1.Define fault And failure in software Metrics.
Fault: A fault (also called a bug or defect) is an incorrect step, process, or data definition in a
computer program. It is a flaw in the software code or design that may cause the program to
operate incorrectly.
Failure: A failure is the observable incorrect behavior of the software when it is executed. It
occurs when a fault is triggered during execution, resulting in the system not performing as
expected.
2. What are the tools and techniques of cost control? Explain in detail.
Cost control in project management involves managing and optimizing project costs to
ensure that the project stays within budget constraints while delivering the desired
outcomes. Various tools and techniques are used to monitor, analyze, and control costs
throughout the project lifecycle.
1. Cost Estimation: Cost estimation involves predicting the anticipated costs associated with
completing project activities, delivering project deliverables, and achieving project objectives.
2. Cost Budgeting. This process establishes a baseline for project expenditures and helps
ensure that adequate funding is available to complete project tasks
3. Cost Tracking: Cost tracking involves monitoring and recording actual project
expenditures as they occur throughout the project lifecycle.
4. Earned Value Management (EVM): Earned Value Management is a comprehensive cost
control technique that integrates measurements of scope, schedule, and cost performance.
5. Variance Analysis: Variance analysis involves comparing actual project costs with planned
costs to identify and analyze any variances or deviations.
6. Change Control: Change control processes are used to manage changes to the project
scope, schedule, or requirements that may impact project.
7. Cost Forecasting: Cost forecasting involves predicting future project costs based on
current performance data and trends.
8. Risk Management: Risk management techniques are used to identify, assess, and
mitigate risks that may impact project costs. By proactively addressing potential risks and
uncertainties, project managers can minimize the likelihood of cost overruns and expenses.
3. What is Activity Sequencing? Explain Tools & Techniques for Activity Sequencing.
Activity sequencing is the process of identifying and documenting the relationships between
project activities, determining their order, and defining the interdependencies.
-Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM): Uses nodes and arrows to define dependencies.
•Dependency determination: Identifies relationships such as finish-to-start or start-to-start.
•Gantt charts for visualization.
4. Explain Contract administration.
Contract administration is the process of managing contracts throughout their lifecycle to
ensure that both parties fulfill their obligations and achieve the intended outcomes. It
involves activities such as monitoring contract performance, tracking deliverables, enforcing
terms and conditions, and resolving disputes or issues that may arise during the contract
period. Contract administration also includes documenting contract changes, maintaining
communication with stakeholders, and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory
requirements. Effective contract administration helps minimize risks, mitigate potential
conflicts, and optimize contract value by ensuring that contracts are executed efficiently,
transparently, and in accordance with agreed-upon terms and expectation
5. Describe Configuration management .
Configuration management is a systematic approach to managing and controlling the
configuration of products or systems throughout their lifecycle. Configuration management
helps ensure that products or systems are built and maintained according to specified
requirements and standards, and that any changes are carefully controlled and documented
to maintain integrity, reliability, and traceability.
Key components of configuration management include:
1)Configuration Identification: This involves identifying and documenting the configuration
items (CIs) that make up a product or system, as well as their attributes and relationships.
2)Configuration Control: This involves establishing processes and procedures for controlling
changes to the configuration items.
3)Configuration Status Accounting: This involves recording and reporting the status of
configuration items and changes throughout their lifecycle.
4)Configuration Audits and Reviews: This involves conducting periodic audits and reviews to
verify that configurations are being managed and controlled effectively, and to identify any
discrepancies or issues that need to be addressed.
6. Write a short note on Project Phases.
Project phases represent the sequential stages that a project progresses through from
initiation to completion. Each phase is characterized by specific activities, deliverables, and
milestones that contribute to achieving the project's objectives.
1)Initiation: The initiation phase marks the beginning of the project and involves defining its
purpose, objectives, scope, and initial requirements.
2)Planning: During the planning phase, project plans are developed to guide the execution
and control of the project. This phase involves defining project scope, creating schedules,
estimating costs, identifying resources, and establishing communication and risk
management plans.
3)Execution: The execution phase is where the actual project work is performed according to
the project plans.
4)Monitoring and Controlling: In this phase, project performance is monitored and controlled
to ensure that it aligns with the project management plan.
5)Closing: The closing phase involves formally completing the project and obtaining
acceptance from stakeholders.
7. Write a note on Integration Management-Project plan.
Integration Management in project management refers to the processes and activities that
ensure coordination and integration of all project elements, including scope, schedule, cost,
quality, resources, communication, risk, and procurement, to achieve project objectives
effectively and efficiently. The project plan is a key component of Integration Management,
as it serves as a comprehensive document that outlines how the project will be executed,
monitored, and controlled throughout its lifecycle.
1. Integration of Project Elements. 2. Project Objectives and Deliverables
3. Project Scope. 4. Project Schedule
5. Project Budget. 6. Quality Management
7. Resource Management. 8. Communication Management
9. Risk Management. 10. Procurement Management
