Living World and Classification of Microbes

EXERCISE [PAGE 5]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 5

Use Whittakar method to classify bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, prokaryotic and
eukaryaotic microbes.
Solution: The characteristic features of each of the five kingdoms classified by
Whittaker are:
Kingdom Monera
• Absence of a well-defined nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Absence of multicellular body designs; all are unicellular
• Presence or absence of a cell wall
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic mode of nutrition
Kingdom Protista
• They are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
• They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
• Some members have cilia or flagella, which helps in locomotion.
Kingdom Fungi
• They may be unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
• Their body consists of mycelium, which is made up of multicellular filamentous
hyphae.
• Their cell walls are made up of tough, complex sugar called chitin.
• They are saprophytes, which feed on dead organic material.
Kingdom Plantae
• They are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
• Cell wall is made up of cellulose and not chitin unlike that of fungi.
• Most plant cells contain chlorophyll pigments. Hence, they are autotrophic.
• They are non-motile.
Kingdom Animalia
• They are multicellular eukaryotes.
• Cell wall is absent in them.
 • Chloroplast is absent in animal cells. Hence, they have a heterotrophic mode of
nutrition.
Exercise | Q 2 | Page 5

Complete the five kingdom method of classification using living organism prokaryotes,
eukaryotes, multicellular, unicellular, protista, animals, plants, fungi.

Solution:

Exercise | Q 3 | Page 5

Find out my partner

A B
Fungi Chlorella
Protozoa Bacteriophage
Virus Candida
 Algae Amoeba
Bacteria Prokaryotic

Solution:
A Answer
Fungi Candida
Protozoa Amoeba
Virus Bacteriophage
Algae Chlorella
Bacteria Prokaryotic

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 5

State whether the following statement is true or false. Explain your statement.
Lactobacilli are harmful bacteria.

1. True
2. False
Solution: False
Lactobacilli are not harmful bacteria, infact they are found in gastrointestinal tracts of
animals and humans. They are also an important part of dairy products such as milk,
yogurt etc.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 5

State whether the following statement is true or false. Explain your statement.
Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin.

1. True
2. False
Solution: True.

Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 5

State whether the following statement is true or false. Explain your statement.
Organ of locomotion in amoeba is pseudopodia.

1. True
2. False
Solution: True.
Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 5
State whether the following statement is true or false. Explain your statement.
Tomato wilt is viral disease.

1. True
2. False
Solution: True.

Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 5

Give answer.
State the merits of whitetaker's method of classification.

Solution: The merits of Whitakker's method of classification are:

1. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are kept under separate categories.

2. Autotrophs and heterotrophs are placed in separate groups.

3. A separate kingdom was assigned to fungi because of its mode of nutrition.

4. It is more natural than two kingdom classification.

5. Prokaryotes are placed under a separate category of monera.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 5

Give answer.
Write the characteristics of viruses.
Solution: The various characteristics of viruses are:
1. They are smaller and simpler than bacteria.
2. They are ultra microscopic and visible only under electron microscope.
3. They are considered to be on the boundary line of living and non-living things.
4. They are obligate parasites and cannot live on their own.
5. They cannot multiply on their own. They require living machinery to multiply.
6. Viruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective coat of
protein (capsid).
7. Viruses are responsible for causing many dreadful diseases in plants, animals, and
humans.
Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 5
Give answer.
Explain the nutrition in fungi.

Solution: The mode of nutrition in fungi is saprotropic and they are called saprophytes.
It is a mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its nutrients from the decaying
organic matter.

Exercise | Q 5.4 | Page 5

Give answer.
Which living organisms are included in the kingdom monera ?
Solution: Organisms with following characteristics are inlcuded under the kingdom
monera:
1. Absence of nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
2. Presence or absence of cell wall
3. Can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic
4. Are all unicellular and include mainly bacteria and blue green algae
Examples include bacteria and blue green algae.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 5

Who am I ?
I don't have true nucleus, cell organelles or plasma membrance.

Solution: Monera

Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 5

Who am I ?
I have nucleus and membrane bound cell orgenelles.

Solution: Protozoa

Exercise | Q 6.3 | Page 5

Who am I ?
I live on decaying organic matter.

Solution: Fungi
Exercise | Q 6.4 | Page 5
Who am I ?
I reproduce mainly by cell division.

Solution: Bacteria

Exercise | Q 6.5 | Page 5

Who am I ?
I Can produce my replica.

Solution: Viruses

Exercise | Q 6.6 | Page 5

Who am I ?
I am green, but don't have organs.

Solution: Algae

Exercise | Q 7.1 | Page 5

Draw neat and labelled diagram.
Different types of bacteria.

Solution:
Exercise | Q 7.2 | Page 5
Draw neat and labelled diagram.
Paramoecium

Solution:

Exercise | Q 7.3 | Page 5

Draw neat and labelled diagram.
Bacteriophage.

Solution:
Exercise | Q 8 | Page 5

Arrange the following in ascending order of size Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Algae.
Solution: Viruses → Bacteria → Fungi → Algae
 Health and Diseases

EXERCISE [PAGE 13]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 13

Distinguish between- Infections and non infections diseases.

Solution:
Non infectious diseases
Infectious diseases

It cannot be passed from one person to another.

1. It can be passed from one
person to another.

It is caused due to internal reasons like

2. It is caused by a pathogen. metabolic or genetic reasons.

They are classified as non communicable

3. They are classified as disease.
communicable disease.

4. eg: diarrhoea, cholera,

tuberculosis eg: diabetes, hypertension, cancer
Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 13
Identity the odd term.
Malaria, hepatitis, elephantiasis, dengue.

Solution: Hepatitis is the odd one out because it is a type of viral infection while the
rest of three are spread through the bite of mosquitoes.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 13

Identity the odd term.
Plague, AIDS, cholera, T.B.

Solution: AIDS is the odd one out because it is a viral disease while the rest of them
are bacterial diseases.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 13

Answer in one to two sentence.
Which are various media of spreading the infectious diseases ?

Solution: Infectious diseases can spread through air, water, blood to blood contact and
animal vectors.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 13

Answer in one to two sentence.
Give the names of five non-infections diseases other than given in the lesson.

Solution: Non infectious diseases- arthiritis, cataract, osteoprosis, multiple sclerosis

and Alzeimer's.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 13

Answer in one to two sentence.
Which are the main reasons of diabetes and heart diseases ?
Solution: Reasons of heart diseases include smoking, alcoholism, diabetes,
hypertension, obesity, lack of physical exercise, mental stress, anxiety and improper
diet.
Reasons of diabetes include obesity, lack of physical exercise, mental stress, improper
diet and hereditary.
Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 13
What can be achieved / can be prevented ?
Drinking boiled and filtered water.

Solution: Boiling and filteration are methods of purifying water which makes it suitable
for consumption. Drinking boiled and filtered water can help in prevention of water borne
diseases such as typhoid, cholera, etc. Most of the water borne diseases are
transmitted through the consumption of contaminated water in some or the other form.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 13

What can be achieved / can be prevented ?
Avoiding smoking and alcoholism.

Solution: Smoking and alcoholism are two of the devils of our health and society.
Smoking leads to various kinds of respratory disorders and hinders the process of
respiration. It can lead to diseases such as lung cancer. On the other hand,
consumption of alcohol, effects the nervous as well as the digestive system of our body.
Avoiding alcohol and smoking can protect indivisuals from various diseases and can
help in living a healthy and stress free life.

Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 13

What can be achieved / can be prevented ?
Regular balanced diet and exercise.

Solution: Balanced diet and exercise are key to good health. Both of these in
combination helps our systems to function properly, helps maintain a healthy weight,
reduces body fat, provides the body with energy, promotes good sleep and makes us
feel better about ourselves.

Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 13

What can be achieved / can be prevented ?
Proper checking of blood before blood donation.

Solution: Proper checking of blood before blood donation is required to check that the
blood to be transferred is safe in all respects. There are chances of transfer of infectious
diseases form the donor, if he/she is suffering from any such diseases. Another
important factor for checking of blood before donation is to check that the donor is not
anemic (does not have anemia).

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 13
Read the passage and answer the questions.
Master 'X' is a 3 year old child. He is toiler with his family in a slum. Public toilet is
present near his house. His father is drunkard. His mother does not know the
importance of balanced diet.
1. Master 'X' can suffer from which different possible diseases in above conditions ?
2. How will you help him and hsi family in this situation ?
3. Which disease can occur to the father o master 'X' ?
Solution: 1. Since, the house of master X is near the toilet and he lives in a slum area,
the chances are that there is less cleaniliness in that area. There are chances that he
may suffer from diseases like salmonellosis, shigellosis, diarrhoea, trachoma,
gastroenteritis, giardiasis, tapeworm infection and threadworm infection.
2. In this case, the famliy needs to be made aware about cleanliness in and around their
houses. There is a need to explain them the importance of balanced diet for them and
their child. Since, the father is a drukyard, he needs counselling and treatment to get rid
of the habit of alcoholism.
3. The father of master X is a drunkyard which means he might suffer from diseases
such as heart diseases, liver cirrhosis, ulcers and gastrointestinal ptoblems, brain
damage etc.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 13

Give the preventive measures of following disease.
Dengue
Solution: Dengue is a mosquito borne disease which is transmitted
by Aedes mosquitoes which grow in clean and stagnant water. The breeding of this
mosquito can be prevented by adopting the following steps:
1. larve-eating fishes should be introduced in ponds
2. collection and storage of water should always be done in closed vessels
3. potted plants should have proper drainage to avoid collection of water in the pots
4. pesticides should be used against mosquitoes as and when required.

Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 13

Give the preventive measures of following disease.
Cancer
Solution: Preventive measures for cancer:
1. Have a healthy diet
2. Exercise regularly
3. Avoid smoking and alcohol
4. Go for regular health checkups

Exercise | Q 6.3 | Page 13

Give the preventive measures of following disease.
AIDS
Solution: Preventive measures for AIDS are:
1. Avoid sexual contact with unknown persons
2. Screening of blood before transfusion
3. Avoid sharing of needles

Exercise | Q 7.1 | Page 13

Explain the importance.
Balanced diet.
Solution: A balanced diet is a diet containing all nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins, etc.) in the right quantities. A balanced diet helps us in various ways:
• provides us with important nutrients required for the growth of body
• helps us to stay fit and free from diseases
• helps in strengthening the immune system
• helps our systems to function properly
• helps maintain a healthy weight
• reduces body fat
• provides the body with energy
• promotes good sleep and makes us feel better about ourselves
Exercise | Q 7.2 | Page 13
Explain the importance.
Physical exercise / Yogasanas.
Solution: Importance of exercise and yogasanas are:
• reduces the risk of heart attack
• helps in managing weight better
• helps in maintaining blood cholesterol level
• lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes and some cancers
• helps in maintaining the blood pressure levels
• helps in attaining stronger bones, muscles and joints and lowers the risk of
osteoporosis
• boosts the energy levels, makes you feel relaxed
Exercise | Q 8 | Page 13

Make a list.
A. Viral diseases.
B. Bacterial diseases.
C. Diseases spread through insects.
D. Hereditary diseases.
Solution:
Example
Type of Disease

Viral Measels, Mumps, Swine flu, Chicken pox

 Bacterial Tuberculosis, Diptheria, Tetanus, Cholera, Typhoid

Insects Dengue, Malaria, Plague

Hereditary Diabetes, Hypertension, Cancer

Exercise | Q 9 | Page 13

Write the information on modern diagnostics and treatments of cancer.

Solution: Cancer: Cancer is a non-infectious, deadly disease that results in the
uncontrolled growth of the tumor cells or cancer cells. About 20% of the world's total
population suffers from cancer.
As technology develops, there are modern ways to diagnose and treat cancer in an
efficient way.
Treatments:
• Radiation therapy uses high-intensity radiations to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy uses chemical drugs.
• Immunotherapy activates the body's immune system to fight against cancer
cells.
• Stem cell treatment.
Diagnostics:
• Biopsy where a small tissue is taken and tested.
• Endoscopy where a thin camera is inserted into the body organs.
• Blood tests.
• Sputum and bronchial washing analysis use the sputum or bronchial sections
to be analyzed.
Exercise | Q 10 | Page 13

Enlist the names and composition of the medicines present at your home.

Solution: The following medicines are found in our houses:

1. Paracip- Paracetamol/Acetaminophen
2. Digene- Dried Aluminium Hydroxide, Magnesium Aluminium Silicate Hydrate,
Magnesium Hydroxide, Simethicone
3. Volini- Diclofenac diethylamine BP, Linseed Oil BP (Oleum Lini), Methyl salicylate,
Menthol IP, Benzyl Alcohol IP.
4. Vomikind- Ondansetron
 Force and Pressure

EXERCISE [PAGE 22]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 22

Write the word in the blank space.
The SI unit of force is_________.

1. Dyne
2. Newton
3. Joule
Solution: The SI unit of force is Newton.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 22

Write the word in the blank space.
The air pressure on our body is equal to __________ pressure.

1. Atmospheric
2. sea bottom
3. space
Solution: The air pressure on our body is equal to atmospheric pressure.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 22

Write the word in the blank space.
For a given object, the buoyant force in liquids of different ________
is__________. (the same , density , different , area)

Solution: For a given object, the buoyant force in liquids of

different density is different.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 22

Write the word in the blank space.
The SI unit of pressure is_______.

1. N/m3
2. N/m2
3. kg/m2
 4. pa/m2
Solution: The SI unit of pressure is N/m2.

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 22

Make a match
A group B group

1. Fluid a. Higher pressure

2. Blunt knife b. Atmospheric pressure

3. sharp needle c. Specific gravity

4. Relative density d. Lower pressure

5. Hecto pascal e. Same pressure in all directions

Solution:
A group Answers
1. Fluid e. Same pressure in all directions
2. Blunt knife d. Lower pressure
3. sharp needle a. Higher pressure
4. Relative density c. Specific gravity
5. Hecto pascal b. Atmospheric pressure

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 22

Answer the following question in brief.
A plastic cube is released in water. Will it sink of come to the surface of water?

Solution: The plastic cube is going to float on the surface of water as its density is less
than that of water.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 22

Answer the following question in brief.
Why do the load carrying heavy vehicles have large number of wheels?
Solution: We know, Pressure = Force / Area
So, greater the area of contact between two surfaces, lesser will be the pressure.
So, the load carrying heavy vehicles have large number of wheels so that the pressure
on the road is reduced due to larger contact area. Also, using large number of wheels
ensures that the force due to the load is shared among the tyres and no single tyre is
under stress.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 22

Answer the following question in brief.
How much pressure do we carry on our heads? why don't we feel it?

Solution: We carry atmospheric pressure of about 105 Pa on our heads. We don't

feel it because this atmospheric pressure is balanced by the pressure created by the air
and blood inside our body.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 22

Why does it happen?
A ship dips to a larger depth in fresh water as compared to marine water.

Solution: The density of marine water is more than the fresh water due to which the
buoyant force on the ship in marine water is more than the fresh water. Hence, the ship
dips to a larger depth in fresh water as compared to marine water.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 22

Why does it happen?
Fruits can easily be cut with a sharp knife.

Solution: Since the sharp edged knife makes lesser contact with the fruits to be cut,
thus the pressure exerted by it on the fruit is very large. Because of this large pressure,
fruits are easily cut with a sharp knife.

Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 22

Why does it happen?
The wall of a dam is broad at its base.

Solution: We know pressure of liquid increases with depth. So, the wall of a dam is
made broader at its base so that it is able to withstand the heavy pressure exerted by
the river water.

Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 22

Why does it happen?
If a stationary bus suddenly speeds up, passengers are thrown in the backward
direction.

Solution: If a stationary bus suddenly speeds up, passengers are thrown in the
backward direction. This is because initially the whole body of a passenger inside the
bus was in the state of rest. But, when the bus suddenly starts or speeds up, the lower
half of the passenger's body comes in motion in the forward direction but the upper half
still remains at rest due to inertia of rest. Hence, the passengers are thrown backward
when a stationary bus suddenly speeds up.

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 22

Complete the following tables.

Mass(Kg) Volume (m3) Density(kg/m3)
350 175 -
- 190 4

Density of Metal (kg/m3) Density of water (kg/m3) Relative Density

103 5
8.5 × 103 103 -

weight(N) Area (m2) Pressure(Nm−2)

- 0.04 20,000
1500 500 -

Solution: We know, Density = Mass / Volume

So, using above formula, we can find one quantity if other two quantities are given.
Mass (kg) Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3)
350 175 2
760 190 4

So, using above formula, we can find one quantity if other two quantities are given.
 Density of Metal (kg/m3) Density of water (kg/m3) Relative Density
5 × 103 103 5
8.5 × 103 103 8.5

We know, Pressure = Force / Area

So, using above formula, we can find one quantity if other two quantities are given.
Weight (N) Area (m2) Pressure (N m−2)
800 0.04 20,000
1500 500 3
Exercise | Q 6 | Page 22

The density of a metal is 10.8 × 103 kg/m3 . Find the relative density of the metal.
Solution: Given:

Exercise | Q 7 | Page 22

Volume of an object is 20 cm3 and the mass in 50 g. Density of water is 1 g cm-3 . Will
the object float on water or sink in Water?
Solution: Given:
Exercise | Q 8 | Page 22

The volume of a plastic covered sealed box is 350 cm3 and the box has a mass 500 g.
Will the box float on water or sink in water? what will be the mass of water displaced by
the box?
Solution: Given:
Volume of box = 350 cm3
Mass of box = 500 g
 Current Electricity and Magnetism

EXERCISE [PAGE 27]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 27

Fill in the blanks.
Water in the waterfall flows from a higher level to the lower level because of
____________.

Solution: Water in the waterfall flows from a higher level to the lower level because
of potential differences.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 27

Fill in the blanks.

In an electric circuit, electron flow a from of point of ________ potential to the point of
____________ potential.
Solution: In an electric circuit, electron flow a from of point of higher potential to the
point of lower potential.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 27

Fill in the blank.
The differences between the electrostatic potential of the positive end the negative end
of an electric cell is the __________ of the cell.

Solution: The differences between the electrostatic potential of the positive end the
negative end of an electric cell is the potential of the cell.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 27

Fill in the blank.
Three electric cells of potential difference 1.5 V each have been connected as a battery.
The potential differences of the battery will be ________ V.

Solution: Three electric cells of potential difference 1.5 V each have been connected
as a battery. The potential differences of the battery will be 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 4.5 V.

Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 27

Fill in the blank.
An electric current flowing in a wire creates __________ around the wire.

Solution: An electric current flowing in a wire creates magnetic field around the wire.

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 27

A battery is to be formed by joining 3 dry cells with connecting wires. Show how will you
connect the wires by drawing a diagram.
Solution:

Exercise | Q 3 | Page 27

In an electric circuit, a battery and a bulb have been connected and the battery consists
of two cells of equal potential difference. If the bulb is not glowing, then which tests will
you perform in order to find out the reason for the bulb not glowing?

Solution: The following test should be performed to find the reason why bulb is not
glowing:

1. Check how the terminals of the batteries are connected to each other: Ensure
that the positive terminal of one battery is connected to negative terminal of other
battery. If the batteries are connected in this this way and even then the bulb does not
glow, go for the next test given below.

2. Check for the broken wires in the circuit: Ensure that the wires used for
connecting the various electrical components are nor broken in between i.e. ensure that
the circuit is closed. Even after ensuring that the wires are not broken in between, the
bulb does not glow, move to the next test.
3. Check how the connecting wires are connected to the bulb: Ensure that the
bulb is connected to the batteries using the connecting wires as shown below. Even
now, if the bulb does not glow, replace the bulb or the batteries with a new one.

Exercise | Q 4 | Page 27
Electric cells having 2 V potential difference each have been connected in the form of a
battery. What will be the total potential difference of the battery in both cases ?
(i)

(ii)

Solution: (i) Total potential difference = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 V

(ii) Total potential difference = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 V

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 27

Describe the construction, working and usefulness of a dry cell, with the help of a
diagram.
Solution: Construction of dry cell
The dry cell consists of following components:
Outer metal covering: The metal covering is made up of zinc metal and is whitish in
appearance. It acts as a negative terminal of the cell.
Electrolyte: Inside the Zinc metal, there is the electrolyte filled between two layers.
Electrolyte is a wet pulp of Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). It is
the charge carrier of electricity as it contains negatively charged and positively charged
ions.
Metal rod: There is a graphite rod at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by paste of
Manganese dioxide (MnO2). It acts as the positive terminal of the cell.

Working of dry cell: Chemical reactions take place between the electrolyte, zinc
container and graphide rod. Because of this, electric charge is produced on the two
terminals of the cell and electric current flows in the circuit.

Usefulness of dry cell: They are handy and portable. The life of dry cell is longer than
cells using liquid electrolyte. Dry cells can be use in torch, T.V. or A.C remote controls,
toys, etc.

Exercise | Q 6 | Page 27

Describe the construction and working of an electric bell with the help of a diagram.
Solution: Construction of an electric bell
Following are the components of electric bell:
1. Electromagnet: A copper wire is wound around an iron piece which acts a magnet
when current flows through it.
2. Striker in touch with contact screw through an iron strip
3. A metal gong
4. A key or a switch
Working of an electric bell
When the switch is 'ON' and the screw is in contact with the iron strip, then electric
current flows through the copper wire which gets magnetised because of
electromagnetism. This magnetised copper wire (or the electromagnet) attracts the iron
strip towards it, letting the striker hit the gong and thus sound is produced. As soon as
the striker hits the gong, the screw loses its contact with the iron strip and therefore,
current stops in the circuit. At this point, the electromagnet loses its magnetism and the
iron strip moves back and comes in contact with the contact screw. The electric current
is then restored in the circuit and again the striker hits the gong by the above process.
This action repeats itself and the bell rings.
 Inside the Atom

EXERCISE [PAGE 38]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 38

Answer the following:
What is the difference in the atomic models of Thomson and Rutherford?

Solution:
Thomson Theory Rutherford Theory

States that electron is embedded in a States that an atom is composed of an

positively charged solid material which is atomic nucleus around which electrons are
spherical in shape revolving in an orbit

Does not give any detail about the Explains about the atomic nucleus
atomic nucleus
States that electrons are uniformly States that electrons are located around a
distributed in an atom central solid material
Indicates that the atom is spherical in Indicates that an atom has a central solid
shape core called a nucleus surrounded by the
electrons

Does not give any idea about States that the nucleus is composed of
constituents of the nucleus protons and neutrons
Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 38
Answer the following :
What is meant by valency of an element ? what is the relationship between the number
of valence electron and valency ?

Solution: Valency of an element : It is the number of electrons of an atom of the

element uses to combine with atoms of other elements.
It is the combining power of an atom of the element.
Valency of an atom is determined by its electronic configuration.
It gives idea about the number of electrons loss or gain in order to achieve the nearest
noble gas configuration.
For example: Na(11) = 2,8,1 So, its valency is 1
Cl(17) = 2,8,7 So, its valency is also 1
Number of valence electron : It is defined as the number of electrons present in the
outermost shell of an atom.
It is not necessary that all the valence electrons take part in bonding.
For example: Na(11) = 2,8,1 So, its number of valence electron is 1
Cl(17) = 2,8,7 So its number of valence electron is 7
It can be seen that valency of an element is related to number of valence electrons in
that atom.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 38

Answer the following :
What is meant by atomic mass number ? Explain how the atomic number and mass
number of carbon are 6 and 12 respectively.

Solution: Atomic Mass Number : It is the sum of total number of protons and neutrons
present in a nucleus.
Atomic mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons.
Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons. It is denoted by Z.
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons. It is denoted by A.
For example : Carbon atom its, Number of proton = 6
Number of neutrons = 6
Number of electron = 6
Atomic number(Z) = number of protons = number of electrons = 6.
Mass number(A) = number of proton + number of neutrons = 6 + 6 =12.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 38

Answer the following :
what is meant by subatomic particle ? give brief information of three subatomic particles
with refrence to electrical charge, mass and location.

Solution: Subatomic particles : A subatomic particle is a structural and functional unit of

the matter. That means all the matters are made up of these fundamental particles.
According to modern atomic theory, an atom has a nucleus, which is present in its
center or core. These nucleus contain subatomic particles like protons and neutrons.
Difference between subatomic particles are as follows :
Electron
1. Electrons are present outside the nucleus of an atom.
2. Electrons are negatively charged that is
(1.6 × 10-19 coulomb).
3. The mass of an electron is considered to negligible. It is 1800 times less than that of
a hydrogen
4.Relative mass = 1/ 1840 times hydrogen
5. It revolves around the nucleus in the discrete orbit.

Proton
1. Protons are present in the nucleus of an atom.
2. Protons are positively charged that is (1.6 × 10-19 coulomb).
3. The mass of a proton is approximately 1u(1Dalton) that is (1u = 1.66 × 10-27 g).
4. They are closely bound in the nucleus.

Neutron
1. Neutrons are present in the nucleus of an atom.
2. Neutrons are neutral.There is no charge.
3. The mass of a neutron is nearly equal to the mass of a proton that is 1u(1Dalton) that
is (1u = 1.66 × 10-27 g).
4. They are closely bound in the nucleus.

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 38

Give secientific reason.
All the mass of an atom is concenrated in the nucleus.

Solution: All the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus because atom
contains three subatomic particles like electron, proton and neutron.Out of which,
nucleus present at the centre of an atom contains two subatomic particles that's protons
and neutrons and the mass of nucleus is the sum of mass of protons and neutrons
located at the centre of an atom.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 38

Give secientific reason.
Atom is electrically neutral.

Solution: Atom is electrically neutral because in an atom electrons and protons carry
charges and each atom has equal numbers of protons (positively charged) and
electrons (negatively charged).

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 38

Give secientific reason.
Atomic mass number is a whole number.

Solution: Atomic mass number is a whole number because it is the sum of numbers of
protons and numbers of neutrons present in an atom.Which is present in the form of
integers.

Exercise | Q 2.4 | Page 38

Give secientific reason.
Atoms are stable though negatively charged electron are revolving within it.

Solution: Atoms are stables though negatively charged electrons are revolving within it
because each atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons. So, charge on
negatively charged electrons are balanced by charge on positively charged proton.
Therefore, atom is electrically neutral and stable.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 38

Define the following form:
Atom

Solution: An atom is defined as the structural and functional unit of a matter. The term
"atom" comes from the Greek word which means indivisible, because atoms are the
smallest things in the universe and could not be divided. atoms are made up of three
subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 38

Define the following form :
Isotope
Solution: Isotopes are atoms that have same atomic number but different mass
number. Isotopes have same numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
These are some common examples of isotopes: 3
2He, 4
2He, 12
6C, 14
6C, 235
92U, 239
92U, 289.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 38

Define the following form:
Atomic number

Solution: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which is characteristic of a

chemical element and determines its place in the periodic table. Atomic number is also
equal to numbers of electrons in an atom.
For example :
Atomic number of carbon = 6
Atomic number of nitrogen = 7
Atomic number of oxygen = 8
Atomic number of magnesium = 12

Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 38

Define the following form :
Atomic mass number

Solution: It is the sum of total number of protons and neutrons present in a nucleus.
atomic mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons.
Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons.It is denoted by Z.
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons. It is denoted by A.
For example : Carbon atom its, Number of proton = 6
Number of neutrons = 6
Number of electron = 6
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons = number of electrons = 6
Mass number (A) = number of proton + number of neutrons = 6 + 6 =12

Exercise | Q 3.5 | Page 38

Define the following form :
Moderator in nuclear reactor

Solution: Moderator of a nuclear reactor is a substance that slows down the speed of
neutrons. In traditional nuclear reactors, the moderator is the same thing as that of
coolant like water.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 38

Draw a neat lablled diagram
Ruthrford's scattering experiment

Solution:

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 38

Draw a neat lablled diagram
Thomson's atomic model

Solution:
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 38
Draw a neat lablled diagram
Diagramatic sketch of electronic configurations of magnesium (Atomic number 12)

Solution:

Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 38

Draw a neat lablled diagram
Diagramatic sketeh of electronic configuration of Argon (Atomic number 18)

Solution:
Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 38
Fill in the blank.
Electron, proton, neutron are the types of __________ in an atom.

