and colour,
patent, directed upwards; lip adherent to the column, round which
it is rolled at the base, front part clawed, and expanded into a
squarish four-lobed limb, rich rose-pink, deepening almost to
crimson around the creamy white eye or centre, the spur straight,
downy. Column small, terete, downy at the back.

Calanthe Veitchii, Lindley, Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1859, 1016;

Hooker, Botanical Magazine, t. 5375; Bateman, Second
Century of Orchids, t. 106; Jennings, Orchids, t. 48; Floral
Magazine, t. 280; Williams, Orchid Growers’ Manual, 5 ed.,
109.

This Hybrid is one of the most distinct and charming of Orchids, as

well as one of the most useful for winter decoration. Our illustration
was prepared from some admirably grown materials which were
kindly sent to us from the rich collection of William Leach, Esq., of
Oakley, Fallowfield, near Manchester, where we have seen as many
as one hundred flower spikes of one of the most highly coloured
forms of this somewhat variable plant in full beauty; and, intermixed
as they were with the white Calanthe vestita, the effect produced
was exceedingly pleasing and attractive. Mr. Swan seems to have hit
upon the most successful method of cultivating these very charming
plants, for some of the spikes bore as many as forty flowers. He
evidently knows also how to arrange the plants to advantage,
namely, by placing them in rows among the foliage of the East Indian
Orchids, so that the Calanthes, blooming as they do without their
leaves, have their beauty enhanced by the foliage of the associated
plants, especially that of the Aërides and Vandas.

Calanthe Veitchii is of deciduous habit, losing its foliage just as it

comes into flower. We have, however, occasionally seen it with leaves
accompanying its flowers, though its natural habit is to lose them. It
produces flower spikes from three to four feet or more in length, and
sometimes bears as many as fifty flowers on one spike. The plants
are free-blooming and continue in flower for two months. The sepals
and petals, as well as the lip, are of a rich rosy pink colour. A gay
appearance may be kept up throughout the dull months of 61
winter by having a sufficient number of plants and starting
them successively into blossom.

These Calanthes are very accommodating, since they will thrive well
in baskets suspended from the roof, as well as in pots suspended by
wire in the same way as the baskets; they will also thrive in pots
standing on the tables, where room is not an object. If grown in
baskets, they will require more water in their growing season. We
prefer them grown in this manner where there is room, as they look
so pleasing with their spikes hanging gracefully from the roof. Where
hundreds of spikes have to be produced, as for instance is the case
with Mr. C. Penny, of Sandringham Gardens, for decorating the Prince
of Wales’ table, the effect produced is charming, and even for filling
large vases they form a most elegant adornment.
They are of easy cultivation when they get the treatment they
require. Like all other deciduous and bulbous plants their blooming
season follows that of the completion of the growth of the bulbs, and
their growing season commences when they have finished blooming,
after which they will soon begin to throw up their young growths.
When this is observed, let them be fresh potted. We have found it
best to do this every year, as they lose all their old roots annually. We
shake the soil away and cut off all the roots, and repot them, when,
as soon as they begin to grow, they will send out their new roots into
fresh soil. The material we use for potting is good rough fibrous loam
and leaf mould, with a little rotten manure, mixing them well
together, and giving good drainage with a layer of rough peat and
moss on the top of it. In potting, fill the pot up with the soil and
place the bulb on the top, just making it firm; it will soon root and
support itself. If planted in baskets, it is necessary to place some
rough fibrous peat round the sides and at the bottom to keep the soil
from washing out; fill the basket up with the same kind of compost
as that recommended for the pots, with drainage at the bottom;
place the bulbs upright in the basket, about three in number, on the
top of the soil, and finish by giving a little water. After the plants get
into growth and are making roots freely, they should always be kept
moist until they have finished their growth, when a less copious
supply will suffice; and after they have bloomed they may be kept dry
for a time until they are ready for potting. When the plants are in
vigorous growth a little manure water may, with advantage, be
applied to their roots once or twice a week, but it must be well
diluted before being used, as, if given too strong, it might destroy the
roots.

We find the East India house to suit these Calanthes best, or they will
thrive well in a house where stove plants are grown. They are
propagated by separating the pseudobulbs at the time they are
potted, and as they generally make two growths from one bulb the
increase is comparatively rapid. Like other orchidaceous plants, they
must be kept free from insects.
ONCIDIUM HÆMATOCHILUM. PL. 32.

