Title: Matrices

Chapter: Matrices
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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Introduction :
Any rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex) (or of real valued or complex valued expressions) is
called a matrix. If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is written as m × n and we call it
as order m by n
The general m × n matrix is

 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1j ..... a1n 

a a22 a23 ...... a2 j ..... a2n 
 21
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  
 ai1 ai2 ai3 ...... aij ...... ain 
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
am1 am2 am3 ..... amj ..... amn 

where aij denote the element of ith row & jth column. The above matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m × n .

Notes :
(i) The elements a11, a22, a33,........ are called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace of A
denoted as tr(A)

(ii) Capital letters of English alphabets are used to denote matrices.

(iii) Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then we say that its order is "m by n", written
as "m × n".
1
Example # 1 : Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = | i –3j |.
2
 a11 a12 
 
Solution : In general a 3 × 2 matrix is given by A = a 21 a 22 
a 31 a32 
1
aij = | i – 3j |, i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
2
1 1 5
Therefore a11 = | 1 – 3 × 1 | = 1 a12 = | 1 – 3 × 2 | =
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21 = |2–3×1|= a22 = |2–3×2|=2
2 2 2

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 1 1 3
a31 = |3–3×1|=0 a32 = |3–3×2|=
2 2 2

 5
1 2
 
Hence the required matrix is given hy A =  2
1
2 
 
0 3
 2 

Types of Matrices :
Row matrix :
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row vector).General form of row
matrix is A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n]
This is a matrix of order "1 × n" (or a row matrix of order n)

Column matrix :
A matrix having only one column is called as column matrix (or column vector).
 a11 
a 
Column matrix is in the form A =  
21

 ... 
 
 a m1 

This is a matrix of order "m × 1" (or a column matrix of order m)

Zero matrix :
A = [aij]m × n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0  i & j.
0 0 0 
0 0 0   
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  0 0 0 
0 0 0   0 0 0 

Square matrix :
A matrix in which number of rows & columns are equal is called a square matrix. The general
form of a square matrix is
 a11 a12 ....... a1n 
a a22 ........ a2n 
A= 
21
which we denote as A = [aij]n.
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 an2 ....... ann 
This is a matrix of order "n × n" (or a square matrix of order n)

Diagonal matrix :
A square matrix [aij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i  j. (i.e., all the elements of
the square matrix other than diagonal elements are zero)

Note : Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag (a11, a22, ......ann).

 a 0 0 0 
a 0 0  
  0 b 0 0 
e.g. : (i)  0 b 0  (ii) 
 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 c   
 0 0 0 c 

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Scalar matrix :
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same. A = [a ij]n is a
scalar matrix, if (i) aij = 0 for i  j and (ii) aij = k for i = j.
a 0 0 
a 0   
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  0 a 0 
0 a   0 0 a 

Unit matrix (identity matrix) :

Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are unity. Unit matrix of
order 'n' is denoted by n (or ).
i.e. A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when aij = 0 for i  j & aii = 1
1 0 0
 1 0 0 1 0 
eg. 2 =   , 3 =  
0 1 0 0 1

Upper triangular matrix :

A = [aij]m × n is said to be upper triangular, if aij = 0 for i > j (i.e., all the elements below
the diagonal elements are zero).

a b c d  a b c 
   
e.g. : (i)  0 x y z  (ii)  0 x y 
 0 0 u v   0 0 z 

Lower triangular matrix :

A = [aij]m × n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 for i < j. (i.e., all the
elements above
the diagonal elements are zero.)
a 0 0   a 0 0 0 
b c 0   
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  b c 0 0 
 x y z   x y z 0 

Comparable matrices :
Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the same order (i.e., number of rows of A & B are
same and also the number of columns).
 2 3 4  3 4 2
e.g. : (i) A =   & B =  are comparable
 3 −1 2  0 1 3 
 3 0 
 2 3 4   
e.g. : (ii) C =   & D=  4 1  are not comparable
 3 −1 2   2 3 
Equality of matrices :
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable and all the corresponding elements
are equal.
Let A = [aij] m × n & B = [bij]p × q
A = B iff (i) m = p, n = q
(ii) aij = bij  i & j.

 sin  1/ 2  1/ 2 sin  

   
Example # 2 : Let A =  −1/ 2 cos   & B =  cos  cos   . Find  so that A = B.
   cos 
 cos  tan    −1 