Solution: Electron, proton, neutron are the types of subatomic particles in an atom.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 38

Fill in the blank.
An electron carries a ________ charge.

Solution: An electron carries a negative charge.

Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 38

Fill in the blank.
The electron shell _________ is nearest to the nucleus.

Solution: The electron shell K is nearest to the nucleus.

Exercise | Q 5.4 | Page 38

Fill in the blank.
The electronic configuration magnesium is 2, 8, 2. From this it is understood that the
valence shell of magnesium is ___________.

Solution: The electronic configuration magnesium is 2, 8, 2. From this it is

understood that the valence shell of magnesium is M shell.
Exercise | Q 5.5 | Page 38
Fill in the blank.
The valency of hydrogen is 'one as per the molecular formula H2O . Therefore valency
of 'Fe' turns out to be ______________ as per the formula Fe2O3.

Solution: The valency of hydrogen is 'one as per the molecular formula H2O . Therefore
valency of 'Fe' turns out to be three as per the formula Fe2O3.

Exercise | Q 6 | Page 38

Match the pairs.

Group 'A' Group 'B'
a. Proton i. Negatively charged

b. Electron 2. Neutral

c. Neutron 3. Positively charged

Solution:
Group 'A' Answer
a. Proton 1. Positively charged

b. Electron 2. Negatively charged

c. Neutron 3. Neutral

Exercise | Q 7 | Page 38

Deducd from the datum provided.

Solution:
 Composition of Matter

EXERCISE [PAGE 47]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 47

Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statement.
The intermolecular force is _______ in the paricles of solid.

1. Minimum
2. Moderate
3. maximum
4. indefinite
Solution: The intermolecular force is maximum in the paricles of solid.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 47

Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statement.
Solids retain their voume even when external pressure is applied. This property is
called__________

1. plasticity
2. Incompressibility
3. fluidity
4. elasticity
Solution: Solids retain their voume even when external pressure is applied. This
property is called incompressibility.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 47

Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statement.
Matter is classified into the types mixture, compound and element by applying the
criterion______________

1. states of matter
2. Phases of matters
3. chemical compositions of matter
4. all of these
Solution: Matter is classified into the types mixture, compound and element by applying
the criterion states of matter.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 47

Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statement.
Matter that contain two or more constituent substances is called__________

1. mixture
2. compound
3. element
4. metalloid
Solution: Matter that contain two or more constituent substances is called compound.

Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 47

Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statement.
Milk is an example of type of matter called __________.

1. solution
2. homogeneous mixture
3. heterogeneous mixture
4. suspension
Solution: Milk is an example of type of matter called homogeneous mixture.

Exercise | Q 1.6 | Page 47

Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statement.
Water, mercury and bromine are similar o each other, because three are

1. liquids
2. compounds
3. nonmetals
4. elements
Solution: Water, mercury and bromine are similar to each other, because three
are liquids.

Exercise | Q 1.7 | Page 47

Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statement.
valency of carbon is 4 and that of oxygen is 2. From this, we understand that there are
_______ chemical bond/bonds between the carbon atom and one oxygen atom in the
compound-carbon dioxide.

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Solution: valency of carbon is 4 and that of oxygen is 2. From this, we understand that
there are 2 chemical bond/bonds between the carbon atom and one oxygen atom in the
compound carbon dioxide.

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 47

Identify the odd term out and explain
Gold, silver, copper, brass

Solution: Brass is odd one out because it is an alloy and gold, silver, copper are
element.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 47

Identify the odd term out and explain
Hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, carbon dioxide, water vapour.

Solution: Hydrogen is odd one out because it is an element and others are compound.

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 47

Identify the odd term out and explain
Milk, lemon juice, carbon, steel.

Solution: Carbon is odd one out because it is an element and others are mixture of
various elements.

Exercise | Q 2.4 | Page 47

Identify the odd term out and explain.
water, mercury, bromine, petrol.

Solution: Water is odd one out because it is universal solvent and rest are not
universal solvent.
Exercise | Q 2.5 | Page 47
Identify the odd term out and explain.
sugar, slat, baking soda, blue vitrol.

Solution: Baking soda is odd one out because it is a mixture of various elements and
others are compound.

Exercise | Q 2.6 | Page 47

Identify the odd term out and explain
Hydrogen, sodium, potassium, carbon.

Solution: Carbon is odd one out because it has 4 valence electrons and others have 1
valence electron.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 47

Answer the following question.
Plants synthesize glucose in sunlight with the help of chlorophyll from carbon dioxide
and water and give away oxygen. identify the four compounds in this process and name
their types.
Solution: Photosynthesis is a chemical process through which plants, some bacteria
and algae, produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, using only light
as a source of energy, which is absorbed by chlorophyll.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Four substances in this process are as follows:
1.Carbon dioxide = organic compound
2.Water = organic compound
3.Glucose = organic compound
4.Chlorophyll = organo-metallic compound or complex compound.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 47

Answer the following question.
In one sample of brass, the following ingredients were found : copper (70%) and zinc
(30%). Identify the solvent, solute and solution from these.

Solution: Brass is an alloy made primarily of copper, usually with zinc.Brass as a solid
solution consisting of zinc and other metals as solute dissolved in copper taken as
solvent. So that, the brass meets all the criteria of a solution.
Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 47
Answer the following question.
Sea water tastes salty due to the dissolved salt. the salinity (the proportion of salts in
water) of some water bodies Lonar lake - 7.9 %, Pacific Ocean 3.5%, Mediterranean
sea- 3.8%, Dead sea- 33.7%. Explain two characteristics of mixture from the above
information.

Solution: Characteristics of mixtures from above information are:

1.Constituent substances of a mixture are two or more elements or compounds.
2.The proportion of constituent substances in a mixture can be variable.
3.The properties of constituent substances are retained in the mixture.

Exercise | Q 4.01 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Liquid element

Solution: Liquid element = mercury, bromine

Exercise | Q 4.02 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Gaseous element

Solution: Gaseous element = oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

Exercise | Q 4.03 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Solid element

Solution: Solid element = sodium, carbon, aluminium

Exercise | Q 4.04 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Homogeneous mixture

Solution: Homogeneous mixture = sugar in water, corn oil, blood plasma

Exercise | Q 4.05 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Colloid

Solution: Colloid = mayonnaise, milk, butter, gelatin, jelly, muddy water

Exercise | Q 4.06 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Organic compound

Solution: Organic compound = proteins, glucose, urea, carbohydrates

Exercise | Q 4.07 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Complex compound

Solution: Complex compound = chlorophyll, hemoglobin, cyanocobalamine

Exercise | Q 4.08 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Inorganic compound

Solution: Inorganic compound = limestone, rust, common salt

Exercise | Q 4.09 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Metalloid

Solution: Metalloid = silicon, germanium

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Element with valency 1

Solution: Element with valency 1 = sodium, potassium, chlorine

Exercise | Q 4.11 | Page 47

Give two examples.
Element with valency 2

Solution: Element with valency 2 = magnesium, calcium

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 47
Write the names and symbols of the constituent elements and identify their valencies
from the molecular formulae given below.
KCl, HBr, MgBr2, K2O, NaH, CaCl2, CCl4, HI, H2S, Na2S, FeS, BaCl2

Solution:
Compounds Name of Symbol of constituent Valency of constituent
compounds elements elements

KCl Potassium K, Cl K = 1, Cl = 1
chloride
HBr Hydrogen bromide K, Br K = 1, Br = 1

MgBr2 Magnesium Mg, Br Mg = 2, Br = 1

bromide

K2O Potassium oxide K, O K = 1, O = 2

NaH Sodium hydride Na, H Na = 1, H = 1

CaCl2 Calcium chloride Ca, Cl Ca = 2, Cl = 1

CCl4 Carbon C, Cl C = 4, Cl = 1
tetrachloride

HI Hydrogen iodide H, I H = 1, I = 1

H2S Hydrogen sulphide H, S H = 1, S = 2

Na2S Sodium sulphide Na, S Na = 1, S = 2

FeS Iron (II) Sulfide Fe, S F = 2, S = 2

BaCl2 Barium chloride Ba, Cl B = 2, Cl = 1

Exercise | Q 6 | Page 47

Chemical composition of some matter is given in the following table. Identify the main
type of matter from their.
Name of Chemical Main type of
matter composition matter
Sea water H2O + NaCl + MgCl2
Distilled water H2O
Hydrogen gas filled in a ballon H2
 The gas in LPG cylinder C4H10 + C3H8
Baking soda NaHCO3
Pure gold Au
The gas in oxygen cylinder O2
Bronze Cu + Sn
Diamond C
Heated white powder of blue vitroi CuSO4
Lime stone CaCO3
Dilute hydrochloric acid HCL+ H2O
Solution:
Name of Chemical Main type of
matter composition matter
Sea water H2O + NaCl + MgCl2 mixture
Distilled water H2O compound
Hydrogen gas filled in a ballon H2 element(molecule)
The gas in LPG cylinder C4H10 + C3H8 mixture
Baking soda NaHCO3 mixture
Pure gold Au element
The gas in oxygen cylinder C4H10 + C3H8 element(molecule)
Bronze Cu + Sn mixture
Diamond C element(allotrope)
Heated white powder of blue vitroi CuSO4 compound
Lime stone CaCO3 compound
Dilute hydrochloric acid HCL + H2O compound
Exercise | Q 7.1 | Page 47
Write scientific reason.
Hydrogen is combustible, oxygen helps combustion, but water helps to extinguish fire.

Solution: Water is made up of two elements, that's hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is
flammable, but oxygen is not. Flammability is the ability of a combustible material with
an adequate supply of oxygen (or another oxidiser) to sustain enough heat energy to
keep a fire going after it has been ignited. Though water is made up of two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom of oxygen by forming an ionic compound, it does not possess
the characteristics of them because a compound does not have the properties of its
constituent elements. Therefore, water has its own properties, which helps to extinguish
fire.

Exercise | Q 7.2 | Page 47

Write scientific reason.
Constituent substances of a colloid cannot be separated by ordinary filtration.

Solution: Constituent substances of a colloid cannot be separated by ordinary filtration

because the size of the particles in a colloids(or colloidal solution) is bigger than those
in a true solution but smaller than those in suspension.It is in between 1nm to 100nm in
diameter. The size of ordinary filter paper is more than 100nm due to which colloidal
particles are passed through the pores of a filter paper. Due to which, we prefer to use
ultrafilter paper so that, filteration of colloidal particles take place easily.

Exercise | Q 7.3 | Page 47

Write scientific reason.
Lemon sherbat has sweet, sour and salty taste and it can be poured in a glass.

Solution: Lemon sherbat has sweet, sour and salty taste and it can be poured in a
glass because sour taste indicates presence of an acid and if acid is poured in a vessel
made up of metal, then acid reacts with metal and makes it poisonous in nature.So we
prefer to take vessel made up of glass material.

Exercise | Q 7.4 | Page 47

Write scientific reason.
A solid matter has the properties of definite shape and volume.

Solution: A solid matter has the properties of definite shape and volume because of the
following reasons:
1)Intermolecular force of attraction between the particles of matter is very strong.
2)Internuclear space between the particles of matter is negligible.
3)Particles of matter are very close to each other that they only vibrate at their fixed
position.

Exercise | Q 8.1 | Page 47

Deduce the molecular formulae of the compound obtained from the following pairs of
elements by the cross multiplication method.
C (Valency 4) & Cl (Valency 1)
Solution: C (Valency 4) & Cl (Valency 1) :
Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.
 C Cl
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
C Cl
4 1
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

CCl4

Exercise | Q 8.2 | Page 47

Deduce the molecular formulae of the compound obtained from the following pairs of
elements by the cross multiplication method.
N (Valency 3) & H (Valency 1)
Solution: N (Valency 3) & H (Valency 1)
Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.
N H
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
N H
3 1
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

NH3

Exercise | Q 8.3 | Page 47

Deduce the molecular formulae of the compound obtained from the following pairs of
elements by the cross multiplication method.
C (Valency 4) & O (Valency 2)
Solution: C (Valency 4) & O (Valency 2)
Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.
C O
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
C O
4 2
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.
Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.
CO2

Exercise | Q 8.4 | Page 47

Deduce the molecular formulae of the compound obtained from the following pairs of
elements by the cross multiplication method.
Ca (Valency 2) & O (Valency 2)
Solution: Ca (Valency 2) & O (Valency 2)
Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.
Ca O
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
Ca O
2 2
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

CaO
 Metals and Nonmetals

EXERCISE [PAGE 53]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 53

Complete the table.

Property of metal Use in every day life
i. Ductility
ii. Malleability
iii. Conduction of heat
iv. Conduction of electricity
v. Sonority

Solution:
Property of metal Use in every day life
i. Ductility In electrical wires, cable wires etc.
ii.Malleability Aluminium foil
iii. Conduction of heat Cooking wares, microwave, electric press, straightening
machine, electric belts

iv. Conduction of Bulb, tubelight, lamp, refrigerator, television

electricity

v. Sonority Cymbals, doorbells

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 53

Identify the odd term
Gold, silver, iron, diamond

Solution: Iron is odd one out because iron is non-lustrous in nature and others are
lustrous.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 53

Identify the odd term
Ductility, brittelness, sonority, malleability
Solution: Brittleness is odd one out because it is a property of non-metals and rest are
the properties of metals.

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 53

Identify the odd term
Carbon, bromic, sulphur, phosphorus

Solution: Bromine is odd one out because it is liquid non-metal and others are solid
non-metals.

Exercise | Q 2.4 | Page 53

Identify the odd term.
Brass, bronze, iron, steel

Solution: Iron is odd one out because it is not an alloy and others are alloys.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 53

Write scientific reason.
The stainless steel vessels in Kitchen have copper coating on the bottom.

Solution: The stainless steel vessels in Kitchen have copper coating on the bottom
because copper is good conductor of heat and electricity, by using copper cookware,
any meal can be prepared in a perfect and gentle way. They are the best pots and pans
for cooking and roasting. This is particularly due to the fact that copper has excellent
material properties and is is cheap metal as compare to other metals.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 53

Write scientific reason.
Copper and brass vessels are cleaned with lemon.

Solution: Copper vessels get tarnished due to corrosion of copper metal. It forms a
layer of copper oxide, which is basic in nature. When lemon juice which contains citric
acid is added to it, neutralisation reaction takes place thus the vessel gets cleaned.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 53

Write scientific reason.
Sodium metal is kept in kerosene.
Solution: Sodium metal is kept in kerosene because sodium is very reactive metal. It
is kept in kerosene to prevent it from coming in contact with oxygen and moisture. If
this happens, it will react with the moisture present in air and form Sodium hydroxide.
This is a strongly exothermic reaction, and lot of heat is generated. It will result out in
the form of fire.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 53

Answer the following:
What is done to prevent corrosion of metals?
Solution: We can prevent corrosion by selecting the following things:
1. metal type
2. protective coating
3. environmental measures
4. sacrificial coatings
5. design modification
Metal Type :
One simple way to prevent corrosion is to use a corrosion resistant metal such as
aluminium or stainless steel. Depending on the application, these metals can be used to
reduce the need for additional corrosion protection.
Protective Coatings :
The application of a paint coating is a cost-effective way of preventing corrosion. Paint
coatings act as a barrier between metal and atmospheric moisture to avoid its contact.
For example : black paint.
Another possibility is applying a powder coating. In this process, a dry powder is applied
to the clean metal surface to avoid its contact with surrounding oxygen. For example :
acrylic, polyester, epoxy, nylon and urethane.
Environmental Measures :
Corrosion is caused by a chemical reaction between the metal and gases in the
surrounding environment. By taking measures to control the environment, these
unwanted reactions can be minimized. For example : this would be decrease by treating
the water in water boilers with softeners to adjust hardness, alkalinity or oxygen content.
Sacrificial Coatings :
Sacrificial coating involves coating the metal with an additional metal type that is more
likely to oxidize.
There are two main techniques for sacrificial coating:
Cathodic Protection : The most common example of cathodic protection is the coating
of iron alloy steel with zinc, this process is known as galvanizing. Zinc is a more active
metal than steel and when it starts to corrode it oxides which inhibits the corrosion of the
steel. This method is known as cathodic protection
Anodic Protection : Anodic protection involves coating the iron alloy steel with a less
active metal, such as tin. Tin will not corrode, so the steel will be protected as long as
the tin coating is in place. This method is known as anodic protection
Design Modification :
Design modifications can help reduce corrosion and improve the durability of any
existing protective anti-corrosive coatings. Ideally, designs should avoid trapping dust
and water, encourage movement of air, and avoid open crevices. Ensuring the metal is
accessible for regular maintenance will also increase longevity.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 53

Answer the following:
What are the metals that make the alloys brass and bronze ?

Solution: Brass: It is an alloy, that contains copper and zinc as major constituents.
Bronze: It is an alloy, that contains copper and tin as major constituents.

Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 53

Answer the following
What are the adverse effects of corrosion ?
Solution: The adverse effects of corrosion are as follows:
1. Damage to commercial airplanes that could result in possible in-flight problems
2. Damage to oil pipelines that could cause a costly and dangerous rupture that creates
significant environmental damage.
3. Damage to bridge supports that could cause a bridge failure
4. Release of harmful pollutants from iron corrosion that contaminates the air
5. Costs of repairing or replacing household equipment that fails
6. Lose of efficiency
7. Contamination of product
8. Damage of metallic equipments
9. Inability to use metallic materials
10. Lose of valuable materials such as blockage of pipes, mechanical damage of
underground water pipes
11. Accidents due to mechanical lose of metallic cars, aircrafts etc.
12. Causes pollution due to escaping products from corrosion
13. Depletion of natural resource
Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 53
Answer the following
What are use of Noble metals. ?
Solution: Uses of Noble metals are:
Uses of Silver : It is a shiny, heavy metal, and the best conductor of electricity.
1. It is used for making silver ornaments and expensive utensils such as glasses, mugs,
etc.
2. It is used for making coins.
3. Salts of silver like silver chloride are used for making photographic films.
4. Silver foils are used for decorating sweets.
5. Silver is also used for making mirrors using a process called sputtering.
Uses of gold : Gold is bright yellow and a highly malleable and ductile metal.
1. Gold is used as the index of wealth. The countries which have more gold reserve are
considered to be wealthy.
2. It is used for making ornaments.
3. It is used for making high-value coins and medals.
4. It is used for covering the mainframe of artificial satellites.
Uses of platinum : Platinum is silvery white, a highly malleable and ductile metal.
1. It is used for making ornaments and watches.
2. It is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid.
3. It is used in platinum catalytic converters.
4. It is also used in chemical laboratories.

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 53
Three experiments to study the process of rusting are given below. Observe the three
test tubes and answer the following questions.
A. Why the nail in the test tube 2 is not rusted ?
B. Why is the nail in the test tube 1 is rusted highly ?
C. Would the nail in the test tube 3 get rusted ?
Solution: Essential requirement for corrosion are:
• Supply of oxygen
• Presence of water
• Material itself
(A) The nail in the test tube 2 is not rusted because in test tube 2, we take boiling water.
So, all the dissolved oxygen is removed from water and if the iron nail donot get supply
of oxygen then corrosion is not carried out.
(B) The nail in the test tube 1 is rusted highly because in the test tube 1, iron nail meets
with all the requirements which is essential for the process of corrosion. That's Supply of
oxygen in dissolved form, presence of water and material itself.
(C) The nail in the test tube 3 is not rusted because calcium chloride is one of the best
absorbent. So, it absorbs all the dissoved oxygen present in water. Hence corrosion
process is not take place.
 Pollution

EXERCISE [PAGE 61]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 61

Following are some statement about pollution which type of pollution do those express?
Fog seems to be appearing in Delhi during day hours.

Solution: Air pollution

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 61

Following are some statement about pollution which type of pollution do those express?
Many times, vomiting and dysentery occurs after eating 'pani puri'

Solution: Water pollution

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 61

Following are some statement about pollution which type of pollution do those express?
Problem of sneezing occurs sometimes during visit to garden.

Solution: Air pollution

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 61

Following are some statement about pollution which type of pollution do those express?
Crop does not grow up in some areas.

Solution: Soil pollution

Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 61

Following are some statement about pollution which type of pollution do those express?
People living in the busy squares face the problems like short breathing and other
respiratory problems.

Solution: Air pollution

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 61
Read the passage and identify the sentences expressing types of pollution.
Nilesh is a student of std. VIII and lives in urban area. It takes about an hour to go to
the school by bus. He faces the heavy traffic of two wheelers, four wheelers, rickshaws,
buses while going to school. He is facng the problem of asthma since to stay away from
urban area. Since then, his mother sent him to the village of his maternal uncle. Nilesh
saw th heaps of garbage of many places in village. Foul smell of human and animal
wastes was present at many places. Blackish water with foul smell was flowing in a
stream. He devleoped some abdominal disease with in few days.

Solution: Nilesh is a student of std. VIII and lives in urban area. It takes about an hour
to go to the school by bus. He faces the heavy traffic of two wheelers, four wheelers,
rickshaws, buses (Air pollution) while going to school. He is facing the problem of
asthma (Air pollution) since to stay away from urban area. Since then, his mother sent
him to the village of his maternal uncle. Nilesh saw the heaps of garbage in many
places in village. Foul smell of human and animal wastes (Air and soil pollution) was
present at many places. Blackish water with foul smell (Water pollution) was flowing in
a stream. He devleoped some abdominal disease (Water pollution) with in few days.

Exercise | Q 3 | Page 61

Match the pairs from 'A' and 'B' columns and explain the effect of pollution on human
health.
Column 'A' Column 'B'
1. Water containing cobalt a. Mental retardedness

2. Methane gas b. Paralysis

3. Water containing lead c. Inflammation of lungs.

4. Sulphur dioxide d. Skin cancer

5. Nitrogen dixoide e. Irritation of eyes
Solution:
Column 'A' Answer
1. Water containing cobalt b. Paralysis
2. Methane gas d. Skin cancer
3. Water containing lead a. Mental retardedness
4. Sulphur dioxide e. Irritation of eyes
5. Nitrogen dixoide c. Inflammation of lungs

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 61

True or false.
Water does not get polluted by washing the cloths in running water of river.

1. True
2. False
Solution: False.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 61

True or false
More the use of electric appliances, more wil be the pollution.

1. True
2. False
Solution: True

Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 61

Answer the following.
What is pollution ?

Solution: Pollution is any undesirable change that takes place in the environment which
is harmful to both living and non-living things.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 61

Answer the following.
What are pollution ?

Solution: Pollutants are the harmful chemicals and substances that cause pollution. For
example, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, pesticides etc.

Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 61

Answer the following.
What is acid rain ?

Solution: Gases such as sulphur dioxide, sulphur trioxide and nitrogen dioxide, when
present in air, combine with the water droplets present in the atmosphere to form acid
droplets. These droplets remain suspended in air and fall down on the earth along with
rain, thereby making the rain acidic. Such rain is called acid rain.

Exercise | Q 5.4 | Page 61

Answer the following.
What is green house effect ?

Solution: The increase in the average temperature of the earth’s surface due to the
increase in concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, etc. is
called greenhouse effect.

Exercise | Q 5.5 | Page 61

Answer the following.
Which are visible pollution known as you ?

Solution: Pollutants which are visible to our naked eyes are called visible pollutants.
For example, sewage, plant and animal wastes, pesticides, plastic, sand etc.

Exercise | Q 5.6 | Page 61

Answer the following.
Which are invisible pollutions ?

Solution: Invisible pollutants are pollutants which are not visible to our naked eyes. For
example, fungi, viruses, bacteria, gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide etc.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 61

Answer the following
Give are examples of each of water, soil and air pollution from your residential area.

Solution: Sources of air pollution:

1. Burning of fuel like wood, kerosene.
Vehicular emissions from automobiles.
2. Sources of water pollution:
3. Washing of clothes in flowing water bodies.
Release of domestic sewage into water bodies.
4. Sources of soil pollution:
5. Spraying of pesticides and insecticides on plants.
Mixing of wastes of animals and plants.

Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 61

Answer the following
How does the pollution occur due to vehicles ? Give the names of vehicles causing
least pollution.

Solution: Most of the vehicles are run on fossil fuels like petrol and diesel. These fossil
fuels are burnt in vehicles to produce energy which results in the production of smoke.
This smoke conatins harmful gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen oxide,
particulate matter, ammonia and sulphur dioxide.
There are various other kinds of vehicles which cause least or no pollution at all, for
example. bicycle, vehicles run on CNG, electric cars, metro etc.

Exercise | Q 6.3 | Page 61

Answer the following
What are natural reasons for water pollution.
Solution: The natural reasons of water pollution are :
• Presence of aquatic weeds which depletes the oxygen content of water bodies.
• Excessive algal growth.
• Mud and sludge which are added to water bodies due to river currents and their
diversions.
• Growth of microbes like bacteria and fungi on dead and decaying matter present
in water bodies.
Exercise | Q 6.4 | Page 61
Answer the following
Suggest four preventive measures for air pollution.

Solution: Some of the measures that can be taken to prevent air pollution are as
follows:

(i) Use of clean fuels such as CNG, LPG and unleaded petrol in public and private
transport.

(ii) Use of renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and hydel energy.

(iii) Planting more and more trees to prevent pollution.

(iv) Preventing burning of dry leaves and using them in composting.

Exercise | Q 6.5 | Page 61

Answer the following
Explain relation between green house effect and global warming.
Solution: Greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane, etc. are gases that absorb the
heat of the Sun and the Earth and emit it back to the Earth’s surface. Thus, these gases
prevent a part of the heat rays from escaping into the atmosphere. This cycle is
repeated several times to maintain the Earth’s temperature to an optimum temperature
of 15°C. Therefore, upto a normal level, greenhouse gases help in maintaining the
temperature on the Earth.
However, the concentration of these gases has increased because of increased
industrialization, which has lead to the heating up of the Earth’s surface. As a result, the
overall temperature of the Earth has increased, resulting in climatic changes. During the
last century, the temperature of the Earth has increased by 0.6°C. This has lead to
global warming.
The greenhouse effect can be controlled by reducing the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels
produce greenhouse gases on burning.

Exercise | Q 6.6 | Page 61

Answer the following
Construct two slogans each on air, water and soil pollution.

Solution: It is an activity based question. Kindly do it yourself.

Exercise | Q 7 | Page 61

Classify the following pollutions into natural and manmade categories.

Sewage, dust, pollen grains, chemical fertilizers, vehicular smoke, algae, pesticides,
waste of animals and birds.
Solution:
Category
Pollutant

Sewage Man made

Dust Natural
Pollen grains Natural
Chemical fertilizers Man made
Vehicular smoke Man made
Algae Natural
Pesticides Man made
Waste of animal and plants Natural
 Disaster Management

EXERCISE [PAGE 66]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 66

Answer the following in your own words.
Explain the relation between continuous rains and landslide. Give reasons.
Solution: Due to continuous rain in a region,
1. the plants and small tress of that region are uprooted from the soil.
2. the water enters the cracks and fissures present in hard rocks causing their
weathering.
Due to these factors, soil and rocks run off on a slopy region. This running of soil, rocks
along with other debris is nothing but landslide. Hence, there is a strong
relation between continuous rains and landslide.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 66

Answer the following in your own words.
Prepare a chart showing 'Do's' and 'don'ts' at the time of earthquake.

Solution: Do's' and don'ts' during earthquake are:

Location Do's' Don'ts'
At home Stand still near the corners of Do not run here and there and
the house and sit under the table create chaos.
or any wooden furniture.
Do not stand below heavy
Cut off the power supply at the objects such as wall clocks,
time of an earthquake. decoration pieces, photo frames
etc.

