PHY 102 Introduction to Physics II

Spring Semester 2025

Lecture 4

Line, Surface and Volume Integration of

vectors
Surface Integral :

When we treat surface as a vector .

We assign its area as magnitude and its direction
Normal to the surface toward you.

In the figure, we show a surface S , we put our right

Hand on the surface , thumb is telling the direction
Of the normal . S

Open Surface :

Surface which is having boundary. Example disk, bowl, Square, rectangle etc.

Closed Surface :
No boundary. Example box , tumbler covered with lid.
To find the normal vector of any surface (in double integrals),
remember that

𝜵Φ is a vector normal to any surface Φ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐, ‘c’ is a constant

Direction
𝒓 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌 is the position 𝑑𝑟 of 𝜵Φ
vector to any point P (x,y,z) on the
surface
P(x,y,z)

𝑟Ԧ
O
𝑑𝒓 = 𝒊𝑑𝑥 + 𝒋𝑑𝑦 + 𝒌𝑑𝑧 lies in the
tangent plane to the surface at P 𝜱 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒄
 Φ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐

𝜕Φ 𝜕Φ 𝜕Φ
𝑑Φ = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0 [since Φ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕Φ 𝜕Φ 𝜕Φ
= 𝒊
𝜕𝑥
+𝒋
𝜕𝑦
+𝒌
𝜕𝑧
. 𝒊𝑑𝑥 + 𝒋𝑑𝑦 + 𝒌𝑑𝑧 = 𝜵Φ. 𝒅𝒓 = 0

𝜵Φ represents a vector perpendicular to the surface Φ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐

Definition of surface integral
‫𝐴 ׭‬. Ԧ 𝑛𝑑𝑆
ො
𝑆
Subdivide the area S into M
elements of area ΔSp where p =
1,2,3,….., M. Choose any point Pp
within ΔSp whose co-ordinates are
(xp,yp,zp). Define A(xp,yp,zp) = Ap.
Let np be the positive unit normal
to ΔSp at P
Form the sum:σ𝑀
𝑝=1 𝑨𝒑 . 𝒏𝒑 ∆𝑆𝑝

(𝑨𝒑 . 𝒏𝒑 is the normal 𝑀

component of Ap at Pp) ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏𝑑𝑆 = lim ෍ 𝑨𝒑 . 𝒏𝒑 ∆𝑆𝑝
𝑆 𝑀→∞ 𝑝=1
Take the limit of this sum 𝑀 → ∞ in such a way that the largest
dimension of each ΔSp approaches zero. The limit, if exists, is called the
surface integral of normal component of A over S , ‫𝑨 𝑆׭‬. 𝒏𝑑𝑆
 Suppose that the surface has a
projection R on the x-y plane.
The projection of ΔSp (a vector) on
the x-y plane is
𝒏𝒑 ∆𝑆𝑝 . 𝒌 or 𝒏𝒑 . 𝒌 ∆𝑆𝑝

ΔxpΔyp
which is equal to ΔxpΔyp so that ∆𝑆𝑝 =
𝒏𝒑 .𝒌

𝑀 𝑀 ΔxpΔyp 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏𝑑𝑆 = lim ෍ 𝑨𝒑. 𝒏𝒑∆𝑆𝑝 = lim ෍ 𝑨𝒑. 𝒏𝒑 = ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏
𝑆 𝑀→∞ 𝑝=1 𝑀→∞ 𝑝=1 𝒏𝒑. 𝒌 𝑅 𝒏. 𝒌
(by fundamental theorem of
integral calculus)
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏
𝑆 𝑅 𝒏. 𝒌
Examples

Optional
 Line Integral

𝑥+𝑦 =1

and C is the triangle with vertices (1,0,0) ,(0,1,0), (0,0,1).

The plane S has the equation 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏. ⇒ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

෡
𝒅𝒓 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒅𝒚𝒋Ƹ + 𝒅𝒛 𝒌 𝒅𝒓 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒅𝒚𝒋Ƹ
Can you tell me what is the equation of the line on the xy plane ?
 ර 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 + න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 + න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓
Line Integral : 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

෡
𝒅𝒓 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒅𝒚𝒋Ƹ + 𝒅𝒛 𝒌
෡
𝑭 = 𝒛𝟐 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒚𝟐 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒙𝒌
𝐶2
න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = න(𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦)
𝐶1
1 3 1
𝑦 1
= න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = =
0 3 3
෡
𝒅𝒓 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒅𝒛 𝒌
𝐶3
න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = න(𝑥𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦)
𝐶2
0 0
2
𝑦3 1
= න 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = =−
𝐶1 1 3 1
3
𝑥+𝑧 =1
 ර 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 + න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 + න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓
Line Integral : 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

෡
𝒅𝒓 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒅𝒚𝒋Ƹ + 𝒅𝒛 𝒌
෡
𝑭 = 𝒛𝟐 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒚𝟐 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒙𝒌
𝐶2
න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = න(𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧)
𝐶3
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0

⇒ න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = න −(𝑧 2𝑑𝑧 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥)