62
 ONCIDIUM HÆMATOCHILUM.
[Plate 32.]
Native of New Grenada.

Epiphytal. Pseudobulbs none or obsolete, the leaves and flower-

scapes springing directly from the axils of the scaly bracts which
surround the crown. Leaves solitary, flat, oblong, acute, leathery in
texture, dull green spotted with reddish brown, nine to twelve
inches long. Scape radical, deep red, supporting a dense panicle of
green spotted crimson-lipped flowers. Flowers about an inch and a
half across, showy on account of their rich colouring and markings;
sepals oval-oblong, yellowish green, thickly marked with irregular
transverse bands of rich reddish brown; petals oblong, spathulate,
wavy, similar in colour to the sepals, but less heavily marked; lip
clawed, with a pair of auricles at the base, the claw and auricles
deep magenta-rose colour, the front expanded portion roundish or
transversely reniform, of a deep sanguineous crimson, and having
the margin yellow, closely mottled with deep rose-crimson, the disk
furnished with a flexuose crest shaped like the letter W, and thence
raised into an eminence with a toothlet on each side. Column
short, with rounded wings curved downwards and somewhat
lobed.

Oncidium hæmatochilum, Lindley, in Paxton’s Flower Garden, i., t. 6;

Id., re-issue, t. 26; Id., Folia Orchidacea, art. Oncidium, No.
132; Reichenbach fil., in Walpers’ Annales Botanices
Systematicæ, vi., 783.

Oncidium luridum purpuratum, Loddiges, List—fide Lindley.

This is undoubtedly one of our oldest Orchids—one that we recollect

to have seen in bloom with the Messrs. Loddiges, in their noble
collection of Orchids, about thirty years ago. We have always been
under the impression that it was one of the prettiest of the spotted
Oncidiums, but, although we have occasionally bloomed it, since then
we have seen it in very few collections. We were accordingly very
greatly pleased to meet with a remarkably fine example of it in the
collection of G. W. L. Schofield, Esq., of Rawtenstall, near Manchester,
from which our illustration was taken. The plant bore two flower-
spikes, one of which was three feet six inches in length, bearing forty
fine blossoms, and was a most beautiful example of the species; the
other was shorter, and from this our drawing was made, as our page
would not afford space for the representation of the larger spike. Our
readers will, however, be enabled from the description and figure to
form a good idea of the beauty of this rare species when well grown.
Mr. Schofield is a great lover of good Orchids, and apparently intends
having a fine collection of them, as he has had houses built for the
different classes; his gardener also takes great interest in the plants,
and consequently they are closely looked after and well cared for.

The Oncidium hæmatochilum is a very compact-growing plant, 63

with leaves from nine to twelve inches in height, and two and a
half inches broad, of a dark green colour, spotted with brown. The
sepals and petals are of a greenish yellow, mottled with crimson; the
lip is of a rich crimson, edged with yellow, and spotted round the
margin with magenta-rose colour. It flowers in November, the
blossoms continuing for several weeks in perfection, and is a plant
that will no doubt become popular, as it blooms at a time when
flowers are in request. The specimen we are describing was grown in
a basket in the Cattleya house, in peat and moss, which form an
unexceptionable compost for it, with good drainage, and a moderate
supply of water in the growing season. It is best suspended from the
roof where it may obtain plenty of light, but it does not like bright
sunshine, and consequently must be shaded in sunny weather.

The Oncidiums are a class of Orchids among which occur some most
showy and beautiful species; while almost every colour we could
mention is to be found represented among them. They come from
different regions, and in consequence their treatment must vary.
Some of them rank among our finest exhibition plants, as well as
amongst the best for the decoration of our stoves and Orchid houses.
We often see fine specimens of Oncidiums in our grand old
collections of plants where there is no pretence at growing a
collection of Orchids, but where they are merely cultivated for cutting
purposes. What is more airy and elegant for vases than the
inflorescence of Oncidium flexuosum, or even O. sphacelatum, or that
of many others we could mention if space would allow? What more
brilliant than such species as O. varicosum and its variety O. Rogersii,
O. ampliatum majus, O. tigrinum, O. Marshallianum, or O.
macranthum?

Dendrobium Findleyanum.—This plant is now (January, 1882) finely in

flower in the collection of J. C. Bowring, Esq., Windsor Forest. It must
be a grand specimen, as Mr. Clinkaberry, the gardener, informs us
that it has one hundred and ninety-two expanded blossoms. We have
never before heard of such a well-flowered specimen as this; indeed,
large plants of this species are somewhat rare. It is a most curious
grower, and very remarkable for its long tapering compressed and
deeply nodose stem-like pseudobulbs. The flowers are large, white,
tipped with rosy pink, in the same way as those of D. Wardianum,
and they are produced in great profusion. It is a plant that takes but
little room, and should be in every collection.—B. S. W.
Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers
Are you passionate about testbank and eager to explore new worlds of
knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that
cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to
specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we
have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you
expand your knowledge and nourish your soul
Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more
than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the
timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly
interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books
quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and
a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your
love for reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!

ebooksecure.com