In a vehicle or Park the car in an open area and Do not stand near tall buildings,
outside the sit inside it. trees or electric pole.
house
Find an open area away from tall
building, trees or electric poles.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 66

Answer the following in your own words.
What are the specifications of an earthquake proof building ?
Solution: Earthquake proof building has the follwoing specifications:
1. It is constructed as per IS 456, the code of conduct given for building constructions by
'Indian Standard Institute'.
2. Earthquake resistant constructions are performed as per IS 1893 which gives the
criteria for earthquake resistant design structure.
3. The constructions also follow the code IS 13920 which gives ductile detailing of
reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 66

Answer the following in your own words.
Explain the effects of landslide.
Solution: Effects of landslides are:
• Rivers change their course of flow
• Formation of artificial water reservoirs
• Huge traffic is build in the affected area
• Loss of life and property
Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 66
Answer the following in your own words.
Is there any relations between dam and earthquake? Explain.

Solution: The construction of dams creates a huge water reservoir in which a large
portion of land is submerged. Thus, these dams cause excess water pressure in the
micro-cracks and fissures in the ground near or under the reservoir. Due to this excess
pressure, the water seeps into the ground and lubricates the rocks. In the worst
scenario, when the water pressure is very high, the water reaches the fault planes and
lubricates them. This lubrication reduces friction between the tectonic plates, thereby
causing the slipping of plates over one another. Hence, in this way dams construction
can trigger an earthquake.

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 66

Give scientific reasons.
It is safer to find shelter under things like a bed, table at the time of earthquake.

Solution: In an earthquake, most of the injuries occur because of falling or toppling

over of heavy things from above. Furnitures like bed, table will protect you from these
things falling from above. Also, it becomes very difficult to maintain one’s balance in a
quake. The crouched position under these furnitures will reduce the chances of a fall.
If there is complete structural collapse, it is hoped that these furnitures increase the
likelihood of a safe pocket from which you can be rescued.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 66

Give scientific reasons.
In Monsoons, don't take shelter near hillside.

Solution: In monsoon, there is chance of heavy rainfall. The hillsides are prone to
landslide in heavy rainfall i.e. monsoon. So, it is never advisable to take shelter near
hillsides during monsoon as your life will be at risk as well as you may face problems
such as heavy traffic etc.

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 66

Give scientific reasons.
Don't use lifts at the time of earthquakes.

Solution: During an earthquake, the power supplies are cut off and you may get stuck
in the elevator for long time. Also, if the intensity of earthquake is very high, there is
chance of lift car falling to the bottom causing you severe damage, but this is very rare.
So, it is advised not to use lifts at the time of earthquake.

Exercise | Q 2.4 | Page 66

Give scientific reasons.
The foundation of earthquake-proof building is separated from other land.

Solution: Note: The question language is not comprehensible. It seems like the
question is about giving reasons why the foundation of earthquake building is seperated
from the ground
A seismic wave absorber layer is laid between the ground and the foundation of
earthquake resistant building. This layer absorbs the pressure exerted by the
earthquake tremors on the side walls of the building. Due to this, the building does not
shake with the same intensity as the earth is shaking. Thus, the foundation of
earthquake building is separated from the ground so that it can withstand the high
pressure (load) exerted by the seismic waves on its sidewalls.
Exercise | Q 3 | Page 66

If a crowd gathers at the place of earthquake, what would be the difficulties in relief
work?

Solution: If a crowd gathers at the place of earthquake, following are the difficulties
faced during relief work:

• Hindrance to the clearance of debris

• Hindrance to the passage of ambulance carrying earthquake victims
• Aggravation of fear and panic in victims
• Chances of stampede and theft
• Quarrels amongst people for food and other resources

Exercise | Q 4 | Page 66

Make a list of the institutes and organizations who provide help for disaster managment.
Collect more information about their work.

Solution: International government organisations working for disaster

management are:

(a) The United Nations and its organisations:

• The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN (FAO): It gives early warning
of impending food crises, and keep tracks of global food supply problems.
• The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): It helps disaster-prone
countries with disaster mitigation, prevention and preparedness measures.
• The World Food Programme (WFP): It is the main supplier of relief food aid.
• The World Health Organisation (WHO): It gives global public health leadership by
setting standards, monitoring health trends, and providing direction on
emergency health issues. WHO’s role is to reduce avoidable loss of life and the
burden of disease and disability.

(b) The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC): It gives physical
rehabilitation to people injured by explosive weapons or other types of incident.
(c) The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC):
It coordinates and gives international help to victims of natural and technological
disasters, to refugees and in health emergencies.

International non-governmental agencies working for disaster management are:

(a) International Rescue Committee (IRC): It provides lifesaving care and life-changing
help to refugees forced to flee from war or disaster.

(b) IMA World Health: It, in collaboration with USAID, the World Bank and many other
organisations, builds sustainable health care systems.

(c) CARE: It is an organisation fighting global poverty. It works for women and puts
efforts to improve their basic education, prevent the spread of HIV by providing
awareness among them, give them increase access to clean water and sanitation,
expand economic opportunity for them. It provides emergency aid to survivors of war
and natural disasters, and helps people rebuild their lives.

Indian organisations and institutes working for disaster management are:

(a) National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The multi-disciplinary, multi-skilled, high-
tech force of the NDMA are capable of dealing with all types of natural and man-made
disasters.

(b) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): It lay down the policies, plans and
guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to
disasters.

(C) National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM): It has been given

the responsibilities for human resource development, capacity building, training,
research, documentation and policy advocacy in the field of disaster management.

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 66
Make a survey of your school according to the plan of disaster managment an write the
pointwise information.
Solution: This an activity based questions. Kindly do it yourself. But make sure to
involve the following points in your survey:
• Primary information of the school: It should include information such as name
and address of the school and Head Master, total number of school staff and
name and phone numbers of school management members.
• School disaster management committee: Get the information of the members
involved in disaster management committee.
• Detailed information about school building: Note the number of rooms,
classroom, age of the building, types of roofs under this point.
• Information about school ground: It should include information like distance of
ground from the main road, types of play grounds.
• Daily routine of the school: It should include information like working time of the
school, lunch break time for the school.
• Possible hazards in the school: It should information such as record of past
disaster happened in school, current planning for overcoming disasters.
• Disaster management map of the school: It should have information regarding all
the buildings of the school, entrances and exit gates, place of probable danger,
safer place at the time of disaster.
Exercise | Q 6 | Page 66

Are there any possible places of landslide in your area? Collect information from
experts.
Solution: This is an activity based question. kindly do it yourself.

Exercise | Q 7 | Page 66
With the help of following pictures, explain your role in the disaster management.
Solution: It seems like the person is texting us that he is at risk. Since the type of risk
or disaster is not mentioned, we can make possible guesses and give him following
support:

• First of tell him to calm down and ask him what type of risk is he facing and his
location.
• If he has faced man made calamities like theft, abduction, then call the nearest
police station. Give the police his picture, phone number, address and other
details so that they can track him down. We should also try to reach the place as
soon as possible.
• If he has faced some road accident, then call the ambulance and police to reach
there as soon as possible. We should be also there as soon as possible to give
him support.
• In case of fire, call the fire brigade, ambulance and police giving them all the
information and urge them to reach there as early as possible.
 Cell and Cell Organelles

EXERCISE [PAGE 74]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 74

Who am I ?
I am ATP producing factory ?

Solution: Mitochondria

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 74

Who am I ?
I am single layered. but maintain cellular osmotic pressure.
Solution: Vacuole
Vacuoles are membrane-bound cell organelles present in the cytoplasm and filled with a
watery fluid containing various substances.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 74

Who am I ?
I support the cell, but I am not cell wall. I have a body resembling net.
Solution: Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum is a complex network of tubular membranes exclusively present
in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 74

Who am I ?
I am chemical factory of the cell.
Solution: Chloroplasts
Chloroplast is an organelle that contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that
captures sunlight and converts it into useful energy, thereby, releasing oxygen from
water.

Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 74

Who am I ?
Leaves are green because of me.
Solution: Chloropyhll

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 74

What would have happend ? If.........
RBCs had mitochondria.
Solution: RBC's are a type of cells which are found in blood. Their function is to carry
oxygen to different cells and tissues of the body. They do not contain mitochondria for
two purposes:
firstly, it saves the space in the red blood cells and so more of oxygen can bind to it
secondly, it prevents the use of oxygen which is bounded to RBC's.
If mitochondria would have been present in RBC's, the oxygen which is carried by them
will be used up by the RBC's. Thus, there will be less or no oxygen left which can be
transported to the cells and tissues.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 74

What would have happend ? If.........
There had been no differences between mitochondria and plastids.

Solution: Mitochondria and plastids are two different structures and they have specific
functions. Mitochondria are found in both plants and animals whereas plastids are found
only in plants. The main role of mitochnodria is to provide energy to the cells for carrying
out their various functions. If, there would have been no difference between
mitochondria and plastids, there would have been no structure which would provide
energy and thus all the processes which take place in the cell would cease.

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 74

What would have happend ? If.........
Genes had been absent on the chromosomes.

Solution: Genes are hereditary structures which contain the information which is
passed on from one generation to another. They are required for the transmission of
information from one generation to another. They are responsible for the characteristics
of all the living organisms. They store the information for the various processes which
occur in all the living organisms.

Exercise | Q 2.4 | Page 74

What would have happend ? If.........
Plasma membrane had not been selectively permeable.

Solution: Plasma membrane is selectively permeable which means it allows the entry
or exit of selective materials inside and outside the cell. In its absence, the regulated
movement of substances in and out of the cell will be affected.

Exercise | Q 2.5 | Page 74

What would have happend ? If.........
Plants lacked anthocyanin.

Solution: Anthocyanin is a pigment which is present in plants and imparts them

purplish colour. In the absence of this pigment, the structures which usually have purple
colour due to its presence would appear colourless.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 74

Who is odd man among us ? Give reason.
Nucleolus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum

Solution: Plastids are the odd one out because they are organelles which are found
only in plant cells. Rest all the organelles are found in both plants and animals.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 74

Who is odd man among us ? Give reason.
DNA. Ribosomes, Chlorophyll

Solution: Chlorophyll is the odd one out beacuse it is a type of pigment which is found
in plants only. DNA and ribosomes are found in both plants and animals.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 74

Give functions.
Plasma membrane
Solution: Functions of the plasma membrane:
• It gives shape and support to the cell.
• It acts as a mechanical barrier to protect the internal contents of the cell.
• It separates the contents of the cell from its surrounding medium.
• It performs physical activities such as diffusion and osmosis.
Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 74
Give functions.
Cytoplasm
Solution: Functions of cytoplasm:
• It is the medium for all cellular chemical reactions.
• It is a medium in which the organelles remain suspended.
• It helps in the movement of the different cellular elements.
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 74
Give functions.
Lysosome
Solution: Functions of lysosomes:
• Lysosomes destroy foreign materials that enter the cell.
• Dead and worn-out organelles are removed by lysosomes.
• Cells are autolysed by lysosomes, and their contents are released within the cell.
Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 74
Give functions.
Vacuole
Solution: Functions of vacuoles:
• The main function of vacuoles is to store food in a cell.
• They also help in storing and expelling wastes and toxic by products of metabolic
reactions.
• They help in maintaining the turgidity and rigidity of a cell.
Exercise | Q 4.5 | Page 74
Give functions.
Nucleus
Solution: Functions of nucleus:
• It is the control centre of a cell as it controls all the activities of the cell.
• It also contains gene-containing chromosomes which are the units of inheritance
in an organism.
Exercise | Q 5 | Page 74
Who gives me the colour? (Select the correct option)
a. Red tomato 1.Chlorophyll
b. Green leaf 2. Carotene
c. Carrot 3. Anthocyanin
 d. Violet 4. Lycopene

Solution:
a. Red tomato 4. Lycopene
b. Green leaf 1.Chlorophyll
c. Carrot 2. Carotene
d. Violet 3. Anthocyanin
 Human Body and Organ System

EXERCISE [PAGE 82]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 82
Find out my partner.
Group 'A' Group 'B'

1. Heart beats a. 350 ml

2. RBC b. 7.4

3 WBC c. 37∘C

4 Blood donation d. 72

5 Normal body Temperature e. 50-60 lakh/mm3

6 pH of oxygenated blood f. 5000-6000 per mm3

Solution:

Group 'A' Answer

1. Heart beats d. 72

2. RBC e. 50-60 lakh/mm3

3 WBC f. 5000-6000 per mm3

4 Blood donation a. 350 ml

5 Normal body Temperature c. 37∘C

6 pH of oxygenated blood b. 7.4

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 82
Complete the following table.
Organ system Organs Functions
1. Respiratory
2. Circulatory system
Solution:
Organs Functions

Organ system

1. Respiratory Traps dust particles and microbes and prevents

Nose
their entry in the respiratory system.

Acts as a passage for the entry of air into the

Pharynx
wind pipe.

Acts as a passage through which air passes into

Wind pipe
the lungs.

Lungs Exchange of gases occurs in lungs.

2. Heart The main organ from where circulation of blood
Circulatory system to different body parts occurs.

Blood Closed system of vessels which help in

vessels circulation of blood.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 82

Draw neat and labeled diagram.
Respiratory system

Solution:

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 82

Draw neat and labeled diagram.
Internal structure of heart.

Solution:

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 82

Explain with reasons.
Human blood is red colured.

Solution: Human blood is red in colour due to the presence of the respiratory pigment
haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is a pigment which is red in colour and thus imparts red
colour to the blood.
Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 82
Explain with reasons.
Upward and downward movement of diaphragm occurs consecutively.

Solution: Diaphragm is a muscular partition which is present between the thoracic

cavity and abdominal cavity. During the process of breathing, the upward and
downward movement of diaphragm occurs simultaneuosly. When we inhale, the ribs
rise up while the diaphragm lowers down simulatenously causing a decrease in
pressure on lungs. This results in the moving of air into lungs through nose. As the ribs
return to their original position, diaphragm rises up leading to the increase in pressure
inside the lungs. This results in moving of the air outside the nose.
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 82
Explain with reasons.
Blood donation is considered to be superior of all donations.

Solution: Blood donation is considered superior of all donations because it can save
someome's life. Most of the lives are lost due to blood loss during surgeries, accidents
or cases where regular blood transfusion is required. These lives can be saved, if
adequate amount of blood is available.
Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 82
Explain with reasons.
person with 'O' blood group is considered as 'universal donor'

Solution: Person with 'O' blood group is considered as 'universal donor' because such
an indivisual can donate blood to a person having any other blood group.
Exercise | Q 4.5 | Page 82
Explain with reasons
Food must have limited amount of salts.

Solution: Food must have limited amount of salts as we require limited amounts of
these in our body. Excessive salts in food can lead to accumulation of water in different
parts of the body such as arms, legs etc. and lead to edema. Too much salt leads to
increase in the blood pressure as well.
Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 82
Answer the follwing question in your own words.
Explain the functional correlation of circulatory system with respiratory, digestive and
excretory system.
Solution: The functional corelation between circulatory system with respiratory,
digestive and excretory system is as follows:
We already know that during respiration exchange of gases occurs in the lungs. The
respiratory system causes the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and the diffusion of
CO2 out of the blood. The oxygen is then transported to cells of the body via the
circulatory system.
The digestive system is responsible for producing nutrients by breaking complex
molecules into simpler ones. The circulatory system then tranports these nutrients to
different cells and tissues.
The excretory system is responsible for the elmination of waste products from the body.
These waste products are transported by blood to the excretory system.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 82

Answer the follwing question in your own words.
Explain the structure and function of human blood.
Solution: Blood is a fluid connective tissue that flows in blood vessels. It is composed
of two components- plasma and blood cells.

Plasma is a yellowish colour fluid, made up of water (~90%) and some dissolved
nutrients, proteins, hormones and waste products.
Blood consists of three types of blood cells. These are
i. Red Blood Cells: They contain a red pigment called haemoglobin, which transports
oxygen to all body cells.
ii. White Blood Cells: They fight against germs that enter the body. Thus, they protect
the body from diseases.
iii. Platelets: When we get injured, bleeding stops after some time. This happens
because of the activity of platelets, which help in the clotting of blood.

Functions of blood:
• It transports nutrients and oxygen to the different parts of the body.
• It also carries waste materials (from the different parts of the body) to be
removed by the excretory organs.
• Chemical messengers like hormones are transported by the blood.
• Protects the body from disease carrying germs.
• Helps to maintain a constant body temperature.

Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 82

Answer the follwing question in your own words.
Explain the importance and need of blood donation.

Solution: Blood donation is one of the biggest donations of an inidivisual towards their
society. Blood loss can occur under circumstances of accidents, during surgeries or in
case of diseases which require blood transfusion. Adequate amount of available blood
can save many lives. It does not harm or effect the body of the donor and the amount of
blood which is donated is recovered within 24 hrs.
This donated blood can be stored and used as and when the requirement arises.
Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 82
Explain the differences.
Arteries and veins.

Solution:
Veins
Arteries

1. Carries blood towards organs and away Carries blood towards heart and away
from heart. from organs.
2. Carries fully oxygenated blood Carries deoxygenated and CO2 enriched
blood.
3. Blood flows with high pressure and Blood flows with low pressure and
jerks,. smoothly.
4. Have no valves Have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
5. Walls are elastic. Walls are non-elastic.
6. Are Deeply placed. Are superficial.
7 Branched and decreases in size. Unites and increases in size
8. Can constrict and dilate Cannot constrict.
9. Have thick and muscular walls Have thin and less muscular walls.
10. Smallest artery is called arteriole Smallest vein is called Venules.
Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 82
Explain the differences.
External and internal respiration

Solution:

External respiration Internal respiration

1. It occurs between the body and external It occurs at the cellular level.
environment.
 2. It is a mechanical process. It is a chemical process.

3. It can be both- voluntary and involuntary It is only an involuntary action.

action.

Exercise | Q 7 | Page 82
Which health parameters of blood donor should be checked?
Solution: The following parameters of blood donors have to be checked prior blood
donation:

1. Age – There is a set age before which and after which blood donation can be done or
not respectively.

2. Weight – Weight of individuals is also an important factor as underweight indivisuals

are not allowed to donate blood. In underweight indivisuals, the likelihood of having a
reaction such as dizziness and fainting following donation are higher.

3. Heart, lung, and blood disease – Donors are enquired about any prior history of
heart, lung, or blood diseases. People with heart disease, heart valve conditions,
irregular heartbeat, disease of the blood vessels in the brain, heart failure, and certain
lung conditions may be excluded from blood donation. Certain blood diseases such as
iron deficiency anemia or chronic leukemia may also lead to exclusion.

4. Other medical conditions – Any other medical condition such as diabetes,

hypertension, hypotension, fever etc. are also checked before blood donation.

5. Recent surgery – People with recent surgery are not allowed for donating blood.
However, after an year of surgery they can donate blood but only if healing is complete
and they have resumed full activity.

6. Pregnancy – Women who are pregnant are not permitted to donate blood during
pregnancy and for six weeks after the pregnancy ends.

Exercise | Q 8.1 | Page 82

Fill in the blanks using appropriant words given in the bracket.
RBCs of the blood conatin __________, an iron compound.

Solution: RBCs of the blood conatin hemoglobin, an iron compound.

Exercise | Q 8.2 | Page 82
Fill in the blanks using appropriant words.
__________ is present between thoracic and abdominal cavity.

Solution: Diaphragm is present between thoracic and abdominal cavity.

Exercise | Q 8.3 | Page 82
Fill in the blanks using appropriant words.
Cardiac muscles are ____________

Solution: Cardiac muscles are involuntary.

Exercise | Q 8.4 | Page 82
Fill in the blanks using appropriant words
pH of oxygenated blood is _________.

Solution: pH of oxygenated blood is alkaline.

Exercise | Q 8.5 | Page 82
Fill in the blanks using appropriant words.
Production of RBCs occurs in__________

Solution: Production of RBCs occurs in red bone marrow.

Exercise | Q 9.1 | Page 82
Find odd one out.
A, O, K, AB, B.

Solution: K is the odd one out because it is an inorganic ion while rest of the four are
types of blood groups.
Exercise | Q 9.2 | Page 82
Find odd one out.
Blood plasma, platelets, blood transfusion, blood corpuscles.

Solution: Blood transfusion is the odd one out because it is a techniques for transfer
ing of blood from donor to repeient. Rest of the three are components of blood.
Exercise | Q 9.3 | Page 82
Find odd one out.
Trachea, alveoli, diaphragam, capillaries.
Solution: Capillaries are the odd one out because they are a part of the circulatory
system while rest of the three are parts of the respiratory system.
Exercise | Q 9.4 | Page 82
Find odd one out.
Neutrophils, globulins, albumins, prothrombin.

Solution: Neutrophils are the odd one out because they are a type of blood cell. Rest
of the three are components of the plasma.
Exercise | Q 10 | Page 82
Read the following paragraph and identify the disease.
Today, her child became one and half year old. However, that child does not seem to be
healthy and happy. It was continuously crying and gradually becoming weak. It has
shortness of breath. Its nails have become blue.

Solution: From the above mentioned symptoms, it seams like the child is suffering from
some kind of respiratory disorder/circulatory disorder. He has problem in breathing and
his nails have become blue which means there is low level or lack of oxygen circulating
in the red blood cells. It is known as cyanosis.
It occurs when enough oxygen is not present in blood, thus making the skin or
membrane below the skin turn purplish-blue.
Exercise | Q 11 | Page 82
Your neighboring uncle has been diagnosed with hypertension. what should he do to
keep hsi blood pressure within normal range?
Solution: The following methods can be adopted to keep the blood pressure within
normal range:
• loose the extra weight
• exercise or do yoga regularly
• eat a healthy balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables
• reduce the amount or salt in food
• avoid alcohol and smoking
• reduce the amount of stress by indulging in your favourite activities
• regular monitoring of blood pressure
 Introduction to Acid and Base

EXERCISE [PAGE 88]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 88
Identify the following solutions, whether they are acid or alkali.
Solution Change in Indicator Acid/Alkali
Litmus Phenolphthalein Methyl orange
1. ... No change ...
2. ... ... Orange colur turns
red
3. Red litmus turns ... ...
blue

Solution: Identify the following solutions, whether they are acid or alkali.
Solution Change in Indicator Acid/Alkali
Litmus Phenolphthalein Methyl orange
1. Blue litmus No change Orange colour Acid
turns red turns red

2. Blue litmus No change Orange colour Acid

turns red turns red
3. Red litmus Colourless to Orange colour
turns blue pink turns yellow

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 88

Write chemical names from given formulae.

H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, HCl, NaOH, KOH, NH4OH
Solution: H2SO4 = Hydrogen sulphate
Ca(OH)2 = Calcium hydroxide
HCl = Hydrogen chloride
NaOH = Sodium hydroxide
KOH = Potassium hydroxide
NH4OH = Ammonium hydroxide

Exercise | Q 3 | Page 88
Sulphuric acid has highest importance in chemical industry. Why?
Solution: Sulphuric acid is a chemical of major industrial importance. It is difficult to
imagine life without it. Since, it is used in the manufacturing of a vast array of
materials. Sulphuric acid can either be Concentrated or Diluted.
• Concentrated sulphuric acid is a colourless, viscous liquid that absorbs water
vapour from the air and becomes a solution. It is hygroscopic. It is a good
dehydrating agent and shows some oxidising ability.
• Dilute sulphuric acid behaves like a typical acid, reacting with metals to give
hydrogen and a metal sulphate (i.e. it is corrosive), with metal carbonates to give
carbon dioxide, water, and a metal sulphate and with bases give a metal
sulphate and water.
Sulphuric acid has highest importance in chemical industry as
1.Sulphuric acid is used in manufacturing fertilizers such as super phosphate,
ammonium sulphate etc.
2.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of dyes.
3.Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of paints.
4.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of drugs.
5.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of explosives.
6.Sulphuric acid is used in batteries, which is used in cars.
7.Tannic acid is used in the manufacture of ink and leather.
8.Hydrochloric acid is used to make aqua regia, which is used to dissolve noble metals
such as gold and platinum.
9.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of jet fuel, kerosene and leather.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 88

Give answers
Which acid is used for getting chloride salt ?
Solution: Acid used for getting chloride salt is HCl because this acid provides chloride
ion to form chloride salt.
For example :
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
HCl + Mg(OH)2 → MgCl2 + H2O

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 88

Give answers
By squizzing lemon on a piece of rock the gas liberated turned lime water milky. which
compound is present in the rock ?
Solution: Compound presents in the rock is either a compound of carbonate or
bicarbonate because acids react with carbonate or bicarbonate and liberate CO2. This
carbon dioxide turns lime water milky.

Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 88

Give answers
The label on the bottle of chemical is spoiled. How will you find whether the chemical is
acidic or not ?
Solution: The chemical is acidic or not checked by two ways :
1. By use of litmus paper :
If the given solution is acidic, it turns blue litmus to red litmus.
If the given solution is basic, it turns red litmus to blue litmus.
If the given solution is neutral, there is no effect on litmus paper.
2. By use of indicators :
If the given solution is acidic, it turns methyl orange to red.
If the given solution is basic, it turns methyl orange to yellow
If the given solution is neutral, there is no effect on methyl orange indicator.

Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 88

Answer the following question.
Explain the difference between acid and alkali.

Solution:
Acid Alkali
Parameter

Nature of
oxides metal oxides are generally alkaline in non-metal oxides are
nature basic in nature

Arrhenius substance which when dissolved in water substance which when

Definition gives hydrogen ion dissolved in water can
accept hydrogen ions

Bronstead substance which donates a proton substance which

Lowry accepts a proton
Definition
 Strength depends on the concentration of the depends on the
hydronium ions concentration of the
hydroxide ions
Characteristics • depend upon the temperature as it • solid in nature
(Physical) can be solid, liquid or in the form of except ammonia
gas which is
• have a sour taste gaseous
• have a bitter
taste
• slippery in touch

Dissociation would release hydrogen ions (H+) when would release

mixed with water hydroxide ions(OH-)
when mixed with water

pH value less than 7.0 greater than 7.0

Litmus paper blue litmus paper turns red red litmus paper turns
blue
Chemical has a chemical formula with H at the has a chemical formula
Formula beginning of it. For example, HCl with OH at the end of it.
(Hydrochloric Acid). There is one For example, NaOH
exception to this rule, CH3COOH = Acetic (Sodium Hydroxide)
Acid (vinegar)

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 88

Answer the following question.
Why indicator does not get affected by salt?
Solution: Indicators do not get affected by salts because salts are neutral in nature.
Indicators work only with acidic and basic substances.
For example:
Indicator Acidic substance Basic substance
Phenophthalein colourless turns pink
Methyl orange methyl orange turns red methyl orange turns yellow

Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 88

Answer the following question.
Which substances are produced by neutralization process?
Solution: Neutralization reaction: A neutralization reaction is a reaction when an acid
and a base reacts to form water and a salt. It involves the combination of H+ ions and
OH- ions to generate water.
The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7. That means
salts are neutral in nature.
The neutralization of a strong acid and weak base will have a pH of less than 7. That
means salts are acidic in nature.
The neutralization of a strong base neutralizes a weak acid will be greater than 7. That
means salts are basic in nature.
HX + BOH → BX + H2O
Acid Base Salt Water

Exercise | Q 5.4 | Page 88

Answer the following question.
Which are the industrial uses of adids ?

Solution: Industrial uses of acid are :

1.Sulphuric acid is used in manufacturing fertilizers such as super phosphate,
ammonium sulphate etc.
2.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of dyes.
3.Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of paints.
4.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of drugs.
5.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of explosives.
6.Sulphuric acid is used in batteries, which is used in cars etc.
7.Tannic acid is used in the manufacture of ink and leather.
8.Hydrochloric acid is used for making aqua regia, which is used to dissolve noble
metals such as gold and platinum.
9.Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of jet fuel, kerosene and leather.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 88

Fill in the blanks using appropriant words.
Main constituent of acid is ____________.

Solution: Main constituent of acid is H+ ion.

Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 88

Fill in the blanks using appropriant words.
Main constituent of alkali is _____________.

Solution: Main constituent of alkali is OH- ion.

Exercise | Q 6.3 | Page 88
Fill in the blanks using appropriant words.
Tartaric acid is a................ acid.

Solution: Tartaric acid is a weak acid.

