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Control
Engineering 1
Olalekan OGUNBIYI, PhD
1. Introduction to Control System Engineering
2. Mathematical Modelling of Physical System
Outline 3. Transfer Function
4. Block Diagram Algebra
5. Signal Flow Graph
6. System Structure
7. Steady-State Error
Textbooks 8. Time Response Analysis
Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems" by Gene
Franklin, J. Da Powell, and Abbas Emami-Naeini. 9. Concept of Stability
Modern Control Engineering" by Katsuhiko Ogata.
10. Root Locus Concept
"Control Systems Engineering" by Norman S. Nise.
11. Design and Compensation
Automatic Control Systems" by Benjamin C. Kuo
and Farid Golnaraghi.
12.Concept of State Variable Modelling
Feedback Control Theory" by John C. Doyle, Bruce
A. Francis, and Allen R. Tannenbaum.
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A control system consists of subsystems and processes
(or plants) assembled to obtain a desired output with
Introduction desired performance, given a specified input.
to Control
System
Engineering
The basic ingredients of a control system can be described by:
Objectives of control.
Control-system components.
Results or outputs
Controlled Variable and Control
Signal or Manipulated Variable.
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Thermostat:
01 Found in homes and buildings, it regulates temperature
by turning heating or cooling systems on and off based
Control systems are on the set temperature.
everywhere, from simple
household appliances to
complex industrial Speed Control in Vehicles:
processes. Here are some 02 Control systems regulate the speed of vehicles,
maintaining a constant speed or adjusting it
common examples: according to the driver's input.
Water Level Control in Tanks:
03 Used in water tanks to maintain a desired
level by controlling the inflow and outflow
of water.
Industrial Automation:
04 Control systems are extensively used in
manufacturing processes for tasks like 08
Cruise Control in Cars:
Allows a vehicle to maintain a constant
regulating temperature, pressure, and speed set by the driver without requiring
flow rates in chemical plants, refineries, constant manual adjustments of the
and other industrial facilities. accelerator.
05 Robotics: Anti-lock Braking System (ABS):
Control systems are the backbone of robotic
systems, enabling precise control of
movements and actions.
09 A safety system in vehicles that prevents
wheels from locking up during braking,
helping maintain control and stability.
Power Grid Control:
06 Control systems are used to monitor and
manage electricity generation,
transmission, and distribution in power Flight Control Systems in Aircraft:
grids to ensure reliability and stability.
10 These systems manage the attitude,
altitude, and direction of an aircraft
(HVAC) Systems:
07 Control systems regulate temperature,
humidity, and air quality in buildings to
through various control surfaces such
as ailerons, elevators, and rudders.
maintain a comfortable environment.
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A conceptual method of efficient water
extraction using solar power is shown
beside. During the hours of daylight, the
solar collector would produce electricity
to pump water from the underground
water table to a reservoir (perhaps on a
nearby mountain or hill), and in the early
morning hours, the water would be
released into the irrigation system.
One of the most important features of the Conceptual method of efficient water extraction using solar power
solar collector is that the collector dish
must track the sun accurately. The block
diagram beside describes the general
philosophy of the sun-tracking system
together with some of the most important
components. The controller ensures that
the tracking collector is pointed toward the
sun in the morning and sends a "start
track" command. The controller constantly
calculates the sun’s rate for the two axes
(azimuth and elevation) of control during
the day. The controller uses the sun rate
and sun sensor information as inputs to
generate proper motor commands to slew
the collector.
Important components of the sun-tracking control system
Open-loop Control System.
Control Systems
Configurations
Two major configurations of control
systems:
open loop and
closed loop.
Elements of an open-loop control system
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Closed-Loop Control Systems
(Feedback Control Systems)
Block diagram of a closed-loop idle-speed control system
The plant refers to the physical system or process being
controlled. It could be a mechanical system, electrical circuit,
Process/Plant chemical process, or any other system that can be controlled or
manipulated
The actuator receives the control signal from the controller and
converts it into a physical action or manipulation that influences
the plant. This could involve activating motors, valves, heaters, or
Actuator any other device that can change the behavior of the system.
The controller is the brain of the feedback control system. It
receives input from the sensor, compares it with the desired
reference value (setpoint), and generates a control signal to
Controller adjust the input to the plant.
The error signal is generated by comparing the output of the
system with the reference input. It represents the difference
Error Signal between the desired and actual states of the system and serves
as the basis for control action by the controller.
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