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Solution : By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order and all the corresponding elements are
equal.
1 1
Thus we have sin  = , cos = – & tan  = – 1
2 2

  = (2n + 1)  – .
4

 x + 3 z + 4 2y – 7   0 6 3y – 2 
 –6 a – 1  
0  =  –6 –3 2c + 2  , then find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
Example # 3 : If 
b – 3 –21 0   2b + 4 –21 0 
Solution : As the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
x+3=0 z+4=6 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a–1=–3 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4
 a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = – 5, z = 2

Multiplication of matrix by scalar :

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij]m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is
defined as A = [bij]m × n where bij = aij  i & j.
 2 −1 3 5   −6 3 −9 −15 
   
e.g. : A =  0 2 1 −3  & – 3A  (–3) A =  0 −6 −3 9 
 0 0 −1 −2   0 0 3 6 

Note : If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal entry of A

Addition of matrices :
Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e. comparable matrices). Then A + B is defined to be.
A + B = [aij]m × n + [bij]m × n.
= [cij]m × n where cij = aij + bij  i & j.

 1 −1   −1 2   0 1 
     0 0 
e.g. : A =  2 3  , B =  −2 −3  , A + B =  
 1 0   5 7   6 7 

Substraction of matrices :
Let A & B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined as A + (– B) where – B is (– 1) B.

Properties of addition & scalar multiplication :

Consider all matrices of order m × n, whose elements are from a set F (F denote Q, R or C).
Let Mm × n (F) denote the set of all such matrices.
Then
(a) A  Mm × n (F) & B  Mm × n (F)  A + B  Mm × n(F)
(b) A+B=B+A
(c) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(d) O = [o]m × n is the additive identity.
(e) For every A  Mm × n(F), – A is the additive inverse.
(f)  (A + B) = A + B
(g) A = A
(h) (1 + 2) A = 1A + 2A

8 0  2 –2 
 4 –2   4 2  , then find the matrix X, such that 2A + 3X = 5B
Example # 4 : IF A =   and B = 
 3 6   –5 1
Solution : We have 2A + 3X = 5B.

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  3X = 5B – 2A
1
 X= (5B – 2A)
3
  2 –2 8 0     10 –10   –16 0  
 X=
1 
5 4 2  – 2  4 –2  = 1   20 10  +  –8 
4  
3      3  
3 6     –25 5   –6 –12 
  –5 1    
 –10 
 –2 3 
 10 – 16 –10 + 0   –6 –10   
1  1 
X =  20 – 8 10 + 4  =  12 14  =  4
14 

3 3  3 
 –25 – 6 5 – 12   −31 –7   
 –31 –7 
 3 3 

Multiplication of matrices :
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as number of rows
of B. i.e., A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n.
p
Then AB = [cij]m × n where cij =  aik bkj , which is the dot product of ith row vector of A and jth
k =1

column vector of B.
0 1 1 1 
 1 2 3    3 4 9 1
e.g. : A =   , B =  0 0 1 0  , AB =  
2 3 1  1 1 2 0   1 3 7 2 

Notes :
(1) The product AB is defined iff the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A
is called as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined BA is defined.
(2) In general AB  BA, even when both the products are defined.
(3) A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.

Properties of matrix multiplication :

Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let M n (F) denote the set of all square matrices of
order n. (where F is Q, R or C). Then
(a) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)
(b) In general AB  BA
(c) (AB) C = A(BC)
(d) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
An = A = n A  A  Mn (F)
(e) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of Mn (F) there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B  Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A–1 or A = B–1.
(f) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(g) A(B + C) = AB + AC  A, B, C  Mn (F)

(h) (A + B) C = AC + BC  A, B, C  Mn (F).

Notes : (1) Let A = [aij]m × n. Then An = A & m A = A, where n & m are identity matrices of order
n & m respectively.
(2) For a square matrix A, A2 denotes AA, A3 denotes AAA etc.