Exercise | Q 7 | Page 88

Match the pairs.

Group A Group B

1. Tamarind a. Acetic acid

2. Curd b. Citric acid

3. Lemon c. Tartaric acid

4.Vinegar d. Lactic acid

Solution:
Group A Answer
1. Tamarind a. Tartaric acid
2. Curd b. Lactic acid
3. Lemon c. Citric acid
4. Vinegar d. Acetic acid
Exercise | Q 8.1 | Page 88
State true of false
Oxides of metals are alkaline in nature.

1. True
2. False
Solution: True.

Exercise | Q 8.2 | Page 88

State true of false
Salt is acidic.

1. True
2. False
Solution: False
Exercise | Q 8.3 | Page 88
State true of false.
Metal corrodes due to salts

1. True
2. False
Solution: True

Exercise | Q 8.4 | Page 88

State true of false.
Salts are neutral.

1. True
2. False
Solution: True

Exercise | Q 9 | Page 88
Classify following substances into acidicm basic and neutral group-
HCl, NaCl, MgO, KCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O, Na2CO3

Solution: HCl = Acidic

NaCl = Neutral
MgO = Basic
KCl = Neutral
H2SO4 = Acidic
HNO3 = Acidic
H2O = Neutral
Na2CO3 = Basic
 Chemical Change and Chemical Bond

EXERCISE [PAGES 42 - 94]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term.
An __________ is drawn in between the reactants and products while writing the
equation for a chemical reation.

Solution: An arrow is drawn in between the reactants and products while writing the
equation for a chemical reation.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term.
Rusting of iron is a __________ chemical change.

Solution: Rusting of iron is a slow chemical change.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term
The spoiling of food is a chemical change which is recognized from the generation of
certain _________ due to it.

Solution: The spoiling of food is a chemical change which is recognized from the
generation of certain smell due to it.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term.
A colourless solution of calcium hydroxide in a test tube turns _________ on blowing in
it through a blow tube for some time.

Solution: A colourless solution of calcium hydroxide in a test tube turns milky on

blowing in it through a blow tube for some time.

Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term.
The white particles of baking soda disappear when put in lemon juice. This means that it
is a ___________ change.
Solution: The white particles of baking soda disappear when put in lemon juice. This
means that it is a chemical change.

Exercise | Q 1.6 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term
Oxygen is a....................... in respiration.

Solution: Oxygen is a reactant in respiration.

Exercise | Q 1.7 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term.
Sodium chloride is _________ compound while hydrogen chlorid is ___________
compound.

Solution: Sodium chloride is ionic compound while hydrogen chloride

is covalent compound.

Exercise | Q 1.8 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term
Electron ___________ is complete in each hydrogen in a hydrogen molecule.

Solution: Electron duplet is complete in each hydrogen in a hydrogen molecule.

Exercise | Q 1.9 | Page 94

Complete the statement by filling the gaps using appropriate term
Chlorine (Cl2) molecule is formed by..................... of electrons between two chlorine
atoms.

Solution: Chlorine (Cl2) molecule is formed by sharing of electrons between two

chlorine atoms.

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 94

Explain by writing a word equation.
Respiration is a chemical change.
Solution: Chemical change is a process in which a new substance is formed.
• Respiration is irreversible process
• During respiration, oxygen is convert into carbon-dioxide( a new substance is
formed).
 • During respiration, there is change in their chemical composition.
• During respiration, absorption and evolution of energy takes place.
These are characteristics of chemical reaction. Hence, respiration is a chemical
reaction.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 94

Explain by writing a word equation.
Hard water gets softened on mixing with a solutions of washing soda.
Solution: Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is also known as washing soda. It can remove
temporary and permanent hardness from water. Sodium carbonate is soluble but
calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are insoluble.
The carbonate ions from sodium carbonate reacts with calcium and magnesium ions in
the water to produce insoluble precipitate.
For example:
Ca2 + (aq) + Na2Co3 → CaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq)
The water is softened because it no longer contains dissolved calcium ions and
magnesium ions.

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 94

Explain by writing a word equation.
Lime stone powder disappears on adding to dilute hydrochloric acids.
Solution: Limestone is predominantly Calcium carbonate(CaCo3). When calcium
carbonate reacts with 10% solution of HCl. Then Calcium chloride is formed as a salt
along with water and carbon dioxide gas (brisk effervescence).
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
In this reaction, we add hydrogen ions (H+), which will react with the carbonate ion to
form hydrogen carbonate HCO3- ions, which are soluble in water and the limestone will
dissolve.

Exercise | Q 2.4 | Page 94

Explain by writing a word equation.
Bubbles are seen on adding lemon juice to baking soda.
Solution: Bubbles are seen on adding lemon juice to baking soda because lemon juice
is citric acid and baking soda is sodium bicarbonate. On adding lemon juice in baking
soda, we add acid in base then neutralization reaction is taking place resulting in the
formation of salt ,water and brisk effervesence of carbon-dioxide.This CO2 is released in
the form of bubbles.
H3C6H5O7(aq) + 3 NaHCO3(aq) → Na3C6H5O7(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g) citric acid +
baking soda → salt + water + carbon dioxide

Exercise | Q 3 | Page 94

Match the pairs.

a. Photosynthesis i. Tendency to lose
electrons
b. Water ii. Reactant in combustion
process
c. Sodium chloride iii. Chemical change
d. Dissolution of salt in iv. Covalent bond
water
e. Carbon v. Ionic bond
f. Fluorine vi. physical change
g. Magnesium vii. Tendency to form anion
Solution:
a. Photosynthesis i. Chemical change

b. Water ii. Covalent bond

c. Sodium chloride iii. Ionic bond

d. Dissolution of salt in iv. Physical change

water
e. Carbon v. Reactant in combustion
process
f. Fluorine vi. Tendency to form anion

g. Magnesium vii. Tendency to lose

electrons
Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 94
Show with the heip of diagram of electronic configuration how the following compound
are formed from the constituent atoms.
Sodium chloride
Solution: Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.
Na Cl
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
Na Cl
1 1
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 94
Show with the heip of diagram of electronic configuration how the following compound
are formed from the constituent atoms.
Potassium fluoride

Solution: Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.

K F
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
K F
1 1
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

KF
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 94
Show with the heip of diagram of electronic configuration how the following compound
are formed from the constituent atoms.
Water

Solution: Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.

H O
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
H O
1 2
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.
Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 94

Show with the heip of diagram of electronic configuration how the following compound
are formed from the constituent atoms.
Hydrogen chloride

Solution: Step 1 : Write the symbols of the radicals.

H Cl
Step 2 : Write the valency below the respective radical.
H Cl
1 1
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

Exercise | Q 7.1 | Page 42

In term of electron transfer, define Oxidation

Solution: Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or
ion. In terms of electron transfer, oxidation is defined as the phenomenon in which an
atom loses electron to form a positively charged cation.
During formation of ionic bond one atom undergoes oxidation while another atom
undergoes reduction.

Exercise | Q 7.2 | Page 42

In term of electron transfer, define Reduction

Solution: Reduction is defined as the phenomenon in which an atom gains electron to
form a negatively charged ion called anion.
During formation of ionic bond one atom undergoes oxidation while another atom
undergoes reduction.
 Measurement and Effects of Heat

EXERCISE [PAGE 103]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 103

Whom should I Pair with?

Group A Group B

a. Temperature of a healthy human body 296 K

Boiling point of water 98.6°F

Room temperature 0° C

Freezing point of water 212∘F

Solution:
Group A Group B
a. Temperature of a healthy human body 98.6∘F
b. Boiling point of water 212∘F
c. Room temperature 296 K
d. Freezing point of water 0 ∘C

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 103

Who is telling the truth?
The temperature of a substance is measured in joules.

Solution: Sentence a is lying as heat energy is measured in joules.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 103

Who is telling the truth?
Heat flows from an object at higher temperature to an object at lower temperature.

Solution: Sentence b is telling the truth as heat energy flows from an object at higher
temperature to an object at lower temperature.

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 103

Who is telling the truth?
Joule is the unit of heat.

Solution: Sentence c is telling the truth as joule is the unit of heat.

Exercise | Q 2.4 | Page 103

Who is telling the truth?
Objects contract on heating.

Solution: Sentence d is lying as objects expand on heating.

Exercise | Q 2.5 | Page 103

Who is telling the truth?
Atoms of a solid are free.

Solution: Sentence e is lying as atoms of a solid are closely packed because of force
attraction between them.

Exercise | Q 2.6 | Page 103

Who is telling the truth?
The average kinetic energy of atoms in a hot objects is less than the average kinetic
energy of atoms in a cold objects.

Solution: Sentence f is lying as the average kinetic energy of atoms in a hot objects is
greater than the average kinetic energy of atoms in a cold objects.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 103

You will find if you search.
A thermometer is used to measure _________ .

Solution: A thermometer is used to measure temperature.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 103

You will find if you search.
The apparatus used to measure heat is called a ____________.

Solution: The apparatus used to measure heat is called a calorimeter.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 103

You will find if you search.
Temperature is the measures of the ___________ Kinetic energy of the atoms in a
substance.

Solution: Temperature is the measures of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in a
substance.

Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 103

You will find if you search.
The heat contained in a substannce is the measures of the ___________ kinetic energy
of atoms in the substance.

Solution: The heat contained in a substance is the measures of the total kinetic energy
of atoms in the substance.
EXERCISE [PAGE 103]

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 103

Nishigandha kept a vessel containing all the ingredients for making tea in a solar
cooker. Shivani kept a similar vessel on a stove. Whose tea will be ready first and why?

Solution: Shivani's tea will be prepared first.

In Shivani's case, the intensity of the flame in contact with the vessel is very high due to
which the flow of heat will be faster. Thus, the time taken by the tea to reach its boiling
point will be less. Hence, tea will be prepared fast.
In case of Nishigandha, the intensity of radiation reaching the vessel is not as high as
compared to stove's flame. Thus, the flow of heat will be slower in this case due to
which more time will be taken to reach the boiling temperature of the tea. Hence, tea will
be prepared at slower rate.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 103

Write brief answers.
Describe a clinical thermometer. How does it differ from the thermometer used in
laboratory?
Solution: Clinical thermometer is used in homes. It has a glass tube with a bulb at one
end and the other end closed. This bulb and some part of the tube is filled with
thermometric liquid, such as mercury or alcohol. The rest of the volume of the tube has
vacuum in it. There is a kink near the end of the glass tube which prevents the falling
back of the thermometric liquid once it is removed from the hot body under observation.
It is basically used to measure the temperature of humans. A clinical thermometer has a
temperature range of only 35 ºC to 42 °C.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 103

Write brief answers.
What is the difference between heat and temperature ? what are their units.

Solution:
Heat Temperature
It is measure of the degree of hotness
It is a form of energy which causes in us the
or coldness of an object.
sensation of hotness or coldness.
It is measured in joules (J). It is measure in kelvin (K), Celsius (oC)
and Fahrenheit (oF)
Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 103
Write brief answers.
Explain the construction of a calorimeter. Draw the necessary figure.
Solution: A device used for heat measurement is called a calorimeter.
Construction of a Calorimeter
• It consists of a metallic vessel and stirrers. They are made of copper or
aluminium.
• The vessel is then kept inside a wooden jacket which contains heat-insulating
materials.
• The outer wooden jacket acts as a heat shield, and reduces the heat loss from
the inner vessel.
• The outer jacket has an opening through which a mercury thermometer is
inserted into the calorimeter.
Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 103
Write brief answers.
Explain why rails have gaps at specific distances.

Solution: All solids expand on heating. As rails are made up of steel, these also expand
in summers and contract in winters. These expansion and contraction can cause
sagging and bending of rails which could derail the trains running on them. Thus,
the rails have been provided with gaps at specific distance so as to prevent this bending
of rails. These spaces get closer in summers and wider in winters.

Exercise | Q 3.5 | Page 103

Write brief answers.
Explain with the help of formulae the expansion coefficients of liquid and gas.
Solution: The formula for liquid expansion or gas is
V2 = V1 (1 + β Δ T)
or

From the above formula, we can say that

 • the volumetric expansion coefficient of a liquid (β) is defined as the fractional
change in the volume of the liquid per degree Celsius (or kelvin) change in
temperature.
• the volumetric expansion coefficient of a liquid (β) is defined as the fractional
change in the volume of the gas per degree Celcius (or kelvin) change in
temperature at constant pressure. So, β is the constant pressure volumetric
expansion coefficient in case of gas.
Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 103
Solve the following example.
What must be the temperature in Fahrenheit so that it will be twice its value in Celsius?

Solution: Let the temperature in Celsius be T.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 103

Solve the following example.
A bridge is made from 20 m long iron rods. At temperature 18∘C, the distance between
two rods in 0.4 cm. Up to what temperature will the bridge be in good shape?
Solution: Length of the iron rod = 20 m = 2000 cm at 18∘C
Distance between the length of two rods, = 0.4 cm Temperature coefficient of linear
expansion of iron = 11.5 × 10-6 ° C-1
The bridge will be in good shape till both the rods expand by 0.2 cm as the temperature
is increased. Let at temperature T, both the rods expand by 0.2 cm i.e. the total
expansion is 0.4 cm.
Using formula for linear expansion of solids, we have
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 103
Solve the following example.
At 15∘C the height of Eifel tower is 324 m. If it is made of iron, what will be the increase
in length in cm, at 30∘C?
Solution: Height of Eifel tower = 324 m = 32400 cm at 15∘C
Temperature coefficient of linear expansion of iron = 11.5 × 10 -6 ° C-1
Change in temperature = 30∘C - 15 ∘C = 15∘C
Change in length = Δ l
Using formula for linear expansion of solids, we have

Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 103

Solve the following example.
Two substances A and B have specific heats c and 2 c respectively. If A and B are
given Q and 4Q amounts of heat respectively, the change in their temperatures is the
same. If the mass of A is m, what is the mass of B?
Solution: Let the mass of B M.
Let the change in temperature be T for both the bodies, A and B.
The amount of heat in a body is given as
Q=m×c×ΔT
For body A,
Q=m × c × T

Exercise | Q 4.5 | Page 103

Solve the following example.
When a substance having mass 3 kg receives 600 cal of heat, its temperature increases
by 10∘C. What is the specific heat of the substance?

Solution: Let the specific heat capacity of the substance be c.

Given: Mass of the substance, m = 3 kg = 3000 g
Heat given to the substance, Q = 600 cal
Increase in temperature of the substance = 10∘C
Now, the amount of heat in a body is given as
 Sound

EXERCISE [PAGE 109]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 109

Fill in the blanks with approriate word:
The region in a sound wave, with higher pressure and density is called ________ and
that with low pressure and density is called _________ .

Solution: The region in a sound wave, with higher pressure and density is
called compression and that with low pressure and density is called rarefaction.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 109

Fill in the blanks with approriate word:
Medium is ___________ for generation of sound.

Solution: Medium is required for generation of sound.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 109

Fill in the blanks with approriate word:
The total number of compressions and rarefactions produced per second in a sound
wave is 1000. The frequency of the sound wave is __________.

Solution: The total number of compressions and rarefactions produced per second in a
sound wave is 1000. The frequency of the sound wave is 500 Hz (One compression
and rarefaction together makes a cycle of sound wave).

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 109

Fill in the blanks with approriate word:
Different sound notes have different ____________.

Solution: Different sound notes have different frequencies.

Exercise | Q 1.5 | Page 109

Fill in the blanks with approriate word:
In loudspeaker ________ energy is converted into ________ energy.

Solution: In loudspeaker electrical energy is converted into sound energy.

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 109
Give scientifcic reasons:
It is essential to change the tension on the vocal cords, as we produce different sound
notes from our larynx.

Solution: Different sound is produced when frequency of vibration of the source of

sound is changed. In humans, vocal cords in larynx vibrate and produce sound. Now,
the frequency of vibration of vocal cords is directly dependent on the tension produced
on it. The higher the tension on the chords, the shriller will be the voice produced. So,
we can say that it is essential to change the tension on the vocal cords to produce
different sound notes from our larynx.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 109

Give scientifcic reasons:
Astronauts on the moon can not hear each other directly.

Solution: Sound requires medium to travel. The absence of atmosphere on the

Moon makes it medium less. Thus, the astronauts on the Moon cannot hear each other
directly because of absence of the medium.

Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 109

Give scientifcic reasons:
As the sound wave propagates from one place to the other in air, the air itself is not
required to move from one place to the other.

Solution: A vibrating object disturbs the air particles near it. The air particles get
compressed as well as start vibrating and gain energy. These particles, vibrating about
their mean position, then transfer their energy to the other layer of particles near to
them. In this way, region of compression and rarefaction are created and hence sound
is produced. So, in sound production, only the transfer of energy of the vibrating
particles takes place and not the transfer of particles themselves. So, yes we can say
that as the sound wave propagates from one place to the other in air, the air itself is not
required to move from one place to the other.

Exercise | Q 3 | Page 109

How are differnt sound notes generated in musical instruments like guitar, which uses
strings for sound generation, and flute, which uses blown air for sound generation ?
Solution:

• In stringed instruments (like guitar): Different notes are generated in these

instruments when the frequency of vibration of string is changed. It can be
changed by changing the
• tension in string: If the string of the instrument is under high tension,
then the pitch of the note produced on plucking the string will be high i.e.
the note will be shriller because frequency of vibration of the string will be
high.
• thickness of string: If the string of the instrument is thin, then the pitch of
the note produced on plucking the string will be high as frequency of
vibration of the string will be high.
• position of plucking of string: If a string stretched between two fixed
ends is plucked closer to one of the fixed ends, then the pitch of the sound
note produced will be high.
• In wind instruments (like flute): Different notes are produced in these
instruments by varying the length of the air column in them. The length of the air
column can be increased or decreased by closing or opening the more number of
holes present in these instruments.

Exercise | Q 4 | Page 109

How is sound produced in a human larynx and a loudspeaker?

Solution: Production of sound in humans
The larynx (voice box) is responsible for producing sounds in humans. It consists of two
vocal cords. These cords are arranged in such a manner that there is a small gap
between them. This small gap allows air to pass through. When we speak, air is forced
into this small gap by the lungs. This prompts our vocal cords to vibrate and hence,
produce sounds.
Production of sound in loudspeaker
A loudspeaker consists of following parts:
• An electric coil wound on a permanent magnet.
• A conical shaped screen of the speaker connected to the coil.

Now, when variable current flows through the coil, magnetic field is produced around it
due to electromagnetism and it behaves like an electromagnet. Because of this, the coil
is repelled and attracted by the permanent magnet alternately. The screen attached to
the coil moves back and forth due to the attraction and repulsion of the coil and hence,
produces sound.

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 109

Explain the experiment, with neat diagram, to prove the following:

'Sound needs material medium for propagation.'
Solution: Bell jar experiment can prove that sound needs material medium for its
propagation.
Construction
• A bell jar
• A vacuum pump connected to the jar through a tube
• An electric bell inside the jar and is connected to the electric supply through the
lid of the bell jar

Working
Initially the vacuum pump is 'OFF' so that air is present inside the jar. Now, if electric
supply is switched on, the electric bell will start ringing and this ringing can be heard
outside the bell jar.
Now, switch on the vacuum pump such that it starts sucking the air inside the jar. It will
be observed that, with the decrease in quantity of air inside the jar, the level of ringing
sound heard outside also decreases. If the pump is used for sufficiently long period,
then the quantity of air inside the jar will be so low that the ringing sound outside it will
not be audible. This proves that sound requires medium for its propagation.

Exercise | Q 6 | Page 109

Match the following

Human Vibrations of metal
larynx arms
Loudspeaker Vibrations in air
column
Jal-tarang Vibraions in vocal
cords
Tuning fork Vibrations in strings
Sitar Vibrations of screen

Solution:
Human larynx Vibraions in vocal
cords
Loudspeaker Vibrations of
screen
Jal-tarang Vibrations in air
column
Tuning fork Vibrations of metal
arms
Sitar Vibrations in
strings
 Reflection of Light

EXERCISE [PAGE 115]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 115

Fill in the blanks
The perpendicular to the mirror at the point of incidence is called ___________ .

Solution: The perpendicular to the mirror at the point of incidence is callled normal.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 115

Fill in the blanks
The reflection of light from a wooden surface is _________ reflection.

Solution: The reflection of light from a wooden surface is diffused reflection.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 115

Fill in the blanks
The working of Kaleidoscope is based on the properties of _____________.

Solution: The working of Kaleidoscope is based on the properties of reflection of

light.

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 115

Draw a figure describing the following.
The reflecting surface of two mirrors make an angle of 90∘ with each other. If a ray
incident of one mirror has an angle of incidents of 30∘, draw the ray reflected from the
second mirror. What will be its angle of reflection?

Solution: Let r2 be the angle of reflection from the second mirror.

From laws of reflection,

Exercise | Q 3 | Page 115

How will you explain the statement 'we cannot see the objects in a dark room?
Solution: Light enables us to see objects around us. We see an object when light falls
on it and gets reflected from its surface and enters our eyes. In a dark room, there is no
source of light. Thus, no light falls on the surface of objects and hence we do not see
them. This is why we cannot see the objects in a dark room.

Exercise | Q 4 | Page 115

Explain the differences between regular and irregular reflection light.

Solution:
Regular reflection of light Irregular reflection of light
 This type of reflection occurs on smooth This type of reflection occurs on rough
surfaces such as a plane mirror. surfaces such as a black board.

In this type of reflection, the reflected rays In this type of reflection, the reflected rays
are parallel to each other. are non-parallel to each other.

In this type of reflection, the reflected rays In this type of reflection, the reflected rays
are in one direction. are in different direction.

Exercise | Q 5 | Page 115

Draw a figure showing the following
a. Incident Ray
b. Angle of incidence
c. Angle of reflection
d. Point of incidence
e. Reflected ray

Solution:

Exercise | Q 6 | Page 115

Study the following incident.
Swara and Yash were looking in a water filled vessel. They could see their images
clearly in the still water. At that instant, Yash threw a stone in the water. Now their
images were blurred. Swara could not understand the reason for the blurring of the
images.

Explain the reason for blurring of the images to swara by answering the following
questions.
i. Is there a relation between the reflection of light and the blurring of the images.?
ii. Which types of reflection of light can you notice from this?

iii. Are laws of reflection followed in these types of reflection?

Solution: i. Yes, there is a relation between the reflection of light and blurring of the
images.

ii. Initially, the water was still and its surface was smooth. Thus, regular type of reflection
was taking place from its surface i.e. all the light rays coming from Swara's body or
Yash's body reflected in the same direction on hitting the water surface and reached our
eyes. Because of this, we saw a clear image.
But when Yash threw a stone in the water, the water surface became rough due to
which irregular type of reflection of light occurred on its surface i.e all the light rays
coming from Swara's body or Yash's body reflected in different directions on hitting the
water surface. Thus, only some part of the reflected rays reached our eyes. Because of
this, we see a blurred image.

iii. Yes, laws of reflection are followed in both the types of reflection.

Exercise | Q 7.1 | Page 115

Solve the following example
If the angle between the plane mirror and the incident ray is 40∘, what are the angles of
incidence and reflection?

Solution:
Exercise | Q 7.2 | Page 115
Solve the following example.
If the angle between the mirror and reflected ray is 23∘, what is the angle of incidence of
the incidence ray?

Solution:
 Man made Materials

EXERCISE [PAGE 121]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 121

Try to find it
Plastic shows ____________ property, hence it can be molded to any shape.

Solution: Plastic shows plasticity property, hence it can be molded to any shape.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 121

Try to find it
Motor cars are coated with ____________

Solution: Motor cars are coated with Automotive paint.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 121

Try to find it
Thermocoal melts at __________∘C.

Solution: Thermocoal melts at more than 100∘C.

Exercise | Q 1.4 | Page 121

Try to find it
___________ glass dissolves in water.

Solution: Alkali silicate glass dissolves in water.

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 121

Who is my partner ?
'A' column 'B' column
a. Lead glass i. Plates
b. Bakelite ii. Mattresses
c. Thermocol iii. Electric bulb
d. Optic glass iv. Electric switch
e. Polypropylene v. Lens

Solution:
 'A' column 'B' column
a. Lead glass i. Electric bulb
b. Bakelite ii. Electric switch
c. Thermocol iii. Plates
d. Optic glass iv. Lens
e. Polypropylene v. Mattresses
Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 121
Answer the following.
Thermocol is produced from which matterial ?

Solution: Thermocol is produced from complex material called polystyrene. It

transforms into liquid state on heating at more than 100 oc and returns to solid state on
cooling.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 121

Answer the following.
Write uses of PVC.
Solution: Uses of PVC(Polyvinyl chloride):
• It is used for making bottles.
• It is used for making material for pipes.
• It is used for making handbags.
• It is used for making electric cable insulation.
• It is used for making high quality furniture.
• It is used for making ropes.
• It is used for making toys.
• It is used for making raincoat.
Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 121
Answer the following.
Write the natural or manmade row material of the following items.
Matteress, beaker, bangle, chair, gunny bag, knife, pen

Solution:
Substances Material
Mattressplasticity Thermoplastic(Polypropylene)
Beaker Silica glass
Bangle Gold, silver, platinum, glass, wood,plastic
Chair Thermoplastic(Polypropylene)
 Gunny bag Hessian(burlap) formed from jute
broom Plastic, corn husks
Knife Carbon steel, stainless steel, cobalt and titanium alloys
Pen Brass which is an alloy of copper and zinc

Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 121

Answer the following.
Which are the main ingredients of glass ?
Solution: Main ingredients of glass are as follows:
• Sand or Silica
• Sodium Carbonate
• Lime or Calcium Oxide
• Other Additives
• Lead glass: mixture of sand, soda, limestone and lead oxide
• Silica glass: using silica only
• Borosilicate: mixture of sand, soda, boric acid, aluminium oxide
• Alkali silicate glass: mixture of sand, soda
• Optical glass: micture of sand, soda, limestone, barium oxide and boron
• Boron – this changes the thermal and electrical properties of the glass and is
used to make Pyrex glassware which can withstand extremes of heat and cold.
Exercise | Q 3.5 | Page 121
Answer the following.
How the plastic is produced ?
Solution: Plastics are derived from natural, organic materials such as cellulose, coal,
natural gas, salt and of crude oil. Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of
compounds. The production of plastics begins with the distillation of crude oil in an oil
refinery. This separates the heavy crude oil into groups of lighter components, called
fractions. Each fraction is a mixture of hydrocarbon chains, which differ in terms of the
size and structure of their molecules.
Two main processes are used to produce plastics - polymerisation and
polycondensation. In a polymerisation reaction, monomers such as ethylene and
propylene are linked together to form long polymer chains.In a polycondensation
reaction, different monomer units are linked together to form long polymer chains. Each
polymer has its own properties, structure and size depending on the nature of monomer
different quality plastics are produced.
There are many different types of plastics, and they can be grouped into two main
polymer families:
• Thermoplastics (which soften on heating and then harden again on cooling).
• Thermosets (which never soften once they have been moulded).
Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 121
Distinguish between:
Manmade material and natural material

Solution: Natural materials:

1. Natural materials are those material, which occur in nature by its own.
2. They are both renewable and non-renewable in nature.
3. They help in the economic development of people.
4. They are eco-friendly.
5. They are not manufactured in factories.
4. Examples: wood, glass, plastic, thread, soil, metals, rubber etc.
Man-made materials:
1. Man-made materials are a type of material that doesn't occur naturally and is made
by humans.
2. They are non-renewable in nature.
3. They help in economic as well as social development
4. They are not environmentally friendly.
5. They are not manufactured in factories.
4. Examples: glass, plastic, artificial thread, thermocol, etc.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 121

Distinguish between
Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic.