෡ 𝐶3
𝒅𝒓 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒅𝒛 𝒌
𝐶3 0
0 3
𝑧 1
⇒ − න 𝑧 2𝑑𝑧 = − =
1 3 1
3
1 1
𝑥2 1
𝐶1 ⇒ − න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − =−
𝑥+𝑧 =1 0 2 0
2

1 1 1 1 1
ර 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 + න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 + න 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 = − + − =−
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
3 3 3 2 6
 Surface Integral
Example: 1

Evaluate ‫𝑨 𝑆׭‬. 𝒏 ෡
ෝ 𝑑𝑆 where 𝑨 = 18𝑧𝒊Ƹ − 12𝒋Ƹ + 3𝑦𝒌
and S is that part of the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12
which is located in the first octant.
 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏
𝑆 𝑅 𝒏. 𝒌
To obtain n:
A vector perpendicular to the
surface 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 is
given by 𝜵 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 =
2𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 6𝒌
Unit normal to any point of
S is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 7
2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
2 3 6 6
𝒏= = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌 𝒏. 𝒌 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2
2 +3 +62 7 7 7 7 𝒏. 𝒌 6
 ඵ 𝑨. 𝒏𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 6 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑅

To evaluate the double integral over R, keep x fixed and

12−2𝑥
integrate with respect to y from y = 0 to 𝑦 = ; then
3
integrate w.r.t x from x = 0 to x = 6. In this manner, R is
completely recovered.
The integral becomes
 Example 2
෡ evaluate ‫𝒏 ⋅ 𝑭 ׭‬
If 𝑭 = 4𝑥𝑧𝒊Ƹ − 𝑦 2 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑦𝑧𝒌, ෝ 𝑑𝑆 where S is the
surface of the cube bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0,
𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1.
Face DEFG: 𝒏=i, x = 1. Then
1 1

ඵ ෝ 𝑑𝑆 = න
𝑭⋅𝒏 න(4𝑧𝒊 − 𝑦 2 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧𝒌) ⋅ 𝒊𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺
0 0
1 1
1 1
=න න 4𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 2 = න 4𝑧𝑑𝑧 න 𝑑𝑦
𝑧=0 𝑦=0
0 0

Face ABCO: 𝒏 = -𝒊, x = 0. Then

1 1

ඵ ෝ 𝑑𝑆 = න
𝑭⋅𝒏 න −𝑦 2 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧𝒌 ⋅ −𝒊 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂
0 0
Face ABEF: n = j, y= 1. Then
1 1

ඵ ෝ 𝑑𝑆 = න
𝑭⋅𝒏 න(4𝑥𝑧𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌) ⋅ 𝒋𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹
0 0 1 1

=න න −𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = −1
0 0
Face OGDC: n = -j, y= 0. Then
1 1

ඵ ෝ 𝑑𝑆 = න
𝑭⋅𝒏 න 4𝑥𝑧𝒊 ⋅ −𝒋 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑂𝐺𝐷𝐶
0 0
Face BCDE: n = k, z = 1. Then
1 1 1 1
1
ඵ ෝ 𝑑𝑆 = න
𝑭⋅𝒏 න 4𝑥𝒊 − 𝑦 2 𝒋 + 𝒚𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = න න 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 =
𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 2
0 0 0 0

Face AFGO: n = -k, z= 0. Then, Adding, we get

1 1
3
ඵ ෝ 𝑑𝑆 = න
𝑭⋅𝒏 න 𝑦 2𝒋 ⋅ −𝒌 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 ඵ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝑆
ො =
𝐴𝐹𝐺𝑂 2
0 0
Surface Integral :
𝑬 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑,

න 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒔 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑺

𝜵𝑆
ෝ = 𝑑𝑠
𝒅𝒔 = 𝑑𝑠 𝒏
|𝜵𝑆|

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦ෝ
𝒏 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝜵𝑆
𝒅𝒔 = =
෡
ෝ∙𝒌
𝒏 ෡
𝜵𝑆 ∙ 𝒌

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧ෝ 𝒏 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧𝜵𝑆
𝒅𝒔 = =
ෝ ∙ 𝒋Ƹ
𝒏 𝜵𝑆 ∙ 𝒋Ƹ

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧ෝ 𝒏 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝜵𝑆
𝒅𝒔 = =
ෝ ∙ 𝒊Ƹ
𝒏 𝜵𝑆 ∙ 𝒊Ƹ
 Example: The plane S has the equation 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏.
𝑬 = (𝟐𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝒋Ƹ

෡
Gradient of this surface = 𝜵𝑆= (𝒊Ƹ + 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌)
න 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒔
S

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦ෝ
𝒏 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝜵𝑆 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦(𝒊Ƹ + 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌)෡
𝒅𝒔 = = =
෡
ෝ∙𝒌
𝒏 ෡
𝜵𝑆 ∙ 𝒌 ෡ ∙𝒌
(𝒊Ƹ + 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌) ෡

න 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒔 = න(𝟐𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝒋Ƹ ∙ 𝒅𝒔
S

න 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒔
 Surface Integral :

Projection of Surface S, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏
on XY plane ?

න 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒔
Surface Integral :
Example of volume integral