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  1 2 3
 
Example # 5 : If A =  3 –2 1 , then show that A3 – 23A – 40 I = O
 4 2 1
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
   3 –2 1  
Solution : We have A2 = A.A =  3 –2 1   =  1 12 8 
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15 
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
   3 –2 1  
So A3 = AA2 =  3 –2 1   =  1 12 8 
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15 
 1 2 3  1 2 3 1 0 0
   3 –2 1  
Now A3 – 23A – 40I =  3 –2 1 – 23   – 40 0 1 0 
 4 2 1  4 2 1 0 0 1

 63 46 69   –23 –46 –69   –40 0 0 

     0 
=  69 –6 23  +  –69 46 –23  +  0 –40
 92 46 63   –92 –46 –23   0 0 –40 
63 – 23 – 40 46 – 46 + 0 69 – 69 + 0  0 0 0 
   
=  69 – 69 + 0 –6 + 46 – 40 23 – 23 + 0  = 0 0 0  = O
 90 – 92 + 0 46 – 46 + 0 63 – 23 – 40  0 0 0 

Self practice problems :

cos  − sin 
(1) If A() =   , verify that A() A() = A( + ).
 sin  cos  
Hence show that in this case A(). A() = A() . A().

 4 6 −1  2 4
3 0 2   
(2) Let A =   , B =  0 1 and C = [3 1 2].
 1 −2 5   −1 2 
Then which of the products ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA are defined. Calculate the product
whichever is defined.
Answer (2) Only CAB is defined. CAB = [25 100]

Transpose of a matrix :

Let A =[aij]m × n. Then the transpose of A is denoted by A( or AT) and is defined as

A = [bij]n × m where bij = aji  i & j.

i.e. A is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns (or by rewriting all the columns of A as rows).
 1 a x 
 1 2 3 4   2 b y 
 
e.g. : A =  a b c d  , A =  
 3 c z 
 x y z w   
 4 d w 

Results : (i) For any matrix A = [aij]m × n, (A) = A

(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A

(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable matrices A and B.

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 (iv) (A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An) = A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An, where Ai are comparable.

(v) Let A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n , then (AB) = BA

(vi) (A1 A2 .......An) = An. An – 1 ...........A2 . A1, provided the product is defined.

Symmetric & skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A

i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji  i & j. A square matrix A is said to be skew-
symmetric if A = – A
i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = – aji  i & j.

a h g
 b f  is a symmetric matrix.
e.g. A = h
 g f c 
o x y
 z  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
B = −x o
 − y − z 0 

Notes :
(1) In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero.
( aii = – aii  aii = 0)
(2) For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric & A – A is skew-symmetric.

(3) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of two square matrices of which one
is symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric.
1 1
A = B + C, where B = (A + A) & C = (A – A).
2 2

 –2 
 
Example # 6 : If A =  4  , B = [1 3 – 6], verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 5 
Solution : We have
 –2 
 
A =  4  , B = [1 3 –6]
 5 
 –2   –2 –6 12 
 4  12 –24 
Then AB =   [1 3 –6] =  4
 5   5 15 –30 
 1
 
Now A' = [–2 4 5], B' =  3 
 –6 
 1  –2 4 5
 3  15  = (AB)'
B'A' =   [–2 4 5] =  –6 12
 –6   12 –24 –30 
Clearly (AB)' = B'A'

 2 –2 –4 
 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Example # 7 : Express the matrix B =  –1 3
 1 –2 –3 
 2 –1 1
 –2 3 –2 
Solution : Here B' =  
 –4 4 –3 

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  3 3
 2 –
2
– 
2
 4 –3 –3   
1 
2  = – 1 
1 3
Let P= (B + B') = –3 6 3
2 2   2 
 –3 2 –6   
– 3 1 –3 
 2 
 –3 –3 
 2 2 2 
 
–3
Now P' =  3 1  =P
 2 
 
 –3 1 –3 
 2 

1
Thus P= (B + B') is a symmetric matrix.
2
 –1 –5 
0 2 2 
 0 –1 –5   
1   1 3 
1
Also, Let Q = (B – B') = 1 0 6 = 0
2 2   2 
5 –6 0   
5 –3 0 
 2 
 1 5
 0 2 3
 
Q' =  – 0 –3  = – Q
1
Now
 2 
 
– 5 3 0 
 2 
1
Thus Q = (B – B') is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 –3 –3   –1 –5 
 2 2 2   0
2 2 
     2 –2 –4 
–3 
P+ Q = 1  + 3  =  –1 3 4  = B
1
Now 3 0
 2  2 
     1 –2 –3 
 –3 1 –3   5 –3 0 
 2   2 
Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