Solution:
Thermoplastic polymers Thermosetting polymers
These are formed by addition These are formed by condensation
polymerisation polymerization
Generally more expensive than Cost effective
thermosettings
Monomer used in these is generally In this monomer used is tri, tetra or
bifunctional polyfunctional
Aesthetically-superior finishes More difficult to surface finish
 They are long chain linear polymer with These have three- dimensional network
negligible cross links structure with number of cross links
less resistant to high temperatures More resistant to high temperatures than
thermoplastics
They have low molecular wt. They have high molecular wt
They are soft, weak , brittle They,are hard, strong and more brittle
Highly recyclable Cannot be recycled
They can be softened and reshaped They cannot be softened and reshaped again
and reused. once again.Highly flexible design
High-impact resistance Low-impact resistance
Remolding/reshaping capabilities Cannot be remolded or reshaped
Eco-friendly manufacturing Eco-foe manufacturing
e.g.- polyethtlene , polystyrene , PVC , e.g.- phenol formaldehyde, ureaformaldehyde,
PVA etc. nylon 6:6 etc.

Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 121

Answer the following in your words.
Explain the effect of following materials on environment and human health.
1. Plastic
2.Glass
3.Thermocol.
Solution: a.Effects of plastic:
Health problem:
The manufacture of plastic, as well as its destruction by incineration, pollutes air, land
and water and exposes workers to toxic chemicals, including carcinogenic.It is
poisonous in nature,
Land pollution :
Plastic packaging – especially plastic bag – is a significant source of landfill waste.It just
sits and accumulates in landfills or pollutes the environment. Plastics have become a
municipal waste nightmare, prompting local governments all over the world to
implement plastic bag, and increasingly polystyrene(styrofoam), bans.
Water pollution:
Plastic is non-biodegeradable. It choked the sewage system and creating problemd for
local bodies like danger to life, water borne diseases etc.
Danger to aquatic species and land animals:
It is regularly eaten by numerous marine and land animals, to fatal consequences.
Synthetic plastic is non-biodegradable.It creates digestive problem for all living
organisms.
It upset food chain: It disturbs the food chain, which may affect the ecological balance.
Other factors :
Plastic pollution may not even be visible to the naked eye as research is showing that
microscopic plastic particles are present in the air at various locations throughout the
world and in all major oceans. Plastic is now ubiquitous in our terrestrial, aquatic and
airborne environments - that is, it's everywhere.
b.Effects of glass:
During production of glass, mixture needs to be heated at very high temperature. Which
will result in evolution of green house gases like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
carbon dioxide.
• The combustion of natural gas/fuel oil and the decomposition of raw materials
during the melting lead to the emission of CO2. This is the only greenhouse gas
emitted during the production of glass. And finally leads to the cause of green
house effect.
• Nitrogen oxides (NO2) due to the high melting temperatures and in some cases
due to decomposition of nitrogen compounds contribute to acidification.
• Glasses is non-biodegradable because it is photolysis resistant. Glasses donot
degrade naturally in the environment. Hence, glasses is burnt to reduce the
waste but incinerating glasse is more harmful.
• Evaporation from the molten glass and raw materials can cause release of
particles in the atmosphere.
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2) from the fuel and/or from decomposition of sulphate in the
batch materials can contribute to acidification and formation of SMOG.
• Glass is a non-degradable, if pieces of broken glass material flow into water
body, it may affect the ecosystem.
• Sometimes, drainage system may be blocked due to aggregation of broken parts
of glasses.
c.Effects of thermocol:

1. It is a carcinogen:
Some research on cancer has showed that styrene may contain carcinogens and
increase the risks of cancer in humans and can cause lymphoma and leukemia cancer
upon prolonged exposure.

2. It is non-biodegradable:
Thermocol is non-biodegradable because it is photolysis resistant. Thermocol needs a
very long time to degrade naturally in the environment. Hence, thermocol is burnt to
reduce the waste but incinerating thermocol is more harmful.

3. It contaminates the food and drinks:

Even though food and drinks are served on thermocol plates and cups, these actually
contaminate the food and beverages and affect the health and the reproductive systems
of humans. When food are reheated while they are still in thermocol container the
harmful effect on humans’ health are seen.

4. It affects the health of workers who work in thermocol manufacturing plants:

Thermocol, more particularly styrene, adversely affects the health of the workers in the
thermocol manufacturing units. The workers working for a prolonged period complain of
eyes, skin, and respiratory tract irritation as well as gastrointestinal complications.
Thermocol plant workers also complain of problems in liver, kidneys, respiratory, and
nervous systems. It has been found responsible for natural abortions in pregnant
women. Exposure to liquid styrene can result in burns.

5. Replete with pollutants:

Thermocol is replete with several pollutants that pollute our environment and are toxic to
the human health.
Some of these pollutants include:

a) Hydrofluorocarbon: One of the major contributors to global warming, the use of

hydroflurocarbon has been curtailed. However, it is still in use although it is increasingly
replaced by pentane and carbon dioxide in the production of thermocol.

b) Benzene: Benzene is one of the major carcinogens and has been found to cause
severe leukemia cancers in patients.

c) Dioxins: Dioxins are responsible for problems found in hormonal changes and
immune levels and also affect the development of fetus.
Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 121

Which measures will you arrange to minimize the environmental problems arising due to
non-degradable plastic ?

Solution: measures will you arrange to minimize the environmental problems arising
due to non-degradable plastic are as follows:
1. We must reduce our plastic dependency:
We use an incredible quantity of single-use plastic items, such as straws, plastic bags,
packaging, plastic cups, plates and cutlery. We must put an end to it. An increasing
number of countries have now imposed a ban on disposable plastics and plastic bags,
or established concrete targets for reducing plastic consumption and waste.
2. Increase fees and taxes on polluting plastics:
Most of the plastics used today are produced from oil, and are a source of both climate
emissions and pollution. Governments need to investigate and implement a tax or fee
on polluting plastics. The fees must be changed so that recycled plastic becomes
cheaper than fossil.
3. Increased waste management where the problem is greatest:
The bulk of plastic waste comes from developing countries. Rapid population growth
and a swelling middle class means the consumption of plastic is increasing faster than
the capacity to handle the plastic waste, and therefore much of the excess ends up in
the sea. lished to develop waste management and recycling infrastructure.
4. Increased mapping, surveillance and research:
There is still much we do not know about the plastic problem. Researchers estimate that
more than 70 percent of the plastic ends up on the sea floor. Over time, it breaks down
into tiny particles, but we do not know what happens to this material or how to get rid of
it. The efforts to map and monitor, as well as conduct research on the negative effects,
must be strengthened.
5. Stop the flow of plastic waste into the sea:
the plastic in the ocean is suspected to come from activities and industry on land. This
can include everything from car tyres, technical sports equipment and fleece clothing, to
cigarette butts and cotton buds. Everyone should contribute to the solution. For
example, you can participate in clean-up operations, cut your own plastic consumption
and of course always pick up any garbage you find along your way.
6. Increased funds for clean-up:
To solve the plastic problem, we must ensure that action and clean-up operations are
undertaken in areas where the problem is the greatest. Much of the work, however, is
hampered due to the lack of financial resources. By establishing a global ocean fund,
with waste management and clean-up of marine areas high on the agenda, we will be
one step closer towards the goal: a future without plastic and marine pollution in our
ocean.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 121

Write short notes.
Glass production.
Solution: Glass production:
The manufacturing process of glass consists of four major operations:
(1) Melting, (2) Shaping, (3) Annealing, (4) Finishing. Each operation is being discussed
briefly as follows:
1. Melting: The ingredients called batch materials are mixed in the appropriate
proportion and heated to fusion in a furnace.For glass production, mixture of
sand(silicon dioxide), lime and small quantity of magnesium oxide is added. The two
most commonly used furnaces are: (i) Pot furnace and (ii) Tank furnace.
i. Pot Furnace: In this furnace, the charge is fused in fire clay pots. The pots may be
opened or closed. The closed pots are used when the-glass is to be protected from the
products of combustion.

(ii)Tank Furnace: It consists of a large rectangular tank built of fire clay blocks. The
batch materials are fed into the tank and producer gas is used as a fuel in the furnace.

2. Shaping: The plastic glass formed in the furnace is next shaped or formed into the
desired articles. It is accomplished by blowing from mouth or by means of a machine.
Shapinq of glass lump.
3. Annealing: It is a process of cooling slowly the newly shaped articles. If they are
cooled quickly they become brittle on account of the high internal strain. Annealing
allows the molecules to arrange themselves in such a way that there is no internal strain
when the mass is cooled. Annealing is done in a tunnel like oven called lehr
4. Finishing: The articles obtained from the lehr are subjected to a number of
operations such as cleaning, polishing, grinding, rounding edges, etc., for bringing them
to a useable form.

Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 121

Write short notes.
Optic glass

Solution: Optic glass is high-quality, homogeneous, color-free glass, as flint or crown

glass, having specified refractive properties, used in lenses and other components of
optical systems.
Optic glass is produced, when we mixed sand(silicon dioxide), soda, limestone, barium
oxide and boron.
These glasses are useful in the production of microscopeic lenses, spectacle4s, lenses
etc.

Exercise | Q 6.3 | Page 121

Write short notes.
Uses of plastic.

Solution: 1.Melamine is used in domestically useful items like cup, saucers, plates,
trey, spare parts of airplane engine and sound insulating coverings etc.
2.Polyurethane is used in surfing boards, small boats, furniture, seats in vehicles etc.
3.Bakelite is used for making cabinets of radio, T.V., telephones, electric switches, toys,
coverings over handles of cookers etc.
4.Polyester is used for making fiber glass, toners of laser printers, textile industry etc.
5.Polypropylene is used for making parts of loudspeakers & vehicles, ropes,
mattresses, laboratory appliances stc.
6.Polyethylene is used for making milk bags, packing bags, flexible garden pipes etc.
7. polystyrene is used for making thermo-insulating parts of electric appliances like
refrigerators, gears of machine, toys, protective coverings like covers of CD and DVD
etc.
8.Polyvinyl chloride is used for making bottles, raincoat, pipes, handbags, shoes,
electric cable insulation, furniture, ropes, toys etc.
 Ecosystems
EXERCISE [PAGE 128]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 128

Complete the following by using correct option.

Air, water, minerals, soil are ___________ factors of an ecosystem.
1. physical
2. organic
3. inorganic
Solution: Air, water, minerals, soil are physical factors of an ecosystem.

Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 128

Complete the following by using correct option.

River, ponds, ocean are _____________ ecosystem.
1. land
2. aquatic
3. synthetic
Solution: River, ponds, ocean are aquatic ecosystem.

Exercise | Q 1.3 | Page 128

Complete the following by using correct option

Man is ___________ in an ecosystem.
1. producer
2. consumer
3. decomposer
Solution: Man is consumer in an ecosystem.

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 128

Match the following

Producers Ecosystem
a. Cactus 1. Forest
b. Aquatic plants 2. Creek
c. Mangroves 3. Aquatic
 d. Pine 4. Desert
Solution:
Producers Ecosystem
a. Cactus 4. Desert
b. Aquatic plants 3. Aquatic

c. Mangroves 2. Creek

d. Pine 1. Forest

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 128

Give my information
Ecosystem
Solution: The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components present in a
particular area is called an ecosystem. The abiotic components include sunlight, water,
soil, air, etc., and the biotic components include the different plants and animals found
in an area, e.g., lake, forest, grassland, lions, deer, etc.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 128

Give my information
Biome
Solution: A biome is a very large ecosystem that comprise of a wide variety of
vegetation and animal life. The identification of biomes is done on the basis of the
vegetation cover constituting them. Biomes are classified into terrestrial biomes,
freshwater biomes and marine biomes. Steppe grasslands in Central Asia and Pampas
in South America are examples of biomes.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 128

Give my information
Food web
Solution: Food web is the network of many food chains, like the one given in the
following picture.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 128

Give scientific reasons

Plants in an ecosystem are called producer.
Solution: Plants in an ecosystem are called producers because they synthesise their
own food by the process of photosynthesis. All the other living organisms are dependant
on plants for full filling their nutritional requirements and hence are called producer.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 128

Give scientific reasons

Large dams destroy ecosystem.
Solution: Large dams destroy the ecosystem because the construction of dams across
river leads to mass deforestation, which results in the loss of biodiversity. It leads to the
widescale loss of flora and fauna of that area.

Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 128

Give scientific reasons

Rhinos were restored in Dudhwa forest.
Solution: Rhinos had become extinct in the 20th century due to unrelenting hunting in
the Dudhwa forest. However, they were again restored by the various measures taken
up by the government. They were bred in captivity and then released in their habitats
under observation.

Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 128

Answer the following:

What are the effects of icreased population on ecosystem?
Solution: The population is increasing at an alarming rate and our natural resources
are being used even at a faster rate. Increasing population has also lead to various
devastating effects on our ecosystem as well. Increasing population has resulted in
various problems like:
• Deforestation- Cutting down of trees for making space for more houses and other
products has resulted in the decrease in the forest cover.
• Generation of waste- Increased population has resulted in the increased
dumping of wastes by humans on earth. This waste has led to various types of
pollution as most of it contains non biodegradable substances.
• Land degradation- Excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides and intensive farming
has led to over exploitation of natural resources like land and water.
• Loss of biodiversity- Excessive minning, hunting of animals and cutting of trees
has resulted in the loss of biodiversity of various regions. It has caused many
animals and plants to become extinct.
• Industrialisation- More and more industries are being set up for which large areas
of land are being cleared out and they are also one of the major sources of
pollution.
Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 128

Answer the following:

How is urbanization responsible for destruction of ecosystem?
Solution: Urbanisation is a term which refers to the general increase in population and
the amount of industrialization of a settlement. Urbanisation leads to various problems
like land insecurity, worsening water quality, excessive air pollution, noise and the
problems of waste disposal.

Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 128

Answer the following:

What are the reasons for war?
Solution: Wars can occur due to various reasons like differences and competition over
land, water, mineral resources. It can also occur due to economic and political reasons.

Exercise | Q 5.4 | Page 128

Explain the interactions among the factors of an ecosystem.

Solution: Ecosystem is made up of two types of components - biotic and abiotic
components. Abiotic factors include light, temperature, water, air, soil, inorganic
nutrients, etc. They are the non-living components of any habitat. Biotic factors are the
living components of any habitat. They include plants, animals, etc. Both the biotic and
abiotic factors in an ecosystem interact with each to maintain the balance of an
ecosystem. The abiotic factors play an important role in the distribution and survival of
biotic factors in an ecosystem. The proportion of abiotic factors is not constant and
always keeps on changing as they are used or excreted by the biotic factors. It is not
only the abiotic factor which affects an ecosystem but the biotic factors also have an
equal effect on abiotic components as well as other biotic components.

Exercise | Q 5.5 | Page 128

Answer the following:

Differentiate between evergreen forests and grasslands.
Solution:
Evergreen Forests Grasslands

These land biomes are found in These land biomes are found in regions
regions with surplous rains. with long summers and limited rainfall.

They consiste of dense and multi They mainly consist of long grasses.
layers of different types of trees.

Exercise | Q 6 | Page 128

Describe the following pictures

Solution: Both the images represent three different types of habitats. The first image
represents the desert while the second image represents grassland ecosystem and an
aquatic ecosystem.
The first image shows a desert and the kind of plants and animals which are found in
this type of habitat. There is cactus and camel in this image which are adapted to such
harsh environment.
The second image shows a water body which is a type of aquatic ecosystem. It also
shows grassland ecosystem which consists of long grasses and variety of plants and
animals.
 Life Cycle of Stars

EXERCISE [PAGE 134]

Exercise | Q 1.01 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

1. Our galaxy is called ___________.
2. There are about _________ stars in our galaxy.
3. Milky way is a ____________ galaxy.
Solution: 1. Our galaxy is called Milky way.
2. There are about billion stars in our galaxy.
3. Milky way is a spiral galaxy.

Exercise | Q 1.02 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

For measuring large distances ___________ is used as a unit.
Solution: For measuring large distances light year is used as a unit

Exercise | Q 1.03 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

The speed of light is __________ km/s
Solution: The speed of light is 3,00,000 km/s

Exercise | Q 1.04 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

The end stage of the sun will be ____________.
Solution: The end stage of the sun will be white dwarf.

Exercise | Q 1.05 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

Stars are born out of _________ clouds.
Solution: Stars are born out of interstellar clouds.

Exercise | Q 1.06 | Page 134

Search and you will find.
Stars are spheres of __________ gas.
Solution: Stars are spheres of hot gas.

Exercise | Q 1.07 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

The masses of other stars are measured relative to the mass of the ___________.
Solution: The masses of other stars are measured relative to the mass of the Sun.

Exercise | Q 1.08 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

Light takes _________ to reach us from the moon.
Solution: Light takes 1 s to reach us from the moon.

Exercise | Q 1.09 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

The larger the mass of a star the faster is its ___________
Solution: The larger the mass of a star the faster is its rate of evolution.

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 134

Search and you will find.

The number of fuels used in the life of a star depends on its __________
Solution: The number of fuels used in the life of a star depends on its mass.

Exercise | Q 2 | Page 134

Who is telling lies?

a. Light year is used to measures time.
b. End stage of a star depends on its initial mass.
c. A star ends its life as a neutron star when the pressure of its electrons balances its
gravity.
d. Only light can emit from the blank hole.
e. The sun will pass through the supergiant stage during its evolution.
f. The Sun will end its life as a white dwarf.
Solution: a. It is lying as light year is used to measures distance.
b. It is telling the truth as the end stage of a star is decided by its mass.
c. It is lying because a star ends its life as a neutron star when the pressure of its
neutrons balances its gravity.
d. It is lying as nothing can be emitted from black hole, not even light.
e. It is telling the truth as the Sun will pass through the giant stage during its evolution.
So, its end stage will be as white dwarf.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 134

Answer the following question.

How do stars form?
Solution: Spaces between the stars present in a galaxy are occupied by huge clouds of
gas and dust, known as interstellar clouds. Contractions happen in this cloud due to
some natural disturbance. Because of this, the density and temperature in the cloud
starts increasing and a dense sphere of hot gas is formed from the cloud. Nuclear
energy (energy released due to fusion of atomic nuclei) is generated with the burning of
fuel, like hydrogen and helium, in the sphere when it attains a sufficient amount of
density and temperature at its centre. Due to this energy generation, the gas sphere
becomes self luminous and thus a new star is formed.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 134

Answer the following question.

why do stars evolve ?
Solution: Star loses its energy constantly due to continuous emission of light and
energy. This means that the temperature of a star decreases continuously and hence its
gas pressure which thereby decreases its stability. But we know a star is very stable.
So, to maintain the stability of a star, its temperature is maintained constant with the
help of energy released by the burning of fuel at its centre. This burning and therefore
the decrease in the amount of fuel is the reason for the evolution in the stars.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 134

Answer the following question.

What are the three end stages of stars ?
Solution: Three end stages of stars are:
• White dwarf
• Density of star is very high compared to that of Earth
• Small sized and very stable
• Appears white in colour
• Initial mass < 8MSun
• Neutron star
• Completely made up of neutrons
• Stable in nature
• Initial mass 8MSun < M<mStar < 25MSun</m
• Black hole
• Gravitation pull is very strong
• Absorbs everything, even the light rays falling on it
• Appears as black hole
• Initial mass > 8MSun
Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 134

Answer the following question

Why was the name black hole given ?
Solution: All the light rays falling on black hole gets absorbed. Because of this we
cannot see this star at all but can probably see a minute black hole at its place. Thus,
the name black hole is given to this star.

Exercise | Q 3.5 | Page 134

Answer the following question.

Which types of stars end their life as a neutron star?
Solution: The stars whose initial mass is between 8 to 25 times the mass of the Sun,
end their life as a neutron star.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 134

If you are the sun, write about your properties in your own words.
Solution: Following are the various properties of me as a Sun:
• I am 4.5 x 109 old.
• I have my own heat and light.
• I am made up of hot gases. Hydrogen contributes to 72% of my mass while
helium about 26%. The rest 2% is associated with elements heavier than helium.
• My mass and radius is about 2×1030 and 695700 km, respectively.
• My surface temperature is about 5800 K and temperature at the centre is 1.5
x 107 K.
Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 134

Describe white dwarfs.

Solution: White dwarfs are the end stage of low mass stars. These are those stars
• whose density is very high compared to that of Earth
• which are very stable and small sized
• which appears white in colour
• whose initial mass < 8MSun
 1. Stars and Our Solar System
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following question.

What is meant by the 'rotation' of planets?

Answer

Rotation is when a planet spins on its axis. The axis is an Fixed imaginary line passing from center of planet.
For e.g. Earth completes one complete rotation in 24 hours.

The Rotation of a planet has been shown in the figure

1 B. Question

Answer the following question.

What is the special feature of Venus?

Answer

All planets spins on its axis called rotation of planets, Venus also spins on its axis but it spins in opposite
direction from other planets all planets rotates west to east direction and it rotates in east to west direction
.it also rotates at slowest rate compared to other planets as it takes 243 days to complete on rotation.

1 C. Question

Answer the following question.

Why is Mars called the Red Planet?

Answer

The soil on mars is rich in iron so it is red in color, which makes the planet appear red when viewed from
space, that is why mars is also called red planet.

2 A. Question

Give reasons.

We only see one side of the moon.

Answer

Reason:

Moon Rotates or spins on its own axis and at the same time moon revolves around Earth in a fixed orbit
(path) and time taken by moon to complete on revolution around earth is nearly equal to time taken by
moon to complete on rotation that is 27.3 Days so every time same face of moon appears to an observer on
earth viewing moon because in completing one circle it completed one rotation also so at the end of 27.3
days it appears at same place from where it started and facing towards the earth in the same way as of
earlier

The simultaneous rotation and revolution of moon around earth has been shown in the figure

2 B. Question

Give reasons.

Planets do not collide into one another.

Answer

Reason: All planets revolves around sun in a fixed path called as orbit, orbits of planets are separated by
vast distance from each other and do not cross each other so planets do not so they do not collide into one
another.

2 C. Question

Give reasons.

Saturn is said to have unique characteristics.

Answer

Reason: Saturn has some unique characteristic like :-

1. Saturn has rings around it, these rings are made up of rocks, ice and dust.

2. Density of Saturn is less than that of water (density is mass per unit volume), i.e. it is very light so if there
were large enough ocean Saturn would float on it.

2 D. Question

Give reasons.

We see the planets and stars moving from the east to the west.

Answer

Reason:

We see the planets and stars like our own sun moving from east to west because our earth rotates from
west to east so, we find the other planetary objects to move in the opposite direction. Planets and stars
appear moving from east to west. This is because of the rotation of the earth from west to east.

2 E. Question

Give reasons.

Even as India--England cricket match is played at Lords we can watch it live at home.

Answer

Reason: We can watch India--England cricket match is played at Lords we can watch it live at home due to
artificial satellites because revolve around earth in space and are used for communication they receive
signal(Video and Audio of the match being recorded on camera) from lords and then transmit it or telecast it
to our homes through Dth and we can watch it on TV.
3. Question

Fill in the blanks.

(a) There are altogether ……………. constellations. Of these, 37 belong to the northern hemisphere sky and
……………. to the southern hemisphere sky.

(b) Jupiter has ……………. moons.

(c) ……………. was India's first artificial satellite.

(d) It is because of ……………, that we can forecast the weather.

Answer

(a) 88,51

there are total 88 constellations out of which 51 belongs southern hemisphere sky , constellations are group
of stars that make an imaginary shape in the night sky, Example scorpius.

(b) 63

Jupiter has 63 moons, moon is a natural satellite which revolves around a planet in a fixed orbit (path).

(c) Aryabhatta

Aryabhatta was India's first artificial satellite, artificial satellite is a man made device that revolves around
planet in a fixed orbit(path).

(d) Satellite

Satellite revolves above surface of earth and capture images, and other data regarding weather conditions
like cloud formation at a certain place or variation in air pressure etc. and transmit this data to scientists on
earth , on the basis of which they predict the weather.

4. Question

Match the following.

Answer

(a) Morning star -3 Venus

Venus is seen just before sunrise during the time when planet is west of sun, that is why is called as morning
star.

(b) The Great Bear -4 Constellation

Constellations are group of stars that make an imaginary shape in the night sky
(c) IRS -5 Artificial satellite

Artificial satellite is a man made device that revolves around planet in a fixed orbit(path).

(d) Asteroids -2 Between Mars and Jupiter

Asteroid is small rocky body revolving around sun in fixed orbit(path). Large no. of these Asteroids are found
between the orbits of mars and Jupiter.

(e) Halley's comet -6 76 years

Halley's comet is probably the most well known of all the comets. It approaches the sun every 75-76 years.

(f) Rotation of the moon -1-27.3 days

Moon takes approximately 27 days to rotate once on its axis

(The axis is an Fixed imaginary line passing from center of moon or planet)

Activities
1. Question

Write the names of Indian astronauts and collect their pictures and information about them.

Answer

The name of the Indian astronauts are given as:

i. Rakesh Sharma

ii. Kalpana Chawla:

iii. Sunita Williams:

iv. Ravish Malhotra:

2. Question

Collect information about and pictures of the Chandrayaan, the spacecraft that India has sent to the moon.

Answer

3. Question

Find out how, when a space voyage is planned, space debris has to be taken into consideration.

Answer

The student should it by themselves.

 2. Biological diversity
Exercises
1 A. Question

Write answers to the following questions:

What is meant by bio-diversity?

Answer

The existence of wide variety of plant and animals on the earth is called biodiversity.

1 B. Question

Write answers to the following questions:

What is the importance of bio-diversity?

Answer

Biodiversity is important for all living things including humans as we all get our basic necessities of food,
cloth, and medicine and shelter etc. all because of biodiversity. Environmental balance is maintained by the
biodiversity. If the balance between the no. of plants which are producers and the number of herbivores,
carnivores, decomposers is maintained to continue the nature’s chain is only due to biodiversity.

1 C. Question

Write answers to the following questions:

In which respects do living things differ?

Answer

The living things differ in their sizes, shapes, eating habits, body parts and life cycles etc.

1 D. Question

Write answers to the following questions:

What are the different reasons for the reduction of bio-diversity?

Answer

The different reasons for the reduction of diversity are:

1. Population: The demand for food grain has increased due to huge growth of population. Multiple crop
farming is replaced by single crop farming which has declined the biodiversity in the plant kingdom.

2. Huge constructions of dam, buildings, roads and factories, mining has destroyed the natural resources and
habitats of animals.

3. Pollution is one of the reason for declining biodiversity. Due to changes in the climate, some sensitive
species of animals and plants cannot survive.
The following diagrams shows the reasons responsible for declining diversity:

1 E. Question

Write answers to the following questions:

List the various efforts being made to protect endangered species.

Answer

Efforts made to protect endangered species are:-

1. Laws have been made to protect endangered species of plants and animals.

2. National parks and sanctuaries are being made.

3. Some areas are being declared as Reserved Biodiversity Zones.

4. Special projects are being undertaken to nurture specific species.

5. Some species of animals and plants are being grown in botanical and zoological gardens respectively.

6. Traditional knowledge is being conserved, compiled and documented.

2. Question

Give reasons.

(a) It is very important to preserve the prey-predator chains.

(b) The single crop method can prove harmful.

Answer

(a) It is very important to preserve the prey predator chains as in a forest, tiger alone cannot survive.
Herbivores are needed for the survival of carnivores. Predators cannot survive in the absence of prey. Hence,
it is necessary to continue the prey-predator cycle.The example of prey-predator cycle is shown below:
(b) Single crop method is used by farmers to get large harvest and high prices but the biodiversity in the
plant kingdom is endangered. The traditional multi crop farming is helpful in maintaining biodiversity.

3. Question

Write notes.

(a) Importance of the environment

(b) Biotechnology

(c) Reserved Biodiversity Zones.

Answer

(a) To maintain the biodiversity, the environment plays an important role. For the survival of carnivores in
the forest, presence of herbivores is necessary and for the survival of herbivores, plants are necessary. To
maintain the nature’s chain producers, decomposers, herbivores and carnivores all have to survive.

(b) Biodiversity is an advanced technology by which genes of local varieties are preserved in the gene bank.
These genes are preserved to cross with the new species to get their characteristics such as disease
resistance, survival in adverse conditions and shorter life cycles.

(c) Reserved bio diversity zones are the areas where the wildlife is protected but the local people are
permitted to carry on with their daily life and work. To protect plants and wild animals which are in danger of
extinction, a treaty came into force in 1975. This regulates the import and export of all kinds of wildlife. At
the earth summit held at Rio-de-Janeiro in Brazil in 1992, a treaty was adopted to protect and nature
biodiversity.

Activities
1. Question

Collect pictures of different varieties of the same flower. (Rose, hibiscus, oleander)

Answer

Different varieties of same flower:

Rose:

Hibiscus (China rose):

Oleander:

2. Question

Collect pictures of butterflies, paste them in a scrapbook and observe the diversity.

Answer

Different butterfly:

3. Question

Go to the fish market and observe the diversity in fish.

Answer

In the fish market I observed the following fish.

Rohu, Catla (Indian Carp), Hilsa, Pulasa Fish, and Tengra

4. Question

Find out what precautions must be taken when using the new type of cotton seeds (BT cotton) available in
the market, for planting cotton.

Answer

Precautions taken while using the new type of cotton seeds (BT cotton). It is a type of genetically modified
cotton. It contain poisonous bacteria. Hands must be immediately wash after using seeds. Many bacteria
living on plant materials may cause serious infections when cuts are left uncleaned and untreated.

5. Question

List the measures that can be undertaken for preserving the disappearing bio-diversity.

Answer

The following measures can be undertaken to preserve biodiversity:

•Creating more National Parks and Sanctuaries.

•Notify some areas as Reserved Bio-diversity Zones.

•Some specific species of plants and animals should be looked after properly.
•Traditional knowledge on plants and animals should be shared.
 3. Atmospheric Pressure
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following question.

Why do knives and blades have sharp edges?

Answer

As we know that ;

Hence, we can see from above formula that pressure depends on the surface area ( )
that means,

The less is the surface area, the greater is the pressure produced. Hence knives and blades have sharp
edges because sharp edges have less surface area due to which we can get more pressure and object can be
cut easily with less force.

1 B. Question

Answer the following question.

Why are ski-boards that are used to glide over snow long and broad?

Answer

We know that pressure depends on the surface area ( ).The large is the surface area
less is the pressure produced. Therefore the ski-boards are long and broad to increase the surface area,
which reduces the pressure on snow and we will not sink in snow.

1 C. Question

Answer the following question.

Why does ink not spill out of an ink dropper?

Answer

Ink enters the dropper till the pressure of the air inside the dropper becomes equal to the atmospheric
pressure outside acting on the ink in the bottle. It is because the two pressures ( atmospheric pressure,
Pressure of air in the dropper) are equal the ink does not spill out unless the bulb is pressed, because on
pressing the bulb the pressure inside the dropper becomes more than atmospheric pressure thus the two
pressures are not equal.

2. Question

Fill in the blanks.

(a) The unit of pressure is _______.

(b) Ink rises into the ink dropper because of the _______ pressure acting on the surface of the ink in the
bottle.

(c) When the piston of a pump is pulled up, the pressure inside _______.

(d) The air pressure inside our body is equal to the _______ .

Answer

(a) The unit of pressure is N\m2(Newton Per meter square).

Since Standard (S.I) unit of force is Newton(N) and of area is meter square(m2) .And As we know that

Hence Standard (S.I) unit of pressure is N/m2 (Newton per meter square).
(b) Ink rises into the ink dropper because of the atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the ink in the
bottle.

On pressing the bulb of the dropper the air inside the dropper is pushed out of the hole in the dropper. This
makes the pressure of the air in the bulb less than the atmospheric pressure. Hence to make the pressure
inside the bulb equal to the atmospheric pressure outside, the ink rises in the dropper.

(c) When the piston of a pump is pulled up, the pressure inside Decreases.

When the piston of the pump is pulled up all the air inside the pump is pushed outside through the narrow
tube, this reduces the pressure inside the piston. Due to this reduced pressure only the water comes inside
the pump so that pressure inside the pump becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure outside.

(d) The air pressure inside our body is equal to the Atmospheric pressure.

The atmosphere exerts a pressure called as the atmospheric pressure. We do not get crushed by the
pressure because the atmospheric pressure inside our body is equal to the atmospheric pressure outside.

3. Question

Match the following.

Answer

4. Question

Are the following statements true or false?

(a) The pressure of air inside an inflated balloon is equal to atmospheric pressure.

(b) Fluids always flow from higher pressure to lower pressure.

(c) If area is reduced, pressure is reduced.

(d) Standing on a cane chair increases the possibility of the cane breaking due to increased pressure.

Answer

(a) True

When the air is filled inside the balloon the pressure inside the balloon increases and the balloon becomes
spherical and exerts equal pressure in all directions in order to balance the atmospheric pressure. Figure
below illustrates the following.
(b) True

In order to make the pressure equal both sides the fluids always flows from the higher pressure to lower
pressure( this makes pressure difference equal to zero), once the pressure becomes equal both sides the
flow of the fluid stops. Therefore the above statement is True.

(c) False

As we know that ;

Hence we can see from above formula that pressure depends on the surface area ( )
that means,

Hence less is the surface area, the greater is the pressure produced.

Therefore the above statement is False.

(d) True

When we stand on a cane chair the area of contact (surface area)with the chair is less , hence the pressure
exerted on the chair due to the weight is more . And this increased pressure increases the possibility of
breaking the cane chair due to more force.

Activities
1. Question

Carry out this simple experiment to test the strength of atmospheric pressure.

Fill a glass with water. Place a dish on it upside down. Holding the dish in place with your hand, turn the glass
over. Place the dish on a table.

Take a few 50 paisa coins. Slide one coin under the edge of the glass without disturbing the water even
slightly. Now, slide a second and third coin under the glass in the same way. You will see something
remarkable. The glass is standing on three coins but the water inside does not spill out ! This is the magic of
atmospheric pressure. With practice, you will learn to do this experiment quite easily. Then you will even be
able to make the glass stand on piles of coins without spilling all the water ! Try it, have fun !

Answer

The glass stands on the three coins and the water does not come out of the glass because of the
Atmospheric pressure.

Here is the Experiment along with the images.

1) Place a dish upside down on the glass filled with the water as shown in the figure.

2) Now gently slide the coin under the glass without disturbing water.

3) Push three coins under the glass in a way similar to first coin as shown in the figure below.

OBSERVATION: You will see that the glass is standing on the three coins. And the water does not spill out of
the glass.

WHY THIS HAPPENS: There is no such magic which has happened; it is due to the atmospheric pressure.
When we have gently pushed the coins under the glass the air inside the glass comes out which reduce the
pressure inside the glass and pressure becomes less than the atmospheric pressure outside the glass.
Therefore the atmospheric pressure exerts the force on the glass thus due to the force exerted by the
atmospheric pressure the water does not come out of the glass.
 4. Magnetism
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

Classify the following substances as magnetic or non - magnetic.

copper, phosphorus, iron, cobalt, soil, water, silver, mercury, nickel, wood, oil.

Answer

Magnetic substances are those which are attracted by a magnet when substance is placed near magnet.

Non-Magnetic Substances are those which are not attracted by a magnet when substance is placed near
magnet.

So here Magnetic substances are – Iron, Cobalt, and nickel

As these substances are attracted by a magnet when placed near it

Non-Magnetic Substances are – Soil, Water, Wood, Soil, Oil, Mercury, Silver, Phosphorus, copper

Because these substances are not attracted by a magnet when placed near it

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

In olden times, how was a magnet placed in a compass?

Answer

Whenever a magnet is kept in such a situation, that it is fee to move in any direction on the surface of earth,
it aligns or orient itself such that north pole of magnet points towards North Pole of earth and south pole
towards south pole of earth hence it indicates direction and act as compass. In olden times in order to place
a magnetic needle in compass (A magnet in shape of needle or a magnetized needle acting as magnet),
magnetic needle was supported on a wooden block and placed in water such that needle floats on water, as
needle was free to turn, it would come to rest in the north –south direction of earth and act as compass.

As it has been shown in the figure

2. Question

Match the following.

Answer
3. Question

Fill in the blanks.

(a) There is magnetic …….………. between like poles.

(b) Stainless steel is a …….………. substance.

(c) There is mutual attraction between …….………. poles of magnets.

(d) There is maximum magnetic force near the …………… of a magnet.

Answer

(a) Repulsion

Explanation: Any magnet has two poles i.e. North and South, like magnetic poles repel each other i.e. North
Pole of a magnet repel North Pole of another magnet and South Pole of a magnet repel South Pole of another
magnet when brought closer.

(b) Non-Magnetic

Explanation: Stainless steel is not attracted by a magnet when placed near a magnet. And substances which
are not attracted by a magnet when placed near it are called nonmagnetic substance.

(c) Unlike poles

Explanation: Any magnet has two poles i.e. North and South, unlike magnetic poles attract each other i.e.
North Pole of a magnet attract South Pole of another magnet and South Pole of a magnet repel North Pole of
another magnet when brought closer.
(d) Poles

Explanation: The maximum magnetic strength of magnet is near the two ends of magnet called the poles so
maximum magnetic force is experienced at poles.

4 A. Question

Give reasons.

A magnetic needle is used in a mariner's compass.

Answer

Magnetic needle is used in a mariner's compass as Sailors use marine compass to locate directions.

Whenever a magnet is kept in such a situation, that it is fee to move in any direction on the surface of earth,
it aligns or orient itself such that north pole of magnet points towards North Pole of earth and south pole
towards south pole of earth, Magnetic needle in marine compass rotates to come to rest at north- south
direction

This helps sailors to point north direction, with the help of which all other direction can be determined by
mariner, and mariner can travel.

4 B. Question

Give reasons.

If a bar magnet is suspended vertically it does not hang in the north-south direction.

Answer

A bar magnet has property to come at rest at north-south direction or orient itself such that north pole of
magnet poles toward north pole of earth and south pole of magnet toward south pole of earth but this
happens if magnet is allowed to swing freely along Horizontal Surface of earth, when a bar magnet is
suspended vertically, it is not allowed to move freely in Vertical Plane of earth as Gravitational force is acting
on magnet and it can’t swing freely so as to so it is not hang in north –south direction.

Activities
1. Question

Take a paper clip. Tie a fine black thread to it. Tie a knot to the other end of the thread and stick it to a table
top. Now, bring a bar magnet above the clip. The magnet will lift the clip. Keep raising the bar magnet
gradually. The clip, too, will rise till the thread becomes straight. If the magnet were hidden what would you
see ? A clip that hangs in mid-air !

Answer
 5. The Structure of an atom
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is the difference between the models of the atom proposed by Thomson and by Rutherford?

Answer

Difference between the models of the atom proposed by Thomson and by Rutherford-

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is the characteristic property of the element hydrogen?

Answer

The characteristic property of hydrogen:

Hydrogen has atomic number 1 and has 1 electron and 1 proton.

The element hydrogen has three isotopes and have different properties

First isotope is Protium which has 1 atomic mass.

Second isotope is Deuterium which has 2 atomic mass.

Third isotope is Tritium which has 3 atomic mass.

Note: Isotopes- In certain elements, some atoms have the same atomic number but different atomic mass
number. Such atoms of an element are called isotopes of that element.

1 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is meant by valency?

Answer

Every element has some capacity to join or combine with other elements. The capacity of the element for
joining or combining is called valency of that element.

i. The valency of the element is always a whole number.

ii. For example,

The atomic number of sodium = 11

The electronic configuration of 11 Na= 2,8,1

The atomic number of potassium = 19

The electronic configuration of 19 K = 2,8,8,1

Hence, sodium and potassium have a same valency (electrons in the outermost shell) of 1.

1 D. Question
Answer the following questions.

What is meant by atomic mass number?

Answer

Atomic mass number is the sum of number of protons (p) and neutrons (n) in the nucleus. It is represented
by the symbol ‘A’.

Atomic mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

A=p+n

By the above formula, we can easily calculate the atomic mass number of any element.

Example:-

i. A lithium atom contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons. Its atomic mass number is A = 3 + 4 = 7

ii. In a sodium atom, there are 11 protons and 12 neutrons. Thus, its atomic number is A = 11 + 12 = 23

iii. A magnesium atom contains 12 protons and 12 neutrons. Its atomic mass number is A = 12 + 12 = 24

iv. A hydrogen atom contains 1 proton and 0 neutron. Its atomic mass number is A = 1 + 0 = 1

1 E. Question

Answer the following questions.

Name the fundamental particles in an atom.

Answer

The fundamental particles in an atom are protons, neutrons and electrons.

i. Protons(p) = Proton is the positively charge fundamental particle and is resides in the nucleus. The positive
charge of proton(p+) is of the same magnitude as that of electron’s negative charge(e-).

ii. Neutron(n) = Neutron has no charge and is also resides in the nucleus. The mass of a neutron is almost
equal to that of proton.

iii. Electron(e-) = Electron is a negatively charge fundamental particle and it moves around the nucleus in
particular orbits.

Representation of fundamental particles of an atom

2 A. Question

Give reasons.

In Rutherford's experiment, some alpha rays collide with the gold sheet and are turned back.

Answer

In Rutherford’s experiment, some alpha rays collide with the gold sheet and are turned back because:

i. The atom might contain positively charged particles.

ii. The space occupied by the positive charge is very small in the atom.

iii. Hence, when alpha rays come closer to this point, they suffer a force of repulsion and deviate from their
paths and turned back.

2 B. Question

Give reasons.

During ion formation, an electric charge develops on the elements.

Answer

Ion formation:

i. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in particular orbits.

ii. Among the orbits, the outermost orbits participate in chemical reaction.

iii. Sometimes the outermost shell is incomplete which causes the giving and taking of electrons.

iv. In a chemical reaction, metals give electrons whereas non-metals receive electrons.

v. For example: (for positive electric charge)

Lithium(Li) has 3 protons.

The electronic configuration of sodium is 2,1.

This means that lithium has 1 electron in outermost orbit which is incomplete. During a chemical reaction,
lithium (a metal) gives away the outermost electron.

Now, the no. of protons (3) in the nucleus is greater than the remaining no. of electrons (2). Hence, Li atom
will get positive electric charge.

Li → Li+ + e-

For example: (for negative electric charge)

Oxygen(O) has 16 protons.

The electronic configuration of sodium is 2,8,6.

This means that oxygen has 6 electrons in the outermost orbit which is incomplete. During a chemical
reaction, oxygen (a non- metal) receives two electrons.

Now, the no. of protons (16) in the nucleus is less than the no. of electrons (18). Hence, oxygen atom will get
negative electric charge.

O + 2e- → O 2

2 C. Question

Give reasons.

Why does ionization take place?

Answer

Ionization takes place due to the following reasons:

i. The atoms or molecules ionize to stabilize themselves.

ii. They stabilize themselves by giving and taking of electrons.

iii. For example:

Al has 3 electrons in the outermost shell (2,8,3). To stabilize (complete the shell) itself, aluminum try to loose
3 electrons.

As a result, it achieves 2,8 configurations (complete outermost shell)

iv. Another example is:

Lithium has 1 electron in the outermost shell (2,1). To stabilize (complete the shell) itself, lithium tries to
loose 1 electron. As a result, it achieves 2 configurations (complete outermost shell)

v. If the outermost shell of an element is complete, the element will be highly stable.

2 D. Question

Give reasons.

All the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.

Answer

All the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus:

i. In the Rutherford’s model, since most of the alpha rays went straight and pass through the gold sheet.

ii. This means that there must be a very large empty space within the atom.

iii. The positively charged heavy mass which occupies only a small volume in an atom is called nucleus. It is
supposed to be present at the center of the atom.

iv. Thus, most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.

3. Question

Fill in the blanks.

(a) If the valency of carbon is 4 and that of hydrogen is 1 then the molecular formula of methane is
………………

(b) There are two electrons in the outermost orbit of the magnesium atom. Hence, the valency of magnesium
is ………………

(c) 35 Cl and ……………… are isotopes of chlorine.

(d) Isotopes of uranium are used as ……………… in atomic reactors.

Answer

(a) If the valency of carbon is 4 and that of hydrogen is 1 then the molecular formula of methane is CH4

Explanation:

The valency of carbon is 4

The valency of hydrogen is 1

Thus, the molecular formula will be:

�Molecular formula: CH4

(b) There are two electrons in the outermost orbit of the magnesium atom. Hence, the valency of magnesium
is 2.

Explanation:
Valency is the combining capacity of the element.

We can calculate the valency of an element by counting the no. of electrons in the outermost shell.

As magnesium has two electrons in the outermost shell, thus

its valency is 2.

(c) 35 17 Cl and 37 17 Cl are isotopes of chlorine.

Explanation:

Chlorine has two isotopes (having same atomic number and different atomic mass number).

In 35 17 Cl, the atomic mass number of chlorine is 35.

In 37 17 Cl, the atomic mass number of chlorine is 37.

(d) Isotopes of uranium are used as fuel in atomic reactors.

Explanation:

Isotopes of uranium (92 235U, 92 238U and 92 234U) are used as fuels in atomic reactors due to their significant
features in the nuclear reactors.

4. Question

Match the following.

Answer

(a) Isotopes of cobalt – Treatment of cancer

Explanation:

Isotopes of cobalt are used in the treatment of thyroid cancer and some cancer which occurs rarely.

(b) Valency of nitrogen – Three

Explanation:

The atomic number of nitrogen = 7

The electronic configuration of 7N= 2,5

The valency of nitrogen is 3 because it combines with other element and receives three electros to complete
the outermost shell (8-5=3)

(c) Non – metal – Receives electrons

Explanation:
Non- metals tend to receive electrons to complete their outermost shell. Outermost shell is the only shell
which participates in the chemical reaction.

(d) Metal – loses electrons

Explanation:

Metals tend to loose electrons to complete their outermost shell.

(e) Valency – Electrons in the outermost orbit

Explanation:

Valency is the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

For example, carbon has 4 electrons in the outermost shell. Thus, the valency of carbon is 4.

Activities
1. Question

Find out about the scientific works of Dr Homi Bhabha.

Answer

The scientific works of Dr. Homi Bhabha:

He did excessive research at Cambridge on atomic energy.

He discovered and prepared some scientific papers on “The Adsorption of cosmic radiation”.

He was the one to perform the calculation of electron- positron scattering to find out the the cross section.

In honor of Dr. Bhabha, in quantum physics, the name of electron-positron scattering was changed to Bhabha
scattering.

He also shows the verification of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity.

He explained that how the cosmic rays produce particles from outer space when they interact with upper
atmosphere.

He predicted that a limitless power of industries would be found through nuclear fusion’s control.

He promoted the nuclear energy control in India.

 6. Chemical Reactions and their Types
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

Name the different types of chemical reactions.

Answer

Different types of chemical reactions are:

•Combination Reaction

•Decomposition or Dissociation Reaction

•Displacement Reaction

1.Combination Reaction:

Two or more reactants unite to form a single product.

General Form: A + B -> AB

Eg: S + O2 ---------> SO 2

2.Decompostion Reaction

A single reactant is decomposed or broken down into two or more

products.

General Form: AB -> A + B

Eg: CaCO3 ----------> CaO + CO2

3.Displacement Reaction

A reaction in which one constituent displaces another and separates is called displacement reaction.

General Form : A + BC -> B + AC

Eg: Zn + 2 HCl ----------> H 2 + ZnCl2

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

Explain the difference between a combination and dissociation reaction.

Answer

A combination reaction (also known as a synthesis reaction) is a reaction where two or more elements or
compounds (reactants) combine to form a single compound (product).

Such reactions may be represented by equations of the following form: X + Y → XY.

Here X and Y are the reactants and XY is the product.

Eg:

A dissociation reaction is a chemical reaction where a compound breaks apart into two or more parts.

The general formula for a dissociation reaction follows the form: AB → A + B.

Dissociation reactions are usually reversible chemical reactions.

Eg:

1 C. Question
Answer the following questions.

Explain with examples what is meant by oxidation.

Answer

In general, a reaction where oxygen is added or gained is called oxidation reaction. This definition is with
respect to oxygen addition.

Eg:

While a reaction where hydrogen is removed is also called oxidation reaction. An oxidizing agent (substance
or chemical used for removal of hydrogen) is required to remove the hydrogen.

1 D. Question

Answer the following questions.

Explain with examples what is meant by reduction.

Answer

A reaction where hydrogen is added or oxygen is removed is termed as reduction reaction. A reducing agent
is used for this purpose.

Eg:

1 E. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is a catalyst?

Answer

Substances that can alter or change the rate of a reaction are called catalyst. In simple words certain
substances are added during a reaction to improve the speed of formation of products or to decrease the
formation of unwanted products ae catalysts.

Eg: Hydrogen peroxide will decompose into water and oxygen gas. Two molecules of hydrogen peroxide will
produce two molecules of water and one molecule of oxygen. A catalyst of potassium permanganate can be
used to speed up this process.

1 F. Question

Answer the following questions.

On what factors does the speed of chemical reactions depend?

Answer

There are several factors that affect the speed of a reaction:

Some of them are: (of a reaction)

•Nature of the reactants.

•Particle size of the reactants.

•Concentration of the reactants.

•Pressure of gaseous reactants.

•Temperature.
•Catalysts.

2. Question

Of which type is each of the following reactions?

(a) CaO + H2O —> Ca(OH)2 + Heat

(b) C+ O 2 —>CO2

(c) Cl2+ H2 --> 2HCl

(d) 2Mg + O2---> 2MgO

Answer

(a) Exothermic reaction. Because on the product side heat is emitted. Exothermic reaction is one where heat
is emitted.

(b) Combination reaction. Carbon and Oxygen combines together under certain condition to form carbon
dioxide.

But this reaction can be a Combustion Reaction also. Because the burning of a compound with evolution of
considerable amount of heat energy is called combustion. In this reaction C (carbon) is burnt in O2 (Oxygen)
and release heat energy.

(c) Combination Reaction as well as Reduction reaction.

As Hydrogen is added, this is a reduction reaction. And two compounds combine to form one, so a
combination reaction too.

(d) This is a Combination and Oxidation reaction. As two products are added, it’s a combination, while
oxygen is one of the reactant which is added to the products, so it’s an oxidation reaction.

3. Question

Write the equations for each of the following reactions and name the reactants and products of each.

(a) Coal was burnt in air.

(b) Magnesium wire was lit.

(c) Dilute hydrochloric acid was poured on to some zinc.

(d) Water was poured on calcium oxide.

Answer

(a) C+ O 2 —>CO2

Reactants: Carbon\Coal and Oxygen

Products: Carbon Di Oxide

(b) 2Mg + O2---> 2MgO

Reactants: Magnesium and Oxygen

Products: Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

(c) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 +H2

Reactants: Zinc and Hydrochloric acid

Products: Zinc chloride and Hydrogen gas

(d) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Reactants: Calcium Oxide and Water

Products: Calcium Hydroxide

4. Question

Match the following.

Answer

Activities
1. Question

Observe what happens when lemon juice falls on a Shahbad tile.

Answer

When lemon juice falls on shahbad tile which contains calcium carbonate the following chemical reaction
occurs:

Calcium carbonate + lemon juice → Calcium Citrate +CO2 gas

Calcium Citrate formed on tile leaves a white mark on tile which can be cleaned with water.

2. Question

Find out about the effects that perfumes have on jewelry / ornaments.

Answer

Oils and chemicals in perfume can cause tarnish on silver or silver-plated jewelry, it can also damage other
types of jewelry; porous stones and gems and costume jewelry. Tarnish can be removed from silver jewelry
with a silver polishing cloth or ultrasonic jewelry cleaning machine.
 7. The structure of Cell and Micro-organisms
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

List the characteristics of the cell membrane.

Answer

Characteristics of cell membrane are as follows -

1) The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed in a membrane called cell membrane

2) Cell membrane is outer Very thin, flexible membrane.

3) Cell membrane function is to separates cells from each other and also the cell from the surrounding
medium.

4) Cell Membrane protects the inner parts of the cell and maintains shape of cell.

5) Cell membrane regulates the flow of substances into and out of the cell.

The diagram of cell membrane is given below:

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

Explain the function of the nucleus.

Answer

Functions of nucleus:

1) Nucleus is the central and largest component of cell.

2) Nucleus controls all the major functions of cell.

3) Inside the nucleus Chromosomes are made from DNA have role during cell division

4) In nucleus DNA thread of certain length is called gene, these genes transmits inherited characteristics to
next generation.

The diagram of nucleus is given below:

1 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

What function do vacuoles perform?

Answer

Vacuoles perform following functions-

1) A vacuole is an empty space filled with water.

2) A vacuole is an organelle with a covering of single membrane.

3) Plants cell have large vacuole and animals have small, many vacuoles.

4) Vacuoles stores products for excretion and secretion temporarily.

The diagram of vacuoles is given below:

2 A. Question

Choose the right word to fill in the blanks.

The ………………. is an organelle found only in plant cells.

1. Ribosomes 2. Mitochondria 3. Plastids 4. Nucleus

Answer

Plastids.

Explanation: Several small colored bodies in cytoplasm are plastids. They are of different colors some are
green called chlorophyll.

2 B. Question

Choose the right word to fill in the blanks.

Chromosomes are found in the organelle called……………….

1. Plastids 2. Mitochondria 3. Nucleus 4. Golgi body

Answer

Nucleus.

Explanation: chromosomes are made from DNA .This DNA is found in nucleus. Whereas others are present
outside as plastids, mitochondria, Golgi bodies.

2 C. Question

Choose the right word to fill in the blanks.

The ………………. cell carries out photosynthesis.

1. Plant 2. Yeast 3. Muscle 4. Nerve

Answer

Plant

Explanation: The cells of plants have chlorophyll which helps in photosynthesis.

3 A. Question

Write notes on:

Mitochondria:

Answer

1) Mitochondria are Tubular shaped organelles in cytoplasm.

2) Mitochondria structure is doubled walled, inner wall folded.

3) Mitochondria are called power house of cell as they produce energy from food material in cell and supply
to cell which help in function of whole cell.

3 B. Question

Write notes on:

Antibiotics:

Answer

The word Antibiotics refers "anti" to against and "bio" to life.

Antibiotics are substances which kill the growth of microorganisms.

Only certain microorganisms produce antibiotics for example –

3 C. Question

Write notes on:

Harmful bacteria:

Answer

1) Microscopic organisms having free chromosome, cell organelles, cell membrane, cell wall.

2) Harmful bacteria cause diseases in humans and animals.

3) Few well known harmful bacteria are:

Staphylococcus bacteria produce a poisonous substance enterotoxin

As it grows on food stuffs eating such food causes diarrhea and vomiting.
Clostridium bacteria grow in canned food stuffed after date of expiry.

3 D. Question

Write notes on:

Useful bacteria:

Answer

1) Bacteria are microorganisms with free chromosomes having cell membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm.

2) Some bacteria are useful to humans, plants, animals.

3) Few well known useful bacteria are:

Rhizobium bacteria found in nodules on the roots of leguminous plants are useful as nitrogen fixing agents,

They function by transforming nitrogen in air to nitrogen compound; this nitrogen enters the soil making it
fertile.

Azetobacter bacteria, an independent bacteria fixes nitrogen in air.

Soil contains several bacteria which decompose dead plants and animals and produce humus to increasing
the fertility.

4. Question

Fill in the blanks.

i. The name 'cell' was first used by the scientist ……………….

ii. The cell wall of the plant cell consists of the substance ……………….

iii. The cell wall is found only in the ………………. cell.

iv. ………………. is the powerhouse of the cell.

v. The cell membrane is ……………….

Answer

i. Robert Hooke observed a thin section of cork. The structure of section was like honeycomb means made of
small compartments.

ii. Cellulose. Cell wall on outer side of cell membrane is present only in plant cell. Function of cell wall is plant
cell protection.

iii. Plant cell. Cell wall on outer side of cell membrane is present only in plant cell. Function of cell wall is
plant cell protection

iv. Mitochondria. Mitochondria produce energy from food material in cell and supply to whole cell because of
its function it is called powerhouse of cell.

v. Outer covering. Cell membrane is the outer covering of cell, its structure is like very flexible, thin layer.
Function is to maintain the shape of the cell.