Example # 8 : Show that BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric

(where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that of A).
Solution : Case -  A is symmetric  A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB = BAB  BAB is symmetric.
Case -  A is skew-symmetric  A = – A
(BAB) = (B)AB
= B ( – A) B
= – (BAB)
 BAB is skew-symmetric

Self practice problems :

(3) For any square matrix A, show that AA & AA are symmetric matrices.
(4) If A & B are symmetric matrices of same order, then show that AB + BA is symmetric and
AB – BA is skew-symmetric.

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Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns of A is called as
submatrix of A.
a b c d  a c  a b c 
    a b d  x y z 
A =  x y z w  Then  x z  , 
p q s  
eg. ,  are all submatrices of A.
p q r s  p r   p q r 

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 Exercise – I

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = 2i – j.

 x − y 1 z   −1 1 4 
2. If   =  , find x, y, z, w.
 2x − y 0 w   0 0 5 

 4 –1  0 –1 0 –2

3. Let A + B + C =   , 4A + 2B + C =  –3 2  and 9A + 3B + C = 2 1  then find A
0 1     

 1 2 
   4 5 6 
If A =  3 −4  and B = 
7 −8 2 
4. , will AB be equal to BA. Also find AB & BA.
 5 6  

 3 −4   7 −12 
5. If A =   , then show that A =  3 −5 
3

 1 −1   

  
 0 − tan
If A =  2  show that ( + A) = ( – A)  cos  − sin  
6.   sin  cos  
 tan  0   
 2 

cos x − sin x 0 
 
7. Given F(x) =  sin x cos x 0  . If x  R Then for what values of y, F(x + y) = F(x) F(y).
 0 0 1

8. Let A = [aij]n × n where aij = i2 – j2 . Show that A is skew-symmetric matrix.

1 4 6  0 2 3 1 7 9
7 2 5   –2 0 4   4 2 8  3 5 99
9. If C =       , then trace of C + C + C + ........ + C is
9 8 3   –3 –4 0   6 5 3 

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 PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

x2 + x x   0 −1 0 −2

1.   +   =   then x is equal to -
 3 2 −x + 1 x  5 1 
(A) – 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) No value of x

 1  −5 4 0 
  0 2 −1 , then
2. If A =  2 and B = 
3   1 −3 2 

 −5 8 0
0 4 −2 
(A) AB =  (B) AB = [– 2 – 1 4]
 3 −9 6 

 −1
 
(C) AB =  1  (D) AB does not exist
 1 

 1 0  0 1  cos  sin  
3. If  =   ,J=   and B =   , then B =
0 1  −1 0   − sin  cos 
(A) cos + Jsin (B) cos – Jsin (C) sin + Jcos (D) – cos + Jsin

4. In an upper triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n the elements aij = 0 for

(A) i < j (B) i = j (C) i > j (D) i  j

5. If A = diag (2, −1, 3), B = diag (−1, 3, 2), then A2B =

(A) diag (5, 4, 11) (B) diag (− 4, 3, 18) (C) diag (3, 1, 8) (D) B

6. If A is a skew- symmetric matrix, then trace of A is

(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) none of these

p q
7. Let A =   such that det(A) = r where p, q, r all prime numbers, then trace of A is equal to
q p 
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 3

0 1  31
8. A=   and (A + A + A + A + ) V = 62  .
8 6 4 2

 2 0   
(Where  is the (2 × 2) identity matrix), then the product of all elements of matrix V is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) –2

3x 2  (x + 2)2 5x 2 2x 

   
9. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and C =  5x
2
2x (x + 1)2 
 6x   2x (x + 2)2 5x 2 
  
Where a, b, c and x  R, Given that tr (AB) = tr(C), then the value of (a + b + c).
(A) 7 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4

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 Answer Key

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

 1 0 
 3 2   2 –1/ 2 
1.   2. (x, y, z, w) = (1, 2, 4, 5) 3. 4 –1 
 5 4  

 18 −11 10 
   49 24 
4. AB =  −16 47 10  , BA =   7. yR 9. Zero
 62 −23 42   −7 58 

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (A)

8. (A) 9. (A)

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