5 A. Question

Differentiate between:

Plants cells and animal cells:

Answer
5 B. Question

Differentiate between:

Cell membrane and cytoplasm:

Answer

Activities
1. Question

Find out what skin donation is useful for.

Answer

The skin is the largest human organ. Its function is sense of touch, covering to protect us from heat and cold,
and from environmental factors such as chemicals,

Ultraviolet radiation and bacteria. Donated skin is used as a dressing for severe burns patients who do not
have healthy skin on their body that can be used to graft on their wounds.

Also help in relieving the patient's pain and discomfort, prevents risk of infection.

2. Question

In order to observe protozoa like amoeba and paramecium, collect the petals of some flowers. Place them in
water for a day or two. Observe a drop of this water under a microscope.

Answer

You will observe Amoeba and Paramecium are single celled. Like most plant and animal cells, it has
cytoplasm,

Nucleus, cell membrane and cell organelles in the cytoplasm, contractile vacuoles.

They exhibit all the essential functions of any living organism.

Amoeba has projections of varying lengths protruding out of its body.

These are called pseudopodia (pseudo: false; podia: feet). These projections appear and disappear as
Amoeba moves or feeds.

Unlike amoeba, paramecium has a particular permanent slipper shape and certain areas of cytoplasm, (Cell
organelles) carry out specific functions. Cilia are present all over the body surface for movement.
3. Question

Peel off the thin membrane inside a layer of onion. Place it on a glass slide and put a drop of iodine on it.
Cover it with a cover slip. Now your slide is ready. Observe it under a microscope. You will see cells which
have a nucleus and are enclosed in a cell wall. Draw the onion cells as you see them under the microscope.

Answer

Cells in the living organisms are basic structural units. Onion being a plant cell has cell wall which is a
difference between animal and plant cell. The cell wall is thick and prevents the cells from temperature,
atmospheric moisture.

The cell is filled with semi fluid called cytoplasm. This cytoplasm consists of centrally placed nucleus.

Microscopic view of onion slide -

 8. Diseases
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following question.

What is meant by epidemic diseases?

Answer

The diseases which are spread rapidly to a large number of people simultaneously within a short period of
time due to certain changes in weather or sudden contamination of water are called epidemic diseases.
Examples: Diarrhoea, Cholera, typhoid, Influenza, conjunctivitis etc.

1 B. Question

Answer the following question.

What is meant by communicable diseases?

Answer

The diseases which are spread or caught due to constant sharing of space from the diseased person. The
germs enter from the diseased person to healthy ones through air. Such types of diseases are called
communicable diseases. Example: Tuberculosis, Influenza, cough, cold etc.

1 C. Question

Answer the following question.

Why should a person suffering from tuberculosis avoid going to public places?

Answer

Tuberculosis is considered to be the most easily communicable disease. The disease spreads easily through
air. The germs enter the air from the spittle of the affected person. So a healthy person gets easily infected.
Hence a person suffering from tuberculosis should avoid going to public places.

2. Question

What are the symptoms of the following diseases?

Polio, cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid.

Answer

Symptoms of polio are -

a) Fever

b) Throat becomes red

c) Weakness in muscles of arms and legs

d) Strain in muscles of back and legs

e) Muscles become flaccid and cause disability

f) Growth of muscles is arrested.

Symptoms of cholera are -

a) Dry skin, sunken eyes.

b) Dehydration

c) Muscle cramps

d) Stomach ache

e) Severe diarrhea, vomiting

Symptoms of tuberculosis are -

a) Cough

b) Low grade fever

c) Blood in spittle

d) Pain in chest

e) Loss of weight

f) Breathing difficulty.

Symptoms of typhoid are -

a) Fever last for a definite period.

b) Rose coloured rashes on chest.

c) Diarrhoea

d) Headache

3. Question

What measures can be taken to prevent the following diseases?

Rabies, chickenpox, tuberculosis.

Answer

Preventive measures for rabies:

The wound caused by animal bite should be properly cleaned by flushing soap and water. Required number
of anti-rabies vaccine should be given to the patient. Pet animals should be given anti-rabies vaccine.

Preventive measures for chicken pox:

i. Proper medical treatment

ii. Care should be taken to isolate patient from other healthy individuals.

iii. Varicella vaccine should be given to children.

Preventive measures for tuberculosis are:

i. Taking BCG vaccine

ii. Isolation of the patient

iii. Proper medical treatment

4 A. Question

Write notes on the following:

Dehydration

Answer

The excessive loss of water from body due to vomiting, loose motions etc. causing the body to dry is called
dehydration. It can prove fatal for young and weak children. ORS is given to the patient to get relief from
dehydration. Sugar, salt present in ORS provides energy and water hydrates our body. Later the patient
should be properly treated.

4 B. Question

Write notes on the following:

Vaccination

Answer
Vaccination is a preventive measure for prevention of various diseases. There are various vaccines for
various diseases which are recommended to give to a person starting from its birth at appropriate age. Some
vaccines are given orally like pulse polio and some through injections like DPT, BCG etc. Various vaccination
programme are held by Government of India to check the spread of diseases. Vaccines contain weakened
germs of specific disease so that when it is injected in our body, our body produce antibodies against them
thus protect us from infection of that particular disease in future. Some examples of vaccines are Salk’s
vaccine for polio, BCG for tuberculosis, Varicella for chicken pox, DPT for diphtheria, tetanus, whooping
cough etc.

5 A. Question

What will you do?

A person having cholera is to be given temporary but immediate treatment.

Answer

A person suffering from cholera has severe diarrhoea and vomiting so there is maximum chance of
dehydration. So we should immediately give ORAL Rehydration Therapy.

5 B. Question

What will you do?

Your friend has contracted chickenpox.

Answer

I will tell him to take proper medical treatment, take rest. If scabs are falling from blisters I will advice him to
isolate himself from others family members and people so that they may not get the chance to suffer from
this disease as it is a contagious disease. Utensils, clothes and other things used by him should be washed
properly and kept separate. I should tell him to apply neem and turmeric paste on blisters to avoid itching.

5 C. Question

What will you do?

The diet of a person convalescing after typhoid is to be planned.

Answer

A person should be given clean, fresh food prepared at home. We should not give him uncovered, outside
food. We should give him healthy, hygienic and nutritious food which are easy to digest. We should give him
boiled and filtered water.

5 D. Question

What will you do?

A child in your class is an AIDS patient

Answer

As AIDS is not a contagious disease so I will allow him to play with other children, give a helping hand to him.
Ask others also to mix with him properly, play and study with him. We must not shun him.

6 A. Question

Give scientific reasons for:

One should drink boiled water during epidemics.

Answer

During epidemics there is increase in contamination of water. If we boil the water, most of the germs and
microbes get killed. If we drink the unboiled water containing the germs we will suffer from many infectious
diseases. In order to avoid such epidemic diseases like cholera, typhoid, diarrhea etc we should drink boiled
water during epidemics.

6 B. Question

Give scientific reasons for:

People suffering from communicable diseases should avoid going to public places.

Answer

Communicable diseases easily spread if personal and public cleanliness is not maintained. People suffering
from communicable diseases should not urinate, defecate or spit in open because it may lead to spread of
varieties of bacteria and virus. They should cover their mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing so that
there will be less chance of spread of germs. These diseases spread when a diseased person spread space
with others. If a healthy person has low immune power he might get caught by these diseases so it may
break into an epidemic. So people suffering from communicable diseases should avoid going to public
places.

6 C. Question

Give scientific reasons for:

The wound caused by a dog bite should be flushed clean with soap and water.

Answer

Rabies is caused due to virus which is present in saliva of infected dog. When an infected dog bites it may
cause wound, virus along with saliva will enter the blood of bitten person through wound. It may cause
infection of virus. So the wound caused by a dog bite should be flushed clean with soap and water to provide
protection against rabies.

7. Question

Explain the importance of personal and public cleanliness.

Answer

Communicable and contagious diseases easily spread if personal and public cleanliness is not maintained.
Most of the diseases can be prevented by keeping ourselves and our surroundings clean. We should not
urinate, defecate or spit in open because it may lead to spread of varieties of bacteria and virus. We should
not allow stagnation of water, keep our roads, surroundings and drains clean so that there will be less
chance of breeding of flies and mosquitoes which cause varieties of diseases like jaundice, diarrhoea,
cholera, typhoid, dengue, malaria etc. If we keep ourselves clean we will have less chance of getting
infection. We should cover our mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing so that there will be less chance
of spread of germs. In this way both personal and public cleanliness have lot of importance.

Activities
1. Question

Write slogans for the polio eradication campaign.

Answer

Some slogans include-

a) Do boond zindegiki.

b) Two drops of polio vaccine can eradicate polio from our world.

c) Spare your child, give them just two drops of polio vaccine.

d) Now more than ever, stop polio forever.

2. Question

Write slogans related to good health.

Answer

Some slogans are-

a) Swaach bharat swasth bharat.

b) A key to good health is good healthy food.

c) An apple a day keeps a doctor away.

d) A good mind and healthy body have long life.

3. Question

Visit organizations working for people affected by AIDS.

Answer

Some organisations are NACO [National Aids Control Organization], WHO [World Health Organization], NACP
[National AIDS Control Programme], NGOs etc.

4. Question

Read the biographies of any two scientists. Write about them in short and show your compositions to your
teacher.

Answer

Louis Pasteur: He was a French microbiologist born in 1822. He discovered pasteurization, fermentation
process, principle of vaccination etc. He found Germ theory of disease along with Robert Koch. He is
regarded as father of microbiology. He discovered vaccine for rabies and anthrax. He show that many
microbes spoil beverages like alcohol, beer, milk etc. So he invented a process called pasteurization where
liquids like milk is heated to 60-100oC where most microbes get killed and then cooled suddenly. This
process prevents the spoilage of liquids like alcohol, milk etc. He founded an institute which bears his name.
He has worked a lot on sericulture too.

Jonas Salk- He was an American scientist who discovered vaccine for polio. He was born on October 28
1914 in New-york. He conducted research on polio virus and developed a killed virus vaccine. During his
experiment he vaccinated himself, his wife and sons. Then it was approved by National foundation for
Infantile paralysis for general use in 1955. Preliminary testing of this vaccine was done in 1952 where the
shot was given to children. Later this vaccine was prepared from live virus. He was awarded for his magical
discovery against polio virus.

5. Question

Obtain pictures of scientists and display them in your classroom.

Answer

6. Question

Much information about AIDS is given in advertisements on radio and TV. Collect such information and make
a scrapbook about the topic.

Answer
AIDS stand for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Its causative agent is HIV virus [Human Immuno
deficiency Virus]. This virus was discovered in 1986 by Dr. Monteniere and Dr. Gallo. A patient with AIDS
loses his immune power so get infected by various disease causing germs. WHO has started worldwide AIDS
control programme. NACO was started in India in 1987.

Causes of getting infected by this virus are-

a) Mother to child during pregnancy.

b) Contaminated blood transfusion.

c) Shared injection needles.

Various programmes are organized by Organisations both government and non-profit to make people aware
of this virus, how to take preventive measures to avoid this infection.

Some preventive measures include-

a) Checking of blood for HIV virus before transfusion.

b) Use of disposable syringes and needles.

c) A woman should be tested for HIV before getting pregnant.

 9. Reflection of Light
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

How many times is an image in a plane mirror bigger or smaller than the object?

Answer

The image in a plane mirror is upright and it is neither smaller nor bigger but is of the same size as that of
the object.

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

Where is the image formed in a plane mirror located?

Answer

The image is formed at the back of the mirror and at the same distance from it as the object.

1 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

Explain the difference between regular and irregular reflection.

Answer
1 D. Question

Answer the following questions.

How many images are obtained in two parallel mirrors?

Answer

Infinite number of images are obtained when two mirrors are placed parallel to each other.

1 E. Question

Answer the following questions.

Why are the two mirrors in a periscope placed parallel to each other?

Answer

In a periscope, two mirrors are placed at an angle of 45 degrees and at the maximum distance. Due to
maximum distance between the mirrors, multiple images do not form and light from the object strike the first
mirror and its image is formed. This image of first mirror becomes an object for the second mirror and as
they are parallel, light from the first mirror gets incident on the second mirror at right angle and the same
image is thus formed. Therefore, the mirrors are kept parallel to each other.

2. Question

Give reasons.

(a) Letters appear laterally inverted in a plane mirror.

(b) Numerous images are seen in the 'Palace of Mirrors'.

(c) The image formed in water is of the same size as the object

Answer

(a) Due to lateral inversion that is the right and the left sides get interchanged between image and the
object, letters appear laterally inverted in a plane mirror.

(b) ‘Palace of Mirrors’ have numerous mirrors placed at different angles. When a person enters the palace,
light from him gets reflected by all the mirrors at different angles and due to multiple reflection, multiple
images are formed.

(c) Image formed in water is of the same size as water acts as a plane mirror and light rays get reflected
from it thus producing image of same size.
3. Question

Match the following.

Answer

4. Question

Fill in the blanks.

(a) The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray are all in the same……………

(b) Reflection from a rough surface is called ……………reflection.

(c) In a periscope, we sec …………… reflection of an object.

(d) In a plane mirror, the image is…………… inverted.

Answer

(a) The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray are all in the same…plane…………

(b) Reflection from a rough surface is called …irregular…………reflection.

(c) In a periscope, we see …second………… reflection of an object.

(d) In a plane mirror, the image is…laterally………… inverted.

Activities
1. Question

Place two mirrors parallel to each other and count the number of images formed in them.

Answer

Place two mirrors of same size parallel to each other. Now, take a pencil and hang it in between them so that
it is at equal distance from the two mirrors. Now try to count the number of images thus formed. You will find
that there are infinite number of images formed. Well it will be wrong to say infinite number of images as
image is formed only once but it gets reflected infinite times.
 Sources of Energy
Solution 1.a

A substance which produces energy on burning is called a fuel.

Solution 1.b

Coal, mineral oil and natural gas are fossil fuels.

Solution 1.c

The sources of energy which are always available in nature are renewable sources of
energy. Examples: Solar energy, wind energy, biogas

Solution 1.d
Uranium is used for the production of atomic power.

Solution 2.a

A long time ago, remnants of plants and animals got buried into the Earth. They got
converted into fossil fuels because of the effect of tremendous pressure of the Earth’s
layers above them and the heat inside. These fuels take millions of years to be formed,
and hence, deposits of fossil fuels are limited.

Solution 2.b

Solar energy is the source of all forms of fuels because it is absorbed by plants and
animals and get stored in their body as chemical energy. After they die, the same
energy becomes available to us as fossil fuels. So, the Sun is the ultimate source of
energy.

Solution 2.c

Natural gas is convenient to use as a fuel because

1. It lights up quickly without leaving behind any solid substances.

2. It can be easily transported from its source with the help of pipes over long
distances.
3. Burning of natural gas can easily be controlled.
Solution 2.d

The temperature of the atmosphere is rising because of the burning of conventional

fuels which raises the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Solution 3

1. Charcoal is produced by burning wood in insufficient air.

2. All fossil fuels contain hydrocarbon compounds.
3. Sun and wind are renewable sources of energy.
4. In Maharashtra, there is an atomic power project at Tarapur.

Solution 4

‘A’ ‘B’

a. Mineral oil 4. Petrol

b. Atomic energy 3. Uranium

c. Wind energy 2. Renewable energy sources

d. Fossil fuel 1. Buried plants and animals

 11. Electric Current
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

Why is the direction of the current in an electric motor reversed after every half round?

Answer

The direction of the current in an electric motor is reversed after every half round in order to keep it working.
Otherwise when North pole of the Magnet comes near the South pole there will be attraction between them
and the coil will stop rotating due to which electric motor will not work. Therefore, the commutator helps to
change the direction of the coil after every half round.

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

How can the strength of an electro-magnet be increased?

Answer

The strength of electro-magnet can be increased by

1.) Increasing the number of turns in the coil: More number of turns will create a strong magnetic field which
in turn will increase the strength of the electro-magnet.

2.) Passing strong current: Increasing the strength of the current helps the create the strong magnetic field.

1 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is the principle of the electric motor?

Answer

The electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into the mechanical energy. It works on the
principle that when a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and the current is passed through it, the
force acts on a coil (Electromagnetic force) which rotates the coil. Due to the rotation of the coil the shaft
associated with the coil also rotates which converts the past electrical energy (electric current) into the
mechanical energy(rotation).

1 D. Question

Answer the following questions.

Why is there a key in an electrical circuit?

Answer

The key is there in an electrical circuit due to close or open the circuit. When the key is closed the circuit is
completed and current flows through the connecting wires. When the key is open the circuit is not completed
and the current does not flow through the connecting wires.

If a circuit is connected without a key, there will be a continuous flow of current and the cell may be
discharged soon.
1 E. Question

Answer the following questions.

Is the mechanism of a shirt button like that of the key in an electric circuit ?

Answer

Yes, the mechanism of the shirt button is like that of the key in an electric circuit. The key helps in
connecting the conducting wires in the circuit like the shirt button which helps in connecting the two strips of
cloth of the shirt.

2 A. Question

Give scientific reasons.

The copper wire used in an electro-magnet is insulated.

Answer

The copper wire used in an electromagnet is insulated with an insulator like plastic in order to prevent the
current from passing between the wire turns. If wire is not insulated than electricity will run across the wire
turns and will not make loop after loop thus magnetic field will not be created.

If there is no insulation than too much current will be drawn due to less resistance to the flow of electricity.

2 B. Question

Give scientific reasons.

In an electric bell, the electric current stops again and again.

Answer

On pressing the switch the circuit gets completed and the electric current flows through the coil which makes
core an electro-magnet. It attracts the flexible iron strip which hits the gong and produces sound. But in this
position the contact of the strip with the screw breaks and the current stops flowing. So flexible strip moves
back and makes contact with the screw. This causes the current to flow again and iron strip again hits the
gong.

Thus, due to this make and break arrangement the current stops again and again.

2 C. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Electrical switches are made of plastic.

Answer

Electrical switches are made of plastic because plastic is an insulator which does not allow current to pass
through it. Hence on pressing the switch we will not get the electric shock.

3. Question

Match the following.

Answer
4. Question

Draw a circuit diagram using the symbols for an electric cell, key, electric bulb and conducting wires.

Answer

Activities
1. Question

Find out how the tube lights on a vendor's cart work.

Answer
The Tube lights on a vendor cart works through the battery. There are a small batteries placed in a cart
which gives the power to the Tube light and supply the electricity energy through the wires.The electricity
supply results in the lighting up of the Tubelights. The batteries used in the vendor cart are mostly small
because the need of electricity in them is usually small.
 12. Properties of Substances
Exercises
1. Question

Define.

(a) Melting point

(b) Boiling point

(c) Distillation.

Answer

(a) Melting Point:- The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from solid to liquid is called
a melting point of the substance.

For example:- The melting point of ice is 0℃ while that of iron is 1535°C.

(b) Boiling Point:- The temperature at which the liquid boils is called the boiling point of the substance.

For example:- The boiling point of water is 100℃ and that of iron is 2750°C.

(c) Distillation:- It is a process in which a liquid is first heated up to its boiling point and then, it's vapor is
cooled to obtain the liquid again.

2. Question

Draw a labelled diagram showing the process of distillation.

Answer

Distillation is a process of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.

The diagram of distillation is given below:

(i) It is a chemical process where a mixture which is made up of two or more components with different
boiling points is separated.

(ii) The mixture is heated until one of the components boils (turns to a vapor).

(iii) The vapor is then fed into a condenser, which cools the vapor and changes it back into a liquid that is
called distillate.

(iv) What remains in the original container is called the "residue"

3. Question

Give scientific reasons.

(a) A condenser has two taps.

(b) At dawn, in winter, we see dewdrops on leaves of trees.

Answer

(a) The condenser has two taps, one is for the inlet of water whereas the other is for the outlet of water.

(b) Some amount of water is present in the environment in the form of water vapours and at the time of
dawn, temperature falls Down and water vapour gets cooled and is converted in the form of water droplets
and gets collected on leaves.

4. Question

Match the following.

Answer

(a)-(4)

The melting point is a temperature in which a substance changes its state from solid to liquid.

(b)-(3)

The boiling point is a Temperature in which the substance changes it's stated from liquid to gas.

(c)-(2)

Separation of the various components of crude oil is possible because of the difference in their boiling points
which is necessary for fractionaldistillation.

(d)-(1)

Distillation is mainly done for separating salt and water from the mixture.

5. Question

Answer the following questions.

(a) What will you do to find out the boiling point of water?

(b) What changes do you see in the appearance of a candle after you have lit it?

(c) Can a solid and a solvent be separated from their solution by distillation?

Answer

(a) The boiling point of water can be found by boiling the water. When the water is boiling, the temperature
increases rapidly but after some time the increase in temperature stops. Now the thermometer can be
placed to see the boiling point. The boiling point of water is 100℃.

(b) When we lit the candle it starts melting as it has a low melting point. The heat of candle melts the nearby
wax. The liquid wax starts dripping and the height of the candle starts decreasing.

(c) No the solid and a solvent cannot be separated by distillation. It can be separated by the process called
sedimentation and decantation or loading or solvent extraction method.

Activities
1. Question

Find out how stars are made.

Answer

Ittars are an oil derived from botanical sources. These oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. The
oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as a sandalwood and then aged.
 13. Metals and Non-metals
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following question.

Why is it possible to draw silver into a wire when even a long pencil-point breaks so easily?

Answer

Silver is a metal having a property of ductility. Due to the property of ductility it is possible to draw silver in
to wire whereas pencil is made up of graphite which is non-metal. It does not have the property of ductility as
it is smooth and brittle. Due to smoothness long pencil-point breaks so easily.

1 B. Question

Answer the following question.

Why is copper used for electrical wiring in our houses?

Answer

(i) Copper is used for electrical wiring in houses because copper is good conductor of electricity.

(ii) It has high melting and boiling point.

(iii) It carries more electric current as compared to other metal wire.

(iv) Copper wire doesn’t get affected from climate condition so that it has long life time.

1 C. Question

Answer the following question.

Why does a copper vessel shine again after scrubbing?

Answer

After a longer period of time, the copper vessels become tarnished when in contact with air. This layer is
formed due to oxidation of copper in air. It is a greenish or blackish copper oxide coating which is basic in
nature. To remove this coating, the vessel is rubbed or scrubbed with an acidic material ex lemon, tartaric
acid. The reaction of basic oxide layer with the acid results in the formation of a salt, which can be easily
washed away with water. And, the copper metal vessel shines again.
1 D. Question

Answer the following question.

Give two characteristics of alloys.

Answer

Alloy is a homogeneous substance which is made after melting of two or more elements. Basically, it is a
mixture of any two or more than two metals.

Characteristics of alloys:

1. Different alloys have different properties like malleability, physical appearance etc. Example, copper and
tin combine to form Bronze. Bronze is a harder alloy than copper. If the physical properties of alloy can be
changed but chemical properties will remain the same.

2. Alloy having compositions of elements in fixed proportions

For example: Brass is alloy of copper and tin.

1 E. Question

Answer the following question.

What is meant by corrosion?

Answer

Corrosion is deterioration of metal as results of chemical reaction between it and surrounding environment.
When a metal is kept in exposed moist air then gases present in air react with metal surface and form a
layer of metal oxides, sulphate or nitrate.

For example, reddish brown color rust is form on iron rod when it comes in water contact this is called as
corrosion

2 A. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Gold and silver are used in coins.

Answer

● Gold and silver has property of malleability.

● They have longer life.

● They have better reflectivity other than any metal.

● They can be beaten in thin sheet, thin wires and can be given in desired shape.

That’s why gold and silver are used for coins.

2 B. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Ornaments are generally not made from 24-carat gold.

Answer
● 24-carat gold has 100% purity.

● It is very soft (strong ductile property).

● If ornaments made of soft metal they can break and bend easily.

That’s why ornaments are generally not made from 24-carat gold.

2 C. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Ships are painted at frequent intervals.

Answer

● Ships are made of iron.

● Sea water consists of salts.

● When ships comes directly contact with sea salty water there will chemical reaction and ships rust or
corrode.

● Paints consist of zinc and magnesium that prevent from rust or corrosion.

That’s why ships paint at frequent interval.

2 D. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Gold and platinum are called noble elements.

Answer

Noble elements are those elements which are resistant with corrosion and oxidation of air.

● Gold and platinum don’t take part in any chemical reaction.

● They are not affected by heat, air, water, acid and base.

That’s why gold and platinum are called noble elements.

2 E. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Stainless steel has more lustre than iron.

Answer

(a) Stainless steel is an alloy which is mixture of iron, chromium, carbon and nickel and but iron is metal.

(b) When iron is exposed in moist air a reddish coating is formed on its surface that is called rust and loses
its lustre.

(c) Stainless steel prevents from rust and save its lustre property.

3. Question

Match the following.

Answer
4. Question

Fill in the blanks.

(a) Gold of 100% purity is _______ carat gold.

(b) Bronze contains the metals _______ and _______.

(c) The _______ gas is released when metals react chemically with acids

(d) Oxides of metals have _______ properties.

(e) The non-metal _______ is used in gun powder.

Answer

(a) Gold of 100% purity is 24 carat gold.

(b) Bronze contains the metals copper and tin

(c) The hydrogen gas is released when metals react chemically with acids

(d) Oxides of metals have basic properties.

(e) The non-metal sulphar is used in gun powder.

Activities
1. Question

Find out which metals are used to make varakh, the shiny foil that is used to garnish sweetmeats.

Answer

Silver metal has property of malleability and ductility. It can be beaten and formed in thin sheets or thin
silver foils. So silver metal is used for garnish the sweets.

2. Question

Find out how varakh is made.

Answer

● Varakh is super fine foil sheet of pure metals.

● It is made from silver or sometimes of gold.

● It is used to decorate sweets and food to make those look more appealing and appetising.

● Varakh is made by pounding silver to sheets a few micrometers.

● It is made by placing the pure metal dust between parchment sheets, then pounding the sheets until the
metal dust mold into a foil.

● It’s thickness usually a few micrometers (μm), typically 0.2 μm-0.8 μm.

3. Question
Find out which metal on the basis of health considerations, should be used to make varakh.

Answer

● Gold and silver are approved food foils in the European Union, as E175 and E174 additives respectively.

● The independent European food-safety certification agency has deemed gold leaf safe for consumption.

● These inert precious metal foils are not considered toxic to human beings nor to broader ecosystems.

● The use of edible silver or gold as vark is not considered harmful to the body.

4. Question

Observe how the metal tyre is fitted on the wheel of a bullock-cart.

Answer

● The increase in temperature causes the metal to expand hence the ring becomes large enough to
perfectly fit on the wheel. . At this point the obvious happens, the wooden wheel starts to burn

● Now it is allowed to cool and the metal contracts as it cool, squishing the wheel tightly. The tyre shrinks
back to its original size and tightens the wheel joints creating a strong and durable wheel.

● Now we have a metal tyre on the wheel of a bullock cart, which doesn't slide off.

5. Question

Cooking vessels are made of various metals. Which foods are made in the vessels of which of the following
metals: aluminium, copper, iron, stainless steel, brass?

Answer

a) Aluminium = Large light weight pots with a tight lid are the best for popping popcorn in. Aluminium fry
pans are excellent for frying delicate vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli.

b) Copper = These cookware should only be used as ornaments and never used in any kind of cooking.
Copper oxidizes forming toxic copper oxide compounds that readily leaches into the food. Copper is safe to
use if it is encapsulated in aluminium or stainless steel as a heat distribution core.

c) Stainless steel

i. Stainless steel (no core) = Sauce pans and boiling vegetables and sauces.

ii. Stainless steel (Aluminum or Copper encapsulated core) = Stock pots, roasting pans, and fry pans.
Stainless steel is light weight and easy to clean of the metals.
d) Iron = Very heavy, a bit hard to clean, can’t clean in a dishwasher as we will destroy the seasoning
treatment on its surface. We can cook almost anything in cast iron so long as no tomatoes, vinegar or citrusy
fruits are not an ingredient in cooking for the very same .

e) Brass= It is safe to cook food in brass utensils if it is just a short period of cooking. It is not advisable to
cook in brass utensils for a longer period of cooking or for longer period of storage.
 14. Carbon and Carbon Compounds
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is meant by allotrope? Which are the allotropes of carbon?

Answer

In nature, some elements are found in more than one form. Even though the chemical properties are the
same, they have different physical properties. These forms are called allotropes of an element and this
property of an element is called allotropy.

Carbon occurs in crystalline allotropes and non-crystalline(amorphous) allotropes.

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

How is carbon dioxide gas produced in the laboratory?

Answer

Carbon dioxide gas produced in the laboratory by the following steps:

Step 1: Some pieces of calcium carbonate-CaCO3 (limestone) in a flask is placed.

Step 2: The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram below:

Step 3: Through a funnel that reaches the base of the flask, dilute hydrochloric acid is poured.

Step 4: The lower end of the funnel tube is dipped into the HCl.

Step 5: A chemical reaction takes place between calcium carbonate and HCl.

Step 6: The carbon dioxide that is evolved will collect in the gas jar by displacement reaction.

Overall reaction: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCL2 + H2O and 1/2O2

1 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

Why is graphite used as a lubricant?

Answer

Graphite is used as a lubricant due to the following reasons:

i. A graphite crystal is hexagonal.

ii. The regular arrangement of atoms in graphite is in hexagonal layers.

iii. The layers are loosely bounded with each other.

iv. As there is weak force of attraction present between them, hence the layers slide with each other.

v. This makes the graphite slippery and thus it used as a lubricant.

Weak bond between layers

1 D. Question

Answer the following questions.

How is charcoal made?

Answer

Charcoal is made by burning substances of plants origin (like wood) in an insufficient supply of oxygen.

Wood + oxygen (insufficient supply) → Charcoal

2 A. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Diamond is used to cut metals

Answer

Diamond is used to cut metals due to the following reasons:

i. Brilliant, pure diamond is an extremely hard substance on the earth.

ii. It is really very harder than metals and rocks present in the earth.

iii. Hence, it used to cut metals.

Fact: One of the heritage monument of India, Taj Mahal, the designs on marble were done by attaching a
diamond to the end of a screwdriver. Now we can imagine the power of a diamond.

2 B. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Carbon dioxide is used for putting out fires.

Answer

Carbon dioxide is used for putting out fires due to the following reasons:

i. CO 2 is filled under pressure in the fire extinguisher.

ii. When we decrease that pressure, it becomes gaseous and comes out forcefully.
iii. The carbon dioxide produces and gushes out of the cylinder and as a result, it displaces the oxygen (a
main cause of fire to burn)

iv. By removing oxygen, we can put out a fire.

v. The reaction taking place:

3 A. Question

Fill in the blanks.

…………. is a good conductor of heat and electricity?

Answer

Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Explanation:

i. In graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in different layers.

ii. In each layer, every carbon atom is linked to three neighboring carbon atoms.

iii. Thus, the fourth electron of each carbon atom is free to move continuously within the entire layer.

iv. Because of the presence of these free electrons in different layers, graphite becomes a good conductor of
heat and electricity.

3 B. Question

Fill in the blanks.

Fullerene is an …….. of carbon.

Answer

Fullerene is an allotrope of carbon.

Explanation:

i. Fullerene is a crystalline allotrope of carbon.

ii. It is a recently discovered allotrope of carbon.

iii. In crystalline allotrope, there is a proper arrangement of atoms. Fullerene has specific arrangement of
atoms.

iv. It exists in the form of buckyball.

Structure of fullerene

3 C. Question

Fill in the blanks.

………. turns limewater milky.

Answer

Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky.

Explanation:

When limewater (CaOH) �2 is passed through CO2, the following reaction takes place:
i. In this reaction, when limewater comes in contact with the gas released in the form of an effervescence, it
turns milky. This is chemical test for carbon dioxide gas.

ii. When limewater turns milky, it is confirmed that the effervescence is of carbon dioxide.

3 D. Question

Fill in the blanks.

Charcoal is an ……….. of carbon.

Answer

Charcoal is an amorphous form of carbon.

Explanation:

In amorphous form, there is indefinite and irregular arrangement of atoms. Charcoal shows all the properties
of an amorphous form.

3 E. Question

Fill in the blanks.

Diamond is a ………. conductor of electricity.

Answer

Diamond is a bad conductor of electricity.

Explanation:

i. Diamond exists in tetragonal three-dimensional structure.

ii. Structure of diamond:

Diamond has no free electrons moving inside, thus it is a bad conductor of electricity.

3 F. Question

Fill in the blanks.

A biogas plant produces …………… gas.

Answer

A biogas plant produces methane gas.

Explanation:

i. We obtain methane in a biogas plant.

ii. Methane is produces in biogas plant anaerobically (in the absence of air).

iii. It is produced by the waste from plants and animals.

4. Question

Match the following.

Answer

5 A. Question

Give two uses of:

Carbon

Answer

Two uses of carbon:

i. Carbon is used as a fuel.

ii. Carbon as diamond is used to cut the metals.

iii. Carbon as graphite is used as lubricant.

iv. Carbon as carbon dioxide is used to produce dry ice.

(any two)

5 B. Question

Give two uses of:

Carbon dioxide

Answer

Two uses of carbon dioxide:

i. Carbon dioxide is used to put out fires.

ii. Carbon dioxide is used to make washing soda (Na2CO3)

iii. Plants make their own food using carbon dioxide.

iv. Carbon dioxide is used to produce aerated cold drinks.

(any two)

5 C. Question

Give two uses of:

Methane

Answer

Two uses of methane:

i. Methane (CH4) is mainly used as a fuel to make heat and light.

ii. Methane is used in homes for cooking and heating.

iii. Methane is used to produce other carbon compounds. (like ethane)

iv. Methane is also used in the production of electricity.

(any two)

6 A. Question

Differentiate between:

The crystalline and non-crystalline or amorphous forms of carbon.

Answer

Difference between crystalline and non-crystalline forms of carbon:

6 B. Question

Differentiate between:

Diamond and graphite.

Answer

Difference between diamond and graphite:

Activities
1 A. Question

Find out the answers to the following questions by visiting a warehouse for coal.

Which are the different kinds of coal?

Answer

The different kinds of coal present are:

i. Anthracite – It contains 80% of carbon.

ii. Bituminous coal – It contains 60% of carbon.

iii. Lignite – It contains 22% of carbon.

iv. Peat – It contains 11% of carbon.

1 B. Question

Find out the answers to the following questions by visiting a warehouse for coal.

For which purposes are the different kinds of coal used?

Answer

Uses of different types of coals are:

i. Anthracite – It is used in the metallurgical process and to slow combustion stoves at home.

ii. Bituminous coal – It is widely used for in the production of gas and coke. It is also used in steam rising.

iii. Lignite - It is used in the production of electricity.

iv. Peat – It is used generally as a fertilizer used in the farms.

 15. Air
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

Name the constituents of air and give their proportion in

Answer

The constituents of air are:

i. Oxygen

ii. Nitrogen

iii. Water vapour

iv. Some inert gases

The proportion of each constituent:

i. Nitrogen contains 78% of air

ii. Oxygen contains 21% of air

iii. Other gases (Carbon dioxide, water vapour, inert gases) contain 1% of air.

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

Of what use is carbon dioxide to plants?

Answer

Plants use carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis and release oxygen into air. This whole process
takes place in the presence of sunlight.

Note: Photosynthesis is a process used by the plants to change light energy into chemical energy.
1 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is meant by nitrogen fixation? How does it happen?

Answer

Nitrogen fixation: The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds and like ammonia and nitrates
which can be used by living things.

This is brought about by both biological and atmospheric factors.

1 D. Question

Answer the following questions.

Which measures are necessary for arresting pollution?

Answer

The measures which are necessary for arresting pollution are:

i. More and more forests and plants should be grown to reduce pollution.

ii. It should be made compulsory for every industry to use the waste before letting it out of industries.

iii. There must be some changes in the chemical processes so that they can produce less harmful chemical
substances.

iv. To reduce the harm caused by air pollution, industries should be established away from main cities.

v. The height of the chimneys should be increased.

1 E. Question

Answer the following questions.

What ill-effects of pollution are being seen?

Answer

The ill-effects of pollution are the following:

i. Air pollution leads to higher incidences of respiratory disorders, high blood pressure, eyes disorder.

ii. It also causes psychological disorders.

iii. It also effects plants and animals too.

iv. The capacity of animals to produce milk has also been reduced.

v. There is a fall in process of photosynthesis by plants.

vi. Absence of fruiting, ultimately falling of leaves have also been seen on plants.

1 F. Question

Answer the following questions.

What function does an observatory perform?

Answer

The functions of the observatory system:

i. An observatory records observation of atmospheric factors.

ii. The factors include temperature, pressure, velocity of winds and humidity.

iii. It keeps a record of the changes in weather.

iv. It also forecasts the weather according to the changes observed.

v. Changes are recorded every hour.

vi. With the help of machines, it records the changes.

2 A. Question

Give scientific reasons.

The danger from the greenhouse effect is rising.

Answer

The danger from the greenhouse effect is rising because of the following reasons:

i. The increase in the concentration of gases causing global warming.

ii. The most important cause of threat from the greenhouse effect is carbon dioxide (CO2)

iii. It is increasing day by day in the atmosphere.

iv. The main cause of increasing carbon dioxide is burning fossil fuels and pollution on the earth.

v. There is a danger of it rising even higher in future.

2 B. Question

Give scientific reasons.

The proportion of nitrogen in air remains constant.

Answer

The proportion of nitrogen in air remains constant due to the following reasons:

i. Through excretion and decay of living things as well as through burning, nitrogen compounds get
decomposed.

ii. As the nitrogen is decomposed, it means the nitrogen is back into the air.

iii. That’s how the proportion of nitrogen in air remains constant.

2 C. Question

Give scientific reasons.

When a bottle of an aerated drink is opened. the drink inside gushes out in a stream of bubbles.

Answer

When a bottle of an aerated drink is opened. the drink inside gushes out in a stream of bubbles because:

i. Carbon dioxide dissolves sparingly in water.

ii. It has to be dissolved in water under pressure.

iii. Thus, when the cap is opened, the pressure is released and the carbon dioxide gas gushes out.

3 A. Question

Fill in the blanks

Oxygen ………….burn, but …………. burning.

Answer

Oxygen does not itself burn but supports burning.

Explanation:

i. When the wood in a fire is burning low, we blow it with a blower.

ii. It has been observed that the fire flares up and begins to burn vigorously.

iii. After sometime the burning slows down again.

iv. This means that oxygen does not itself burn, but supports burning.

3 B. Question

Fill in the blanks

Some………….. substances absorb ………….. from the air.

Answer

Some deliquescent substances absorb water vapour from the air.

Explanation:

i. A deliquescent substance is a substance that quickly absorbs water from the air.

ii. This property of deliquescent substances tells that the water vapour is present in the air.

3 C. Question

Fill in the blanks

It is mandatory to treat ……………. before letting them out.

Answer

It is mandatory to treat the waste before letting them out.

Explanation:

i. A law has been enacted by the government for the remedy of pollution.

ii. The law includes that it is compulsory for all the industries to treat the waste before letting it go.

3 D. Question

Fill in the blanks

Solid carbon dioxide is also called …………..

Answer

Solid carbon dioxide is also called dry ice.

Explanation:

i. If a carbon is cooled at -57° C, it freezes.

ii. The carbon freezes at this temperature is called dry ice.

iii. Dry ice is used to decrease the temperature.

4. Question

Match the following.

Answer

(a) Potassium chlorate – oxygen

Explanation:

Potassium chlorate is used in the preparation of oxygen.

It is heated at 300° C in the presence of a catalyst to give oxygen and potassium chloride.
KClO3→ 2KCl + O2

Potassium Potassium Oxygen

Chlorate Chloride

(b) Micro-organisms – nitrogen fixation

Explanation:

Micro-organisms bring the nitrogen fixation.

Two types of micro-organisms are present which bring nitrogen fixation.

(c) Greenhouse effect – Carbon dioxide

Explanation:

The carbon dioxide is increasing day by day in the atmosphere. This increases the threat from the
greenhouse effect.

(d) fertilizers – nitrogen

Explanation:

Plants get nitrogen in the form of fertilizers.

Nitrogen is the only constituent which helps in producing the fertilizers.

This helps them to grow faster.

(e) Manganese dioxide – Catalyst

Explanation: Manganese dioxide is used as a catalyst in the preparation of oxygen.

5. Question

Who am I?

(a) I am found in clouds and mist.

(b) I am used in aerated drinks.

(c) I am used in an electric bulb.

(d) I form 78% of air.

(e) I am used in the production of nitric acid.

Answer

(a) Water vapour

Explanation:

Clouds and fogs are formed by the condensation of water vapour.

(b) Carbon dioxide

Explanation:

Carbon dioxide is used in aerated drinks. When you open the cap of a drink, you can see the pressure gushes
out of the bottle. That pressure is only due to the carbon dioxide present in it.

(c) Inert gas (Argon)

Explanation:Inert gas like argon gas is used in electric bulbs. As soon as the electricity flows into the bulb, it
heats the tungsten wire filament.Note: Inert gas is gas which does not react and burn in any way.

(d) Nitrogen
Explanation:Nitrogen is constitutes 78% of air. It is one of the important constituent of air.

(e) Nitrogen

Explanation:Nitrogen is used in industry for the large-scale production of nitric acid (HNO3)

Activities
1. Question

Find out which ingredients used in baked products make them light and porous.

Answer

To make the baked products light and porous, some leavening agents are used.

Leavening agents include:

i. Baking soda

ii. Baking powder

iii. Egg whites

iv. Yeast

2. Question

Now-a-days, every motor vehicle is subjected to a `pollution under control' (PUC) test. Find out why this test
is done.

Answer

Pollution under control test is done to:

i. Monitor the harmful pollutant emit by the vehicles.

ii. The harmful pollutants may include Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide etc.

iii. This test helps in maintaining such pollutants.

 16. Soil
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following question.

What is soil made of?

Answer

Soil is the upper layer of earth in which plant grows. It provides nutrients and water to the plants.

Soil is made up of stones and pebbles, sand, fine soil particles and humus (organic substances obtained from
dead plants and animals).

1 B. Question

Answer the following question.

Which are the constituents of plant origin in soil?

Answer

Soil contains organic substances which are either comes from plants or from animals. The organic
substances coming from plants are called soil constituents of plant origin. The constituents of plant origin
include bacteria, fungi, algae, blue-green algae, decomposed leaves, etc., of plants. These after death and
decomposition form organic constituents of plants.

1 C. Question

Answer the following question.

What steps can be taken to prevent erosion of soil?

Answer

Soil erosion is a process by which top fertile, thin layer of the soil is blown or removed by strong winds and
rain. To check soil erosion, we should keep soil covered. Top layer of the soil should not be left open.

The following activity can prevent soil erosion:

● Cover soil by growing grass on it.

● By growing crops in the soil.

● Plant trees on the open soil to prevent soil erosion.

In all these activities, roots of plants bind soil which prevent soil

Erosion.

2. Question

'True or false?

(a) The texture of soil can be determined from its colour.

(b) Soil is formed by the fast flowing currents of water.

(c) Sandy soil has little capacity for holding water.

Answer

(a) True.

Soil contains sand, slit and clay. The size of these particles in the soil is the texture of the soil. Colour of the
soil also determines the texture of the soil. For example soils high in iron are deep orange-brown, soils that
are high in humus dark brown or black.

(b) False.

The fast flowing water currents is the agent of soil erosion. The breaking of rocks slowly by rainwater, winds
and change in weather form soil.

(c) True

Sandy soil composed of large sized sand particles. The space between sandy soil particles is more that clay
and loam soil. Therefore, sandy soil has little capacity to hold water.

3. Question

Match the following.

Answer

(a) Algae are small green plants which dies and decomposed into the soil.
(b) Strong blowing wind is a soil erosion agent. It causes top soil to carry away to the distant places

(c) Social forestry started to encourage small farmers and adivasis to plant trees and do agriculture activity
on the fallow (empty) and barren land. The number of trees has risen and wood has become available in
plenty for the poor people to earn some money.

4. Question

Fill in the blanks.

(a) Plants satisfy man's basic needs for ………..,……….. and ……… .

(b) …………… and …………… are the organic constituents of soil.

(c) Land should be ……………. to prevent erosion.

(d) Disturbance of the natural balance of soil is called soil ………………

(e) The government has started the ………. project protect forests.

Answer

(a) Plants satisfy man's basic needs for food, shelter and clothing.

Without soil, plants cannot grow. Plants provide food and shelter for animals including humans.

(b) plants and animals are the organic constituents of soil.

Soil contains organic substances which are either comes from plants or from animals.

i. The organic substances coming from plants are called soil constituents of plant origin.

ii. The soil constituents of plant origin include bacteria, fungi, and algae, blue - green algae, decomposed
leaves, etc., of plants.

iii. The soil constituents of plant origin include insects, protozoa, worms, shells and decomposed remains of
dead animals.

(c) Land should be covered to prevent erosion.

Land without vegetation (plants) covering leads to soil erosion.

(d) Disturbance of the natural balance of soil is called soil pollution.

Farmers use chemical fertilisers and pesticides in the crop fields in greater quantities than they required
then the proportion of chemicals in the soil increases. These chemical disturb the soil natural balance
causing soil pollution.

(e) The government has started the social forestry project to protect forests.

Social forestry project started by government of India to encourage small/ poor farmers and adivasis to plant
trees and do agriculture activity on the fallow (empty) and barren land and draws some income by selling
wood and other forest products.

Activities
1. Question

Take some clay and sprinkle water on it to make a soft dough. Shape it as you like to make things of your
choice. Keep these things aside for a few hours. The clay will harden and your articles will be ready.

Answer

Step 1: Take some clay

Step 2: Put some water on it to make a soft dough.

Step 3: Shape the soft dough to make anything of your choice

 17. Agriculture
Exercises
1 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

Besides using plants for food, in which other ways do we make use of plants?

Answer

Agriculture was used largely for growing crops besides this. This process is now used in floriculture and
growing medicinal plants. The plant in floriculture includes tuberoses, roses, marigolds, chrysanthemums.
The medicinal plants are serpentina, gulvel, asparagus etc. Plants like raanbhendi, parrot tree, jatropha etc.

1 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

Write the three stages of the tilling of land in the proper order.

Answer

1. Pre-Sowing Stage: This stage includes ploughing & harrowing of land.

2. Sowing Stage: This stage includes soil arrangement & planting the seedlings.

3. Post Sowing Stage: This stage includes thinning of crops, watering, adding fertilizers and spraying
pesticides.

1 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

What are the advantages of pre-sowing tilling activities?

Answer

In the pre- sowing tilling activities, the land is ploughed deep, which turns the soil up. This action makes the
soil friable for growing the crops. The stubble and roots of the previous crop become loose and are picked
out.

This action also helps in killing the germs & insects in the soil and hence the air can enter deep in the soil.

1 D. Question

Answer the following questions.

What are the activities at the post-sowing stage of tilling?

Answer

The steps are:

1. Thinning of the crop: It helps to prevent overcrowding. The number of plants is reduced by pulling some
out. Roots that are exposed during thinning are again covered with soil.

2. Loosening the soil and weeding: Loosening the soil keeps the air moving freely around the soil. Sickle is
used for this operation.

3. Watering & Adding Fertilizers: Fertilizers & water are being added to the growing crop at a regular interval
of time.

1 E. Question

Answer the following questions.

Explain the difference between 'thinning the crop' and 'weeding'.

Answer
1 F. Question

Answer the following questions.

Explain the difference between preventive and curative spraying of chemicals.

Answer

1 G. Question

Answer the following questions.

What is the method used for sowing each of the following crops?

wheat, rice, sugarcane, pumpkin, jowar, cotton. How many methods are there of sowing seeds?

Answer

Crops like rice are sown by transplanting seedling. Seedling is first grown in a seedbed. Seed bed is made by
piling soft soil on the ground.

Sugarcane is planted in furrows made in soil.

Seeds of some varieties as cotton, pumpkin and watermelon are sown by

Poking them into the soil one by one.

There are various ways of sowing seeds-

1) The seed may be scattered on the field.

2) Poked into the soil one by one.

3) Prepared seedling may be transplanted.

2. Question

Match the following.

Answer
3 A. Question

Give scientific reasons.

How deep the land should be ploughed depends upon the specific conditions.

Answer

Ploughing depends on the depth because during ploughing soil is turned up. This makes the soil friable and
suitable for growing crops. Weeding becomes easier. The stubble and roots of previous crops become loose
and are picked out.

3 B. Question

Give scientific reasons.

The importance of a sickle cannot be judged from its small size.

Answer

Sickle is a hand-held agricultural tool designed having a variously curved blade and typically used for
harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting. Being small in size its curved shape provides a very good
cutting support.

3 C. Question

Give scientific reasons.

Farming implements should be stored in dry places.

Answer

Farming implements should be stored in dry places not in damp and humid places because wood can be
attacked by termites and iron get rusted. Rusting and termites shorten the life span of tools.

4. Question

Write a note on: Hybridization.

Answer

Hybridization is the crossing of dissimilar individuals to produce best of both organisms.

One advantage of hybridization is that it can combine disease resistance of one organism with the
production capacity

of the another.

Tissue culture is a part of hybridization this involves growing of cells

Outside the plant is called tissue culture.

Tissue culture involves production in a micro form.

A solid medium or a viscous broth is used for growing cells or tissues. Examples are banana and some
medicinal plants. The method of tissue culture is used for preserving plants which are getting extinct.

5. Question

Label the picture given below:

Answer

1) Tiphan

2) Spade

3) Wooden Spade

4) Pickaxe

5) Scythe

6) Pump

7) Plough

Activities
1. Question

Go to a garden nearby and find out from the gardener how he takes care of the garden.

Answer

The gardener takes care of garden right from preparing the soil, using good seeds and fertilizers, to
protecting the crop and storing it properly.

Proper steps of tilling the soil includes pre sowing , sowing ,post sowing methods includes spraying
weedicides, germicides etc.

2. Question

In a vacant plot in your yard, grow some leafy vegetables, following the stages of cultivating a crop.

Answer

Vegetables like cluster beans, tomato, brinjal, fenugreek, bitter gourd etc are usually grown.

land is tilled in three steps this is called Tilling of land- pre sowing methods land is ploughed to make the soil
loose, sowing the land this involves arranging the soil and sowing the seeds or planting the seedlings, post
sowing involves thinning the soil by pulling out the extra plants, loosening the soil and weeding, watering
adding fertilizers, spraying .

At last they are harvested at right time, this helps gather the maximum possible produce of vegetable
planted.

3. Question

Find out some information about afforestation.

Answer

Afforestation is the process of planting trees, sowing seeds, in a barren land without any trees to create a
forest. The importance is immense in today's life because it is mainly done for commercial purposes.

Owing to the sensitivity to over usage and slow growths, these forests cannot be used continuously for
commercial purposes like wood products.
 18. Animal Husbandry
Exercises
1 A. Question

Give scientific reason.

Milch animals are fed on Ambon.

Answer

Milch animals are milk producing animals to increase the production of milk milch animals are provided with
good food.

Milch animals are fed with Ambon. Ambon is also called fermented fodder, it is a mixture of oil cake, jaggery.
Fermentation

Increases the nutritive value of these foods.

1 B. Question

Give scientific reason.

Horses are given horse gram as supplementary food.

Answer

Horses are given healthy food like horse gram as supplementary food because these foods have high
nutrient value which make horses strong and robust. They are used by humans for physical labour, lots of
work some involves use of horses for example carrying goods etc.

1 C. Question

Give scientific reason.

Pigs are fed rice husks and chaff and bone meal.

Answer

Generally animals need a dry feed of 2 to 2.5 % of their own body weight daily. Pigs are the animals used for
their meat. Animals used for meat are given equally high nutrient quality food.

1 D. Question

Give scientific reason.

A cattle shed is kept clean.

Answer

Cattle shed should be kept clean. The floor should be regularly washed with a germicide to prevent diseases
and protect animals from flies, fleas, gnats. As animals tend to get worms they should be dewormed
regularly.

2 A. Question

Answer the following questions.

In what way are lice and ticks a nuisance for sheep?

Answer

Sheep are particularly prone to ticks and lies, ticks are mostly found on their neck, shoulders and around
their anus cause wounds and sucks blood often maggots grow in these wounds. Hence preventing sheep
from ticks and lies is very important.

2 B. Question

Answer the following questions.

What are the occupations included under animal husbandry?

Answer

Animal husbandry is a wide sector and it includes various occupations as listed below:

Sheep rearing, Sericulture, Pisciculture, Poultry farming, pearl culture, Lac industry. Besides these cow,
buffaloes are kept for their milk, bullocks, horses, asses, oxen are kept for physical labour.

2 C. Question

Answer the following questions.

What are the differences between layer and broiler birds?

Answer

3. Question

Name the following.

(a) Incurable animal diseases.

(b) The animal that grows a pearl.

(c) The main crop required for sericulture.

Answer

(a) Diseases like Ranikhet and bird flu are incurable and it is necessary to vaccinate to cure such diseases.

(b) Pearls are obtained from marine animals called oyster.

(c) The main crop required for sericulture are mulberry and Ain leaves variety, the silkworm lives on
mulberry leaves and other that eats Ain leaves are important.

4 A. Question

Write notes on

Crossbred animals

Answer

The technology has been developed for obtaining hybrids of not only plants but also obtaining hybrid stains
from animals.

Importance of cross breed animals is the yield of these animals is greater. The profits are greater.

Few examples are as follows- A Indian cow yields 5-6 liters of milk every day. If crossed with a Jersey,
Holstein, Red Dean Bull, yield rises to 10-12 liters daily. Cows of Kandari, Devani, Khilhari, Dangi varieties of
Maharashtra have been selected for cross breeding.

4 B. Question

Write notes on

Sheep rearing

Answer

Keeping sheep for its wool, meat to earn profit is called Sheep rearing. Sheep can be easily kept by farmers
as it does not require high expenditure to feed them. Sheep can easily live on bor and babhul trees and
shrubs that grow on stubble and waste water of jowar, groundnuts, horse grams etc.
They are highly useful as they give wool, meat and skin even droppings give produce good manure to the
fields as it is rich in nitrogen,

Phosphorus, potash.one Indian sheep give one and half kilograms of wool and 10-12 kilograms of meat.

4 C. Question

Write notes on

Pisciculture

Answer

The desired fish variety are grown from their "seeds" in the sea and other water bodies and used for eating.
The government makes good quality fish or spawns as food this process is called Pisciculture. Advantage is
earlier people use to have limited variety for eating but now they have variety which also has nutrient
values. some fresh water fishes are Katla, Rohu, Mrugal and carp while some sea fish are Boi (mulletfish),
Muddushi (shellfish), Khasi, Renavi.

4 D. Question

Write notes on

Cultured pearls

Answer

Earlier pearl was obtained naturally from marine animal Oyster. Now a technique of inserting a grain of sand
inside oyster's body at the right time has been developed, as a result now a larger pearl can be obtained
commercially are called cultured pearls. These are different from artificial pearls.

Activities
1. Question

Visit any place where animals are reared and find out about animal diseases.

Answer

Few very common animal diseases are:

(1) Bird Flu - A viral infection that can infect not only birds, but also humans and other animals. Most forms
of the virus are restricted to birds. Its symptoms are Cough, diarrhea, respiratory difficulties, fever (over
100.4°F or 38°C), and headache.

(2) Ranikhet – it is also known as new cattle disease, highly contagious, symptoms are first observed in
young birds earlier as gasping, sneezing, often droopiness.

(3) Anthrax- A highly infectious and fatal disease of cattle its signs of the illness usually appear 3 to 7 days
after the spores are swallowed or inhaled. Once signs begin in animals they usually die within two days.